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Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) affects most of the organs with high rate of morbidity and mortality. Osteoporosis is also one of the common metabolic bone diseases. Osteoporosis and muscle weakness have been linked with type 2 DM (T2DM). However, there are limited studies and inconsistent results regarding type 2 diabetes and its effect on bone mineral density (BMD) and handgrip strength (HGS). Aims and Objectives: This study aims to find the effect of T2DM on BMD, body mass index (BMI), and HGS. Materials and Methods: A total of 328 participants of age group 30–70 years were included in the study. BMI was calculated using Quetelet index. Measurement of HGS was done using a handgrip dynamometer following standard methods. HGS max in kg and endurance time (ET) in seconds were recorded. BMD was recorded using bone sonometer, in the distal end of tibia. The results were analyzed on the basis of the WHO – compliant T-score and Z-score. Results: Among diabetic patients, BMI had a weak negative correlation with BMD and HGS max (P = 0.035). BMD had a weak positive correlation with HGS max and ET. HGS was significantly higher in non-diabetic males, whereas in non-diabetic females, both HGS and ET were significantly higher (P < 0.001). There was no significant difference in the BMD between T2DM and non-diabetics. Conclusion: In our study, we noted better muscle strength among non-diabetics and no significant difference in BMD between diabetics and non-diabetics, whereas incidence of osteoporosis was more among diabetics though statistically not significant.

Background: Age, gender, diet, and body mass index (BMI) are important physiological factors that can affect muscle strength and bone mineral density (BMD). Obesity and osteoporosis are two important and developing public health problems worldwide. Aims and Objectives: This study aims to know the relationship between physiological factors such as age, gender, diet, BMI, and handgrip strength (HGS) on BMD in healthy men and women. Materials and Methods: A total of 198 participants of age 30–70 years were included in the study. BMI was calculated using Quetelet index. Measurement of HGS was done using a handgrip dynamometer following standard methods. HGS max in kg and endurance time (ET) in seconds were recorded. BMD was recorded using bone sonometer, in the distal end of tibia. Results: Age had a weak negative correlation with BMD, HGS max, and ET. BMD had a weak negative correlation with BMI though statistically not significant. BMI among vegetarian (V) and non-vegetarian (NV) group with normal BMI range, occurrence of osteoporosis was higher among vegetarian. In overweight/obese, osteoporosis was higher among NV, though statistically not significant. There was no significant gender difference in BMD between V and NV. ET was statistically significant in NV females. HGS max and ET were higher among NV males but statistically not significant. Conclusion: There is no significant relation between BMI, diet, and HGS max on BMD in V and NV. Hence, we can conclude that well-planned and balanced vegetarian diet is equally nutritious as NV diet for good muscle strength and bone composition.

Background: The number of medically qualified teachers in physiology is decreasing critically in India due to less inclination of medical students toward basic sciences. This is due to decreased job and research opportunities, promotional avenues, and financial returns. Due to this reduction, the current teaching-learning methods in physiology apparently have an inadequate focus on the clinical importance and relevance. The transition between preclinical and clinical training is very stressful period because of inability of student to apply their preclinical knowledge to solve clinical problems. Aim and Objective: This study aims to analyze and compare the perceptions of medical students and physicians about the role and scope of physiology. Materials and Methods: This questionnaire-based study was conducted from October 2015 to March 2016. Hundred medical students and hundred physicians (with MBBS degree, practitioners) were selected by convenience sampling. Approval was taken from the Institutional Ethical Committee. Informed consent was taken from participants. The study questions were collected from the previous studies and questionnaire was modified according to our study needs. Finally, 15-item questionnaires was distributed to participants to answer. Results: All participants completed questionnaire showing a response rate of 100% which was statistically analyzed. There are positive perceptions of medical students and physicians about the role and scope of physiology. Teaching of physiology would be more effective if taught in integrated fashion. Conclusion: Decreased job opportunities, promotion avenues, academic growth, research opportunities, and financial returns in physiology were some of the main factors for its lower preference.

Introduction Apical periodontitis usually results from bacterial accumulation and contamination occurring in the root-canal system, and extending beyond the apical foramen to involve the periapical tissues. Literature has a paucity of the studies that stress on the division and analysis of the pulp canal segments. The reason for this disparity might be the technique used for collecting the samples from the pulp canals. Hence, we carried out the present study to evaluate the microbial flora in the apical part of the roots with necrotic pulp canals. Materials and methods The present study included the assessment of 40 freshly extracted teeth that had necrotized pulpal tissue along with the presence of periapical periodontal lesions. Removal of the soft tissue lesions attached to the root portion of the teeth along with apical periodontal lesions was done with the help of scalpel blade, after rinsing them with a sterile solution of saline. Thorough cleaning of the root surfaces was done with hydrogen peroxide followed by rapid disinfection with the help of sodium hypochlorite at varying concentrations. Sectioning of the root portion of all the specimens with the help of a disk was done perpendicular to the long axis of the teeth at a distance of roughly 5 to 6 mm from the teeth's apicalmost point. Cryotubes were used for transferring the specimens of apical portions containing 1 mL of buffer and were subjected to immediate frozen processing at a temperature of –20°C. A 10 K-type file was used for the initial collection of the samples followed by subsequent incubation of the files and paper pints in the incubation cabinet. Subsequent deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) extraction from the samples was done following the procedure described by Siqueira et al. Paster et al's modification of the reverse-capture checkerboard assay was used in the present study. Semiquantitative data were used for overcoming the difficulties arising due to obtaining the counts of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based analysis of specimens. Results A positive result for the 16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) gene primer was observed only in two examined specimens of all the samples of the apical portion of the root canals in the present study. Negative result was shown by all the control group specimens, which were sterile samples. Presence of bacteria was confirmed by PCR in 38 out of 40 examined specimens. Amount of bacterial taxa, out of these 24 samples, ranged up to 6. Pseudoramibacter alactolyticus, Porphyromonas endodontalis, Dialister oral species, Bacteroidetes species, Streptococcus species, Olsenella uli, Synergistes species, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Parvimonas micra, Treponema denticola, and Filifactor alocis were the specific species detected. Bacteroidetes species was the only species that were detected at levels at or above 105. Heavy bacterial infections were noticed in more than 45% of the cases at the periradicular part of the root canals. Conclusion Microbial flora of the apical segment of the root with necrotized pulp tissue comprises a vast variety of pathogenic bacteria. Clinical significance For better prognosis of the treatment of such cases, adequate knowledge of the microbial flora of the root, especially the apical portion is necessary. How to cite this article Tatikonda A, Sudheep N, Biswas KP, Gowtham K, Pujari S, Singh P. Evaluation of Bacteriological Profile in the Apical Root Segment of the Patients with Primary Apical Periodontitis. J Contemp Dent Pract 2017;18(1):44-48.

BackgroundConsumption of certain beverages may affect the esthetic and physical properties of the resin composite, thereby undermining the quality of restorations.AimTo analyze the effect of three beverages (cola, coffee, tea) on color stability and surface roughness of three different types of resin composites at various time intervalsin vitro.Materials and methodsNano, microhybrid and hybrid resin composites were used. Each material was randomly divided into four equal subgroups of 10 samples each according to the beverages used (cola, coffee, tea, distilled water). The samples were immersed in each beverage for 1, 15 and 30 days. Surface roughness and color changes measurements were noted at the baseline—the first, fifteenth and thirteenth day.ResultsIt was found that nanoresin composite followed by microhybrid and hybrid showed least surface roughness and color change. The Coke beverage subgroup showed more surface roughness and the subgroup coffee has shown more color changes with respect to other subgroups.ConclusionAll specimens showed discoloration after completion of the test period which was visually perceptible and clinically unacceptable.At the end of 30th day, among the materials, nanofilled composite resin showed comparatively less surface roughness and color change than microhybrid and hybrid composite resins.How to cite this articleReddy PS, Tejaswi KLS, Shetty S, Annapoorna BM, Pujari SC, Thippeswamy HM. Effects of Commonly Consumed Beverages on Surface Roughness and Color Stability of the Nano, Microhybrid and Hybrid Composite Resins: Anin vitroStudy. J Contemp Dent Pract 2013;14(4): 718-723.

Background : In patients undergoing head and neck surgery for various pathologic conditions, implants are one of the best restorative options and are increasing widely used. Therefore, we evaluated the success of dental implants in the irradiated jaws of patients following treatment of oral cancer oral cancer treated patients. Materials and Methods : Data of oral cancer treated patients was collected retrospectively from 2002 to 2008. We took 46 oral cancer treated patients in which implants were placed in irradiated jaws for rehabilitation. Results : It was found that out of 162 dental implants placed, 52 failed. Furthermore, there was no variation in the implant survival rate in between both the jaws. Radiation dose of

This document proposes a new method to instantiate N number of web applications using a single User Interface (UI) process and N Web processes while utilizing a multi-process based web rendering engine named WebKit2 on Tizen platform. It also discusses the method of process pooling. Pooling is the method of resource management by grouping together resources for the purpose of maximizing the through put improving the overall system performance. The proposed approach reduces total number of processes required to execute multiple web applications and thereby considerably improves overall system performance. Usually, on Tizen the EFL (Enlightenment Foundation Library) based application life cycle management system mandates 1×1 mapping of each application's life cycle handling app core and its encapsulating process. Therefore, this approach also addresses managing multiple app cores in the context of a single UI process.

AIm: Prolonged exposure to stress mainly affects the cognitive functions of the brain by inducing neuronal damage mediated through oxidative stress. Acorus calamus (AC) has long been used in Indian folk medicine for various central nervous system (CNS) abnormalities. Hence the present study investigates the effect AC on learning and memory in rats. Material and Methods: Adult Wistar male rats were subjected to restrained stress for 21 days (6hr/day) and the animals were concurrently administered AC for 21 days orally. The Hebb-Williams maze and elevated plus maze served as standard behavioural models for testing memory. The rats were sacrificed on 22nd day and the brain homogenate was taken for various biochemical assessments. Result s: Sodium potassium ATPase activity and TBARS levels showed a significant decrease in the stress group compared to control. After administration of AC, the activity of Na- K- ATPase and levels of TBARS showed a tendency to revert back to normal. However there was no effect on AOPP levels, even after the treatment, which remained high. ConclusIon: The present study shows the preventive action of AC rhizome powder on stress induced cognitive functions and modulatory effect on antioxidants and Na-K-ATPase activity.

PDF (Portable Document Format) documents have become popular in recent times. PDF documents have named destinations that have reference to info like page number, zoom level, scale factor etc. These named destinations should be resolved when user loads URL with named destination or select link in the PDF. Resolving named destinations in PDF is taking more time that affects response time in PDF after user selection or resolving named destination at the URL load time for rendering PDF in Chrome Browser. In this paper, we present a new dictionary based novel solution for improving time to resolve named destinations. Dictionary is the map of named destinations and corresponding page number in the PDF document. We then present the results of some tests on the purposed approach with the already existing approach to show that the purposed approach performs better compared to existing approach while creation of named destinations dictionary does not take significant time. We conclude that our algorithm can perform better as asynchronous message passing is avoided and we have access to page number corresponding to the named destination in constant time and in synchronous manner.

The proteasome is a proteolytic complex that is known to degrade proteins marked by the attachment of ubiquitin. Recently, it has become apparent that the proteasome has non-proteolytic roles. Several studies have implicated the proteasome in the regulation of transcription. A new study now shows that the proteasome facilitates the interaction of a histone acetyltransferase complex with transcriptional activators at active promoters.

Long-term facilitation in Aplysia and other forms of long-term memory in invertebrates and vertebrates require the gene expression cascade induced by cAMP-responsive element binding protein (CREB). Normally, gene expression by CREB is inhibited by repressors. The molecular mechanisms by which the repression is relieved are not understood. Our results show that Aplysia CREB repressor is a substrate for degradation by the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. Treatment with the facilitatory neurotransmitter 5-hydroxy tryptamine (5-HT) leads to CREB repressor degradation in vivo and the degradation can be blocked by a specific proteasome inhibitor. Our biochemical studies show that attachment of ubiquitin molecules marks the CREB repressor for degradation by the proteasome. Protein kinase C (PKC) stimulates ubiquitination and degradation of the CREB repressor. Our results suggest that proteolytic removal of the CREB repressor is a potential mechanism for controlling gene expression by CREB. Without stimulation, gene expression is suppressed by the CREB repressor. Upon stimulation with 5-HT, PKC is activated, causing enhancement in ubiquitination and degradation of the CREB repressor. Thus, regulation of proteolysis of the CREB repressor by PKC might be critical in determining whether or not CREB-mediated gene expression goes forward during induction of long-term facilitation.

Cytochrome P4502D6, an important isoform of cytochrome P450, mediates the metabolism of several psychoactive drugs in liver. Quantitatively, liver is the major drug metabolizing organ, however metabolism of drugs in brain could modulate pharmacological and pharmacodynamic effects of psychoactive drugs at their site of action and explain some of the variation typically seen in patient population. We have measured cytochrome P450 content and examined constitutive expression of CYP2D mRNA and protein in human brain regions by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, Northern and immunoblotting and localized it by in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry. CYP2D mRNA was expressed constitutively in neurons of cerebral cortex, Purkinje and granule cell layers of cerebellum, reticular neurons of midbrain and pyramidal neurons of CA1, CA2 and CA3 subfields of hippocampus. Immunoblot studies demonstrated the presence of cytochrome P4502D protein in cortex, cerebellum, midbrain, striatum and thalamus of human brain. Immunohistochemical localization showed the predominant presence of cytochrome P4502D not only in neuronal soma but also in dendrites of Purkinje and cortical neurons. These studies demonstrate constitutive expression of cytochrome P4502D in neuronal cell population in human brain, indicating its possible role in metabolism of psychoactive drugs directly at or near their site of action, in neurons, in human brain.

Background: Ethanol is metabolized to acetaldehyde in the cell, which is potentially deleterious because it can react with cellular proteins and form protein-acetaldehyde adducts, which can interfere with normal cellular function. Because the primary site of ethanol action is the brain, the present study was carried out to determine whether protein-acetaldehyde adducts are formed in rat brain after chronic ethanol administration. Methods: Rats were treated with ethanol for 1 year, and the formation of protein-acetaldehyde adducts was examined by immunoblot analysis and localized in brain by immunohistochemical analysis by using affinity purified antibody to acetaldehyde-hemocyanin adduct. Results: In the brain of rats administered ethanol for up to 1 year, protein-acetaldehyde adducts were detectable by immunoblot analysis. In brain, mitochondria was the primary site of adduct formation, unlike the liver, where the major protein-acetaldehyde adduct has been detected in the cytosol. Immunohistochemical localization of protein-acetaldehyde adducts in chronic ethanol-treated rat brain demonstrated the selective presence of adducts in cortical neurons, granule cell layer of dentate gyrus, neurons in the midbrain, and granular cell layers of cerebellum. Conclusions: These results demonstrate the significant formation of protein-acetaldehyde adducts in rat brain after ethanol ingestion. The modification of mitochondrial proteins in brain by protein-acetaldehyde adduct formation is significant because mitochondrial dysfunction has been implicated in neurodegeneration.

Fluorosis is a condition resulting from excessive ingestion of fluoride during early childhood leading to the formation of defective enamel. The increased fluoride content is thought to result in a metabolic alteration of ameloblasts, which results in defective matrix, and improper calcification of teeth.A total of 6244 patients between the ages of 6yrs to 60yrs, who presented to our outpatient clinic from October 2009 to December 2010 were included in the study. The study subjects were grouped according to their age into the following groups- 6-14 yrs, 15-25 yrs, 26-40 yrs, and 40-60yrs. Only permanent dentition was taken into consideration in this study.The overall prevalence of fluorosis in this study was 63.34% (3955 of 6244 patients). Men had a slightly higher prevalence of 64.27% compared to 62.28% among women.Prevention of fluorosis would require efforts at raising awareness among the people about the harmful effects of their dietary choices on their teeth. They also need to be educated about adequate and proper oral hygiene, such as brushing their teeth at least two times daily. How to cite this article: Sunil T K L, Shetty S, Annapoorna B M, Pujari S C, Reddy P S, Nandlal B. A Pioneering Study of Dental Fluorosis in the Libyan Population. J Int Oral Health 2013; 5(3):67-72.

Background: Handgrip strength (HGS) and handgrip endurance (HGE) are the important parameters to assess the upper extremity muscular strength. Only a few previous studies have shown varying correlation between BMI, HGS and HGE. Aims and Objectives: To record HGS and hand grip endurance (HGE) in healthy individual and to compare BMI with HGS and ET. Materials and Methods: Two hundred and one individuals were included in our study, comprising both males and females of age group 20-45 years. BMI was calculated using Quetelet index. Based on BMI, participants were then categorized into three groups as normal weight BMI 18.5-24.9 kg/m2, overweight BMI 24.9-29.9 kg/m2, and obese >30 kg/m2. HGS was measured using a handgrip dynamometer and maximum isometric tension, Tmax in kg was recorded. ET was measured by the time of onset of fatigue for 70% of the in Tmax and expressed in seconds. Results: Our result shows that there was a significant correlation between HGE and overall BMI, with P = 0.001 which is highly significant. There was a highly significant difference in HGS between male and female groups, P < 0.0001. We also noted that BMI and HGS are negatively correlated among normal BMI male participants and weakly negatively correlated among obese males. In overweight females, the HGS and BMI were also weakly negatively correlated and had no correlation in normal and obese female participants. HGE was weakly negatively correlated among overweight and obese males. Conclusion: There is correlation between BMI, HGS, and HGE. HGS and HGE depend on various factors such as age, sex, built, strength of muscle, arm span, and diet. A further study in a larger population is required with multiple factors taken into consideration.

Glutamate and norepinephrine (NE) are believed to mediate the long-lasting synaptic plasticity in the accessory olfactory bulb (AOB) that underlies pheromone recognition memory. The mechanisms by which these neurotransmitters bring about the synaptic changes are not clearly understood. In order to study signals that mediate synaptic plasticity in the AOB, we used AOB neurons in primary culture as a model system. Because induction of pheromone memory requires coincident glutamatergic and noradrenergic input to the AOB, and requires new protein synthesis, we reasoned that glutamate and NE must induce gene expression in the AOB. We used a combination of agonists that stimulate alpha1 and alpha2 adrenergic receptors in combination with N-methyl-d-aspartic acid and tested expression of the immediate-early gene (IEG) c-Fos. We found that the glutamatergic and noradrenergic stimulation caused significant induction of c-Fos mRNA and protein. Induction of c-Fos was significantly reduced in the presence of inhibitors of protein kinase C, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and phospholipase C. These results suggest that glutamate and NE induce gene expression in the AOB through a signaling pathway mediated by protein kinase C and MAPK.