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A visible-light-induced difunctionalization of activated alkenes for building alkylsulfonylated oxindoles and amides through a radical Smiles rearrangement strategy was reported. A tandem SO2 insertion/1,4-aryl migration/desulfonylation/cyclization sequence was involved in this transformation. Readily available Hantzsch esters served as alkylation reagents. Two different products were constructed depending on the substituent group of the nitrogen atom. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The SO2 absorption ability of an aqueous suspension of red mud, which is waste from the Bayer process for bauxite, and the possibility of dissolution of metals using sulfurous acid are studied. It is found out that red mud can be used to neutralize sulfur dioxide of any concentration to an environmentally safe level. A statistical mathematical model is developed, and the absorption process is optimized. Under the optimal conditions, the mud is totally neutralized, and the sulfurous acid produced in the presence of an excess amount of SO2 dissolves 35% of all the aluminum in one step. Since iron precipitates as FeSO3, aluminum readily precipitates as hydroxide from solutions of iron-free aluminum salts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding the dynamics of sulfur dioxide (SO2) degassing is of primary importance for tracking temporal variations in volcanic activity. Here we introduce the novel "disk method," which aims at estimating the daily volcanic SO2 mass flux from satellite images (such as those provided by Sentinel‐5P/TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument [TROPOMI]). The method calculates a "proto‐flux" using a regression, as a function of distance, of SO2 mass integrated in a series of nested circular domains centered on a volcano. After regression, a single multiplication by plume speed suffices to deduce the SO2 mass flux, without requiring a subsequent regression. This way, a range of plume speed and plume altitude scenarios can be easily explored. Noise level in the image is simultaneously evaluated by the regression, which allows for estimating posterior uncertainties on SO2 flux and improving the level of detection for weak sources in noisy environments. A statistical test is also introduced to automatically detect occurrences of volcanic degassing, lowering the risk of false positives. Application to multi‐year time‐series at Etna (2021) and Piton de la Fournaise (2021–2023) demonstrates (a) a reliable quantification of SO2 emissions across a broad range of degassing styles (from passive degassing to effusive or paroxysmal events), and (b) a reasonable day‐to‐day correlation between SO2 flux and seismic energy. The method is distributed as an open‐source software, and is implemented in an interactive web application within the "Volcano Space Observatory Portal," facilitating near‐real‐time exploitation of the TROPOMI archive for both volcano monitoring and assessment of volcanic atmospheric hazards. Plain Language Summary: Volcanic eruptions emit sulfur dioxide gas (SO2) into the atmosphere, which may cause harm to populations and the environment, and need to be monitored. Tracking volcanic emissions is also important for volcanologists to detect changes on a given volcano, and anticipate eruptions. SO2 can be observed by satellites every day, but exploitation of satellite imagery requires complex procedures. Wind speed is a crucial ingredient, but it is often poorly known, leading to large uncertainties in estimated SO2 emissions. Here, a simple algorithm is proposed for analyzing SO2 images provided by satellites. The mass of SO2 is extracted in an area surrounding a volcano (typically 500 km) to estimate the SO2 emission rate, as well as associated uncertainty. Plume speed information can be incorporated after running the algorithm, which facilitates testing different plume speed scenarios. Application to Etna and Piton de la Fournaise volcanoes shows that temporal variations of SO2 emissions follow the same pattern as seismic energy recorded by ground seismometers, which gives confidence in the results. The algorithm is made available to all as open‐source code and in an open‐access interactive web application "SO2 Flux Calculator" within the framework of the "Volcano Space Observatory Portal." Key Points: Daily volcanic SO2 flux is deduced from TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument satellite imagery by mass‐to‐distance regression, including a noise estimation procedureSO2 emission rates at Etna, during episodes of passive, and eruptive degassing, demonstrate a good correlation with seismic energyThe algorithm is made available to all as an open‐source Python package and on the interactive web application "SO2 Flux Calculator" [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The inhibition of the immune response in the tumor microenvironment by therapy regimens can impede the eradication of tumors, potentially resulting in tumor metastasis. As a non-invasive therapeutic method, radiotherapy is utilized for tumor ablation. In this study, we aimed to improve the therapeutic impact of radiotherapy and trigger an immune response by formulating a benzothiazole sulfinate (BTS)-loaded fusion liposome (BFL) nanoplatform, which was then combined with radiotherapy for anti-cancer treatment. The platelet cell membrane, equipped with distinctive surface receptors, enables BFL to effectively target tumors while evading the immune system and adhering to tumor cells. This facilitates BFL's engulfment by cancer cells, subsequently releasing BTS within them. Following the release, the BTS produces sulfur dioxide (SO2) for gas therapy, initiating the oxidation of intracellular glutathione (GSH). This process demonstrates efficacy in repairing damage post-radiotherapy, thereby achieving effective radiosensitization. It was revealed that an immune response was triggered following the enhanced radiosensitization facilitated by BFL. This approach facilitated the maturation of dendritic cell (DC) within lymph nodes, leading to an increase in the proportion of T cells in distant tumors. This resulted in significant eradication of primary tumors and inhibition of growth in distant tumors. In summary, the integration of personalized BFL with radiotherapy shows potential in enhancing both tumor immune response and the elimination of tumors, including metastasis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective There is a risk of hydrogen sulfide（H2S） leakage in the production process of high-sulfur oil and gas wells and desulfurization units in refineries, and the efficiency of emergency disposal method mainly based on physical dilution is low, which will affect the emergency rescue. A combined process of gas capture and dry desulfurization is proposed to dispose the leaked hydrogen sulfide, and whether the introduction of air in the leaked gas will affect the safety of dry desulfurization and the performance of desulfurizers is studied. Methods By simulating the dry treatment process of leaked hydrogen sulfide, the sulfur capacity and bed temperature rise of different types of dry desulfurizers such as activated carbon, iron oxide, and zinc oxide were compared and tested, and the desulfurizer with better performance was selected. Taking the optimized desulfurizer as the research object, the effects of space velocity and air content on temperature rise, penetration sulfur capacity, desulfurization accuracy, and side reactions were investigated under different H2S content. Results The 3# desulfurizer with the highest penetration sulfur capacity was selected from 8 kinds of iron oxide desulfurizers from different manufacturers. Under the simulated operating conditions of the original particle size, the penetration sulfur capacity could reach 18.2%. The rise in desulfurizer bed temperature increased with increased hydrogen sulfide content. With the increase of space velocity and air content, it increased rapidly and then tended to be stable or even slightly decreased, and the maximum temperature rise did not exceed 40 ℃. When the air volume fraction exceeded 25%, the sulfur capacity of the desulfurizer increased by about 50%, and there was a significant negative correlation between space velocity and penetration sulfur capacity. When the space velocity was lower than 1 000 h-1, the penetration sulfur capacity exceeded 25%. The desulfurization accuracy and side reactions were not affected by the air content. There was no by-product of sulfur dioxide generating before the penetration of hydrogen sulfide and at a space velocity below 2 000 h-1. Conclusions Using a dry desulfurization process to treat leaked hydrogen sulfide would result in simultaneous desulfurization and regeneration processes, with a specific temperature rise in the bed layer and no by-product of sulfur dioxide generating, which had high safety. The addition of air had a specific improvement effect on the penetration sulfur capacity of desulfurizer. When the air volume fraction was greater than 25%, and the space velocity was lower than 1 000 h-1, it was suitable for dry method emergency response of leaked hydrogen sulfide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Studied GVC trade of Chinese industrial firms on environment pollution. • Merged three rich firm-level data sets from production, trade to emissions. • Estimated the firm-level vertical specialization of China's industrial firms. • Identified GVC participation significantly reduce SO 2 emissions intensity. The global value chain (GVC) had brought different pattern to the environment impact of trade. Thus, exploring the effect of participation in GVCs on firms' environmental performance is of great significance. Using micro data on Chinese industrial firms between 2000 and 2013, we investigate the degree of vertical specialization in their sulfur dioxide (SO 2) emission intensity. The results showed that the higher degree of vertical integration in GVCs is conducive to decreasing SO 2 emission intensity through the channels of imported intermediate inputs and enhancement coal-use efficiency. Besides, we construct two different instrument variables to mitigate the endogeneity problem, along with a series of robustness and heterogeneity tests. This study contributes to the literature on the effect of GVC trade on the environment by providing firm-level evidence from China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work a simple and rapid automated analytical method for the determination of sulfur dioxide in wines by employing a sequential automatic analyser was validated. The methodology is based on the reaction of sulfur dioxide with 5,5′-dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid) in an alkaline medium followed by photometric detection. The linearity of the calibration curve was excellent (R2 = 1.000) and the LOQ (2.00 mg L−1) was well suited for the monitoring of regulatory limits. The accuracy and precision were evaluated with reference materials, providing highly successful results (RSD% < 3.8 for precision and R2 = 0.99 of correlation between the obtained and declared values). The method was applied to the analysis of commercial samples of wines ensuring compliance with legislation. The results found were compared to those obtained with the spectrophotometric method recommended for beers, implemented in a flow system, showing that there are no statistical differences between them (α ≤ 0.05). When compared with conventional methods, the proposed methodology showed to be fast, with minimum handling of the sample and small sample and reagents volume requirement, which together with a minimum maintenance, involves a considerable reduction in laboratory costs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Exploring the Venusian lower atmosphere is crucial for studying the atmospheric circulation, surface‐atmosphere interactions, and origin and evolution of the Venusian atmosphere and climate. In this study, we investigate the theoretical capabilities of a downward‐looking passive microwave sounder placed in low Venus orbit to measure the temperature, sulfur dioxide (SO2) and gaseous sulfuric acid (H2SO4(g)) profiles. A nonlinear iterative retrieval algorithm combining a radiative transfer (RT) model and an optimal‐estimation‐based inversion algorithm is established. With the RT model adapted to the Venusian atmosphere, simulations under different atmospheric conditions are performed to optimize the selection of frequency channels. The achievable altitude coverage, vertical resolution and corresponding expected precision of the temperature, SO2 and H2SO4(g) retrievals from the multi‐channel brightness temperature measurements are quantified via retrieval simulations. The temperature can be retrieved from the surface of Venus to an altitude of ∼61 km with a precision of 1–3.5 K and a vertical resolution of 6–15 km. A precision of 10%–35% is expected for SO2 in the ∼12–64 km altitude range and with a vertical resolution of 8–19 km. H2SO4(g) can be retrieved in the ∼36–54 km altitude range with a precision of 10%–30% and a vertical resolution of 6–13 km. Plain Language Summary: The hostile environment and thick sulfuric acid clouds make it difficult to measure the lower atmosphere of Venus. Although many attempts have been made, the existing measurements of the lower atmosphere have provided little information about the spatiotemporal distribution and variation in the temperature and sulfur compound profiles. This limits our understanding of the atmospheric circulation, surface‐atmosphere interactions, and origin and evolution of the Venusian atmosphere and climate. In this study, we investigate the theoretical capabilities of a passive microwave sounder placed in low Venus orbit to measure the temperature, sulfur dioxide (SO2) and gaseous sulfuric acid (H2SO4(g)) profiles. By model simulations, the frequency channel selection and performance simulation for the sounder are completed. Simulation results demonstrate that the sounder could provide the required high‐precision, high‐resolution and vertically resolved observations of the temperature, SO2 and H2SO4(g) in the Venusian lower atmosphere. Key Points: The ability of a microwave radiometer to measure the temperature, SO2 and H2SO4(g) profiles in the Venusian lower atmosphere is verifiedThe measurement channels of the radiometer are determined based on radiative transfer simulationsThe expected precision, vertical resolution and achievable altitude coverage are quantified via retrieval simulations [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the influence of SO2 on the performances of selective catalytic oxidation (SCO) of NH3 on Cr-Ce mixed oxide catalysts had been disclosed. Experimental results revealed that the existence of SO2 could greatly suppress the unselective catalytic oxidation of ammonia over Cr-Ce mixed oxide catalysts with strong redox capacity, though the ammonia conversion rate was somewhat lowered after SO2 introduction. As such, near or above 90% ammonia conversion and excellent N2 selectivity within 350–450 °C could be achieved on Cr10Ce sample after 20 h reaction running in the presence of 350 ppm SO2. Characterization results indicated that SO2 could induce the formation of surface sulfates on Cr10Ce catalysts and enhance its surface acidity, which would inhibit the over-oxidation of NH3. More importantly, the bulk-like sulfation of Cr10Ce samples was damped in the presence of SO2 compared to pure CeO2, which allowed certain active oxygens participating in NH3-SCO reaction. DFT results also confirmed that the adsorbed SO2 would preferentially interact with the oxygens around the interface of CeO2 and Cr2O3, thereby preventing the retained active oxygens from being further sulfation. Therefore, the Cr-Ce mixed oxide catalysts showed promising application potential for eliminating NH3 slip downstream NH3-SCR process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The reaction products formed in the SO2 – ROH – (HOCH2)3CNH2 (where R – CH3, C2H5, n-C3H7, i-C3H7, n-C4H9 and n-C5H11) systems were isolated and identified as: binary salt – ammonium O-methylsulfite [(HOCH2)3CNH3]+ [CH3OSO2]− (1); 1/1 charge transfer complex between diethyl sulfite (2) and tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane by S-N binding; polymorhps of zwitterionic internal salt – O-sulfite tris(hydroxymethyl)methylammonium (at R – n-C4H9 and n-C5H11); and its solvates with n-propanol 1/1 (3) and isopropanol 2/1. The structures of all synthesized products were confirmed by FT-IR, Raman, 1H NMR and 13C NMR spectrometry, and the structure of 1 and 3 was characterized by crystal X-ray diffraction studies as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heterogeneous uptake of SO2 on mineral dust is a predominant formation pathway of sulfates, whereas the contribution of photo-induced SO2 oxidation to sulfates on the dust interfaces still remains unclear. Here, we investigated heterogeneous photochemical reactions of SO2 on five mineral oxides (SiO2 , kaolinite, Al2O3 , MgO , and CaO) without photocatalytic activity. Light enhanced the uptake of SO2 , and its enhancement effects negatively depended on the basicity of mineral oxides. The initial uptake coefficient (γ0,BET) and the steady-state uptake coefficient (γs,BET) of SO2 positively relied on light intensity, relative humidity (RH), and O2 content, while they exhibited a negative relationship with the initial SO2 concentration. Rapid sulfate formation during photo-induced heterogeneous reactions of SO2 with all mineral oxides was confirmed to be ubiquitous, and H2O and O2 played key roles in the conversion of SO2 to sulfates. In particular, triplet states of SO2 (3SO2) were suggested to be the trigger for photochemical sulfate formation. Atmospheric implications supported a potential contribution of interfacial SO2 photochemistry on non-photoactive mineral dust to atmospheric sulfate sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Featured Application: This study is aimed at the detection of sulfur dioxide concentration in the real environment. Due to the vast territory of China and the large temperature difference span between the north and the south, the current sulfur dioxide detection devices find it difficult to meet the requirements of portability, low-cost delivery, and temperature adaptability. A reliable real-time monitoring device and detection algorithm for sulfur dioxide concentration using PMT are proposed. Air is the environmental foundation for human life and production, and its composition changes are closely related to human activities. Sulfur dioxide (SO2) is one of the main atmospheric pollutants, mainly derived from the combustion of fossil fuels. But SO2 is a trace gas in the atmosphere, and its concentration may be less than one part per billion (ppb). This paper is based on the principle of photoluminescence and uses a photomultiplier tube (PMT) as a photoelectric converter to develop a device for real-time detection of SO2 concentration in the atmosphere. This paper focuses on the impact of noise interference on weak electrical signals and uses wavelet transform to denoise the signals. At the same time, considering that the photoelectric system is susceptible to temperature changes, a multi parameter fitting model is constructed, and a BP neural network is used to further process the signal, separating the real data from the original data. Finally, a high-precision and wide-range trace level sulfur dioxide concentration detection device and algorithm were obtained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In classical methods of wine production, amino acids play a critical role, as they are fundamental to all types of fermentation. Beyond their consumption in fermentative processes, amino acids undergo several transformations, such as decarboxylation, which produces biogenic amines. These biogenic amines can increase under certain conditions, such as the presence of spoilage bacteria or during malolactic fermentation. Alternative methods of vinification were applied, using sulfur dioxide as a preservative (+SO2) and methods without added sulfites. Alternative methods of vinification were applied using sulfur dioxide as a preservative (+SO2) and methods without added sulfite (−SO2). Monitoring was conducted for Cabernet Sauvignon red (CS), Cabernet Sauvignon rosé (CSR), Fetească regală still (FR), and Fetească regală frizzante (FRF). Alternative procedures employed the use of Pichia kluyveri for its ability to block the oxidation reactions of grapes, malolactic fermentation for all wines without sulfur dioxide (−SO2) to ensure superior stability, and the use of several tannin mixtures to avoid oxidation reactions. Correlations were considered between the amino acids and biogenic amines that have a direct relation through decarboxylation or deamination. The pH of the wines, total acidity, and volatile acidity as principal factors of microbiological wine evolution remained constant. The highest mean concentrations of the detected biogenic amines were putrescine at 23.71 ± 4.82 mg/L (CSRSO2), tyramine at 14.62 ± 1.50 mg/L (FR-SO2), cadaverine at 4.36 ± 1.19 mg/L (CS-SO2), histamine at 2.66 ± 2.19 mg/L (FR + SO2), and spermidine at 9.78 ± 7.19 mg/L (FR + SO2). The wine conditions ensured the inhibition of decarboxylases, but some correlations were found with the corresponding amino acids such as glutamine (r = −0.885, p < 0.05) (CSR-SO2), tyrosine (r = −0,858, p < 0.05) (FR-SO2), lysine (r = −0.906, p < 0.05) (FR-SO2), and histamine (r = −0.987, p < 0.05) (CSR-SO2). Multivariate analysis was performed, and no statistical differences were found between samples with (+SO2) and without added sulfur dioxide (−SO2). The vinification conditions ensured the wines' stability and preservation and the conditions of producing biogenic amines at the lowest levels in order to not interfere with the olfactive and gustative characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Noxious gases such as sulfur-containing compounds can inflict several different adverse effects on human health even when present at extremely low concentrations. The accurate detection of these gases at sub-parts per million levels is imperative, particularly in fields where maintaining optimal air quality is crucial. In this study, we harnessed the capabilities of nanostructured metal-oxide semiconducting materials to detect sulfur dioxide, since they have been extensively explored starting from the last decades for their effectiveness in monitoring toxic gases. We systematically characterized the sensing performance of seven chemoresistive devices. As a result, the SnO2:Au sensor demonstrated to be the most promising candidate for sulfur dioxide detection, owing to its highly sensitivity (0.5–10 ppm), humidity-independent behavior (30 RH% onwards), and selectivity vs. different gases at an operating temperature of 400 °C. This comprehensive investigation facilitates a detailed performance comparison to other devices explored for the SO2 sensing, supporting advancements in gas detection technology for enhanced workplace and environmental safety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sulfur dioxide (SO2) is one of the most important gaseous air pollutants and the chemical index of sulfur oxides (SOx). SO2 is one of the six criteria pollutants in the air quality index (AQI). SO2 can be emitted by natural and anthropogenic sources. Although efforts have been made to reduce sulfur dioxide emissions worldwide, this pollutant and its adverse effects remain a major concern, especially in developing countries. The aim of this study was the investigated the effects of sulfur dioxide inhalation on human health. This narrative review was done based on the literature published from 2000 to 2022 through PubMed, Springer, Web of Science, Science Direct, and Google Scholar databases. In this study, was done screened first based on the abstract and Final assessment done based on the full text of the article. Finally, 38 articles were selected for inclusion in the study. The results of this study showed that sulfur dioxide has adverse health effects on the human respiratory, cardiovascular, and nervous systems and causes type 2 diabetes and non-accidental deaths. Although some evidence suggests that sulfur dioxide in given concentrations has no adverse health effect, its synergistic effects in combination with other air pollutants may be significant. Among the most important practical results of this study can be mentioned to increase the health awareness of the general public, help the politicians of the health sector in making decisions in the health field, creating awareness among polluting producing units and industries and efforts to reduce the emission of Sulfur dioxide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The coefficients of the carbon dioxide pressure-induced line shift of sulfur dioxide in the ν1 + ν3 band with rotational quantum numbers J from 0 to 70 and Ka from 0 to 20 at room temperature were calculated. The data were obtained by the semi-empirical method based on the semi-classical broadening theory and modified by including a correction factor in the calculation scheme. The results of calculations are in good agreement with the literature data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Every year, metallurgical plants emit hundreds of thousands of tons of harmful substances into the atmosphere. The remote sensing of flue gases from the chimneys of metallurgical plants is an urgent task for both industrial enterprises themselves and the enviromental control systems of nearby settlements. In this study, based on the results of the remote optical monitoring of emissions from chimneys of metallurgical plants of the PJSC "MMC 'Norilsk Nickel's'," Polar Division, the concentration of sulfur dioxide in flue gases is estimated. The measurements are carried out using infrared (IR) Fourier transform spectrometers operating in the 7–13 µm range with a spectral resolution of 4 cm–1. A new technology for remote optical sensing in the passive mode of flue gases from metallurgical plants is proposed, including measurements both on cross sections of chimneys and plumes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ambient air pollution has been reported to be a risk factor for hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP). Past studies have reported supportive evidence, but evidence from China is scarce and does not integrate the different periods of the pregnancy course. In this study, 1945 pregnant women with HDP and healthy pregnancies between 2016 and 2022 from the Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University registry network database were analysed. The geographic information, biological information and demographic information of the case were fused in the analysis. Machine learning methods were used to obtain the weight of the variable. Then, we used the generalized linear mixed model to evaluate the relationship between increased exposure to each pollutant at different periods of HDP and examined it in different groups. The results showed that SO2 had the predominate impact (12.65 %) on HDP compared with other air pollutants. SO2 exposure was associated with an increased risk of HDP. Increased unit SO2 concentrations were accompanied by an increased risk of HDP (OR = 1.33, 95 % CI: 1.13, 1.566), and the susceptible window for this effect was mainly in the first trimester (OR = 1.242, 95 % CI: 1.092, 1.412). In addition, SO2 exposure was associated with an increased risk of HDP in urban maternity (OR = 1.356, 95 % CI: 1.112, 1.653), obese maternity (OR = 3.58, 95 % CI: 1.608, 7.971), no higher education maternity (OR = 1.348, 95 % CI: 1.065, 1.706), nonzero delivery maternity (OR = 1.981, 95 % CI: 1.439, 2.725), maternal with first time maternity (OR = 1.247, 95 % CI: 1.007, 1.544) and other groups. In summary, SO2 exposure in early pregnancy is one of the risk factors for HDP, and the increased risk of HDP due to increased SO2 exposure may be more pronounced in obese, urban, low-education, and nonzero delivery populations.

Several studies have documented a relationship between short-term exposure to atmospheric sulfur dioxide (SO2) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). However, findings vary across different regions. This meta-analysis employed a random-effects model to calculate the combined risk estimate for each 10-μg/m3 increase in ambient SO2 concentration. Subgroup analysis aimed to identify sources of heterogeneity. To assess potential bias, studies were evaluated using a domain-based assessment tool developed by the World Health Organization. Sensitivity analyses, based on bias risk, explored how model assumptions influenced associations. An evidence certainty framework was used to evaluate overall evidence quality. The study protocol was registered with PROSPERO (CRD42023446823). We thoroughly reviewed 191 full-text articles, ultimately including 15 in the meta-analysis. The pooled relative risk for COPD was 1.26 (95 % CI 0.94–1.70) per 10-μg/m3 increase in ambient SO2. Eleven studies were deemed high risk due to inadequate handling of missing data. Overall evidence certainty was rated as medium. Given SO2's significant public health implications, continuous monitoring is crucial. Future research should include countries in Africa and Oceania to enhance global understanding of atmospheric SO2-related health issues.

Solar radiation modification by a sustained deliberate source of SO2 into the stratosphere (strat-SRM) has been proposed as an option for climate intervention. Global interactive aerosol–chemistry–climate models are often used to investigate the potential cooling efficiencies and associated side effects of hypothesized strat-SRM scenarios. A recent model intercomparison study for composition–climate models with interactive stratospheric aerosol suggests that the modeled climate response to a particular assumed injection strategy depends on the type of aerosol microphysical scheme used (e.g., modal or sectional representation) alongside host model resolution and transport. Compared to short-duration volcanic SO2 emissions, the continuous SO2 injections in strat-SRM scenarios may pose a greater challenge to the numerical implementation of microphysical processes such as nucleation, condensation, and coagulation. This study explores how changing the time steps and sequencing of microphysical processes in the sectional aerosol–chemistry–climate model SOCOL-AERv2 (40 mass bins) affects model-predicted climate and ozone layer impacts considering strat-SRM by SO2 injections of 5 and 25 Tg(S) yr −1 at 20 km altitude between 30° S and 30° N. The model experiments consider the year 2040 to be the boundary conditions for ozone-depleting substances and greenhouse gases (GHGs). We focus on the length of the microphysical time step and the call sequence of nucleation and condensation, the two competing sink processes for gaseous H2SO4. Under stratospheric background conditions, we find no effect of the microphysical setup on the simulated aerosol properties. However, at the high sulfur loadings reached in the scenarios injecting 25 Tg(S) yr −1 of SO2 with a default microphysical time step of 6 min, changing the call sequence from the default "condensation first" to "nucleation first" leads to a massive increase in the number densities of particles in the nucleation mode (R<0.01 µm) and a small decrease in coarse-mode particles (R>1 µm). As expected, the influence of the call sequence becomes negligible when the microphysical time step is reduced to a few seconds, with the model solutions converging to a size distribution with a pronounced nucleation mode. While the main features and spatial patterns of climate forcing by SO 2 injections are not strongly affected by the microphysical configuration, the absolute numbers vary considerably. For the extreme injection with 25 Tg(S) yr −1 , the simulated net global radiative forcing ranges from - 2.3 to - 5.3 Wm-2 , depending on the microphysical configuration. Nucleation first shifts the size distribution towards radii better suited for solar scattering (0.3 µm

Salts of protonated sulfur dioxide were synthesized by recrystallization of [FS(OX)2][SbF6] (X=H, D) in aprotic solvents at low temperatures. Hemiprotonated sulfur dioxide [(SO2)2H][Sb2F11] was obtained from the solvent SO2 and the monoprotonated sulfur dioxide [OSOD][Sb2F11], using 1,1,1,2‐tetrafluoroethane as solvent. For both compounds, single crystals were obtained and an X‐ray structure analysis was conducted. Furthermore, the salts were characterized by Raman spectroscopy and the results were discussed together with quantum chemical calculations on the M06‐2X/aug‐cc‐pVTZ level of theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the distorted redox balance, cancer cells are considered more vulnerable to excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS). In a variety of oxidative stress-related therapies, gas therapy has emerged as a new therapeutic strategy owing to its efficacy and biosafety. Herein, a newly-discovered gasotransmitter sulfur dioxide (SO 2) and a tumor specific ROS generation agent β-lapachone (Lapa) were firstly combined for anticancer therapy. Firstly, amphiphilic glutathione (GSH) responsive polypeptide SO 2 prodrug PEG- b -poly(Lys-DNs) was synthesized by ring opening polymerization of SO 2 -containing N -carboxyanhydride. Then, Lapa was encapsulated into the polymeric micelles with loading content of 8.6 % and loading efficiency of 51.6 %. The obtained drug-loaded nanoparticles (NPs(Lapa)) exhibited a fast release of Lapa and SO 2 in the stimuli of 10 mM GSH in PBS. Subsequently, in vitro experiment showed that NPs(Lapa) exhibited obvious cytotoxicity towards 4 T1 cancer cells at a concentration of 2.0 μg/mL, which may be attributed to the depletion of intracellular GSH and upregulation of ROS level both by SO 2 release and by the ROS generation from lapachone transformation. In vivo fluorescence imaging showed that the NPs were gradually enriched in tumor tissues in 24 h, probably due to the enhanced permeability and retention effect of NPs. Finally, NPs(Lapa) showed the best anticancer effect in 4 T1 tumor bearing mice with a tumor inhibiting rate (IRT) of 61 %, whereas IRT for free Lapa group was only 23.6 %. This work may be a new attempt to combine SO 2 gas therapy with ROS inducer for anticancer therapy through oxidative stress. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Air pollution has been a global environmental concern, and its effects on human health in the past have played an important role. Thus, this study investigated the concentrations of particulate matter (PM10, PM2.5), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), sulfur dioxide (SO2), and carbon monoxide (CO) in four distinct areas of Bengaluru over one year. Materials and Methods: It is a descriptive crosssectional design, utilizing secondary data from the Central Pollution Control Board's National Air Quality Monitoring Programme. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS software, expressing descriptive statistics such as mean, standard deviation, and maximum concentrations. Results: The study reveals varying air quality levels, with PM10 peaking at 102 µg/m³ in Silk Broad (August 2023) and NO2 spiking in February 2023. SO2 peaks at Majestic (March 2023), while CO poses health risks, peaking in January 2023. Silk Broad shows highest PM10; Majestic has elevated NO2, SO2, and CO. Conclusion: The study reveals fluctuating air quality, with PM10 peaking at 102 µg/m³ in Silk Broad station (August 2023) and NO2 spiking in February 2023. SO2 and CO levels also vary, posing health risks, particularly at Majestic station. Regional disparities highlight the need for targeted pollution control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soldiers deployed to Iraq and Afghanistan have a higher prevalence of respiratory symptoms than nondeployed military personnel and some have been shown to have a constellation of findings on lung biopsy termed post-deployment respiratory syndrome (PDRS). Since many of the subjects in this cohort reported exposure to sulfur dioxide (SO2), we developed a model of repetitive exposure to SO2 in mice that phenocopies many aspects of PDRS, including adaptive immune activation, airway wall remodeling, and pulmonary vascular (PV) disease. Although abnormalities in small airways were not sufficient to alter lung mechanics, PV remodeling resulted in the development of pulmonary hypertension and reduced exercise tolerance in SO2-exposed mice. SO2 exposure led to increased formation of isolevuglandins (isoLGs) adducts and superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2) acetylation in endothelial cells, which were attenuated by treatment with the isoLG scavenger 2-hydroxybenzylamine acetate (2-HOBA). In addition, 2-HOBA treatment or Siruin-3 overexpression in a transgenic mouse model prevented vascular remodeling following SO2 exposure. In summary, our results indicate that repetitive SO2 exposure recapitulates many aspects of PDRS and that oxidative stress appears to mediate PV remodeling in this model. Together, these findings provide new insights regarding the critical mechanisms underlying PDRS. NEW & NOTEWORTHY: We developed a mice model of "post-deployment respiratory syndrome" (PDRS), a condition in Veterans with unexplained exertional dyspnea. Our model successfully recapitulates many of the pathological and physiological features of the syndrome, revealing involvement of the ROS-isoLGs-Sirt3-SOD2 pathway in pulmonary vasculature pathology. Our study provides additional knowledge about effects and long-term consequences of sulfur dioxide exposure on the respiratory system, serving as a valuable tool for future PDRS research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the wine industry, sulfur dioxide (SO2) has an important role, as an antioxidant, and antiseptic additive. Lately, manufacturers of products specific to wine production technology are developing biological protocols for treating musts and wines using different types of yeasts. The purpose of the research is to study the impact of replacing SO2 in the first phase of the winemaking process with biological methods on the flavonoids, polyphenols, and antioxidant potential in Fetească neagră wine. The red wine from Fetească neagră, 2021 harvest - Dealu Mare Vineyard was made through two methods: treated with SO2 6% (25 mg/L) and treated with Primaflora VR Bio (7 g/hL). The IC50 value for the variant treated with Primaflora VR BIO was 722 mg/mL and the variant treated with SO2 recorded a 724 mg/ml, the differences being non-significant. Primaflora VR Bio is an effective and promising alternative in terms of the quality of oenological and biochemical parameters, and a basic variant for ecological, biological wines with a low sulfite content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the levels of sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) were measured indoors and outdoors using passive samplers in Tymar village (20 homes), an industrial area, and Haji Wsu (15 homes), a non-industrial region, in the summer and the winter seasons. In comparison to Haji Wsu village, the results showed that Tymar village had higher and more significant mean SO2 and NO2 concentrations indoors and outdoors throughout both the summer and winter seasons. The mean outdoor concentration of SO2 was the highest in summer, while the mean indoor NO2 concentration was the highest in winter in both areas. The ratio of NO2 indoors to outdoors was larger than one throughout the winter at both sites. Additionally, the performance of machine learning (ML) approaches: multiple linear regression (MLR), artificial neural network (ANN), and random forest (RF) were compared in predicting indoor SO2 concentrations in both the industrial and non-industrial areas. Factor analysis (FA) was conducted on different indoor and outdoor meteorological and air quality parameters, and the resulting factors were employed as inputs to train the models. Cross-validation was applied to ensure reliable and robust model evaluation. RF showed the best predictive ability in the prediction of indoor SO2 for the training set (RMSE = 2.108, MAE = 1.780, and R2 = 0.956) and for the unseen test set (RMSE = 4.469, MAE = 3.728, and R2 = 0.779) values compared to other studied models. As a result, it was observed that the RF model could successfully approach the nonlinear relationship between indoor SO2 and input parameters and provide valuable insights to reduce exposure to this harmful pollutant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Food Safety & Quality is the property of Journal of Food Safety & Quality Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Adsorptive removal of SO2 from its low‐concentrated gas mixtures is significant to the health and environment. However, the on‐demand discovery of such adsorbents remains a great challenge. Herein, a high‐throughput computational screening for SO2/CO2 separation is performed in an anion‐pillared metal–organic framework (MOF) database. As a proof‐of‐concept, SIFSIX‐7‐Cu, one of the computationally top‐ranked MOFs, is identified and experimentally synthesized for the verification. The high SO2 uptake (14.7 mmol g−1), IAST selectivity (120 for a mixture of 0.2/99.8 molar ratio), and excellent balance between the regenerability (63.5%) and adsorbent performance score (36.3) make it superior to the performance of most reported adsorbents. This work not only provides an excellent candidate for SO2/CO2 separation, but also will facilitate the development of theoretical prediction‐experimental verification methodology in the discovery of novel materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fibrosis, a pathological alteration of the repair response, involves continuous organ damage, scar formation, and eventual functional failure in various chronic inflammatory disorders. Unfortunately, clinical practice offers limited treatment strategies, leading to high mortality rates in chronic diseases. As part of investigations into gaseous mediators, or gasotransmitters, including nitric oxide (NO), carbon monoxide (CO), and hydrogen sulfide (H2S), numerous studies have confirmed their beneficial roles in attenuating fibrosis. Their therapeutic mechanisms, which involve inhibiting oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis, and proliferation, have been increasingly elucidated. Additionally, novel gasotransmitters like hydrogen (H2) and sulfur dioxide (SO2) have emerged as promising options for fibrosis treatment. In this review, we primarily demonstrate and summarize the protective and therapeutic effects of gaseous mediators in the process of fibrosis, with a focus on elucidating the underlying molecular mechanisms involved in combating fibrosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The geographic zone of this research is Falluja City, which is described by its overpopulation and absence of fast roadways. This zone is confronting a low level of service amid the time of overcrowding stemming from a disorganized and weak road system. This research has been conducted by suggesting the development of another street corresponding to the current one (bypass), yet with better expectations. The improvement of the road to be studied will improve the environmental aspect in addition to reducing the operating costs of vehicles. This study is planned to assess the achievability of developing a street for the bypass of the Falluja highway, environmentally and economically. This exploration depends on the speculation that the current street displays a relatively extreme situation, though the recommended roadway could be an asphaltic road pavement of top-notch condition. The traffic information was gathered utilizing a manual counting technique during seven days in the period (7:00 am-4:00 pm) to evaluate the average daily traffic (ADT) and peak hour traffic volume (PHV). Also, the number of lanes needed for LOS (C) was resolved. The development and conservation expenses of the street were likewise determined. The decrease in roadway client expenses for the current and suggested roads was assessed as a benefit. The monetary examination is conducted by equalizing the total decreased roadway costs and their benefits to the foundation year. The improvement in the roadway pavement status meant by IRI has enhanced the PCI value thusly, prompting reducing discharges within which reduces the overall discharges. The normal decrease in discharge was 1.13% because of the enhancement of pavement conditions. The accepted reduction rate for the research was assumed to be 8%. To find financial reasonability, numerous criteria were checked such as Net Present Value (NPV), Benefit-Cost Ratio (B/C), and Internal Rate of Return (IRR). For financial criteria, the results indicated that NPV was of an empowering estimation of 8761711 US$, which infers those benefits are more significant than expenses. Moreover, the B/C ratio was 1.370, contrasted with 1.0, which is encouraging. Ultimately, the determined IRR was discovered to be more prominent than the assumed value of 8% as recommended in road construction projects. The reduction in carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrogen dioxides (NO2), and sulfur dioxide (SO2) are 0.367, 0.275, 0.348, and 0.339, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reduction in the consumption of operational (primary) energy and emissions of harmful gases has recently become the focus of attention of the civil engineering sector. In this context, there is also emphasized the energy consumption and emission production values associated with the whole life cycle of the construction materials used, which is referred to as "bundled energy consumption" and "bundled emissions". This paper analyses the energy performance certificates in combination with the SBToolCZ methodology. Sustainability Building Tool is a methodology designed to assess the sustainability of buildings. This methodology is used to assess the environmental impact of buildings at different stages of their life cycle, such as production, operation and demolition of the building. The amount of carbon dioxide and sulphur dioxide produced during the life cycle of buildings was determined by analysing and extending the building assessment data by the SBToolCZ methodology, which was subsequently valued and incorporated into the lifetime costs. The data from 17 case studies from the Czech environment were analysed. Taking these environmental impacts into account, valuing them and analysing the cash flows of investors and society shows the importance of paying increased attention to sustainable construction and reducing its negative impact on the environment and climate. Research data shows that 30% of the operating costs of buildings are the societal costs associated with CO 2,eqv. and SO 2,eqv. production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Here we report on the discovery of a novel fast potassium super stoichiometric silicate, with fully earth‐abundant nominal chemical composition of K2+xMg1−x/2SiO4, which exhibits near superionic K+ conductivity, up to 5 × 10−5 S cm−1 at room temperature. Fast K+ conduction is attributed to a high Continuous Symmetry Measure value in K‐polyhedrons, coupled with a low packing ratio of Corner‐Sharing‐framework. This is the first time that such a high conductivity is measured by a rock‐silicate formed only by abundant metal ions. K2+xMg1−x/2SiO4 displays excellent stability under air and humidity, which renders it a very promising candidate for economical fabrication of electrochemical devices such as potentiometric gas sensors. We demonstrated this by fabricating a gas sensor for SO2 detection, as the first demonstration of type III potentiometric gas sensors using K+ conductors. At 500 °C and SO2 concentrations in the range of 0–10 ppm, the sensor exhibited high sensitivities (69–72 mV dec−1), robust signal output (220 mV for 2 ppm of SO2), fast response times (1–6 min), and excellent stability in ambient condition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel electrochemical approach to access alkyl alkenesulfonates via a multicomponent reaction was developed. The metal‐free method features easy‐to‐use SO2 stock solution forming monoalkylsulfites from alcohols with an auxiliary base in‐situ. These intermediates serve a dual role as starting materials and as supporting electrolyte enabling conductivity. Anodic oxidation of the substrate styrene, radical addition of these monoalkylsulfites and consecutive second oxidation and deprotonation preserve the double bond and form alkyl β‐styrenesulfonates in a highly regio‐ and stereoselective fashion. The feasibility of this electrosynthetic method is demonstrated in 44 examples with yields up to 81 %, employing various styrenes and related substrates as well as a diverse set of alcohols. A gram‐scale experiment underlines the applicability of this process, which uses inexpensive and readily available electrode materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• PdPtV nanoparticles (NPs) are synthesized using the oil-phase co-reduction strategy. • The PdPtV/CeO 2 −ZrO 2 catalyst performs the best in ethylbenzene (EB) oxidation. • PdPtV/CeO 2 −ZrO 2 shows large EB adsorption capacity, good reducibility, and strong surface acidity. • TPD and in situ DRIFTS are used to study the reversible poisoning of PdPtV/CeO 2 −ZrO 2 by SO 2. • V doping to PdPt NPs protects the active PdPt sites from being poisoned by SO 2. The PdPtVO x /CeO 2 −ZrO 2 (PdPtVO x /CZO) catalysts were obtained by using different approaches, and their physical and chemical properties were determined by various techniques. Catalytic activities of these materials in the presence of H 2 O or SO 2 were evaluated for the oxidation of ethylbenzene (EB). The PdPtVO x /CZO sample exhibited high catalytic activity, good hydrothermal stability, and reversible sulfur dioxide-poisoning performance, over which the specific reaction rate at 160°C, turnover frequency at 160°C (TOF Pd or Pt), and apparent activation energy were 72.6 mmol/(g Pt ⋅sec) or 124.2 mmol/(g Pd ⋅sec), 14.2 sec−1 (TOF Pt) or 13.1 sec−1 (TOF Pd), and 58 kJ/mol, respectively. The large EB adsorption capacity, good reducibility, and strong acidity contributed to the good catalytic performance of PdPtVO x /CZO. Catalytic activity of PdPtVO x /CZO decreased when 50 ppm SO 2 or (1.0 vol.% H 2 O + 50 ppm SO 2) was added to the feedstock, but was gradually restored to its initial level after the SO 2 was cut off. The good reversible sulfur dioxide-resistant performance of PdPtVO x /CZO was associated with the facts: (i) the introduction of SO 2 leads to an increase in surface acidity; (ii) V can adsorb and activate SO 2 , thus accelerating formation of the SO x 2− (x = 3 or 4) species at the V and CZO sites, weakening the adsorption of sulfur species at the PdPt active sites, and hence protecting the PdPt active sites to be not poisoned by SO 2. EB oxidation over PdPtVO x /CZO might take place via the route of EB → styrene → phenyl methyl ketone → benzaldehyde → benzoic acid → maleic anhydride → CO 2 and H 2 O. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Ambient air pollution (AAP) is an essential global problem that afects most of the body's organs, including the kidneys. We investigated the efects of AAP, sulfur dioxide (SO2), and ozone (O3) on kidney functions, histology, antioxidant enzymes, and apoptosis gene expressions in Wistar rats. Methods: The rats were divided into 4 groups (n = 8): control, AAP, SO2 (10 ppm), and O3 (0.6 ppm) groups. Blood urea and creatinine, kidney tissue superoxide dismutase, total antioxidant capacity, glutathione peroxidase activities, and malondialdehyde were determined afer exposure to AAP, SO2, or O3 for 3 hours per day for 5 weeks. Kidney tissue was examined by light microscopy, and the expression of BCL-2, BAX, and caspases-3,-8, and caspase-9 were evaluated by the reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction technique. Results: Mild to moderate histopathological changes in AAP and moderate-to-severe changes in SO2 and O3 groups were reported. Increment of serum urea in SO2 and AAP groups (P = .017 and P = .045), kidney catalase in AAP group (P = .008), total antioxidant capacity in O3 group (P < .001), caspase-8 expression in SO2 group (P = .035), caspase-8, and caspase-9 expressions in O3 group (P < .001 and P = .003) were signifcant. p53 expression in the kidney of the AAP group was less than that of the control group (P = .018). Conclusion: Ambient air pollution, SO2, and O3 exposures in the concentrations used in our study cause kidney dysfunction, stimulate oxidative stress defense enzymes, cause histopathological changes, and downregulate kidney p53 expression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective Under the background of GB 39728-2020 Emission standard of air pollutants for onshore oil and gas exploitation and production industry and GB 31570-2015 Emission standard of pollutants for petroleum refining industry, the SO2, mass concentration in emission tail gas is strictly regulated, and the domestication substitution is carried out for the treatment process of tail gas containing-sulfur dioxide. Methods A tail gas oxidation absorption solvent CT8-27 with independent intellectual property rights was developed, and its desulfurization performance was evaluated through indoor experiments. Through ion morphology distribution maps, the distribution coefficient & was introduced to evaluate the desulfurization performance and selectivity of the solvent. Results Based on the evaluation data. it can be seen that after the tail gas with high SO2 content was removed by CT8-27, the mass concentration of SO2, in the purified tail gas was reduced to less than 24.9 mg/m², and the co-absorptirity of CO2 was less than 10%. In addition, it was determined that the key factor affecting the desulfurization performance and selectivity of the solvent system was reasonable pH value. Conclusions The desulfurization performance of tail gas oxidation absorption solvent CT8-27 is comparable to that of imported solvents, and it shows good absorption selectivity, which can realize the domestication substitution of the imported solvent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reports a study aimed at determining the biochemical quality indicators of grapes during long-term storage. The object of research was nine table varieties of ripened grapes. These include white varieties – Tabrizi, Karaburnu, White Shasla, Agadai; pink varieties – Nimrang, Marandi Shamakhi, Taifi pink; red varieties – Kyzyl raisins and Hamburg Muscat. The grapes were stored in refrigerators for 5–6 months, at a temperature of 0–1 °C and air humidity of 87–95 %. The grapes were studied before planting and 30–40 days before the end of storage. Long-term refrigerated storage of grapes using weekly fumigation with sulfur dioxide is accompanied by a decrease in the activity of oxyreductases and a gradual increase in the activity of pectinesterase. This causes changes in the quantity and proportions of nutrients and other chemical components that determine the nutritional and biological value of the final product. It was revealed that during the sale of ripened grapes stored using weekly fumigation with sulfur dioxide, the activity of the studied oxyreductases is slightly restored in pink varieties – Nimrang, Taifi pink, and in white varieties – in Karaburnu and Tabrizi. In the Marandi Shamakhi variety, the activity of enzymes does not change, therefore, for a long time in these grape varieties, especially in the Marandi Shamakhi variety, darkening and softening of the berries are not observed during their sale. Among the studied table grape varieties, Tabrizi, Karaburnu, Nimrang, and Marandi Shamakhi, with long-term refrigerated storage using weekly fumigation with sulfur dioxide, have the longest shelf life; under a controlled gas environment, the results reported here could prove useful in practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Effective sulfur dioxide (SO2) management is crucial in winemaking to minimize oxidative changes in wine flavor during storage. This study explored the impact of various SO2 management techniques on Solaris white wine's flavor components and sensory properties. Five treatments were administered: 'SO2 in juice' (50 mg/L SO2 added to juice pre-fermentation), 'Control' (60 mg/L SO2 added post-fermentation), 'Low SO2' (50 mg/L SO2 post-fermentation), 'High SO2' (100 mg/L SO2 post-fermentation), and 'No SO2' (no SO2 added). The 'Control' followed a standard procedure, in which the achieved level of free sulfite is measured and extra SO2 added to reach the recommended level of free sulfite for the pH of the wine. Here, 50 + 10 mg/L was added. Volatile compounds were analyzed using dynamic headspace sampling coupled with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry after 0, 3, 6, and 12 months of storage. Sensory evaluation by a trained panel after 12 months revealed stronger perceptions of 'overall impression', 'chemical', 'bitter', 'overripe fruit', and 'honey' notes in the 'No SO2' and 'SO2 in juice' wines. The data underscore the significant influence of SO2 management on the flavor stability of Solaris white wines, emphasizing the need for strategic SO2 interventions during winemaking to enhance sensory quality over time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The complex dynamics between oxygen exposure, sulphur dioxide (SO2) utilization, and wine quality are of the utmost importance in wine sector, and this study aims to explore their fine balance in winemaking. As a common additive, SO2 works as an antiseptic and antioxidant. However, its excessive use has raised health concerns. Regulatory guidelines, including Council Regulation (EC) N° 1493/1999 and Commission Regulation (EC) No 1622/2000, dictate SO2 concentrations in wines. The increasing demand for natural preservatives is driving the search for alternatives, with natural plant extracts, rich in phenolic compounds, emerging as promising substitutes. In this context, Bioma Company has proposed alternative additives deriving from vineyard waste to replace SO2 during winemaking. Thus, the aim of the present work was to compare the compositional characteristics between the product obtained with the alternative vinification and the traditional one during the winemaking, as well as the aroma compositions of the final wines. After a year of experimentation, the wines produced with Bioma products showed compositional characteristics comparable to their traditional counterparts. Notably, these wines comply with current legislation, with significantly reduced total sulphur content, allowing their designation as "without added sulphites". Bioma products emerge as potential catalysts for sustainable and health-conscious winemaking practices, reshaping the landscape of the industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We examine the causal effect of environmental regulation on firm ownership dynamics. China's central government took the reduction of sulfur dioxide (SO2) emissions as the main performance evaluation criterion for local government leaders in 2005. Based on a difference-in-differences framework, our results show that environmental regulation increases firms' state shareholdings, and these findings are robust to various endogeneity and sensitivity analyses. In particular, stringent regulations increase firms' production costs, thus reducing their expected profits and causing undue burden on them. As a result, firms seek the shelter of governments by introducing more state shareholdings to escape stricter environmental regulations or to obtain invisible benefits. Our results are more significant in regions with low corruption, high transparency, or poor external business environments and highly polluting firms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Monitoring data on sulfates in atmospheric haze particles over Beijing in winter 2016 are considered. It is found that the source of sulfates in humidified haze particles is the catalytic oxidation of sulfur dioxide by molecular oxygen involving ions of transition metals proceeding in a branched mode. Concentration conditions of this process and the features of its dynamics in the atmosphere are discussed. The agreement between the calculated content of in particles and monitoring data indicates that a branched mode of catalytic conversion of SO2 (gas) in the atmosphere exists and represents a new source of sulfates. This fast nonphotochemical channel should be taken into account in inventory system of sulfate sources in the global atmosphere. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Food & Fermentation Industries is the property of Food & Fermentation Industries and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article takes 13X molecular sieve as the object, studies the effects of three modification methods, including calcination temperature, NaOH solution concentration, and CuO and MnO2 loading, on the adsorption performance of SO2 on 13X molecular sieve, and preliminarily explores the adsorption kinetics characteristics of 13X‐xwt % MnO2. The results show that the modification method of loading 13X‐6wt %MnO2 is better, the penetration adsorption time is about 130 minutes, and the maximum penetrable adsorption capacity is 57.8 mg⋅g‐1.The adsorption kinetics study of 13X‐6wt % MnO2 shows that the R2 of the quasi‐second‐order model is close to 0.99, indicating that the adsorption process follows the quasi‐second‐order kinetic equation. The particle diffusion kinetic model fitting shows that the adsorption process is divided into two stages, the first stage is rapid adsorption, which is mainly controlled by surface adsorption and intraparticle diffusion rate, while the second stage is mainly microporous or chemisorption, with a smaller adsorption amount. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study focuses primarily on sulfur dioxide (SO2) emissions control problem in a wet flue gas desulfurization (WFGD) process, and our objective is to design an intelligent control system so that the outlet SO2 concentration satisfies the SO2 emission standard. In our approach, a multimodel control framework, which is made up of a linear robust controller and a neural controller, is integrated with the invasive weed optimization (IWO) algorithm in an elegant fashion and used for SO2 emissions control purposes. A case study is carried out based on operation data from a 600 MW coal-fired unit, and simulation results show that IWO-based automatic clustering can identify different operating modes in the WFGD process with high accuracy. Further, the established multimodel control system can remove SO2 emissions effectively. Experimental results show that SO2 emissions can be removed effectively with the proposed method, and this could provide engineering guidance to design a WFGD control system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hazardous reagents such as sulfur dioxide (SO2) and chlorine (Cl2) are powerful and atom-efficient reagents for respectively introducing the 'SO2' moiety and 'Cl' atom into organic molecules. However, their use is limited due to a lack of protocols and methods to access them in laboratories readily. This article describes the development of a prototype, method, and process for accessing hazardous gaseous reagents safely on demand continuously for further utilization in organic synthesis. The prototype was validated by producing SO2 from readily accessible laboratory reagents sodium sulfite (Na2SO3) and sulfuric acid (H2SO4). The generated SO2 was successfully utilized for the synthesis of aryl sulfinate salts, which were subsequently converted to sulfonamides and sulfone-containing bicalutamide drugs. The broader applicability of the reactor prototype has also been demonstrated in the generation of chlorine gas from bleach (NaOCl) and hydrochloric acid (HCl), followed by the separation of chlorine gas from an acidic aqueous reaction mixture. The utilization of the separated chlorine gas was demonstrated in the synthesis of silyl chlorides in both batch and continuous manners. The present reactor prototype not only enables safe and convenient access to highly hazardous gaseous reagents for facile organic synthesis in laboratories, but also eliminates the risks in handling, storage, and transportation of hazardous gaseous reagents in cylinders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we investigated the effects of incorporating Sb, La, Ce, and Mo additives into V 2 O 5 -WO 3 /TiO 2 catalysts with high vanadium content for NH 3 -SCR. The addition of Sb, La, or Ce to the V-site of the V4/W5/G5 catalyst led to improved reaction activity, which was attributed to an increase in the nonstoichiometric V4+(3+) ratio and enhanced surface adsorbed oxygen species. Fast-SCR due to NO 2 oxidation resulted in increased the reaction rates. Conversely, Mo addition reduced reaction rates. Durability against SO 2 improved after incorporating Sb, La, Ce, or Mo, which was attributed to SO 2 adsorption inhibition by Sb and Mo, and SO 2 consumption by La and Ce forming sulfate species. Sb, Ce, and Mo additives facilitated ABS (ammonium bisulfate, (NH 4)HSO 4) decomposition at lower temperatures compared to the V4/W5/G5 catalyst, with distinctive NH 3 and SO 2 desorption profiles. Particularly, Mo addition induced NH 3 desorption from ABS decomposition at a low temperature of 177 °C. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sulfur dioxide (SO2), a novel endogenous gas signaling molecule, is involved in the regulation of cardiac function. Exerting a key role in progression of hyperthyroidism-induced cardiomyopathy (HTC), myocardial fibrosis is mainly caused by myocardial apoptosis, leading to poor treatment outcomes and prognoses. This study aimed to investigate the effect of SO2 on the hyperthyroidism-induced myocardial fibrosis and the underlying regulatory mechanisms. Elisa, Masson staining, Western-Blot, transmission electron microscope, and immunofluorescence were employed to evaluate the myocardial interstitial collagen deposition, endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS), apoptosis, changes in endogenous SO2, and Hippo pathways from in vitro and in vivo experiments. The study results indicated that the hyperthyroidism-induced myocardial fibrosis was accompanied by decreased cardiac function, and down-regulated ERS, apoptosis, and endogenous SO2-producing enzyme aspartate aminotransferase (AAT)1/2 in cardiac myocytes. In contrast, exogenous SO2 donors improved cardiac function, reduced myocardial interstitial collagen deposition, up-regulated AAT1/2, antagonized ERS and apoptosis, and inhibited excessive activation of Hippo pathway in hyperthyroid rats. In conclusion, the results herein suggested that SO2 inhibited the overactivation of the Hippo pathway, antagonized ERS and apoptosis, and alleviated myocardial fibrosis in hyperthyroid rats. Therefore, this study was expected to identify intervention targets and new strategies for prevention and treatment of HTC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Deactivation of catalyst for the oxidation of carbon monoxide in the impurity gases such as CO2, SO2, and NOx are common issues in practical use. In this work, Cu–Mn–Ce composite oxide catalysts (CMCO) were coupled with K2CO3 (KC) to inhibit the poisoning effect of these gases. The CMCO/KC composite catalysts, prepared by multi-step impregnation method, were tested for CO catalytic oxidation and CO2 chemical absorption in the presence of SO2 (0.004% and 0.04%) or NO2 (0.0025% and 0.025%), and further characterized by XRD and XPS. The results showed that CMCO/KC could catalyze CO efficiently at low temperatures, and proper K2CO3 addition (10–50 wt%) could even promote CMCO catalytic activity owing to the CO2 sorption. Among them, CMCO/50KC showed the highest CO catalytic performance with the T50 of 114.5 °C. More importantly, K2CO3 doping treatment could reduce or eliminate the catalyst deactivation caused by SO2 and NO2, due to the competitive sorption reaction of the alkali toward the acid gases. Further regeneration experiments revealed that CMCO/KC also had fine regeneration activity and stability for CO/CO2 removal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]