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Chang Chien (1853-1926) was a native of Nantung, Kiangsu. In spite of various works on Chang Chien, which testify to the significance of his role in modern China, Chang Chien’s thought on economic development is still not well researched. The purposes of this paper are firstly to analyze Chang Chien’s thought on economic development systematically and clearly in the hope that it may become a useful reference for researchers in modern China, and secondly to stimulate scholars for further research. This paper depends more on basic source materials rather than second-hand data. Among various source materials, Chang Chien’s Diary, The Nine Records of Chang Chien and The Complete Work of Chang Chien are the most important. Chang Chien’s thought on economic development may be summarized as follows: 1) industry as basis of education and as a means of saving China; 2) well balance of the development of agriculture, industry and commerce; 3) return of profit from the foreigners; 4) self sufficiency of raw materials and full exploitation of natural resources; 5) establishment of modern banks for economic development; 6) utility of foreign loans in profiting enterprises without losing sovereignty; 7) extension of the gentry’s function to new field of industry; 8) balance of superstructure of politics and basis of industry.

The purposes of this paper are firstly, to point out the importance of professional knowledge in translation; and secondly, to stimulus scholars for further research. The Professional theory of Translation is the current tendency for translators. The translators had better have professional knowledge and ability for the translation fields, such as Modern China, Laws and Politics, Finance and Economy, Mass Media, Science and Technology, Environment, and even Ballroom Dancing in each respect so as to be competent in translation. Professional translation is here meant by: translation as an academic discipline; translation as interdisciplinary; and translation as a profession. The development of Translation theories can be divided into four periods: 1) The Period of Literature theory of Translation, 2) The Period of Linguistics Theory of Translation, 3) The Period of Culture Theory of Translation, and 4) The Period of Professional Theory of Translation. During the Period of Literature theory of Translation, Translators paid special attention to the art and aesthetics of translation. During the Period of Linguistics theory of Translation, translators paid attention to the transfer of grammar, then to the language meaning, and finally to pragmatic linguistics. During the Period of Culture theory of Translation, translators paid special emphasis on the transfer of cultural messages with debates on authors-centered Domestication Translation strategy and readers-centered Foreignization Translation strategy with balance between them. And during the Period of Professional theory of Translation, translators paid special attention to the acquirement and application of professional knowledge and ability.

Data sets collected in the real world usually contain large amounts of features, many of which are interdependent with each other. The number of dimensions that can be shown concurrently with modern visualization techniques often does not match the number of features contained in the dataset, and this discrepancy can lead to selection bias undetected. This paper presents an advanced visualization system designed to enable sample bias detection introduced during the high-dimensional data selection and visualization, and to support the bias reduction using a sample-reweighting algorithm. A detailed description of the system's web-based interactive user interface is provided. In addition, the results from an 11-participant user study on the system are presented, which demonstrate the effectiveness of the system in practice.

Massive cryptogenic hemoptysis is a common presenting symptom and cause of hospitalization for respiratory diseases, and represents a challenging condition in the clinical. This study aimed to analyze the clinical and pathologic data and management of patients with massive cryptogenic hemoptysis. We retrospectively reviewed 12 patients with massive cryptogenic hemotysis in our hospital between January 2003 and December 2012. Bronchoscopy showed submucosal vascular abnormalities in 4 patients. Of 6 patients managed with conservative measures, bleeding was completely controlled in 2 patients. Of 10 hemoptysis patients, three were controlled by bronchial arterial embolization, and seven by surgery. Pathological examination showed a superficial dysplastic, tortuous and dilated bronchial artery under the bronchial epithelium in 4 patients, and bronchiole dilation in 2 patients, indicating Dieulafoy's disease of the bronchus and bronchiectasis. No malignance developed within the follow-up. In conclusion, Dieulafoy's disease of the bronchus and bronchiectasis should be suspected in patients with massive cryptogenic hemoptysis. BAE and surgical treatment should be considered in case that massive hemoptysis could not be controlled by conservative management.

China has numerous lakes within its territory. According to geographical location, genesis and topography, China can be divided into five lake regions: 1, East China plain lake region; 2,Yungui plateau lake region; 3, Monxin lake region; 4, North-east lake region; and 5, Qin-zan plateau lake region. Geographical location and environmental conditions exert an important effect on the nitrogen distribution in lakes. The lakes with serious pollution and eutrophication have a higher content of nitrogen, about 1.8 to 3.8% of the total nitrogen in water and 0.4–0.9% of the nitrogen in sediment. and the lakes that are closed or semi-closed or located in an arid or semi-arid area also have more nitrogen content (0.91% of nitrogen in water and 0.216% of nitrogen in sediment in Erhai lake). Four sources of nitrogen are contained within the lake sediment: 1, from terrestrial sources by erosion from the basin; 2, from pollution by the industry and waste water of urbanization; 3, by autochthonous plankton and algae and 4, from chemical deposition in a drought zone. The sediments derived from terrestrial plants have a high nitrogen content but also have a high C/N ratio, while nitrogen sources from autochthonous plankton have a high nitrogen content but have a low C/N ratio, as some lakes located near cities are eutrophied or hypertrophied.

Elastic properties and phase stabilities of L12-A13Sc precipitate phase in Al-Sc alloys have been topics of experimental and theoretical research over the past years. However, these properties of off-stoichiometric L12-A13Sc have not been investigated. Firstly, in combination with Wagner-Schottky model, the first-principles total energy calculations based on density functional theory are performed to study point defect concentrations of intermetallic L12-A13Sc each as a function of temperature and alloy composition. We calculate the point defect formation enthalpies and plot the point defect density curves of stoichiometric and off-stoichiometric L12-A13Sc at 1000 K. The results show that within the whole temperature range (300-1200 K), Al and Sc vacancies dominate on stoichiometric L12-A13Sc but with low concentrations (~10-6 even at 1200 K); on the Al-rich side of off-stoichiometric L12-A13Sc, the Al anti-site and the Sc vacancy concentrations dominate, and their concentrations are comparable, however, on Sc-rich side of off-stoichiometric L12-A13Sc, the Sc anti-site defect dominates. Furthermore, the lattice constants and the elastic constants of stoichiometric and off-stoichiometric L12-A13Sc are calculated, and it is worth noting that 222 supercell models with a point defect are used for off-stoichiometric L12-A13Sc in the calculation. Then employing calculated elastic constants, the values of Youngs modulus, shear modulus, bulk modulus, anisotropic index, G/B ratio, Cauchy pressure, and Poisson ratio of stoichiometric and off-stoichiometric L12-A13Sc are computed. And lastly, combining these data with point defect concentrations of off-stoichiometric L12-A13Sc at 1000 K, the comprehensive effects of four point defects on elastic properties of L12-A13Sc are evaluated. The four point defects coexist in L12-A13Sc as we know from the calculations of equilibrium point defect density. The conclusions are as follows. 1) The point defects can cause off-stoichiometric L12-A13Sc lattice distortion. On the Sc-rich side, lattice constant appears to be an increasing tendency, from 4.105 to the biggest value of ~4.13 (~0.5% growth), while on the Al-rich side, it shows an opposite trend, from 4.105 to the smallest value of ~4.10 (~0.24% fall). Although there is the lattice distortion in off-stoichiometric L12-A13Sc, off-stoichiometric L12-A13Sc can still keep stable crystal structure for the value of xAl in a range of 0.72-0.78. 2) The point defects also affect elastic constants of off-stoichiometric L12-A13Sc. Specifically, on the Sc-rich side, elastic constant c11 decreases with the increase of deviation degree of stoichiometric ratio, and the maximal reduction is ~9% at xAl = 0.72, while elastic constants c12 and c44 show the opposite variation trends, and the maximal increase is ~8% at xAl = 0.72. On the Al-rich side, there are little changes for elastic constants c11, c12 and c44. 3) The point defects obviously increase the elastic anisotropy of off-stoichiometric L12-A13Sc, and especially on the Sc-rich side, the notable increase is found, which jumps from 1.610-6 to 0.04. 4) The values of Youngs modulus, shear modulus, and bulk modulus of off-stoichiometric L12-A13Sc decrease due to point defects, with the maximal reduction being 3%-4%. These elastic modules fall first rapidly and then slowly on the Sc-rich side, while they present approximately a linear downward trend on the Al-rich side. In addition, weak influences are exerted on brittleness and toughness of off-stoichiometric L12-A13Sc by the point defects, compared with the other elastic effects mentioned above. In summary, in the scope of xAl = 0.72-0.78, the point defects can not only reduce Youngs modulus, shear modulus, and bulk modulus of off-stoichiometric L12-A13Sc, but also increase the anisotropies of the elastic properties of off-stoichiometric L12-A13Sc. However, the point defects have weak influences on the brittleness and toughness of off-stoichiometric L12-A13Sc.

Summary form only given. Experimental results show that a significant fraction of current will be carried by the ablated plasmas and the current flow through the precursor column strongly depends on the inter-wire gap1. It has been found that the ablation rate of wire core is axially non-uniform. When gaps appear in the wire cores, the plasmas prefilled inside the arrays begins to implode. The ablation dynamics determine the initial distribution of mass and current density of implosion so it plays an important role in the eventual x-ray production of the pinch. The basic processes of wire-array ablation on 20MA Z machine are similar to that on the low current facilities such as MAGPIE2 and COBRA3.

We build the influence function empirical model of China's grain production at the present stage in view of the factors influencing direct grain subsidies, using Cobb-Douglas production function model. And we estimate the elasticity coefficient of impact of China's direct grain subsidies on grain yield, using the panel data pertaining to 29 provinces in the period 2004-2007; comparatively analyze the validity and limitation of policy factors of direct grain subsidies on China's grain yield. The results show that at the present stage, the elasticity coefficient of impact of China's direct grain subsidies on grain yield is 0.0023, and under the existing subsidy system and level, direct grain subsidies play a positive role in increasing grain yield, but the role is limited; the elasticity coefficient of impact of the food price on grain yield is much larger than that of impact of direct grain subsidies on grain yield. Therefore, the government should strengthen and improve direct grain subsidy policies; in the mean time, pay full attention to the use of market mechanism to consolidate the basic role of the food price in promoting food security to a great extent.

This paper introduces the status quo of the system structure of direct subsidy for grain production in China, and analyses the function and essence of direct subsidy for grain production in China as follows: the function of direct subsidy for grain production in China is to protect and promote the development of food industry, ensure food supply and national food security, protect grain growers' interests, and maintain the dominant position of national food trade: the essence of direct subsidy for grain production is the compensation for grain producer's reasonable interests, the compensation for positive externality of grain production, and social costs of adjusting equilibrium between food supply and demand. We discuss the problems existing in the system of direct subsidy for grain production in China and put forward corresponding countermeasures as follows: first, adhere to improving synergetic system of direct subsidy for grain production; second, adjust the direct subsidy method of grain production; third, establish long-term mechanism of subsidy for grain production; fourth, promote the information-based service level of the system of direct subsidy for grain production.

The model of appropriate exploitation of mine ecological economics and its regulation is the theoretical foundation to achieve sustainable development of mine ecological economics. By studying the ecological carrying capability and ecological elastic capability and using the frame model of PSR (press-state-responde model), the dynamic evolvement of mine ecological economics under the fluence of Economic development activities were studied and the moderate economic exploitation and adjusting and controlling measures of mine ecology areas were put forward. In the paper the effects of mine economic exploitation activities and the main driving factors of mine economic exploitation activities were discussed, and the model of moderate economic exploitation and adjusting and controlling measures were probed. As a case study of Jiaozuo mine, the paper simulated the evolution trends of four state variables (ecological carrying capability, ecological elastic capability, mine economy exploitation strength and mining area economic development rate). The results show that its economic development model is unsustainable and the correlative control measures were put forward.

Four cases of baclofen intoxication are reported, with a review of 33 cases from the literature. Analysis of these 37 cases suggests that there are two types of baclofen intoxication syndrome. Patients with acute intoxication present with four major clinical manifestations: encephalopathy (disturbance of consciousness and/or seizure), respiratory depression, muscular hypotonia, and generalized hyporeflexia. Patients with chronic intoxication present with hallucinosis, impaired memory, catatonia, or acute mania. The acute intoxication syndrome has a faster onset, shorter duration, more severe clinical manifestations, and higher incidence of seizures than the chronic intoxication syndrome. Baclofen intoxication, although it may cause grave encephalopathic manifestations and electroencephalographic findings, has a benign outcome if actively managed.