Search

Ultrasonic shears is currently in wide use as an energy device for minimal invasive surgery. There is an advantage of minimizing the carbonization behavior of the tissue due to the vibrational energy transfer system of the transducer by applying a piezoelectric ceramic. However, the vibrational energy transfer system has a pitfall in energy consumption. When the movement of the forceps is interrupted by the tissue, the horn which transfers the vibrational energy of the transducer will be affected. A study was performed to recognize different tissues by measuring the impedance of the transducer of the ultrasonic shears in order to find the factor of energy consumption according to the tissue. In the first stage of the study, the voltage and current of the transducer connecting portion were measured, along with the phase changes. Subsequently, in the second stage, the impedance of the transducer was directly measured. In the final stage, using the handpiece, we grasped the tissue and observed the impedance differences appeared in the transducer To verify the proposed tissue distinguishing method, we used the handpiece to apply a force between 5N and 10N to pork while increasing the value of the impedance of the transducer from 400 .. It was found that fat and skin tissue, tendon, liver and protein all have different impedance values of 420 , 490 , 530 , and 580 , respectively. Thus, the impedance value can be used to distinguish the type of tissues grasped by the forceps. In the future study, this relationship will be used to improve the energy efficiency of ultrasonic shears.

Sargassum muticum (S. muticum) is a brown edible alga and widely distributed in Korea. This report was designed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory properties of apo-9′-fucoxanthinone (APO-9′) isolated from S. muticum on pro-inflammatory cytokine production. S. muticum extract (SME) exhibited significant inhibitory effects on pro-inflammatory cytokine production in bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) and dendritic cells (BMDCs). APO-9′ pre-treatment in the CpG DNA-stimulated BMDMs and BMDCs showed a strong dose-dependent inhibitory effect on interleukin (IL)-12 p40, IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α production with IC50 values ranging from 5.31 to 13.79. It exhibited a strong inhibitory effect on the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and on activator protein (AP)-1 reporter activity. APO-9′ pre-treatment exhibited significant inhibition of CpG DNA-induced production of inducible nitric oxide synthase. Taken together, these data suggest that SME and APO-9′ have a significant anti-inflammatory property and warrant further studies concerning the potentials of SME and APO-9′ for medicinal use.

Routing protocol in ad hoc mobile networking has been an active research area in recent years. However, the environments of ad hoc network tend to have vulnerable points from attacks, because ad hoc mobile network is a kind of wireless network without centralized authentication or fixed network infrastructure such as base stations. Also, existing routing protocols that are effective in a wired network become inapplicable in ad hoc mobile networks. To address these issues, several secure routing protocols have been proposed: SAODV and SRPTES. Even though our protocols are intensified security of networks than existing protocols, they can not deal fluidly with frequent changing of wireless environment. Moreover, demerits in energy efficiency are detected because they concentrated only safety routing. In this paper, we propose an energy efficient secure routing protocol for various ad hoc mobile environment. First of all, we provide that the nodes distribute security information to reliable nodes for secure routing. The nodes constitute tree-structured with around nodes for token escrow, this action will protect invasion of malicious node through hiding security information. Next, we propose multi-path routing based security level for protection from dropping attack of malicious node, then networks will prevent data from unexpected packet loss. As a result, this algorithm enhances packet delivery ratio in network environment which has some malicious nodes, and a life time of entire network is extended through consuming energy evenly.

The necessity of wireless sensor networks is increasing in the recent years. So many researches are studied in wireless sensor networks. The clustering algorithm provides an effective way to prolong the lifetime of the wireless sensor networks. The one-hop routing of LEACH algorithm is an inefficient way in the energy consumption of cluster-head, because it transmits a data to the BS(Base Station) with one-hop. On the other hand, other clustering algorithms transmit data to the BS with multi-hop, because the multi-hop transmission is an effective way. But the multi-hop routing of other clustering algorithms which transmits data to BS with multi-hop have a data bottleneck state problem. The unequal clustering algorithm solved a data bottleneck state problem by increasing the routing path. Most of the unequal clustering algorithms partition the nodes into clusters of unequal size, and clusters closer to the BS have small-size the those farther away from the BS. However, the energy consumption of cluster-head in unequal clustering algorithm is more increased than other clustering algorithms. In the thesis, I propose an energy efficient unequal clustering algorithm which decreases the energy consumption of cluster-head and solves the data bottleneck state problem. The basic idea is divided a three part. First of all I provide that the election of appropriate cluster-head. Next, I offer that the decision of cluster-size which consider the distance from the BS, the energy state of node and the number of neighborhood node. Finally, I provide that the election of assistant node which the transmit function substituted for cluster-head. As a result, the energy consumption of cluster-head is minimized, and the energy consumption of total network is minimized.

Wireless Sensor Networks are consisted of sensor nodes that communicated with each other to transmit information. Because sensor nodes have physically many limits, wireless sensor networks are hard to adopt for traditional networks. Transmissions are consumed most energy of sensor nodes. That's why energy-efficient transmission techniques and QoS support techniques for different kind of data are most important in wireless sensor networks. The thesis proposes the agent based framework for energy distribution and QoS in wireless sensor networks. Agents have its own behavior policy by means of a gene, which is optimized by genetic operations. Agents behavior to distribute energy consumption over sensor nodes. Simulation results show that the enhanced framework extends the lifetime of sensor nodes. Successful transmission ratios of emergency data and non emergency data are increased by 27% and 14%, respectively. Also, the results demonstrate that Qos of networks are improved.Keywords:Sensor Network, MONSOON, QoS

Recently, wireless networking devices that depend on the limited Battery and power-saving of wireless hosts became important issue. Batteries can provide a finite amount of energy, therefore, to increase battery lifetime, it is important to design techniques to reduce energy consumption by wireless hosts. This paper improved power saying mechanism in Distributed Coordination Function(DCF) of IEEE 802.11. In the IEEE 802.11 power saving mechanism specified for DCF, time is divided into so-called beacon intervals. At the start of each beacon interval, each node in the power saving mode periodically wakes up during duration called the ATIM Window. The nodes are required to be synchronized to ensure that all nodes wake up at the same time. During the ATIM window, the nodes exchange control packets to determine whether they need to stay awake for the rest of the beacon interval. The size of the ATIM window has considerably affected power-saving. This paper can provide more power-saving than IEEE 802.11 power saving mode because ATIM window size is efficiently increased or decreased.

New multimedia services over the cellular/WLAN overlay networks require different Quality of Service (QoS). Therefore, efficient network management system is necessary in order to provide QoS sensitive multimedia services while enhancing network performance. In this paper, we propose a new online network management scheme that implements bandwidth reservation, congestion and transmission control strategies. Our online approach to network management exhibits dynamic adaptability, flexibility, and responsiveness to the current traffic conditions in multimedia overlay networks. Simulation results indicate the superior performance of our proposed scheme to strike the appropriate performance balance between contradictory QoS requirements under widely varying diverse traffic loads.

Accurate tumor localization is essential for minimally invasive surgery. This study describes the development of a novel endoscopic fluorescent band ligation method for the rapid and accurate identification of tumor sites during surgery. The method utilized a fluorescent rubber band, made of indocyanine green (ICG) and a liquid rubber solution mixture, as well as a near-infrared fluorescence laparoscopic system with a dual light source using a high-powered light-emitting diode (LED) and a 785-nm laser diode. The fluorescent rubber bands were endoscopically placed on the mucosae of porcine stomachs and colons. During subsequent conventional laparoscopic stomach and colon surgery, the fluorescent bands were assayed using the near-infrared fluorescence laparoscopy system. The locations of the fluorescent clips were clearly identified on the fluorescence images in real time. The system was able to distinguish the two or three bands marked on the mucosal surfaces of the stomach and colon. Resection margins around the fluorescent bands were sufficient in the resected specimens obtained during stomach and colon surgery. These novel endoscopic fluorescent bands could be rapidly and accurately localized during stomach and colon surgery. Use of these bands may make possible the excision of exact target sites during minimally invasive gastrointestinal surgery.

Most wavelength assignment algorithms assume that every node has infinite ADMs and I/O blocking is excluded. Furthermore wavelengths continue to occur intermittently in the network using existing algorithms. This can result in increased link blocking under dynamic traffic circumstances. In audition, it can create time-complexity problems such as O(W ) in the worst case scenario. In this paper, we propose a new wavelength assignment algorithm which has time-complexity of O(W ) and considers both I/O and link blocking. The basic idea is to maximize the number of links where wavelengths will be assigned continuously after present assignment. As a result, the number of intermittent wavelengths is minimized, and blocking probabilities are decreased.

In this study, we describe a novel approach to human cancer therapy that is based upon trans-splicing ribozyme-mediated replacement of cancer-specific RNAs with new transcripts that exert therapeutic activities. We have developed a specific ribozyme that can reprogram human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) RNA to induce transgene activity selectively in cancer cells that express the RNA. The ribozyme-mediated triggering of the transgene expression was accomplished via a high-fidelity trans-splicing reaction with the targeted residue in the hTERT-expressing cells. The ribozyme also induced cytotoxic activity in various hTERT-expressing cancer cells, hence selectively retarding the growth of those cells. Efficient and specific cell regression was also detected with ganciclovir (GCV) treatment only in hTERT-positive cancer cells, which were established to express stably the specific ribozyme that contains the herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase (HSV-tk) gene. Tissue-specific expression of the ribozyme could further augment the target specificity of the ribozyme. Importantly, we observed efficient regression of tumors with GCV treatment in mice that had been inoculated subcutaneously with hTERT-positive cancer cells that stably expressed the specific ribozyme that contains HSV-tk. These results suggest that the hTERT RNA-targeting trans-splicing ribozyme could be a powerful agent for tumor-targeted specific gene therapy.

We fabricated a tunable fiber ring laser consisting of a novel strain device and fiber Bragg gratings. The lasing power and FWHM bandwidth of the optical fiber ring laser was -12dBm and 0.05nm respectively. The fiber ring laser was tuned as much as 10nm at a 8000.

Server clusters for Internet services can yield both high performance and cost effectiveness. Contemporary approaches to cluster design must confront the tradeoff between dynamic load-balancing and efficiency when dispatching client requests to servers in the cluster. In this paper we describe a packet filtering-based RR scheduling scheme, intended to be an easily implemented scheme for hosting Internet services on a server cluster in a way transparent to clients. We take a non-centralized approach, in which client packets sent to the cluster's single IP address are broadcast to all of its servers. Packets requesting that a new TCP session be set up cause counters in each server to be incremented; if a server's counter matches its fixed unique ID, it takes charge of the session, else it ignores the packet. This yields a round-robin type algorithm. We describe this approach in detail, and present results of simulations that show it achieves higher performance (in terms of throughput and reliability) than similar approaches based on client-IP hashing and dispatcher-based RR.

Natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery (NOTES) is an emerging surgical technique. We aimed to design, create, and evaluate a new semi-automatic snake robot for NOTES. The snake robot employs the characteristics of both a manual endoscope and a multi-segment snake robot. This robot is inserted and retracted manually, like a classical endoscope, while its shape is controlled using embedded robot technology. The feasibility of a prototype robot for NOTES was evaluated in animals and human cadavers. The transverse stiffness and maneuverability of the snake robot appeared satisfactory. It could be advanced through the anus as far as the peritoneal cavity without any injury to adjacent organs. Preclinical tests showed that the device could navigate the peritoneal cavity. The snake robot has advantages of high transverse force and intuitive control. This new robot may be clinically superior to conventional tools for transanal NOTES.

We introduce new techniques for hiding communication overheads involved in dynamic load balancing for hypercubes, meshes and trees. The basic idea is either coalescing some phases of balancing to overlap the transfer of load units on different links or dividing each phase into steps to pipeline the transfer of load unit by unit for maximum utilization of links. Previous schemes perform transfer in a sequential way, leaving many links idle in some phases. The first technique (method1 technique in the paper) collects information about transfers on all the links in all phases and determines which can be overlapped with which. We construct new phases such that all the transfer actions that can be overlapped are combined into a phase. In some cases (especially severely uneven load distribution) the method1 is not so effective since processors should wait for incoming units before sending out. To remedy this, we introduce a new technique (method2 technique in the paper) in which each phase is split into steps and one unit is transferred in a step. Since each processor does not have to wait for all of the units to be sent to its neighbor before sending out, the method1 technique enhances the utilization of links. Our techniques are shown via simulation to result in 15–65% reduction (hiding) to known techniques, depending on the initial load distribution.

Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) were recently demonstrated to exist in human cord blood. Phytohaemagglutinin (PHA), a potent mitogen for mononuclear cells was used to induce EPCs from unsorted cord blood mononuclear cells (CBMCs). Adherent cells in clusters appeared approximately 24 h after CBMCs were cultured in plain Roswell Park Memorial Institute media containing 10% fetal bovine serum (culture media) and PHA. Adherent cells were further propagated for 1 week in plain culture media. Flow cytometry and Di-I staining analyses showed that CD45-, CD34+, Flk-1+, CD31+ or VE-cadherin+ EPCs were induced and that they were mainly from the CD34+ cell compartment. When enriched CD34+ cells alone were stimulated with culture supernatant of the PHA-activated CBMCs, they neither proliferated readily nor induced EPCs. Because EPCs first appeared within the clustering cells that expressed high levels of fibronectin and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), our data suggest that both cell-cell/cell-matrix interaction and the local VEGF action are important in the induction of EPCs. Thus, we demonstrate for the first time that EPCs are induced from human cord blood stem cell populations that interact with neighbouring PHA-activated CBMCs. This finding may have a significant implication in inflammatory cell-mediated vasculogenesis and angiogenesis in vivo.

The search for differentially expressed genes in gastric cancer may help define molecular alterations and molecular diagnosis of gastric cancer. Using the differential display PCR technique, we identified 18 genes that are differentially expressed between normal and tumor human gastric tissues. Their expressions were verified with reverse Northern blot analysis and Northern blot analysis. Oxidative phosphorylation-related genes, antizyme inhibitor of ornithine decarboxylase, protein phosphatase-1beta, 35-kDa peroxisomal membrane protein, and cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance receptor were highly expressed in tumor tissue, whereas pepsinogen A, Na-K ATPase alpha subunit, nerve growth factor receptor, and alpha-tropomyosin were highly expressed in normal tissue. In addition, 3 unknown genes were found to be differentially expressed in paired gastric tissues. These differentially expressed genes may provide significant opportunities for further understanding of gastric carcinogenesis and the molecular diagnosis of gastric cancer.

NMR and topochemical studies of irreversible HIV-1 protease inhibitors containing a cis-epoxide as amide isostere have been carried out to identify conformational preference of the inhibitors in solution. The inhibitors prefer to adopt extended conformations similar to the beta-strand in solution.

Novel irreversible HIV-1 protease inhibitors containing sulfonamide and sulfone as amide bond isosteres were designed, synthesized, and kinetically characterized. A representative compound 2 displayed rapid, time-dependent inactivation of HIV-1 protease and high potency in cell culture with IC50 of 6.6 nM.

A novel isostere was designed for the inactivation of HIV protease on the basis of mechanistic and structural information. Key factors of the inactivator are the cis-epoxide for the nucleophilic addition of the active site aspartic residue and two amide carbonyls at P2 and P1' for the formation of the hydrogen-bondings with an essential structural water molecule. Novel isostere was designed for the inactivation of HIV protease on the basis of mechanistic and structural information. The key factors of the inactivators are the cis-epoxide for the nucleophilic addition of the aspartic residue at the active site and two amide carbonyls at P2 and P1′ for the formation of the hydrogen-bondings with an essential structural water molecule.

β-Methanesulfonyl-L-valine as a surrogate for asparagine and valine was designed, synthesized, and characterized. A representative compound 1 showed IC 50 of 4.9 nM.

Pseudo -C 2 -symmetric irreversible inhibitors of HIV-1 protease containing cis -epoxide were designed, synthesized, and kinetically characterized. Introduction of a Gly residue into P 1 ' of the inactivators yielded strong time-dependent irreversible ones with k ina /K i ranging from 1.5×10 8 to 3.4×10 5 M −1 min −1 .

β-Methanesulfonyl-L-valine as a surrogate for asparagine and valine was designed, synthesized, and characterized. A representative compound 1 showed IC 50 of 4.9 nM.

Novel irreversible HIV-1 protease inhibitors containing sulfonamide and sulfone as amide bond isosteres were designed, synthesized, and kinetically characterized. A representative compound 2 displayed rapid, time-dependent inactivation of HIV-1 protease and high potency in cell culture with IC50 of 6.6 nM.

It is our interest to design and develop a high power pulser system employing microplasma discharge in a spark gap system. The type of discharge generates short electric pulses capable of both the characteristics of high repetition rate and fast rise time. Such a switch pulser has wide applications in the industry. An efficient electrical discharge in the spark gap is very important for the switching operation. The regime of operation utilizes the residual plasma in the inter pulse recovery of the spark gap to increase the repetition rate. Therefore, the mechanisms of the discharge in a controlled manner, such as the plasma discharge by the arc channel, the dielectric recovery process as well as residual plasma in the post arc period are of great importance to ensure the high repetition rate. The aforementioned mechanisms are established through optimization of the circuit element parameters such as the electrode geometry, the gap distance, the gas pressure, the gas type as well as the applied voltage and current ratings.

Over the past 15 years, South Korea has been actively pursuing a sustainable waste management strategy, which includes the thermal treatment of non-recyclable waste. Over 18,000 tons/day of waste are thermally treated in South Korea in over 40 plants. Since municipalities are not allowed to export waste outside of their respective jurisdictions, plants range in size from 25 ton/day to over 500 tons/day. There are currently 7 plants on 6 sites using gasification technology in South Korea, with the first plant in operation since 2001. The purpose of this paper is to describe how the downdraft gasification technology works, integration of the technology into a complete energy from waste facility, operating history, availability, emission levels and lessons learned. Synopsis of the technology: Curbside Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) is rough shredded and fed into the primary chamber through an air lock. The gasification occurs in the low temperature negative pressurized primary chamber where the MSW goes through drying, pyrolysis and gasification stages. The resulting syn-gas is filtered through the char bed into a secondary chamber where combustion takes place, producing a hot inert flue gas. A Heat Recovery Steam Generator (boiler) is used to recover the thermal energy from the flue gas. The char at the bottom of the primary chamber is oxidized, creating the heat for the gasification process. The air pollution control system is located after the Boiler and consists of carbon and lime injection followed by a bag filter. Operating history, availability and emission levels are presented.Copyright © 2009 by ASME

The mechanism of interaction of quinols and phenols with dopamine beta-monooxygenase (D beta M) has been investigated. The ratio of quinone formation (from catechol) to oxygen consumption rises from a value of 1 in the presence of phenethylamine substrate to 2 in the absence of substrate. These results implicate quinol oxidation at both the reductant- and substrate-binding sites of D beta M. In the presence of saturating ascorbate, catechol and p-hydroquinol behave as mechanism-based inhibitors of D beta M, with partitioning ratios of turnover to inactivation of 21:1 and 41:1, respectively. Phenol is found to inactivate the enzyme in a manner similar to p-cresol, suggesting that the methyl group of p-cresol is not an essential component of enzyme inhibition. Solvent isotope effects on inactivation and turnover have been measured for various inactivators. Although the majority of these inhibitors, including catechol, p-hydroquinol, aniline, phenethylenediamine, and benzylhydrazine, are characterized by relatively small solvent isotope effects (1.5-2.5) on the inactivation rate constant (ki), solvent isotope effects on ki for phenol and p-cresol are 5.7 and 7.4, respectively. By contrast, solvent isotope effects on the turnover of p-cresol are almost unity. Using p-cresol-d7 as substrate, we observe D(kcat) = 5.2 and D(kcat/Km) = 3.1, while isotope effects on inactivation are D(ki) = 0.95 and D(ki/Ki) = 0.59. These results lead us to propose that inhibitors fall into two mechanistic classes, involving either one-electron oxidation to form radical cation intermediates (quinols) or hydrogen atom abstraction (phenols).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Reconfiguration of WDM networks allows network operators to reconfigure the topologies in response to changing traffic demands to improve the QoS. To reconfigure the current virtual topology, the time to reconfigure is decided, and then a target topology is created. Next, real transition between topologies is occurred. We propose a VTR controller for WDM networks. First, our controller decides when current virtual topology is reconfigured. Some traffic may travel with single hop lightpaths and others may not. What the amount of traffic which is serviced through multi-hop increases shows that current virtual topology is not adequate for traffic demands. We use this information to reconfigure. And, the controller creates a target topology. As discontinuous wavelengths increases in networks, it can increase the difficulty of establishing single hop lightpaths for future traffic. Hence, the controller establishes the lightpaths which would remain discontinuous as few as possible after assigning.

Single-walled carbon nanotube biosensor was developed for the detection of Escherichia coli using aptamer-functionalized carbon nanotube field effect transistors. RNA-based E. coli aptamer was chosen by the SELEX process, and immobilized on sidewalls of carbon nanotubes by CDI-Tween 20 linking molecules. The electrical response of the carbon nanotube sensor before and after the binding of E. coli aptamer and E. coli were studied.

A reconfigurable mesh consists of a mesh-connected topology augmented by a dynamically reconfigurable bus system. Efficient utilization of processing resources in a large, multiuser parallel system depends on the reliable processor management scheme. We present a dynamic and reliable processor allocation strategy to increase the performance of mesh-connected parallel systems with faulty processors. The idea is to reconfigure a faulty mesh system into a maximum convex system using the fault-free boundary nodes to compensate for the nonboundary faulty nodes. To utilize the nonrectangular shaped system parts, our strategy tries to allocate L-shaped submeshes instead of signaling the allocation failure. Extensive simulations show that the strategy performs more efficiently than other strategies in terms of the completion time, the job response time and the system utilization.

Dynamic load balancing on hypercube multiprocessors is considered with emphasis on quantized loads. Quantized loads are divisible only in a fixed size. First, we show that a direct application of the well-known Dimension Exchange Method (DEM) to quantized loads may result in difference in assigned loads to processors as large as log N units after balancing for a hypercube of size N. Then we propose a new method which reduces the maximum difference by half to [1/2 log N]. The claim is proved both by analysis of possible cases incrementing the difference on each phase of balancing and by enumerating all possible combination of load for hypercubes of limited sizes using a computer. To estimate the accumulated effect of balancing instances under real-world parallel processing environment, a simulation for hypercube multiprocessors using SLAM II tool is performed. The result shows about 30% improvement in speedup which results from reduced processing time, which in turn results from reduced nonuniformity.

We propose a new ATM switch architecture with output queueing. The proposed switch, FBSF (FAB Banyan switching fabrics) can deliver up to 2r packets simultaneously destined for the same outlet in a single time slot. Unlike the existing switches with multiple outlets where r parallel N/spl times/N networks are used to deliver more than one packet to each output port, the proposed FBSF switch uses only two N/spl times/N FAB networks, resulting in a simpler hardware implementation. The switch fabric consists of Batcher sorter; a radix-r double shuffle network, r-packet distributors, two FAB networks, and output buffer modules. The proposed FBSF switch also supports multimedia traffic such as voice and compressed video data as well as text data. The performance of the switch fabric is evaluated by measures of throughput, packet delay, and packet loss probability. The numerical results show that nearly perfect throughput can be archived by the proposed switch in the case where r/spl ges/2.

In this paper, we propose a new ATM switch architecture with output queueing. The proposed switch, FBSF (FAB Banyan Switching Fabrics) can deliver up to 2r packets simultaneously destined for the same outlet in a single time slot. The switch fabrics consists of Batcher sorter, a radix-r double shuffle network, r-packet distributors, two FAB networks, and output buffer modules. The performance of the switch fabric is evaluated by measures of throughput, average queue length, and average waiting time. Numerical results indicate that the switch exhibits very good delay-throughput performance over a wide range of input traffic.

This paper presents a novel MIN with multiple outlets called the Interconnected Banyan Switching Fabric (IBSF). A MIN with multiple outlets provides multiple paths to the same destination so that it can support more bandwidth than nonblocking networks. The IBSF consists of several banyan networks interconnected among them. The IBSF provides L-(N/2) paths between a source and a destination where L is the number of banyan networks and N is the size of the network. The throughput of the IBSF is analyzed with an analytical model as well as simulations and is compared with other types of MINs with multiple outlets such as Tandem Banyan Switching Fabric (TBSF) and Piled Banyan Switching Fabric (PBSF). We show that the IBSF provides the best throughput and latency. The suitability of the IBSF as an ATM switch has also been studied and its throughput is analyzed.

The study proposes a fuzzy analytic algorithm for classification of mixed pixel (mixel) image. First, the misclassified problem and information loss of mixed pixels are examined. To solve the mixel's uncertainty, a fuzzy function which produces a fuzzy number is suggested. Second, algorithms for the analytic fuzzy approach are represented. This analytic method is applied to two bridges across the Hon River and an area adjacent to the river in Seoul to verify it. >

We propose an adaptive processor allocation strategy based on shape manipulations of required submesh for large mesh-connected systems. When an incoming job requests a rectangular submesh, our strategy first tries to allocate the conventional rectangular submeshes including 90-degree rotation and folding techniques. If it fails, our strategy further tries to allocate more flexible and robust L-shaped submeshes instead of signaling the allocation failure. Thus, our strategy accommodates incoming job earlier than conventional strategies. Simulation results indicate that our strategy performs more efficiently than other strategies in terms of the external fragmentation, the job response time, and the system utilization. Our strategy is transparent to application programmers and does not require additional hardware supports. Moreover, with our L-shaped submesh allocation strategy, application programmers using the mesh-connected system may no longer limit their request to rectangular submeshes. They can request the L-shaped submesh with the number of processors much closer to the exactly needed value to execute their job.

The concept of min-cut is central to the partitioning problem, a scheme so as to minimize the number of edges between any two areas. Based on this concept, we propose a heuristic cell partitioning scheme to minimize overhead when the mobile host crosses from one cell to another in a cellular networks. In this study, we expand to the scheme adapted for cellular networks from the min-cut concept, and formulate objective functions so as to minimize partitioning. Also, we present test results of the proposed scheme.

The traditional UPP MINs (Unique Path Property MIN)-Omega, baseline, Multistage Cube Network-have usually been designed for constructing N/spl times/N MIN using (N/2) log/sub 2/N(O(Nlog/sub 2/N)) SEs. So far the multiple path MINs have been realized by adding additional hardware such as extra stages or duplicated data links. This paper presents a new Multistage interconnection Network (MIN) topology called Hybrid MIN. Although the Hybrid MIN is constructed using only 2N-3(O(N)) SEs which is much fewer than that of the traditional MINs, the Hybrid MIN satisfies full access capability (FAC) and has alternative paths, since there exist alternative paths and the short cut path for the localized communication. It takes advantage of exploiting the locality of reference.

We present a detailed analysis of the performance of queueing schemes in the Batcher-banyan networks with multiple outlets. Each queueing scheme is analyzed under different traffic distributions. In the Batcher-banyan networks with higher switching speedup, the performance of buffering techniques affect the switching system performance and are also related to input and output traffic distributions. Therefore, we investigate queueing schemes for several Batcher-banyan networks using our proposed analysis model. Numerical results indicate that the queueing performance such as switching throughput, latency, and packet loss rate for several Batcher-banyan networks are closely affected by input traffic distribution.

In this paper, we describe a design methodology for fuzzy inference systems based on regression trees. Fuzzy associative memory banks with symmetric triangular fuzzy membership functions are constructed by using sample data statistics of regression tree partitions. We propose a new fuzzy inference method that takes the membership of the average of normalized input features in the antecedent of a production rule.

The aim of this study is to propose an efficient method for partition of spectral space into fuzzy subspace for multi-spectral remote sensing image. The suggested method predicates on sequential subdivision of the fuzzy subspace, and the size of constructed fuzzy space is variable. Under this procedure, n-dimensional pattern space, after considering the distributional characteristic patterns, is partitioned into two different fuzzy subspaces. From the two fuzzy subspaces, the pattern space for further subdivision is chosen; then, this subdivision procedure recursively repeats itself until the stopping condition is fulfilled. The result of this study is applied to 2, 4, 7 band of satellite Landsat TM and satisfactory result is acquired. >

Efficient utilization of processing resources in a large, multi-user parallel computer system depends on the reliable processor allocation algorithms. The paper presents and LSSA (L-shaped submesh allocation) strategy to reduce external fragmentation and job response time, simultaneously. LSSA manipulates the shape of the required submesh to fit into the fragmented mesh system and accommodates incoming jobs faster than other strategies. LSSA can be applied to mesh-connected parallel systems with faulty processors. The basic idea is to reconfigure a faulty mesh system into a maximum convex system using the fault-free upper or lower boundary nodes to compensate for the non-boundary faulty nodes. To utilize the non-rectangular shaped system parts, LSSA tries to allocate L-shaped submeshes instead of signaling the allocation failure. Extensive simulations show that LSSA performs more efficiently than other strategies in terms of the external fragmentation, the job response time and the system utilization.

A reconfigurable mesh consists of a mesh connected topology augmented by a dynamically reconfigurable bus system. The reconfigurable mesh combines two attractive features of massively parallel system, namely constant diameter and the flexibility of the bus system. Efficient utilisation of processing resources in a large, multi user parallel system depends on the reliable processor management scheme. This paper presents a dynamic and reliable processor allocation strategy to increase the performance of mesh connected parallel systems with faulty processors. The basic idea is to reconfigure a faulty mesh system into a maximum convex system using the fault free upper or lower boundary nodes to compensate for the nonboundary faulty nodes. To utilise the nonrectangular shaped system parts, our strategy tries to allocate L shaped submeshes instead of signalling the allocation failure. Extensive simulations show that the strategy performs more efficiently than other strategies in terms of the completion time, the job response time and the system utilisation.