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In this study, decolorization of wastewater samples taken from the paper industry is investigated using electrochemical peroxidation process. The electrochemical peroxidation process is a part of electrochemical advanced oxidation processes, which is based on the Fenton’s chemical reaction, provided by addition of external H2O2 into reaction cell. In this study, iron is used as anode and graphite as cathode put at the fixed distance of 30 mm in a glass reaction cell. The cell was filled with the solution containing wastewater and sodium chloride as the supporting electrolyte. Factors of the process such as pH, current intensity, hydrogen peroxide concentration, and time of treatment were studied. The results illustrate that all these parameters affect efficiencies of dye removal and chemical oxygen demand (COD) reducing. The maximal removal of wastewater contaminants was achieved under acid (pH 3) condition, with the applied current of 1 A, and hydrogen peroxide concentration of 0.033 M. At these conditions, decolorization process efficiency reached 100 and 83 % of COD removal after 40 minutes of wastewater sample treatment. In addition, the electrical energy consumption for wastewater treatment by electrochemical peroxidation is calculated, showing increase as the current intensity of treatment process was increased. The obtained results suggest that electrochemical peroxidation process can be used for removing dye compounds and chemical oxygen demand (COD) from industrial wastewaters with high removal efficiency.

This research aims to analyze the effect of Capital Adequacy Ratio (CAR), Operating Expenses to Operating Income Ratio (BOPO), Loan to Deposits Ratio (LDR), Net Interest Margin (NIM), and Non-Performing Loan Ratio (NPL) variables on ROA and Stock Return of Banks That Listed in the Indonesia Stock Exchange. The population in this research is all banks listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange. At the same time, the samples are 30 companies. The sampling uses the purposive sampling method. Secondary data was obtained in the Indonesia Stock Exchange and Yahoo! Finance. The independent variables used are CAR, BOPO, LDR, NIM, and NPL. The data analysis technique used is multiple linear regression analysis by SmartPLS software. This research indicates that the LDR, NIM, and NPL variables have a significant effect on ROA. The CAR, BOPO, and NPL variables have a significant effect on Stock Return. The predictive ability of the independent variables (CAR, BOPO, LDR, NIM, and NPL) on ROA is 59.5%, as indicated by the value of Adjusted R Square is 59.5%, while the remaining is 40.5% influenced by other variables not included in this research. The independent variables (CAR, BOPO, NIM, and NPL) on Stock Returns have 13.3% of Adjusted R Square while the remaining is 86.7% influenced by other variables.

Limbah lindi hitam merupakan limbah yang berasal dari proses pretreatment tandan kosong kelapa sawit menjadi bioetanol, dimana sampai saat ini tidak memiliki perhatian yang khusus. Limbah pada konsentrasi tertentu dengan melewati batas yang ditetapkan akan menimbulkan pencemaran dan dapat mempengaruhi kondisi lingkungan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi karakteristik dari lindi hitam dan juga untuk mengetahui efisiensi pengolahan limbah lindi hitam dengan menggunakan kombinasi dari metode koagulasi – flokulasi, AOPs fenton dan adsorpsi. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode jartest, dengan variabel bebas adalah parameter COD, TSS, dan warna. Pada hasil akhir pengolahan didapatkan efisiensi pada metode koagulasi dengan dosis PAC 30g/L efisiensi penurunan COD sebesar 81,68%, TSS sebesar 82,38%, warna sebesar 60,31%. pada metode fenton dengan dosis H2O2 100 ml/L efisiensi penurunan COD sebesar 66,81%, TSS sebesar 53,91%, warna sebesar 67,90%. Dan pada metode adsorpsi dengan karbon aktif 20 g efisiensi penurunan COD sebesar 93,30%, TSS sebesar 18,36%, warna sebesar 90,06%. Dari seluruh kombinasi metode pengolahan tersebut didapatkan efisiensi penurunan COD sebesar 99,47%, TSS sebesar 92,59%, warna sebesar 98,14%.

Aspergillus terreus adalah jamur yang menyebabkan penyakit aspergillosis. Ikan yang terinfeksi menunjukkan bercak putih abu-abu di atas tubuh. Perdarahan ulkus diamati pada insang dan kulit. Infeksi menyebabkan kematian ikan. Penggunaan bahan kimia untuk mengendalikan serangan jamur dapat membahayakan ikan, lingkungan dan manusia yang memakannya. Penggunaan tanaman obat merupakan cara yang aman untuk menghambat dan membunuh pertumbuhan jamur serta ramah lingkungan. Salah satunya yaitu menggunakan ekstrak bawang putih (Allium sativum). Tujuan penelitian ini yaitu untuk mengetahui konsentrasi minimum ekstrak bawang putih sebagai antijamur terhadap pertumbuhan Aspergillus terreus in vitro. Percobaan dilakukan di Balai Karantina Juanda Kelas I Surabaya pada bulan Juni - Juli 2015. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode difusi cakram kertas. Analisis yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah statistik deskriptif. Hasil penelitian dengan menggunakan ekstrak bawang putih konsentrasi 50% sampai 90% tidak menghasilkan zona bening di sekitar kertas, hal itu sama dengan kontrol negatif. Pada konsentrasi 100% tidak menunjukkan jamur tumbuh pada medium Sabouraud Dextrose Agar (SDA). Ini sama dengan kontrol positif. Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini bahwa daun kemangi tidak menunjukkan aktivitas antijamur dalam menghambat pertumbuhan jamur Aspergillus terreus.

Ikan lele menjadi salah satu komoditi hasil perikanan yang memiliki prospek yang sangat menjanjikan, baik dari segi permintaan maupun harga jualnya. Salah satu penyakit yang umumnya menyerang ikan lele adalah penyakit saprolegniasis yang disebabkan oleh jamur Saprolegnia sp. Tumbuhan obat tradisional yang diketahui dapat bermanfaat dalam pengendalian berbagai agen penyebab penyakit ikan, salah satunya adalah daun sirih (Piper betle L.). Tujuan dalam penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui gambaran histopatologi insang dan kulit benih ikan lele (Clarias sp.) yang terinfeksi oleh Saprolegnia sp. dan yang telah diobati dengan ekstrak daun sirih (Piper betle L). Penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif dengan perlakuan pemberian ekstrak daun sirih dengan dosis 3,2 %. Penelitian ini dilakukan di Laboratorium Fakultas Perikanan dan Kelautan, Universitas Airlangga Surabaya dan di Laboratorium Fakultas Kedokteran Hewan Universitas Airlangga pada bulan Agustus 2013. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa terjadi nekrosis pada bagian kulit benih ikan lele (Clarias sp.) yang terinfeksi Saprolegnia sp. Sedangkan pada perlakuan jaringan yang terinfeksi Saprolegnia sp. dan telah diobati dengan ekstrak daun sirih (Piper betle L) struktur jaringan kulit tetap pada kondisi normal karena Saprolegnia sp. tidak mampu menginfeksi jaringan kulit dan insang benih ikan lele (Clarias sp.).

Teknologi akuaponik merupakan teknologi kombinasi akuakultur dan hidroponik yang bertujuan untuk memelihara ikan dan tanaman dalam satu sistem yang saling terhubung (Sibarani, 2013). Limbah yang dihasilkan oleh ikan seperti feses dan pakan, digunakan sebagai pupuk untuk tanaman. Kemudian air yang dialirkan dari media pemeliharaan dibersihkan olah tanaman sehingga dapat digunakan kembali oleh ikan (Wahap,2010). Menurut Rokocy (2010) interaksi antara ikan dan tanaman menghasilkan lingkungan yang ideal untuk tumbuh sehingga lebih produktif dari metode tradisional.Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh media tanam terhadap pertumbuhan belut (Monopterus albus) dalam sistem akuaponik. Penelitian ini dilakukan pada bulan Agustus sampai September 2016 di Fakultas Perikanan dan Kelautan Universitas Airlangga. Percobaan terdiri dari empat perlakuan dan lima ulangan, tanpa media tanam sebagai kontrol ( P0), media tanam zeolit (P1), media tanam batu apung (P2) dan media tanam pecahan batu bata (P3). Hasil pengamatan yang didapatkan dari penggunaan teknologi akuaponik dengan media tanam selada terbaik yang dapat mempengaruhi pertumbuhan belut yaitu media tanam zeolit. Pada pengamatan menunjukkan laju pertumbuhan spesifik dengan media tanam zeolit (1,19%/hari), kelulushidupan belut dengan media tanam zeolit (70%), Penambahan tinggi selada pada media tanam zeolit ( 11,39 cm), dan kandungan amonia terendah pada media tanam zeolit pada hari ke-28 (0,03 mg/L).

This study aims to determine the effect of (1) Taxation Understanding on the Compliance of Personal MSME Taxpayers, (2) Taxpayers Perception Regarding Application of Amendment to PP No.46 of 2013 become PP No.23 of 2018 on the Compliance of Personal MSME Taxpayers, (3) Taxation Understanding on Tax Sanctions, (4) Taxpayers Perception about the Implementation of Amendment to PP No.46 of 2013 become PP No.23 of 2018 on Tax Sanctions, and (5) Tax Sanctions on Compliance of Personal MSME Taxpayers in Pekanbaru. The data was analyzed using Structural Equation Model (SEM). The results of this study indicate taxation understanding and taxpayer perceptions about the application of the amendment to PP No. 46 of 2013 become PP No. 23 of 2018 does not significantly affect Personal MSME Taxpayers. Taxation understanding and taxpayer perceptions about the application of the amendment to PP No. 46 of 2013 become PP No. 23 of 2018 has a significant effect on tax sanctions. Taxation sanctions significantly influence individual Personal MSME Taxpayers.

It has been known from the previous researchers that the use of the heat radiation reflector can improve the efficiency of the LPG stoves. Based on the radiation theory, the radiation energy is emitted radially in all directions. Therefore, a kind of method to guide the heat radiation is required to minimize the heat losses. One of the method is to add some fins to the reflector in order to capture the potential heat loss from the non-finned reflector. In this work, we use one fin line reflector made from a plate of stainless steel in the shape of cutted-cone. The boiling water test is used to investigate the efficiency of LPG stoves. We find that the efficiency of LPG stoves can be increased by adding one fin line reflector by about 5.21% and 1.75% than that one without reflector and non-finned reflector, respectively. The result of the temperature distribution shows that one fin line reflector enlarges the area of complete combustion.

The research purpose is modeling adaptive neuro fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) combined with autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) for time series data. The main topic is application of Lagrange Multiplier (LM) test for input selection, determining the number of membership function and generating rules in ANFIS. Based on partial autocorrelation (PACF) plot, the lag inputs which are thought have an effect to data are evaluated by using LM-test. Procedure of LM test is applied to determine the optimal number of membership functions. Based on the result, a number of rule-bases are generated. The best model is applied for forecasting potato production data in Central Java. The case study of this research is modeling monthly data of potato production from January 2004 up to December 2016. From empirical study, ANFIS optimal was obtained with lag-1 and lag-11 as inputs with two membership functions and two fuzzy rules. The hybrid method based on ARIMA and ANFIS is also implemented. The result of the prediction with a hybrid method is compared to the ANFIS and ARIMA. Based on the value of Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE), hybrid model ARIMA-ANFIS has a good performance as a model of ANFIS and ARIMA individually. Keywords: Time Series, Potato production, hybrid, ANFIS, ARIMA, LM-test

Abstrak Lamun adalah tumbuhan sejati yang hidup di perairan pantai yang kurang dimanfaatkan dalam bidang perikanan, selain sebagai bioindikator kualitas air laut. Beberapa mikroorganisme yang berasosiasi dengan lamun Enhalus acoroides antara lain benthos, kapang, bakteri dan plankton. Bakteri proteolitik merupakan bakteri yang mampu menghasilkan enzim protease. Enzim perotese merupakan enzim yang paling banyak digunakan dalam kehidupan. Bakteri merupakan sumber enzim yang paling banyak digunakan dibandingkan dengan tanaman dan hewan. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui jenis isolat bakteri proteolitik yang berasosiasi dengan lamun Enhalus acoroides di Taman Nasional Baluran, Situbondo. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode survei dengan dianalisis secara deskriptif dengan bantuan tabel dan gambar. Hasil yang peroleh menunjukkan bahwa terdapat 12 isolat bakteri yang berasosisasi dengan lamun Enhalus acoroides. Terdapat empat isolat yang tergolong sebagai bakteri proteolitik karena mampu mendagradasi kasein dalam media TSA + 2% NaCL yang ditambah 1 % susu skim, tampak dari pembentukan zona bening. Pengamatan morfologi koloni dan sel serta pengujian biokimia dari keempat isolat (EA-1, EA-2, EA-9 dan EA-10) terdapat kesamaan karakteristik dengan empat genus bakteri berturut-turut yaitu Staphylococcus sp., Plesiomonas shigeloides, Bacillus sp., Pseudomonas sp. Abstract Seagrass is a true living plants underutilized coastal waters in the field of fisheries, as well as bio-indicators of the quality of sea water. Some microorganisms associated with seagrass Enhalus acoroides among others benthos, fungi, bacteria and plankton. Proteolytic bacteria are bacteria that are capable of producing the enzyme protease. Protease enzyme is an enzyme that is most widely used in life. Bacteria are a source of enzymes that are most widely used compared to plants and animals. The purpose of this study was to determine the type of proteolytic bacterial isolates associated with seagrass Enhalus acoroides in Baluran National Park, Situbondo. This study used survey method with descriptive analysis with tables and figures. The results obtained that there are 12 bacterial isolates associated with seagrass Enhalus acoroides. There are four isolates were classified as proteolytic bacteria because it can degrade casein in TSA media + 2 % NaCL plus 1% skim milk which is evidenced by the formation of clear zones. Observations colony morphology and cells, as well as testing of Biochemistry of the four isolates (EA-1, EA-2, EA-9 and EA-10), were obtained, with similar characteristics to the four genera of bacteria in a row as follows Staphylococcus sp., Plesiomonas shigeloides, Bacillus sp., Pseudomonas sp.

Ikan kakap mengandung kadar protein 20.55% Protein ikan kakap yang cukup tinggi dapat dimanfaat sebagai produk dari hidrolisat protein seperti pepton. Pepton digunakan sebagai sumber nutrien media untuk mikroorganisme .Pepton bersifat mudah berikatan dengan air pada saat terkena udara, sehingga berpengaruh pada masa penyimpan pepton,sehingga perlu teknik mikroenkapsulasi yang merupakan suatu teknik melapisi cairan, padatan, atau gas dengan lapisan tipis berupa material pelindung yang berfungsi dalam masa simpan.. Maltodekstrin efektif untuk pelindung bahan yang dienkapsulasi dari oksidasi. Maltodekstrin memiliki kelebihan mudah larut dalam air dingin, dispersi cepat, daya larut yang tinggi. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui pengaruh pemberian maltodekstrin terhadap karakteristik pepton ikan kakap. Produksi pepton ikan kakap menggunakan enzim papain 0.3% dan di hidrolisis dengan suhu 60°C selama 5 jam, kemudian dilakukan inaktivasi enzin dan penyaringan kemudian dilakukan pencampuran antara sampel dan maltodekstrin dengan konsentrasi 1.0% ,2.0%, dan 3.0% selanjutkan dilakukan spray drying. Penelitian ini menggunakan tiga konsentrasi berbeda dengan tiga ulangan (triplo). Hasil menunjukkan terdapat pengaruh terhadap total nitrogen, kelarutan dalam air, dan juga rendemen. Semakin besar konsentrasi maltodekstrin yang digunakan semakin rendah total nitrogen yang dihasilkan. Berdasarkan penelitian ini dapat disimpulkan dengan penambahan maltodekstrin dengan berbagai konsentrasi pada pepton ikan kakap berpengaruh terhadap kadar nitrogen, kelarutan dalam air, kadar air,dan rendemen.

Udang galah (Penaeus monodon Fab) merupakan salah satu udang yang penting secara ekonomi, sampai tahun 1992 menjadi komoditi ekspor non migas yang paling penting dari sektor perikanan. Sejak akhir tahun 1993 sampai sekarang, tingkat kematian Penaeus monodon Fab relatif tinggi dan karena keadaan ini telah menyebabkan banyak tambak roboh sehingga produksi udang menurun secara dramatis dari tahun ke tahun. Kabupaten Jenu merupakan salah satu daerah Tuban yang memiliki potensi perikanan besar, terutama untuk kolam air pemecah gelombang, yang paling top sebagai kabupaten lainnya. Ada banyak kasus mati udang sampai sekarang. Tapi, agar 80% kolam pemecah air pecah dan tidak operasional. Tujuan dari kegiatan pelayanan masyarakat ini adalah menerapkan teknologi kultur udang Imuno-Probiokulasi dengan metode tradisional plus (SI-PBR), meningkatkan produksi udang di Kabupaten Jenu, Tuban, Jawa Timur. Metode yang digunakan dalam kegiatan ini adalah sosialisasi / konseling, perencanaan dan panduan penerapan teknologi SI-PBR dalam satu periode (tiga bulan). Hasil ini menunjukkan indikasi positif. Ada pengetahuan petani yang berhenti melalui sosialisasi, namun juga menerapkan teknologi budidaya udang. Ada juga yang menunjukkan bahwa model SI-PBR dapat menurunkan produksi udang dari 272,43 kg / ha menjadi 854,66 kg / ha, artinya meningkat 313%. Kesimpulan dari kegiatan ini adalah model SI-PBR dapat meningkatkan produksi udang dan dapat diaplikasikan di daerah yang lebih luas di wilayah Tuban.

The addition of embers is an effort to improve the efficiency of LPG stoves. Fire-embossed element of woven pattern is made of wire nikelin. The device when is burned with LPG cooker fire will incite to form a high-temperature fire, so as to burn the unperfectly burned fuel vapor around the wire. Previous research has shown that the element of fire can improve the efficiency of 8.32%. The efficiency test is done by boiling water test. The diameter of the embers element is varied, 20 mm, 30 mm, and 40 mm. The performance of the appliance is compared to the LPG stove without the use of embers. Temperature distribution at each treatment was also examined. It was found that the use of fire element with diameter of 0.20 mm resulted in the highest efficiency of 61.71%, with an increase of 8.32%. Temperature distribution test results show that the use of fire diameter element 0.20 mm produce the most optimal adult fire areas.

The push for advanced water treatment techniques has led to significant growth in research focusing on ozonation catalysis, aiming to enhance pollutant degradation efficiency and energy conservation. Conventional ozonation methods, although practical, face limitations in specific pollutant degradation and require excessive energy inputs. Introducing catalysis to ozonation can potentially overcome these challenges, driving the research frontier toward innovative catalyst materials and optimized procedures. This review delves deep into the fundamentals of catalytic ozonation, emphasizing its advantages and critical role in advanced water treatment solutions. To examine emerging trends, spotlighting state-of-the-art catalysts and their influence on improving ozonation outcomes. The future perspectives of catalytic ozonation are projected, highlighting its potential to revolutionize water treatment paradigms, harnessing the balance of energy efficiency and robust pollutant removal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microplastics are concerning pollutants with increasing global presence. Yet, data on their occurrence in Indonesian rivers, especially in Semarang, is limited. This study aimed to assess microplastic abundance and characteristics in Greater Semarang's Babon and East Flood Canal (Kanal Banjir Timur, KBT) rivers at five stations. Sampling and analysis followed Japanese Guidelines of Riverine Microplastic Survey. Spearman's correlation analyzed the link between microplastic abundance and population served by waste services. Microplastics were found in all stations, with the highest levels downstream, likely due to accumulation along the flow. Abundance varied from 1.1-9.6 particles/m³. No significant correlation between microplastic abundance and population was found. The most prevalent microplastic form was sheet (14-75%), primarily sized 0.5-1 mm and black (1-60%). The main identified polymer type was polyethylene in sheet form, possibly originating from single-use plastic bags. These findings underscore the urgency of preventing waste leakage into rivers to reduce microplastic release into the environment. By addressing the issue of single-use plastics in hard-to-reach areas and improving waste management practices, we can work towards mitigating the impact of microplastics on the environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Infection of Staphylococcus epidermidis is still a common problem in many hospitals. Factor determining biofilm formation makes it harder for atibiotics to cure the infection. Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa), a well known traditional medicine plant, is a potential candidate as a drug againts infectious disease. The purpose of this research is to investigate the antibacterial effect of ethanol extract from Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa) calyx againts the growth of Staphylococcus epidermidis. Assessment for antibacterial effect is performed using broth diffusion method. The extract is made by maceration of the calyx of Roselle in 96% ethanol. Extracts with concentration of 125, 62.5, 31.25, 15.63, 7.81, 3.90, 1.95, 0.97, 0.48, 0.24 mg/mL are added into separated Mueller-Hinton broths (MHB), which have already been inoculated by Staphylococcus epidermidis. As for bacterial growth control, we used MHB with bacterial inoculation, while sterility control we used mixture of extract and MHB. Then from each broth, the solutions are added into separated nutrition agar plates. Replications are done three times. Clarity and bacterial growth are observed after 24 hours of incubation. However, clarity cannot be observed in 36 broth, but bacterial growth is observed on the plate for concentration 0.97, 0.48, and 0.24 mg/mL. Therefore Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) cannot be determined because the extract’s color interfere the observation. While minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC), the last concentration before the concentration where the bacteria are still viable, is 1.95 mg/mL. Based on the result of the research, the Roselle calyx ethanol extract (Hibiscus sabdariffa) through dilution method with a concentration of 1.95 mg / mL can kill Staphylococcus epidermidis and in order to find MIC in collored and turbid solution (before being incubated in incubator), we can consider using agar dilution methode or microdilution methode.

The use of wavelet radial basis model for forecasting nonlinear time series is introduced in this paper. The model is generated by artificial neural network approximation under restriction that the activation function on the hidden layers is radial basis. The current model is developed from the multiresolution autoregressives (MAR) model, with addition of radial basis function in the hidden layers. The power of model is compared to the other nonlinear model existed before, such as MAR model and Generalized Autoregressives Conditional Heteroscedastic (GARCH) model. The simulation data which be generated from GARCH process is applied to support the aim of research. The sufficiency of model is measured by sum squared of error (SSE). The computation results show that the proposed model has a power as good as GARCH model to carry on the heteroscedastic process. Keywords: Wavelet, Radial Basis, Heteroscedastic Model, Neural Network Model.

Abstrak Vaksinasi merupakan suatu upaya untuk menimbulkan ketahanan tubuh yang bersifat spesifik melalui pemberian vaksin. Vaksinasi digunakan untuk mencegah serangan penyakit infeksi serta efektif untuk mengontrol serangan penyakit ikan seperti bakteri V. alginolyticus. Pengamatan tingkat kelulushidupan (SR) dan pengukuran titer antibody merupakan pengukuran efektivitas vaksinasi, sedangkan tingkat kesehatan ikan dapat dilihat dari hematologi salah satunya adalah fagositosis leukosit. Tujuan dari penelitian ini Untuk mengetahui tingkat kelulushidupan, titer antibodi, dan indeks fagositosis leukosit benih ikan kerapu cantang yang divaksin dengan vaksin FKC bakteri Vibrio alginolyticus. Penelitian ini dilakukan di Balai Perikanan Budidaya Air Payau Situbondo, Jawa Timur. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode Rancangan Acak Lengkap dengan lima perlakuan dan tiga ulangan. Perlakuan yang digunakan adalah kontrol negatif, kontrol positif, 0,0125 mg/5 g BB ikan, 0,25 mg/ 5 g BB ikan, 0,5 mg/ 5 BB ikan. Analisis hasil menggunakan ANOVA dan dilanjutkan Uji Jarak Berganda Duncan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa perlakuan pemberian vaksinasi memberikan pengaruh terhadap tingkat kelulushidupan (SR), titer antibody, dan indeks fagositosis benih ikan kerapu cantang. Jumlah tingkat kelulushidupan ikan kerapu cantang yang divaksinasi terbaik yaitu 70,0%, titer antibodi yang divaksinasi terbaik yaitu 298,67, dan indeks fagositosis yang terbaik yaitu 52,67%. Hasil penelitian dengan pemberian vaksin formalin killed cell (FKC) Vibrio alginolitycus dapat memberikan proteksi pada ikan dan penggunaan dosis yang berbeda mampu mempengaruhi tingkat kelulushidupan (SR), titer antibodi, dan indeks fagositosis Abstract Vaccination is an attempt to give-specific endurance through vaccine. Vaccination is used to prevent infectious diseases and effective to control fish diseases such as bacterial attack V. alginolyticus. Observations survival rate (SR) and measurement of antibody titre is a measure of the effectiveness of vaccination, while the level of health of the fish can be seen from the hematology one of which is phagocytic leukocytes. The purpose of this research was to determine the effect of the vaccine Formaldehyde Killed Cell (FKC) Vibrio alginolitycus to increase survival rate (SR), antibody titre, and phagocytic leucocytes cantang grouper (Epinephelus sp.) This research used a completely randomized design with five treatments and three replications. The treatment used is the negative control, the positive control, 0.0125 mg / 5 g BB fish, 0.25 mg / 5 g BB fish , 0.5 mg / 5 BB fish. Analysis of the results using ANOVA and Duncan's Multiple Range Test continued. The results showed that the treatment of vaccination impact the survival rate (SR), antibody titre, and phagocytosis index cantang grouper seed. Total survival rate, antibody titre, and the best phagocytosis index cantang grouper with consecutive values as follows70,0%, 298,67, and 52,67%. This research that used the vaccine formaldehyde killed cells (FKC) Vibrio alginolitycus can provide protection to the fish and the use of different doses capable of affecting the survival rate (SR), antibody titre, and the index of phagocytosis

The defective combustion process is one of the causes of low efficiency in LPG stoves. Increasing the efficiency in LPG stoves by optimizing the combustion has high possibility to do. Practical effort that can be done is adding the element embers. This tool is a woven wire nikelin that are arranged in layers and if it is heated, it will be incandescent, forming high temperature embers. Generated embers will be able to burn fuel vapor perfectly around the wire, so it will broaden the mature fire area. The test is done by using LPG stoves which is provided by finned heat radiation reflector. The efficiency test is done by conducting the boiling water test. The number of element embers layers are varied, from one to four layers. The performance of element embers use is compared with LPG stoves without element embers use. In this study, temperature distribution for each treatment is tested. It is obtained that the use of element embers without reflector can improve the efficiency until 8.23%. The highest efficiency occurred in one of layer element embers use, as much as 61.7%. But, the increase of element embers in finned heat radiation reflector decreased the efficiency. It was because the mounting pattern of element embers bothered the function of the reflector, so the heat reflection from the reflector was stunted and stuck between the reflector and the mounting pattern. Therefore, the heat energy of the reflection from the reflector cannot be moved to combustion area. The result of temperature distribution test also showed that the element embers use could broaden the mature fire area.