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Abstract Background The evolution of virtual technology in estimating stature through multi-slice computed tomography scanning can be essential for mass disasters and forensic cases. Regression formulae were generated directly from other skeleton parts such as cranium, sternum, vertebrae, clavicle, scapula, sacrum, pelvis, hand and foot bones to estimate stature. Previous studies have shown that pelvic shape score is significantly associated and correlated with stature for both sexes. The sacrum as part of the pelvis is located between the two os coxae via a sacroiliac joint. As such, this study aims to correlate the morphological measurement of sacrum with stature based on sex and ancestry among the Malaysian population from a total of 373 sacral computed tomography (CT) images collected at the Kuala Lumpur Hospital. The three-dimensional sacrum bones were segmented from CT images using the Mimics Research 17.0 software. Inter-landmark distances were measured using Microsoft 3D Builder, and their respective indices were computed. Results The auricular lengths are the most comparatively useful stature estimator at R > 0.5 among all the sacral morphometrics that were investigated on in this study. Results from this study should only be applied within the Malaysian population (Malay, Chinese and Indian). Conclusion The results could enhance the existing database of stature estimation, especially when dealing with skeletal material from Malaysia and when long bones are unavailable for the identification of incomplete unknown human remains.

Stature estimation is widely used for individual identification in forensic field. Previous studies have proposed several regression equations derived from a single population for this purpose. However, this may not be suitable for other populations because of different hereditary and environmental conditions. In this study, stature estimation equations for southern China Han population have been provided. The study was conducted on a sample population of 121 men and women aged 18–25 years. A total of 19 parameters, including stature, head, torso, and parts of upper limbs and lower limbs, were measured according to standard anthropometric procedures. Herein, the anterior superior spine–malleolus medialis line showed the highest correlation coefficient (r = 0.817) and was the most reliable predictor (R2 = 0.667) in men, while the best predictor for women was total leg length (R2 = 0.746) with the highest correlation coefficient (r = 0.863). The regression analysis results via multiple predictors showed a high accuracy in stature estimation. Moreover, the analysis of multiple regression predictors showed that the dimensions of lower limbs were more reliable for stature estimation compared to head, torso, and upper limb measurements. This study provided equations of stature estimation for southern China Han population which can be useful in cases of dismembered body.

Here, we provide a complete, updated, and illustrated inventory, as well as a comprehensive study, of the tarsals (rearfoot) recovered from the Middle Pleistocene site of Sima de los Huesos (SH, Atapuerca, Spain) in comparison to other Homo comparative samples, both extant and fossil. The minimum number of individuals (MNI) estimated from the tarsals has been established as 15, which represents 51.7% of the 29 dental individuals identified within the SH sample. Within the SH hominin foot sample, an exclusive combination of primitive or plesiomorphic and derived or autapomorphic traits can be observed when compared with other Homo individuals/populations. Other characters are shared among SH hominins and Neandertals that might represent shared derived or autapomorphic traits for this evolutionary line, and most are likely related to robusticity (e.g., rectangular-like trochlea of the talus, broad calcanei, broad naviculars, and short lateral cuneiforms). Additionally, we observed some exclusive autapomorphic traits in the SH tarsal sample (e.g., narrow head of the talus and short intermediate cuneiforms). A few exclusive traits in SH tarsal remains are even more robust than in Neandertals (e.g., broad lateral malleolar facet in talus, more projected sustentaculum tali, and broad medial cuneiform). These traits could suggest a slightly higher level of gracilization in the tarsal bones of Neandertals compared to the SH sample that is also supported by other anatomical postcranial skeleton elements. Additionally, some paleobiological inferences are made in relation to body size (stature and body mass) and some associations are proposed within the SH sample. In conclusion, the morphology of the SH tarsi confirms an evolutionary relationship of sister groups between this population and Neandertals, probably representing a morphotype similar to the Neandertal ancestors., (© 2024 The Authors. The Anatomical Record published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Association for Anatomy.)

This study provides a complete, updated and illustrated inventory, as well as a comprehensive study, of the metatarsals and foot phalanges (forefoot) recovered from the Middle Pleistocene site of Sima de los Huesos (SH, Atapuerca, Spain) in comparison to other Homo comparative samples, both extant and fossils. This current updated review has established a minimum number of individuals (MNI) of 17, which represent 58.6% of the 29 dental individuals identified within the SH sample. An exclusive or autoapomorphic combination of traits can be recognized within the SH hominin foot sample. A few traits appear primitive or plesiomorphic when compared with earlier Homo individuals and other recent modern humans. There are other metrical and morphological traits that SH hominins and Neandertals have in common that sometimes represent shared derived traits in this evolutionary line, most of which are probably related to robusticity. Furthermore, some exclusive autoapomorphic traits are observed in the SH sample: a very broad first metatarsal, long and broad hallucal proximal foot phalanges and possibly extremely robust lateral distal foot phalanges compared to those of Neandertals and modern humans. In these last traits, the SH metatarsals and pedal phalanges are even more robust than in Neandertals. They are herein named as "hyper-Neandertal" traits, which could suggest a slight gracilization process in this evolutionary line, at least in the hallux toe. Finally, some paleobiological inferences are made in relation to body size (stature and body mass) and some associations are proposed within the SH sample., (© 2024 The Authors. The Anatomical Record published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Association for Anatomy.)

The present study assessed the correlation between the stature and scapular measurements from both sides in order to develop population-specific regression equations to estimate the stature from measurements of the scapula in a contemporary Northern Indian population individually for the left and right sides. A total of 597 cadavers underwent postmortem multidetector computed tomography and subsequent medicolegal autopsy in our department between August 2021 and August 2022. Two hundred samples (100 males and 100 females) were randomly collected based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. Six linear anthropometric measurements of the scapula from either side were measured using the 3D volume-rendered technique by an electronic cursor. Each anthropometric measurement showed a significant difference between males and females ( p < 0.05). Regression analysis was applied to match the taken measurements against stature. The accuracy to predict stature ranged from 3.99 to 4.94 cm for males and from 4.49 to 5.27 cm for females, respectively. Left-sided measurements were better predictors of stature than the right side in both genders. The results of this study indicate that scapular measurements could be useful to estimate the stature of Northern Indian individuals, particularly in scenarios of disaster victim identification lacking long bones, which are considered to be better predictors to date., Competing Interests: Declaration of conflicting interestsThe authors declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Stature is the height of an individual in an upright position. It is one of the key characteristics, which helps in defining any individual. Stature estimation is needed mostly in medicolegal cases where only a limited number of human fragments are left for forensic analysis. The teeth provide essential measurements that can be used to determine stature. The aim of the study is to find out whether the second maxillary interpremolar distance can be used to effectively estimate stature of individuals. For the study, the sample size taken was 60 (30 male and 30 females), and their second maxillary interpremolar distance was measured using a digital vernier caliper. The collected data were tabulated and statistical analysis was done using SPSS software (23), followed by linear regression. For male: Y = 178.65 − 1.09X, correlation coefficient, r = 0.05, For female: Y = 169.30 − 1.99X, correlation coefficient, r = 0.13. Since r < 0.2, there is no correlation between the interpremolar distance of the second maxillary premolar and the stature. From our study, we conclude that the interpremolar distance of the second maxillary premolar cannot be a reliable parameter for stature estimation in both genders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The estimation of stature from bones plays an important role in identifying unknown bodies, body parts, or skeletal remains, as it is an important component of the biological profile in forensic identification. The objective of this study is to enhance the development of forensic anthropology in Romania by creating a new regression formula for stature estimation. This can be accomplished from the length of the tibia, taking into account sex and age, for the Romanian adult population. A total of 137 cases from a delimited territory of Romania were included in the study. The length of the tibia and the stature of the individuals were measured before autopsy. Statistical analysis was carried using (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences) SPSS 23. Tibia length showed a high correlation with stature for males, females, and the total sample. Four regression formulae were created for stature estimation of Romanian males, females, and unknown sex. The results of the analysis are impressive and have a good applicability in a forensic anthropological context. The data used in this paper provide reliable results with a large applicability in the future for estimating stature from the tibia length for the Romanian adult population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Establishing the identity of an individual is the foremost criteria for law agencies, medicolegal experts and experts in forensic science to correlate evidences and find motive behind the crime. Forensic science has made an astonishing progress in the field of forensic science from blood grouping to D.N.A fingerprinting& Anthropometry to Dactylography. Nevertheless, the most commonly used tool for identification beyond the forensic laboratories still remains the same i.e. built, complexion, stature, colour of eye, mole, scar mark etc. Hence, the aim of this current study is to establish a relationship between the dimension of foot and stature estimation. The present study was conducted among 200 medical students, out of which 100 were male students and 100 were female students. All the students were between the age group of 20-30 years. The data was analyzed using S.P.S.S (I.B.M version 20, Armonk, NY, U.S.A). The regression analysis showed that there is significant correlation between the foot parameters and stature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Virtual anthropology in estimating stature through multislice computed tomography scanning is important for forensic cases and mass disasters. Regression formulae generated directly from other post-cranial skeleton parts can be applied for estimating stature. Literatures have revealed that scoring of pelvic shape in both sexes is significantly correlated with stature. Hereafter, this study aims to correlate the pelvic and sacral morphometric with stature based on sex and ancestry among the Malaysian population from the selected samples of 373 CT images at Kuala Lumpur Hospital. The three-dimensional pelvic girdles were first segmented from CT images through Mimics Research 17.0 software. Inter-landmark distances were measured with Microsoft 3D Builder and their respective indexes were computed. Results: This study showed that the auricular lengths, ilium dimension and acetabulum were the most useful stature estimator at R > 0.5. The combination of pelvic parameters, sacral parameters and indexes had contributed to a higher R2 value of the regression models. Conclusions: Pelvic morphometric was generally a better stature estimator compared to sacral morphometric. The population-specific formula produced from this study should only be realistic within the Malaysian population. This helps to enhance the existing references for stature estimation especially when incomplete human remains are discovered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and objectives: Stature of a person is an important parameter of personal identification. In this study stature ( body total length) was estimated from the measurement of length of femur and tibia belonging to unclaimed cadavers. Methodology: a total number of 51 unidentified dead bodies (42 male and 9 female) in age group of 18-80 years were studied. Length of the body of the study subject in lying position on autopsy table, length of the fresh and dry bones of femur and tibia were measured. Regression formulae and Multiplication factors were derived for both sexes for fresh and dry bones of femur and Tibia for estimation of stature. Results: Among males; Wet femur shows highest correlation with the stature, while wet tibia shows least correlation, though both show significant correlation for the estimation of stature (P< 0.0001). Among females ; Dry femur, and combined dry femur and tibia shows highest correlation with the stature, while wet tibia shows least correlation, though both shows significant correlation for the estimation of stature (P< 0.0001). Interpretation and Conclusion: This study will be useful to the forensic medical experts when only the lower limb is available for forensic investigation in estimating stature and in anthropological research projects. Regression formulae are dependable than multiplication factor for estimation of stature [52]. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background The height of an individual in the upright posture is referred to as stature. The evaluation of the stature of an individual is an essential step in identification. Estimation of stature is commonly performed using the long bones as they positively correlate with the stature. The correlation between the dimensions of the skull, jaw and stature of an individual has been reported among specific populations. To date, only a few studies have correlated odontometric parameters with stature among populations. Teeth and oral structures can be used to estimate the stature of an individual. The objective of our study was to determine and establish a relationship to estimate the stature of individuals among three different Asian ethnicities using four odontometric parameters as a forensic tool. The Asian ethnicities chosen in our study were Malay, Indian and Chinese. The five parameters were the height of an individual, intercanine width, interpremolar width, arc length and mesiodistal dimension of the six anterior teeth. The height was measured with the individual standing upright and barefooted. The mesiodistal width of the anterior teeth was measured at the contact points; the intercanine and interpremolar widths were measured at the cusp tips from the left to the right quadrant; the arc length was measured at the middle one-third position of the crown from the right to the left canine. Results The results showed that out of the four odontometric parameters, only the arc length was significantly associated with the height of the individuals among the ethnicities chosen. Conclusion Thus, of the four selected parameters, the arc length may be helpful in the estimation of stature among the selected Asian ethnicities. Dimensions of the teeth can be used as an adjunct to other aids in estimating the stature of an individual and hence is a vital forensic tool.

Abstract Background and objectives Stature estimation is an initial and essential component of any medico-legal investigations. However, it becomes more challenging when only skull remains are available. So, the goal of this study is to assess stature estimation using cranial multi-detector computed tomography (MDCT) images in a sample of the Egyptian population. Methods This clinical study was conducted on 150 Egyptian subjects underwent cranium MDCT with age ranged from 21 to 60 years. The measurements used were maximum cranial breadth, minimum frontal breadth, upper facial breadth, bizygomatic breadth, orbital height, orbital breadth, parietal chord, bimastoidale, maximum cranial length, basion-bregma height, cranial base length, and basion-prosthion length. Results The results revealed that stature and craniofacial measurements of males were significantly higher than those of females, all measurements were significantly positively correlated with stature in pooled cases, but the correlation coefficient differs in separate sex. Simple linear regression for stature estimation showed that the least standard error of estimate (SEE) values for the regression equations obtained when using bizygomatic breadth in pooled cases (7.9 cm) and in males only (5.7 cm), while in females using parietal chord had the least SEE (6.8 cm). Using multiple and stepwise regression analysis reported lower SEE values than simple linear regression analysis. Conclusion On the basis of this study, it is concluded that the cranial measurements obtained from MDCT images have limited utility in stature estimation among Egyptians, but could be used as an alternative method in cases where the best predictors, such as long bones, are not available.

In almost all of the studies that propose formulas for estimating stature from foot measurements of living people, it has been stated that the stature formulas obtained can be used on dismembered body parts and/or cadavers. No study was made to estimate the body height from the foot measurements of cadavers. In this study, it was tested whether stature estimation formulas developed from foot measurements of living individuals were successful in predicting the actual body height of cadavers. In this study, the three anthropometric measurements (stature, foot length, and foot breadth) were taken from total 136 cadavers (76 males and 60 females) aged between 18-50 years. Various stature estimation formulas based on foot dimensions of living people were applied to our cadaver sample. When the published formulas derived from Turkish and non-Turkish populations were applied on our sample, it was observed that the equations yielded overestimations, varied averagely between +2 to +9 cm and +6 to +12 cm, respectively. Therefore, recommended stature estimation formulas derived from the foot measurements based on living people should be used with caution when applying forensic cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the present study was to create a regression equation for measuring stature using measurements obtained from the long bone radiographs of adult individuals in Anatolian population. In this study, the maximum length measurements of the six long bones in the upper and lower limbs of 167 healthy individuals were determined from radiographic images. Single and multiple regression equations were created to predict the stature of the individuals from the maximum bone stature. From these equations, the standard error of estimate was determined in the range of 1.68-4.09 cm. As a result of this study, the obtained regression equations resulted in highly reliable and successful results in terms of predicting stature. These equations will provide convenient and predictive accuracy in the estimation of stature from skeletal remains obtained from societies that lived and living in Anatolia. Besides, we anticipate that it will guide researchers working in the fields of Forensic Anthropology, Forensic Medicine and Anatomy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stature is one of the main biological features which can be used to classify unidentified skeletal deceased. Also, precise population data is crucial for forensic anthropology frameworks. Nonetheless, the studies concerning this subject in Thailand are limited and regularly focus on long bones. This study attempts to establish stature estimation equations from clavicular dry bone and radiographic measurements. Both sides of the clavicular bones are separated from 25 female and 112 male deceased in an autopsy room situated in Bangkok, Thailand. Twelve variables of each side of the clavicle are measured. The study outcomes show that stature can be estimated by applying 3 variables in a stepwise regression analysis model in unidentified sex remains, with R² = 0.49 and standard error of estimation (SEE) 5.238 cm. Moreover, the height of the sternal end of clavicle bones can be used to estimate stature in cases of fragmented clavicles recovered from crime scenes with R² = 0.238 and SEE 6.353 cm. Maximum length shows the best correlation and model fit with stature (R = 0.562, R² = 0.316 and SEE 6.020 cm) from radiographic measurements. Therefore, this study presents a complementary, beneficial method for forensic anthropologists to create biological profiles of unidentified skeletal remains in cases where the long bones are not obtainable. Moreover, stature estimation from radiographic measurements can be applied in cases of partial skeletonisation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The objective of this study was to estimate stature from hand dimensions in the South Indian population. It is a very useful tool in forensic anthropology where only incomplete skeletal remains or mutilated limbs are present. Method: The study was done using standard measuring apparatus such as stadiometer to measure stature, and vernier callipers to measure hand length, palm length, hand breadth, and maximum hand breadth, and included both males and females. Regression formula and correlation was derived between hand measurements and stature. Results: In this study, regression formula is derived with eight variables generalized for both males and females, S= 63.686+7.466RHL-2.298LHL-4.698RPL+3.697LPL+6.160RHB-9.622LHB+2.810RMHB+1.708LMHB ± 6.55977. Linear Regression equation for males and females have been derived separately with each of the hand parameters. Conclusion: In conclusion, hand measurements can be an effective tool in estimating stature for individuals above 18 years of age. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Analyzing and identifying evidences found at crime scene plays a crucial role in apprehending the offenders and putting them behind bars. Stature Estimation has a significant importance when it comes to narrowing down the list of suspects. At various instances footprints are left behind at the crime scenes as vital evidence and can be utilised for generating the stature of the individual/s connected with the crime scene. Method: The present study focuses on female population belonging to Rajasthan. Major objective is to determine relation between foot dimensions and stature (n=111). Foot dimensions, mainly foot length and breadth were calculated using standard measurements method. The samples were statistically analyzed; regression equations were generated for length and width of left and right foot. Conclusion: The predicted R-squared values showed quite significant value of left foot being (0.09) and right foot being (0.04). SEE was calibrated through the regression equations. Width of both the left and right foot were found to be more significant measurements for estimating stature in Rajasthan Population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study is to establish reliability of estimating stature from the foot dimensions in South Indian population. Volunteers aged above 18 years were recruited for the study and measured using standard measuring using standardized measuring equipment. Anthropometric measurements taken include stature,foot length, foot breath, navicular height and malleolar heights. Correlations,regression formula and linear regression equations derived for both male and female showed positive correlation coefficient between stature and foot dimensions. To conclude foot dimensions were correlated with stature and can be a better predictor of stature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The estimation of the stature of human beings is a major part of medicolegal investigation when only body parts are found. The study aimed to estimate the stature from different handprint measurements in a Bangladeshi population using statistical considerations. A sample of 200 young Bangladeshi adults (100 men and 100 women) with no physical disabilities participated in this study. Stature and seven anthropometric measurements were measured using standard anthropometric measurements. The bilateral asymmetry was tested using the independent t test. The Pearson's correlation coefficient (R) between the stature and different handprint measurements was calculated. Consequently, the simple and multiple linear regression models were developed to estimate the stature from the handprint measurements. Results: The bilateral asymmetry was statistically not significant (p > 0.05) in right and left handprints. Sex difference significantly (p < 0.05) influences the relationship between stature and handprint measurements. A positive and strong coefficient of correlation (R) value presents between stature and the handprint measurements. The right 2nd digit length in men (R = + 0.709, R2 = 0.502, SEE = ± 44.141 mm) and the right handprint length in women (R = + 0.552, R2 = 0.305, SEE = ± 49.074 mm) were the most reliable estimator of stature. However, when data were combined for both sexes, the right handprint length was identified as the most reliable estimator of stature with higher values of R (+ 0.777) and R2 (0.603), and a lower value of SEE (± 55.520). Multiple regression equation showed greater reliability than linear regression equations in stature estimation from handprint measurements in Bangladeshi population. Conclusions: It was concluded that the estimation of stature from handprint measurements is possible and reliable. The findings of this study are very useful from the forensic and medicolegal point of view and can use to estimate the stature in Bangladeshi population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For the identification of decomposed dead bodies and skeletal remains, estimation of stature is of utmost importance. In estimating stature from the percutaneous bone lengths or skeletal remains, regression analysis has been the method of choice. Technically, as the regression line is just the best fit to the data, the estimate of stature differs from the actual stature, and this difference is reported in terms of the root mean square error (RMSE). The estimate using regression analysis is probabilistic in nature and there is a confidence interval about the prediction. This interval is mostly not reported in various studies, neither are the probable errors in estimation. In the likelihood ratio approach, absolute “matching” or “identification” is not possible and therefore, only the quantitative strength of evidence (strength of association in the present context) is given.The sample for the present study comprised of 344 young adults (172 females and 172 males) residing in the Shimla city of Himachal Pradesh State of north India. The data have been generated from anthropometric measurements of seven percutaneous bone lengths besides stature. The present study reports the regression equations for stature estimation as traditionally calculated, but additionally, it signifies the determination of the confidence intervals of the regression line as well as the confidence intervals of the prediction of stature. The study also shows that for the likelihood ratio estimation, the regression analysis needs to be flipped, i.e. instead of using regression of stature versus bone length; the regression of bone length versus stature should be used.Practical application of finding the likelihood ratio of a recovered bone to be associated with two missing persons of known stature has also been discussed in the current study. This approach is further extended to a general scenario, where the likelihood of a person of known stature is evaluated with reference to any other person chosen at random from the relevant population. The likelihood ratios arrived at, have been found to be generally low, meaning that the strength of association of stature and percutaneous bone length is not very high, and combining likelihood ratios from different methods of personal identification may be needed.

Introduction: Stature is the height of a person in the upright posture. Based upon the principle that the various long bones correlate positively with stature, stature correlation to skull and jaw dimensions has been frequently reported among various populations. Objective: The study was conducted to investigate the possibility of predicting the height of an individual using selected odontometric parameters as a forensic tool. Materials and Methods: The study sample consisted of 100 randomly selected subjects. Measurements of maxillary intercanine width (IC), maxillary interpremolar width (IP), and mesiodistal width of six permanent maxillary anterior teeth (CW) were made directly on the subject by means of a digital vernier caliper. Height (H) of patients was measured with anthropometer. Results: Significant correlation was observed between height and maxillary IC width (P < 0.05), whereas correlation between height and the combined width of six anterior teeth as well as IP width was found to be nonsignificant. Conclusion: The maxillary IC width can be used successfully to calculate the stature of an individual from fragmentary remains.

Although molecular techniques evolved considerably in last years, anthropological methods of assessing skeletal remains, continues to be an important tool in the identification process in medico legal investigations. The objective of this study was to develop a discriminant function equation for estimating sex and stature using several measurements of lumbar vertebrae in a Thai population. We studied 150 lumbar columns (75 male and 75 female) age range of 22 to 89 years from the Forensic Osteology Research Center, Chiang Mai University, Thailand. The quantitative variables with sex were analyzed by the discriminant function analysis and that with stature were calculated using linear regression. The pixel density of the major axis of the trabecular surface of superior endplate of the first lumbar vertebra had the most accuracy in sex determination. The regression equation with quantitative variables in stature estimation described 32.3 % of the total variance with standard error of estimate of 7.736 cm. Lumbar vertebrae can be used as part of the stature and sex quantitatively and qualitatively estimating in Thais incomplete skeletal remains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Forensic anthropology is an important scientific discipline that determines the ethnicity, sex, height and body type characteristics from human skeletal remains for the benefit of forensic medicine. One of the important tasks of forensic anthropology is to determine the stature of individual from their skeletal remains. Lower extremities are mostly preferred in estimating stature. The current study aims to develop regression formulae to estimate the entire length of the tibia in case a fragmentary tibia is found. The study was conducted on 148 tibiae excavated from the ancient city of Nicaea and are housed in the Department Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Bursa Uludağ University. In total, eighteen parameters were examined on the tibiae. SPSS 22.0 was used for the statistical analyses. The descriptive statistics of the tibiae were evaluated. Taking the correlations between proximal and distal morphometric traits of the tibia and the entire tibial length into consideration, regression formulae were developed to determine the entire length of the tibia. In this study, we evaluated that the morphometric characteristics of ethnic groups are different from each other and therefore the use of formulae determined for one group can increase the margin of error for other groups. In addition, we developed formulae that estimate the length of the entire tibia. We believe that the results of this study will be of great importance for both anthropology and forensic medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In forensic anthropology, generic equations are generally preferred for estimation of stature. However, recent studies have demonstrated that regression equations specific to stature groups yield more accurate predictions. Almost all previous studies have been conducted on male subjects, and it is not currently known how well such equations work for females. Therefore, this study aims to test whether regression equations specific to stature groups work for females as well. To this end, a cross-sectional study was conducted to estimate stature on a sample of 351 Spanish adult females. The participants were randomized into a calibration group (n = 185) and a validation group (n = 166). Equations for stature estimation based on tibial length were developed in the calibration group, which was categorized according to stature (short, medium, and tall) using the 15th and 85th percentiles as cut-off points. The standard errors of the estimations (SEEs) for the group-specific regression equations (SEE = 2.35–2.66 cm) were lower than for the general formula derived for all participants of the calibration group (SEE = 3.46 cm). The specific equations resulted in smaller differences between estimated and recorded statures than the generic equation when we tested the equations with the validation group. Additionally, the SEE values of the stature-specific equations are lower compared to generic equations applied to other human populations. In conclusion, the group-specific equations from tibial length have high accuracy compared with previously derived equations for Spanish females and other populations. This procedure for estimating stature thereby improves the tools available to forensic scientists. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Trotter and Gleser's (Am J Phys Anthropol 1952;10:463) classic study of stature estimation, a definition of the tibia length measurement is given that agrees with the standard condylar‐malleolar length. That Trotter did not in fact measure according to her definition, but rather omitted the malleolus, has been well documented by Jantz et al. (J Forensic Sci 1995;40:758). Both the Terry collection and the World War 2 (WW2) samples were affected, although questions remain about the latter that cannot be resolved directly because it is no longer available for examination. Trotter's data from hundreds of servicemen are especially important because the statures were measured by technicians, rather than based on cadaver lengths or forensic statures. The questions examined in this note are as follows: Was WW2 measured uniformly in the same way as Terry; are there differences between Terry and WW2 that could influence estimation of the adjustment; and is the 10 millimeter (mm) adjustment proposed by Jantz et al. (J Forensic Sci 1995;40:758) still appropriate. Our analysis relies on a measurement taken by Trotter that is clearly and uniquely defined, what she called "ordinary length". This measurement was used to create expectations about how Trotter measured what she called maximum length of the tibia. Results provide no evidence that WW2 was measured any differently than Terry, with the exception of one small series. They also show slight morphological differences on the distal and/or proximal end of the tibia between Terry and WW2. Despite the slight difference, the adjustment to account for the malleolus is still valid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Stature estimation is one of the four pillars in the anthropological identification protocol. During this time, stature estimation uses long bones, but if no long bones are found, tooth dimensions begin to be examined as a tool in stature estimation. Purpose: The aim of this study was to be able to determine the percentage of success in using tooth dimensions to estimate height in the Mongoloid population in Indonesia, using the Carrea's Index method. Method: The study was carried out by measuring the dimensions of arch and chord, then put into the Carrea formula, the results were compared with actual height, then calculated the frequency of predictions of success and non-success, compared to gender, and quadrant side of jaw. Results: The results of predictions of success for both women and men on both sides of the mandibular were a successful prediction of 69.6% and a non-successful prediction of 30.4%. In each sex, the success rate was different for each side, without a statistically significant difference (right p value 0.186; left p value 0.713) using Chi-square test. The results of the Pearson Correlation Coefficient test have a positive correlation (p <0.05) indicating that there is a significant relationship between height and the results of height estimation obtained from tooth dimension measurements. Conclusion: Based on the successful rate of the Carrea's Index method in this study shows that the Carrea's Index method can be used in the Mongoloid population in Indonesia as a tool for human identification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Individual identification is one of the most challenging aspects of forensic science. The aim of this study was to develop population-specific discriminant function equations and stature prediction equations for predicting sex and stature from measurements of the pelvis in a contemporary Chinese population by using 3D CT (three-dimensional computed tomography) pelvic images. The stepwise analysis of all 13 measurements yielded a sex classification accuracy rate of 99.5 % and a sex bias of 0.1 %. The sub-pubic angle is a reasonably accurate single parameter, with the accuracy of 97.4 % in sex determination. Stature was estimated using the equations that involved the dimensions of a single variable. The accuracy of stature prediction from univariate analysis ranged from 5.06 to 5.53 cm in males, and from 4.62 to 5.09 cm in females. Multiple regression equations were presented, with the accuracy of stature prediction being 4.51 cm for males and 4.22 cm for females. This article provides a reliable alternative for sex diagnosis from reconstructed 3D CT pelvic images and it could be effectively used in forensic cases for a Chinese population. Furthermore, the equations presented for stature estimation in this study should be used as alternatives in forensic cases when long bones were unavailable for stature estimation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: The aim of this study is to estimate the stature from minimum frontal diameter, bizygomatic breadth and bigonial diameter by deriving a formula.Materials and Method: A total sample of 100 people in Chennai participated in this study which comprises 25 males and 75 females. All 3 parameters which are minimum frontal diameter, bizygomatic breadth and bigonial diameter using a sliding and spreading caliper.Results: 3 linear regressions were formed each showing correlation to height. Based on these linear regression, it shows the relationship of the 3 parameters which were minimum frontal diameter, bizygomatic breadth and bigonial diameter to height. For minimum frontal diameter it is “Height = 1.981Minimum Frontal Diameter + 140.887 (R² = 0.045)”. For bizygomatic breadth it is“Height = 1.148 Bizygomatic Breadth + 145.603 (R²=0.031)” . For bigonial diameter it is “Height = 1.479 Bigonial Diameter + 146.56 (R²= 0.030)”Conclusion: Identification of the human skeleton is an important aspect in forensic examination. This study helps determine the height of the skeleton by estimating the components of the face which is minimum frontal diameter, bizygomatic breadth and bigonial diameter. It can be concluded that the regression formulae calculated in our study show good reliability and applicability of the estimation of height. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stature is a primary characteristic of identification of a person, even though it can be easily measured in living, but in cases of mass disasters, with dismembered bodies, stature estimation can be difficult. Comparing the height of the individuals in correlation with the forearm length, foot length, head length have been studied by many researchers. The estimation of the height of individuals from the skeletal structures bears immense importance in the sciences in addition to the long bones, humerus, femur etc., the forearm length was also used for this purpose. The aim of the study was to know the correlation between stature and forearm length. This serves an important factor in forensic sciences. The present study was done in 100 subjects, and their stature was noted and forearm length was measured. In this study, the parameters were analysed and tabulated. The study shows a positive correlation between the height of the individuals and forearm length. The regression equation derived in this study can be of great help to forensic sciences, anatomists and clinicians. The forearm being a parameter can be used for estimating the height of an individual. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cephalometric parameters are important in determining stature and varies with age, sex, race, etc., and plays an important role in clinical and forensic science as it establishes the biologic profile of an individual. The stature of a person which is a genetically inherited trait is thus considered to be inherently an individual's characteristic. Thus estimation of stature was essential in many forensic investigation where onle through the available body parts the sex and height aof the individual has to be analysed and determined. The study was carried out in 130 young female subjects of Chennai population with age ranging from 18 to 25 years. The Cephalometric measurements such as cranial length, breadth, bizygomatic and biauricular breadth were measured. The mean total height of the female population was found to be 149.27 ± 3.52 cm. The mean of maximum cephalic length (MCL) was 17.65 ± 0.94 cm. The mean of maximum cephalic breadth (MCB) was 3.49 ± 0.61 cm. The mean of maximum nasal height (MNH) was 4.82 ± 0.27 cm. The mean of maximum nasal breadth (MNB) was 3.46 ± 0.21 cm. The mean of bizygomatic breadth (BB) was 9.24 ± 0.35 cm. The mean of maximum biauricular breadth (MBB) was12.93 ± 0.82 cm. The data obtained was observed statistically and correlated for significance between height and cranial parameters and a regression equation was made. Hence, the study was conducted to document norms for cephalometric parameters and presented gender specific linear regression equations for estimating stature from the female population [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The lower limb is primarily adapted for bearing weight and locomotion. This functional need together with the attainment of a habitual erect bipedal posture has shown the different change in both the functional and mechanical requirements. The upper end of tibia is expanded to form lateral and medial condyles which articulates the corresponding surface of femur. The medial condyle is ovoid and larger, and the lateral condyle is small and circular. It was reported that the morphology of the medial tibial plateau varies from the lateral tibial plateau. First, the study was explained to all the participants of young, aged and adult, then their legs were measured according to their age, it was also measured in their right and left leg, 100 people participated and some of them had the same length of the leg, the study was taken with the help of the measurer. In total height, the height of the male in aged population is 162.33 which is greater than the young and adult population. In females the height of the adult is 168.34 that is greater than young and adult population. In length of the males aged is greater that is 31.82, that other two, in females in length adult is 36.46 that is greater than the young and aged. This study concluded by saying that mostly the aged population is higher and they have their length of the leg longer than the adult and young population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The sternum is of crucial significance while estimating body stature. Dwight, in the late 19th century, discussed potential use of the sternum for estimation of the stature. Various researchers have shown that the sternum may be of use in stature assessment merely when long bones are not obtainable. The study was conducted to analyse the correlation between the stature and various measurements of the sternum. The posterior curved length, length of manubrium, length of mesosternum and length of sternum were measured in 300 adult sterna. The mean length of a cadaver (Stature) was observed to be greater in males (162.34 ± 8.03 cm) as compared to females (156.53 ± 8.50 cm). A positive moderate correlation (R ranging from 0.332 to 0.647) was observed between various measurements of sternum with stature in both the genders. Sternal length shall be considered as a better parameter over other sternal measurements for estimating the stature. However the application for utilizing the sternum for stature estimation should be restricted to the population sample for and from which they have been developed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The evolution of virtual technology in estimating stature through multi-slice computed tomography scanning can be essential for mass disasters and forensic cases. Regression formulae were generated directly from other skeleton parts such as cranium, sternum, vertebrae, clavicle, scapula, sacrum, pelvis, hand and foot bones to estimate stature. Previous studies have shown that pelvic shape score is significantly associated and correlated with stature for both sexes. The sacrum as part of the pelvis is located between the two os coxae via a sacroiliac joint. As such, this study aims to correlate the morphological measurement of sacrum with stature based on sex and ancestry among the Malaysian population from a total of 373 sacral computed tomography (CT) images collected at the Kuala Lumpur Hospital. The three-dimensional sacrum bones were segmented from CT images using the Mimics Research 17.0 software. Inter-landmark distances were measured using Microsoft 3D Builder, and their respective indices were computed. Results: The auricular lengths are the most comparatively useful stature estimator at R > 0.5 among all the sacral morphometrics that were investigated on in this study. Results from this study should only be applied within the Malaysian population (Malay, Chinese and Indian). Conclusion: The results could enhance the existing database of stature estimation, especially when dealing with skeletal material from Malaysia and when long bones are unavailable for the identification of incomplete unknown human remains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In many forensic circumstances, the femur is fragmented due to decomposition and mutilation, thus necessitating development and application of regression equations to estimate the length of the femur from its fragments. In this study, regression equations were derived for the prediction of the femoral length, utilizing 11 standard femoral measurements (maximum length of femur, epicondylar breadth, vertical head diameter, transverse head diameter, vertical neck diameter, transverse neck diameter, neck length, subtrochanteric anterior–posterior diameter, subtrochanteric transverse diameter, mid-shaft anterior–posterior diameter and mid-shaft transverse diameter) obtained from 86 femora belonging to a contemporary Sri Lankan population. Univariate regression equations with moderate to high correlations (0.226 to 0.714) were formulated for the estimation of the maximum femoral length from the measurements of fragments of the femur. Of the single variables, the transverse neck diameter emerged as the best predictor (r = 0.714, SEE = 18.6596) of the maximum length of the femur. The multiple regression equations using a combination of variables yielded higher correlations (0.774–0.857) with lower error estimates (14.18–16.96). The regression equations presented in this study can be used to estimate the length of the femur of unknown, mutilated and dismembered human skeletal remains with considerable accuracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stature estimation methods for Danish adult population have generally relied on Trotter and Gleser's and Boldsen's regression equations that are based on the skeletal remains of recent war dead American Whites, Terry Skeletal Collection, and Danish archaeological medieval skeletal materials, respectively. These equations are probably not suitable for stature estimation in contemporary Danish forensic cases. Furthermore, because postmortem computed tomography (PMCT) is now routinely performed at Danish forensic departments, equations based on PMCT, rather than measurements of defleshed bones, are needed. The aim of this study was to develop new equations for adult stature estimation based on PMCT femoral measurement. Maximum femoral length was measured on the PMCT images of 78 individuals (41 males and 37 females) aged 23–45 years. The measurement accuracy was tested on dry bones, and all the measurements were included in the inter‐ and intra‐observer analyses. Both analyses results demonstrated the reliability of the method and data. Comparison between the living stature of the individuals and the estimates based on the equations by Trotter and Gleser and Boldsen demonstrated the unreliability of the previous equations to some extent. New regression equations were then developed and validated on a different sample of 18 Danish forensic cases. Comparisons of all the equations indicated that both the sets of previous equations underestimated the stature in the new validation dataset. The new equations developed in this study provide a reliable alternative for stature estimation in modern Danish forensic cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Estimating human stature is a major concern to formulate a biological profile which provides effective data for forensic identification. This research was aimed to generate a formula for estimating stature from human foot anthropometry. Methods: This study was conducted in selected 150 male and 150 female subjects within the range of 18 to 60 years randomly. From each subject, stature and seven-foot measurements were taken by applying the standard technique. Stature was estimated from foot measurements by using linear and multiple regression equations. Results: The result showed that each foot measurement was significantly (p < 0.001) and positively correlated with stature. Bilateral difference among male and female was not significant (p < 0.05). Multiple regression models showed better accuracy in estimating stature than linear regression models. Conclusion: In conclusion, it can be said that human stature can be successfully estimated by using foot measurements which can be applied in forensic investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The estimation of stature from bones plays an important role in identifying unknown bodies, body parts, or skeletal remains, as it is an important component of the biological profile in forensic identification. The objective of this study is to enhance the development of forensic anthropology in Romania by creating a new regression formula for stature estimation. This can be accomplished from the length of the tibia, taking into account sex and age, for the Romanian adult population. A total of 137 cases from a delimited territory of Romania were included in the study. The length of the tibia and the stature of the individuals were measured before autopsy. Statistical analysis was carried using (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences) SPSS 23. Tibia length showed a high correlation with stature for males, females, and the total sample. Four regression formulae were created for stature estimation of Romanian males, females, and unknown sex. The results of the analysis are impressive and have a good applicability in a forensic anthropological context. The data used in this paper provide reliable results with a large applicability in the future for estimating stature from the tibia length for the Romanian adult population.

Objectives: Estimating stature from long extremity bones, such as femur, humerus, is commonly usedduring forensic examinations. The aim of this study is to estimate stature by anthropometric measurements of right and left-hands second (2D) and fourth digit (4D) lengths. Method:The sample group consisted of 140 young adults, 70 male and 70 females (aged 21-19 years), whose 2D and 4D lengths were measured (using digital vernier caliper) of their left and right hands. One measurement was taken directly from landmarks from the proximal metacarpophalangeal crease to the finger tips. The program SPSS (Version 17.0) was used to make a descriptive analysis, Student’s t-test was usedto analyze the difference in height 2D and 4D between males and females. One-way ANOVA was usedto determine the potential interactions between anthropometric measurements within each other and stature. Pearson Correlation coefficient and related P values were also used. Statistical significance was assigned to p values

This review delves into the forensic utility of the sternum in creating a biological profile, focusing on sex, stature, and age estimation. Emphasizing the sternum's significance in challenging scenarios, the study supports the combined length of the manubrium and sternal body as a crucial indicator in sex and stature estimation. However, it highlights the need for caution in applying findings across diverse populations and questions the reliability of Hyrtl's law. Age estimation, primarily based on morphological changes and ossification ages, is explored, with one study showing promise but requiring further validation. While acknowledging the sternum's advantages, the review underscores potential limitations and the absence of specific studies on ancestry estimation, leaving this aspect open for future research. In conclusion, the review provides a comprehensive overview of the sternum's forensic applications, urging continued research to enhance accuracy and applicability.

Footprints available in the crime scene by the offender could be evaluated for identification if there is not any other evidence. The aim of the present study is to estimate stature from step length depending on the distance between footprints. The study is conducted on 104 male and 102 female a total of 206 individuals. All the participants were either the students of Başkent University or the staff working for Başkent University. Stature on body weight of all participants were measured and reported. In addition step length and stride length were taken for two different walking speeds. Walking speed were 3,3km/h and 5,3km/h for males, 2,7km/h and 4,7km/h for females. For female subjects statistically significant positive correlation was found between stature and step length and stride length, both for 2,7km/h and 4.7km/h (r = 0,300 - 0,384 respectively). In males significant positive correlations between stature and step and stride lengths both for 3,3km/h and 5,3km/h were also observed (r = 0,255 - 0,333). However, it was observed that the regression coefficients obtained from the step and stride length were very low. It could be concluded that step and stride lengths are not suitable independent variables for stature estimation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Stature estimation is an important procedure for forensic human identification. The aims of this study were to develop new equations for stature estimation using humerus, ulna and radius lengths and to test the accuracy of the resulting equations in a Thai population. Design: A cross-sectional study. Materials and Methods: The sample consisted of 300 randomly selected Thai dry bones (150 males and 150 females) from the Forensic Osteology Research Center (FORC), Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand. The lengths of upper limb bones were measured in 12 dimensions and new equations were developed using simple linear regression. Results: The results showed that the best of the three accuracy equations of stature estimation was found in the equations using the maximum length of the radius (Maxr), the maximum length of the ulna (Maxu) and the physiological length of the ulna (Phyu) in both males and females with the lowest mean absolute error (MAE) ranging from 3.92 to 4.57 cm and lowest standard error of prediction (SEP) ranging from 4.55 to 5.67 cm. Conclusions: In conclusion, the new equations in this study provided accurate stature estimation for both sexes. These suggested that the new equations can be used for estimating stature, especially in a Thai population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Stature estimation is population dependent, and population-specific regression equations should be generated for accurate anthropological assessments. Nevertheless, stature estimation data was inaccessible and limited in some of the South-East Asian countries. The systematic review was conducted to analyse the regression equations of stature estimations developed in South-East Asian region. Materials and Methods: A systematic literature search was performed through SCOPUS database and Google Scholar from January till March 2018. All published articles which developed stature estimation from different types of bone, methods and type of statures (i.e. living stature, forensic stature and cadaveric stature) were included in this study. Risks of biases were also assessed. Population studies with no regression equations were excluded from the study. Results: Seven studies that met the inclusion criteria were identified. In the South-East Asia region, regression equations for stature estimation were developed in Thailand and Malaysia. In these studies, bone measurements were done either by radiography, direct bone measurement, or palpation on body surface for anatomical bony prominence. All of these studies used various parts of bones for stature estimation. Conclusion: The most widely used regression equations for stature estimation in South-East Asian population were from the Thailand population. Further research is recommended to develop regression equations for other South-East Asian countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this research was to generate a standard formula for estimating stature in the Bangladeshi population from hand anthropometric measurements. Arbitrarily selected a total of 150 male and 150 female healthy subjects within the age range 18-60 years participated in this study. Stature and nine hand parameters were taken using a standard tape and a digital slide calipers for each subject. The results indicate that in male Bangladeshi population, the bilateral variation of hand length, hand breadth, maximum hand breadth, palm length, thumb length, ring finger length, and little finger length was statistically not significant (p > 0.05). On the other hand, in female, bilateral difference of hand length, hand breadth, palm length, index finger length, middle finger length, ring finger length, and little finger length was statistically insignificant (p > 0.05). All hand dimensions were statistically significant (p < 0.001) and positively correlated with stature. Linear and multiple regression equation were used to estimate stature from hand anthropometric measurements. The accuracy of the determination of stature using hand dimensions ranged from ±3.688 to ±6.112 cm. Right-hand length was the most reliable single variable in both sexes in simple linear regression (SSE ±5.347 cm in male and ±3.688 cm in female). The multiple regression models were more reliable than the linear regression models as a lower SSE and higher R and R-square values. In conclusion, our present study has a great importance to estimate stature from hand measurements among Bangladeshis from the anatomical and forensic point of view. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]