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As storage temperature had no influence on the acylated homoserine lactones (AHLs) production, the main AHLs (C8-HSL and C6-HSL) were used as reference standards. We proposed to describe the relationship between AHLs and β-galactosidase of AHL biosensor with an equation. The equation could fit the β-galactosidase data well with a high determination coefficient (0.994) and low root mean squared error (0.016). In all experiment, there was no significant difference (P > 0.05) between the observed and calculated AHL values in chicken meat, when different type of AHLs was used. Hence, based on the equation the AHLs similar to Pseudomonas aeruginosa production can be calculated. This approach simplified the calculation of the AHL production in chicken meat and broth. Based on this method, we found that during bacterial growth, the AHLs accumulate in the exponential phase, but decreased in the stationary phase. The highest AHLs were determined during late exponential and early stationary phase. Practical Application In present study, we propose to simplify the calculation of the AHL produced by P. aeruginosa in chicken meat and broth based on the microplate bioassay. We developed a nonlinear model to describe the relationship between the β-galactosidase expression of Agrobacterium tumefaeiens KYC55 and AHLs addition. The model can be applied to quantify the AHLs-extraction concentration in the range 0–6 ug/mL.

The computation of JND is very complex, which makes it difficult to embed it into integrated circuits. To solve this problem, Haar-DWT based JND model is exploited and its corresponding pipeline architecture is developed in this paper. To evaluate its performance, the architecture is modeled with hardware description language, and implemented by SMIC 0.18um technology. The area of JND core is 42052 gates, which is significantly smaller than the full band JND based architecture. From the experiment results, the system goes on well at 161 MHz and achieves 78% time saving compared with the full band JND based architecture.

Purpose Epigenetic modifications critically regulate the expression of immune-related genes in response to inflammatory stimuli. It has been extensively reported that a high concentrate (HC) diet can trigger systemic inflammation in dairy cows, yet it is unclear whether epigenetic regulation is involved in the expression of immune genes in the livers of dairy cows. This study aimed to investigate the impact of epigenetic modifications on the expression of immune-related genes. Experimental Design In eight mid-lactating cows, we installed a rumen cannula and catheters of the portal and hepatic veins. Cows were randomly assigned to either the treatment group fed a high concentrate (HC) diet (60% concentrate + 40% forage, n = 4) or a control group fed a low concentrate (LC) diet (40% concentrate + 60% forage, n = 4). Results After 10 weeks of feeding, the rumen pH was reduced, and levels of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in the rumen, and portal and hepatic veins were notably increased in the HC group compared with the LC group. The expression levels of detected immune response-related genes, including Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), cytokines, chemokines, and acute phase proteins, were significantly up-regulated in the livers of cows fed a HC diet. Chromatin loosening at the promoter region of four candidate immune-related genes (TLR4, LPS-binding protein, haptoglobin, and serum amyloid A3) was elicited, and was strongly correlated with enhanced expression of these genes in the HC group. Demethylation at the promoter region of all four candidate immune-related genes was accompanied by chromatin decompaction. Conclusion After HC diet feeding, LPS derived from the digestive tract translocated to the liver via the portal vein, enhancing hepatic immune gene expression. The up-regulation of these immune genes was mediated by epigenetic mechanisms, which involve chromatin remodeling and DNA methylation. Our findings suggest that modulating epigenetic mechanisms could provide novel ways to treat systemic inflammatory responses elicited by the feeding of a HC diet.

A study was conducted to investigate effects of zinc-bearing zeolite clinoptilolite (ZnCP), as an alternative for zinc sulfate (ZnSO4), on laying performance, tissue Zn accumulation and Zn transporter genes expression in laying hens. Hy-Line Brown laying hens were allocated to three treatments, each of which had six replicates with 15 hens per replicate, receiving basal diet supplemented with ZnSO4 (control, 80 mg Zn/kg diet), 0.23% ZnCP (40.25 mg Zn/kg diet) and 0.46% ZnCP (80.50 mg Zn/kg diet) for 8 weeks, respectively. Compared with control, hens fed diet containing 0.23% ZnCP had similar Zn content in measured tissues (P 0.05). A higher ZnCP inclusion (0.46%) enhanced Zn accumulation in liver (P 0.05) and pancreas (P 0.05). In addition, ZnCP inclusion increased blood iron (Fe) content (P 0.05). ZnCP supplementation enhanced jejunal metallothionein-4 (MT-4) messenger RNA (mRNA) abundance (P 0.05). ZnCP inclusion at a higher level (0.46%) increased mRNA expression of MT-4 in pancreas (P 0.05) and zinc transporter-1 (ZnT-1) in jejunum (P 0.05). The highest ZnT-2 mRNA abundance in jejunum was found in hens fed 0.23% ZnCP inclusion diet (P 0.05). The results indicated that ZnCP reached a higher bioavailability as compared with ZnSO4 as evidenced by enhanced tissue Zn accumulation and Zn transporter genes expression.

Purpose The mechanism underlying the decline in milk quality during periods of feeding high-concentrate diets to dairy ruminants is not well documented. The aim of this study was to investigate the metabolic changes in the liver that contribute to the input of substrate precursors to the mammary gland after feeding a high-concentrate diet to lactating goats for a long period. Experimental Design Eight mid-lactating goats with rumen cannulas were randomly assigned to two groups. For 9 weeks, the treatment group was fed a high-concentrate diet (60% concentrate of dry matter, HC) and the control group was fed a low-concentrate diet (40% concentrate of dry matter, LC). Ruminal fluid, plasma, and liver tissues were sampled, microarray techniques and real-time polymerase chain reaction were used to evaluate metabolic parameters and gene expression in liver. Results Feeding a 60%-concentrate diet for 9 weeks resulted in a significant decrease in rumen pH. Changes in fat and protein content also occurred, which negatively affected milk quality. Plasma levels of leptin (p = 0.058), non-esterified fatty acid (p = 0.071), and glucose (p = 0.014) increased markedly in HC group. Plasma cortisol concentration was significantly elevated in the treatment group (p

To evaluate the role of undermining orbicularis oculi muscle from Orbital rim for the correction of tear trough deformity and palabromalar groove in lower blepharoplasty.56 cases of lower eye baggy deformity with tear trough deformity and palabromalar groove were treated with the procedure of stripping eye orbicularis oculi muscle from orbital rim by a transcutaneous approach in lower blepharoplasty. The orbital septum was opened along the arcus marginalis for releasing the orbital fat. Some orbital fat was removed if necessary. Then the inferior edge of the orbital septum fat was reset over the orbital rim so as to smooth the infraorbital groove.56 patients were available for 6 to 18 month's follow-up. 54 patients were quite satisfied with the cosmetic result. One developed lower eyelid retraction and another one showed asymmetrical subcutaneous local uneven after 1 month's. They were all corrected by the second operation after 3 months.Stripping orbicularis oculi muscle from orbital rim plays an important role for the correction of tear trough deformity and palabromalar groove in lower blepharoplasty.

The two diets, a duck meat diet (DMD) and a control casein diet (CD) were isocaloric (15.9 kJ/g dry matters), and contained 18.3% protein, 7.4% fat, 60.0% carbohydrate. The selenium contents in casein, duck meat powder, CD and DMD were 0.061, 0.549, 0.123 and 0.225 mg/kg. Rats in the DMD group had higher serum selenium concentrations (p

The purpose of the present study was to determine whether carnitine was responsible for the increased energy metabolism observed in Sprague-Dawley rats following inclusion of lamb meat in their diet. This was tested by feeding one of the following three diets: a control diet (control) based on a standard formulation (AIN-93G), a carnitine-supplemented control diet (CD) and a lamb meat diet (LD). All diets were isocaloric (15.46 kJ/g DM) and contained 18.3% protein, 7.1% fat and 58.3% carbohydrate. The carnitine concentrations in the control diet, CD and LD were 29, 984 and 953 mg/kg, respectively. The expression of carnitine palmitoyltransferase-I(CPT-I)α and CTP-Iβ genes, Na,K-ATPase activities and the contents of fat, ATP and creatine phosphate (Cr.P) in liver and skeletal muscle tissues were measured on Days 7 and 14. Bodyweights, bodyweight gains and oxygen consumption rates (OCR) of rats were also measured. The rats fed the LD had higher OCR, ATP and Cr.P concentrations, expressions of CPT-I gene, Na,K-ATPase activities, and lower fat contents, bodyweights and bodyweight gains (P < 0.05) than did the control-group rats. However, rats fed the CD were not significantly different from those fed the control diet, except for the higher CPT-Iα expression, ATP concentrations and lower fat contents in liver (P < 0.05). We conclude that carnitine intake from lamb was not the main factor accounting for the significant effects of lamb consumption on energy metabolism. However, it is likely that carnitine intake by consumption of lamb meat in the LD partly contributed to lowering fat contents in liver, compared with the CD and the control diet groups.

A 60-day feeding trial including diets with two protein levels(22%,28%),two lipid levels(10.0%,14.0%)and two digestible energy levels(12.56 kJ/g,14.23 kJ/g)designed with three replications was conducted to investigate the growth,nutrient utilization and body composition of juvenile channel catfish.Four hundred and eighty fish(initial weight,141.5±1.0 g)were randomly distributed into 24 tanks(3.0 m×0.8 m×0.8 m)at a rate of 20 fish per tank and fed three times daily.Fish were fed respectively to apparent satiation by experimental diets named P28L10E14.23,P28L14E14.23,P22L10E14.23,P22L14E14.23,P28L10E12.56,P28L14E12.56,P22L10E12.56 and P22L14E12.56.Final weight,weight gain,specific growth rates(SGR)and feed conversion ratio(FCR)were not significantly affected by dietary protein or dietary lipid or dietary digestible energy(P0.05),but were significantly affected by a dietary protein×lipid interaction(P0.05),and extremely significantly affected by a dietary protein×lipid×digestible energy interaction(P0.01).With the protein/energy ratio increasing,it took an increasing trend to final weight,weight gain and SGR(P0.05),except that fish fed diet P28L10E12.56.The digestibility of dietary protein,lipid,energy and dry matter is increasing when dietary digestible energy decreased(P0.05)and dietary lipid increased(P0.05).With the dietary protein decreasing,it took a decreasing trend to the digestibility of dietary protein,energy and dry matter(P0.05).The digestibility of dietary protein,lipid,energy and dry matter is increasing by dietary lipid levels(P0.05).Nitrogen retention was significantly increased as dietary protein levels decreased(P0.05),lipid retention decreased significantly with dietary digestible energy and lipid levels decreasing(P0.05),protein efficiency ratio(PER)was significantly increased as dietary digestible energy decreased(P0.05).Carcass protein and lipid were not significantly affected by dietary digestible energy concentrations(P0.05);however,carcass lipid tended to improve(P=0.066)as dietary digestible energy levels increased.The results of this study indicated that the diet containing 28% protein with 14% lipid and 12.56 kJ/g digestible energy is optimal for growth of juvenile channel catfish(150 to 300 g weight).However,group P28L10E14.23 and P22L10E12.56 got second best weight,highest nutrient utilization and best body composition of juvenile channel catfish.It also indicates that lipid saved protein in diet of juvenile channel catfish.

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effects of a sheep meat-based diet on the thyroid hormone concentrations and energy expenditure of Sprague–Dawley rats. The diets, a sheep meat diet (SMD) or a casein control diet (CD), each based on a standard formulation (AIN-93G), contained 18.3% protein, 7.4% fat and 60.0% carbohydrate, and were isocaloric (15.9kJ/g dry matter). Serum tri-iodothryonine (T3), thyroxine (T4), free tri-iodothyronine (FT3) and free thyroxine (FT4) concentrations, oxygen consumption rate (OCR), bodyweight, bodyweight gain and activities of liver sodium–potassium-adenosinetriphosphatase (Na,K-ATPase) and Ca2+-dependent adenosine triphosphatase (Ca-ATPase) were measured. Compared with the CD, the SMD increased the serum FT3 concentration on Day 7 (P = 0.004) and Day 14 (P < 0.001). Serum albumin concentrations, which may influence the amount of thyroid hormones bound, were significantly lower in the SMD group on Day 7 (P < 0.001) and Day 14 (P = 0.02) than those in the CD group. Both liver Na,K-ATPase and Ca-ATPase activities were significantly higher in rats consuming the SMD on Day 7 (P < 0.001, P = 0.001) and Day 14 (P < 0.001, P < 0.001) respectively. OCRs were significantly higher in rats consuming the SMD on Day 6 (P = 0.023) and Day 13 (P = 0.014). Both bodyweight and bodyweight gains were significantly lower in the SMD group. We concluded that sheep meat consumption decreased the serum albumin concentrations, which increased the serum FT3 concentrations. This lead to FT3 promoting the OCRs and the activities of Na,K-ATPase and Ca-ATPase, resulting in reduced bodyweight and bodyweight gain, presumably through greater energy expenditure. Thus, energy expenditure appears to have been enhanced in rats fed the SMD.

The reactions of nitroguanidine (NG) with urotropine or formaldehyde have been studied. The following compounds are synthesized from NG: (a) 6-nitroimino-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazacyclohexane [2] and a number of itsderivatives; (b) bis(nitroguanidino)methane [9], a valuable intermediate for preparing some high explosives; (c) 1,5-dinitro-2,4-dinitroimino-1,3,5triazacyclohexane [10] and some of its derivatives via intramolecular cyclization of [9]; (d) 2-nitroimino-1,3-diaza-5-oxacyclohexane [15], 1-(nitroguanidinomethyl)-2-nitroimino-1,3-diaza-5-oxacyclohexyl [14], and bis(2-nitroimino-1,3-diaza-5-oxacyclohexyl)methane [16] by reactions of [9] with formaldehyde. Some detonation data of the above compounds are reported. Campounds [2] and [10] are powerful explosives but very unstable thermally and easily hydrolized. However, compounds [14], [15], and [16] possess a better stability than triazacyclic polynitrocompounds containing nitroimino groups, such as [2] and [10].

BACKGROUND: The effects of feeding a high-grain (HG) diet on lipopolysaccharide (LPS) clearance and innate immune defence responses in the liver remain unclear. Therefore, we conducted the present study in which twelve female goats were randomly assigned to either a treatment group fed a HG diet (60% grain, n = 6) or a control group fed a low grain diet (LG; 40% grain, n = 6) for 6 weeks. Catheters were installed in the mesenteric, portal and hepatic veins, as well as one femoral artery of the goats, for determining blood flow and net clearance rate of LPS in the liver. Plasma and tissue samples were collected in the week 6 for analyzing pro-inflammatory cytokines, acute phase protein and biochemical parameters, as well as expression of genes involved in immune response. RESULT: HG diet feeding increased blood flow and LPS concentration in the portal vein, hepatic vein and artery. Hepatic net LPS clearance showed that HG diet feeding elevated the rate of hepatic LPS clearance, but decreased the percentage of removed LPS accounting for the total entry of LPS into the liver. Our results demonstrated that the feeding of HG diet increased plasma concentrations of pro-inflammatory cytokines and acute phase proteins and triggered a systemic inflammatory response. In addition, peripheral blood plasma concentrations of alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase and total bilirubin were increased in the HG group compared to the LG group. This indicated that the impairment of hepatocytes occurred after 6 weeks of HG diet feeding. The expression of genes involved in immune response and Toll-like receptor (TLR)4 protein in the liver was up-regulated in the HG group compared to the LG group, indicating that increased entry of LPS enhanced hepatic immune defence responses and contributed to hepatic inflammatory responses. CONCLUSION: These results provide insight into the capacity of the liver to clear LPS. The increased entry of LPS into liver enhanced hepatic immune defence responses, thereby elevated the rate of LPS clearance. However, the reduction of the percentage of hepatic LPS clearance could be due to the formation of hepatocyte lesion during HG diet feeding.