Search

Vaccination of newly hatched chicken, turkey, duck and goose already in the hatchery and achieving long lasting immunity is certainly the goal of immunoprophylaxis today. The attainment of this target is foreboded in use of micronized particles of vaccine suspension produced in an ultrasonic nebulizer. Compared to usual modes of vaccination (e.g. spray, w/v, i/m, drinking water, eye drop) small particle of vaccine suspension 2-5 μ in diameter, can reach the deepest part of respiratory system augmenting enormous the resorptive surface of the respiratory system. The specific resistance develops already after 24 hours that in cases of some disease is crucial point in immunity development. In all trials the ultrasonic nebulizer (SONOVAC® 095) was used to deliver the water suspension of different virus vaccines. The only condition to use a vaccine was its composition that avoids the foaming effect that can hinder the efficacy of nebulisation. Our best investigations example are vaccination against Marek's disease (HVT FC 126), Newcastle disease (La Sota, Ulster 2C and Queensland V4), bivalent vaccines against Newcastle disease and infectious bronchitis (La Sota or B1 + H 120) and avian pox (attenuated chicken strain). The amount of given vaccine was calculated to be one dose per bird in exposition time of 30 to 60 seconds of and was related to the type of vaccine (virus strain). Prior to antibody development the vaccinated birds should stay in hatchery for at least 24 hours before being delivered to the farms. Nebulization is an effective and safe method of specific vaccination offering welfare to poultry.

Istražen je učinak bilo samostalnog ili istodobnog davanja cjepiva protiv Marekove bolesti (MB) i virusa boginja peradi(BP) postupkom nebulizacije netom izleženim pilićima. Pokus je proveden na 550 muških pilića lakih hibrida, podijeljenih u pet skupina po 110 pilića. Skupina A cijepljena je istodobno protiv MB i BP, postupkom nebulizacije kroz 30 sekundi. Kako bi se dokazala neškodljivost prethodno navedenog postupka skupina A1 cijepljena je istom mješavinom cjepiva tijekom 300 sekundi. Skupina B je cijepljena protiv BP primijenom cjepiva postupkom nebulizacije, 30 sekundi, a nad skupinom C proveden je istovjetni postupak, ali s cjepivom protiv MB. Skupina K tretirana je destiliranom vodom, primjenom nebulizacije kroz 30 sekundi. U dobi 1, 3, 5, 7, 14, 28, 35 i 42 dana pretraženi su uzorci tkiva pluća, koštane srži te leukociti probom PCR u stvarnom vremenu, a također u dobi 16 dana cijepljeni su protiv NB odnosno ZBB u dobi 20 dana. Pri samostalnom davanju cjepiva protiv BP, DNK VBP dokazana je u maloj količini u plućima, ali ne i u koštanoj srži što se pripisuje imunomodulirajućem učinku danog cjepiva protiv MB. Istodobno davanje virus MB i virusa BP potiče specifičnu imunost protiv BP što je dokazano izazivačkom infekcijom u dobi od 42 dana, a protiv MB nalazom DNK u leukocitima, odnosno koštanoj srži cijepljenih pilića. Postupak je moguće koristiti i u proizvodnoj praksi.

Stvaranje vrednosti za vlasnike predstavlja primarni cilj svake profitno orijentisane organizacije. Da bi se ostvario ovaj cilj potrebno je istovremeno zadovoljiti interese i ostalih stejkholdera, s tim da interesi različitih stejkholdera mogu biti međusobno suprotstavljeni, što otežava upravljanje preduzećem i njegovo usmeravanje ka ostvarenju željenih performansi. Pored interesa, različiti stejkholderi imaju različit značaj, moć i na raspolaganju različite instrumente za vršenje pritiska na preduzeće, ali po značaju i moći kupci i vlasnici se mogu staviti u istu ravan. Stvaranje vrednosti za kupce i za vlasnike je direktno uslovljeno i povezano. Stvoriti vrednost za vlasnike znači kreirati odgovarajući neto novčani tok iz kojeg će se isplatiti dividende i koji će osigurati sticanje kapitalnih dobitaka, pri čemu su kupci jedini stejkholderi koji kroz kupovinu proizvoda i usluga obezbeđuju preduzeću prihode i novčane prilive. Do kupovina proizvoda i usluga od strane kupaca, na kontinuiranoj osnovi, doći će samo ako su zadovoljeni njihovi interesi, odnosno ako je stvorena vrednost za njih, s tim da stvaranje vrednosti za kupce izaziva preduzeću troškove i novčane odlive, koji u slučaju neadekvatnog upravljanja mogu da premaše kreirane prihode odnosno novčane prilive. Iz toga sledi da je stvaranje vrednosti za kupce neophodan preduslov za stvaranje vrednosti za vlasnike, ali da stvorena vrednost za kupce ne garantuje da će biti stvorena i vrednost za vlasnike. Istovremeno uvažavanje interesa i kupaca i vlasnika moguće je postići kroz upravljanje profitabilnošću kupaca. Profitabilnost kupaca pokazuje da li je i u kojoj meri vrednost koja je isporučena kupcima transformisana u vrednost za vlasnike. Nije moguće postići profitabilnost kupaca ako prethodno nije stvorena vrednost za kupce, i nije moguće stvoriti dodatu vrednosti za vlasnike ako kupci nisu stvorili profit za preduzeće. Svaki kupac ne doprinosi podjednako profitabilnosti preduzeća. Obično, mali broj kupaca generiše velike dobitke ili velike gubitke, a najveći broj kupaca značajnije ne utiče na nivo profitabilnosti preduzeća. Creating value for owners is the primary goal of any profit oriented organization. In order to achieve this goal, company have to simultaneously satisfy the interests of all stakeholders. Different stakeholders have different interests which can be conflicted and it makes difficult to manage the company and to accomplish the desired performance. Different stakeholders also have different level of significance, power and available instruments for doing pressure on the company, but according to importance and power, owners and customers can be put on the same level. Creating value for customers and owners is directly conditioned and connected. Creating value for owners implies creating of the appropriate net cash flow from which will be paid dividends and ensured capital gains. Customers are the only stakeholders who through the purchase of products and services provide revenue and cash inflow to the company. They will buy products and services on a continuous basis only if their interests are satisfied, i.e. if company create value for them. At the same time, creating customer value produces cost and cash outflow to the company. In case of bad customer relationship management, that cost might be bigger than revenue which customers create for the company. Hence creating customer value is essential precondition for creating owner value, but created customer value does not guarantee that will be created the value for the owners. The interests of customers and owners can be simultaneously respected through customer profitability management. Customer profitability indicates whether and to what extent the value that is delivered to the customers are transformed into value for the owners. It is not possible to achieve customer profitability if value for customers is not previously created and it is not possible to create owner value if customers did not previously create profit for the company. Each customer does not contribute equally to the profitability of the company. It is common to find that a small number of customers generate large gains or large losses, while the rest does not significantly affect the level of company’s profitability.