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Objectives: The objective of this systematic review was to determine what impact governance principles and guidelines have had on sport organisations’ governance practices and performance. Methods: Following the PRISMA, PIECES and Warwick protocols, we conducted a search of academic, grey literature and theses in sport and broader social sciences and humanities databases. We excluded studies that only proposed governance principles and did not actually measure their use by sport organisations, as well as those studies which did not consider the governance principles in relation to organisational performance. Results: From the initial 2,155 studies reviewed, 19 met the inclusion criteria. A wide range of governance principles or guidelines have been considered by the relatively small number of studies included in the analysis. We did find a variety of researchers from mainly developed countries examining the issue, often using case studies as a means to explore the topic. Although the link between board structure and organisational performance has been empirically found, the link between other governance principles and organisational performance remains lacking. Conclusions: Despite an increased interest in good governance principles and guidelines in sport, there is a clear need for both the international sport community and researchers to develop an agreed set of governance principles and language relevant for international, national, provincial/state and local level sport governance organisations. The multidimensionality of the concepts of governance and organisational performance, as well as their interrelationship and the potential positive and negative impacts of implementing governance principles render this need all the more critical.

WOS: 000425691300003 Despite the existence of numerous important factors that affect organisations' efficiency and productivity, including leader-member exchange, mobbing, and employee turnover intentions, studies analysing the relationships among these variables are scarce in the sports literature. Hence, the purpose of this study was to investigate the relationships between leader-member exchange and turnover intentions, focusing primarily on the mediating role of mobbing. The sample for the study was collected from participants who worked in a public organisation providing sports and physical activity services. The results of the study showed statistically significant relationships among leader-member exchange, mobbing, and employee turnover intentions. More specifically, leader-member exchange was found to have a significant negative relationship with mobbing and employee turnover intentions. Mobbing, on the other hand, had a significant positive relationship with employee turnover intentions and mediated the relationship between leader-member exchange and employee turnover intentions. Managerial and research implications and contributions of the study were discussed.

The rationale of the study is to broaden the knowledge on the contemporary sport spectator’s relationships with sports teams and sport governing bodies. By including the spectator, the team, and the governing body in a holistic Fan-Relationship- Management-Model, this study gives insights in the formation of loyalty within the spectator-team-governing body-triad. A structural equation modelling approach is used to test, refine and validate the model among samples of four hundred fifty-five and five hundred five football spectators from France and Germany. Further, a latent profile analysis is implemented to uncover spectator profiles based on a two- dimensional loyalty conceptualisation. Additional latent profile analyses with covariates from the model, allow identifying variables that facilitate profile belongingness. The final model revealed major country-specific differences in the relationships within the spectator-team-governing body-triad. In both samples we found non-loyal, latent loyal, and loyal spectators. For France, however, satisfaction and trust do not contribute to loyalty; a notable contradiction to the established marketing literature. This study is useful to appreciate a sport governing body’s role in the spectator-team relationship. Also, it offers new perspectives on spectator profiles and encourages the implementation of a credibility variable when investigating relationship management in sports. Overall, the study’s holistic approach in analysing relationships and loyalty is unique in the sport marketing literature., La raison d'être de l'étude est d'élargir les connaissances sur les relations du spectateur sportif contemporain avec les équipes sportives et les instances dirigeantes du sport. En incluant le spectateur, l'équipe et l'organe directeur dans un modèle holistique de gestion des relations avec les supporters, cette étude donne un aperçu de la formation de la fidélité au sein de la triade spectateur-équipe-organisation sportive. Une approche de modélisation par équation structurelle est utilisée pour tester, affiner et valider le modèle parmi des échantillons de quatre cent cinquante-cinq et cinq cent cinq spectateurs de football en France et en Allemagne. De plus, une analyse du profil latent est mise en œuvre pour découvrir des profils de spectateurs basés sur une conceptualisation bidimensionnelle de la fidélité. Des analyses de profils latents supplémentaires avec des covariables du modèle permettent d'identifier les variables qui définissent l'appartenance au profil. Le modèle final a révélé d'importantes différences propres à chaque pays dans les relations au sein de la triade spectateur- équipe-organisation sportive. Dans les deux échantillons, nous avons trouvé des spectateurs non fidèles, fidèles à l’état latent et fidèles. Pour la France, cependant, la satisfaction et la confiance ne contribuent pas à la fidélité, ce qui est une contradiction notable avec la littérature marketing. Cette étude est utile pour apprécier le rôle d'une instance dirigeante sportive dans la relation spectateur-équipe. De plus, il offre de nouvelles perspectives sur le profil des spectateurs et encourage la mise en place d'une variable de crédibilité dans l'étude de la gestion des relations dans le sport. Dans l'ensemble, l'approche holistique de l'étude dans l'analyse des relations et de la fidélité est unique dans la littérature scientifique sur le marketing sportif.

Den forskning som finns om hållbarhet är utförlig och det finns skillnader mellan perspektiven och betydelserna. Människor är nuförtiden mycket medvetna om hållbarhet och det ger organisationer en möjlighet att inkludera det i sitt arbete. Därför gjordes denna studie; för att utforska hur IF Elfsborg och Göteborg HC, som sportorganisationer, arbetar med denna aspekt och hur de kommunicerar det till samhället och sina medlemmar. Den här studien syftade till att utforska koncepten social hållbarhet och socialt ansvar genom att studera två idrottsorganisationer. För att hitta kunskapen om hur idrottsorganisationerna kommunicerar dessa koncept har studien följt en komparativ design med en kvalitativ forskningsstrategi. En modell skapades sedan för att vidare stötta förståelsen för kommunikationsstrategier och social hållbarhet och socialt ansvar och vad de ger och bidrar med till samhället. Detta ledde till en analys genom modellen. Den empiriska datan har samlats in genom semistrukturerade intervjuer med de berörda parterna. Genom att intervjua IF Elfsborg och Göteborg HC har information samlats in gällande deras arbete och strategierna de använder för att arbeta med hållbarhet. Det finns flera olika kommunikationsstrategier såsom Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR), Cause Related Marketing (CRM) och Corporate Sustainability Strategy (CSS) men båda idrottsorganisationerna använder enbart CSR som ett verktyg i sitt arbete mot hållbarhet. Det är viktigt att organisationer har kunskap om hållbarhet och aspekterna det inkluderar för att kunna implementera kommunikationsstrategier. The research on sustainability is immense and there are often differences between the perspectives and the meanings. People nowadays are very aware of sustainability and this gives organizations a bigger opportunity to include this in their work. That’s why this study is written; to explore how IF Elfsborg and Göteborg HC, as sport organizations, are working with this aspect and how they are communicating it to the society and their members. This study aimed to explore the concept of social sustainability by studying two sports organizations. To obtain the knowledge of how the sport organizations communicate these concepts the study followed a comparative design with a qualitative research strategy. A model was then created to further support the understanding of communication strategy and social sustainability and what it brings out and contribute to society with. This lead to an analysis through the model. The empirical data has been collected through semi-structured interviews with the concerned parties. By interviewing IF Elfsborg and Göteborg HC, information about their work and strategy of working with sustainability and communication was collected. There are multiple communication strategies such as Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR), Cause Related Marketing (CRM) och Corporate Sustainability Strategy (CSS) but both organizations only uses CSR as a tool in their work towards sustainability. It is important that organizations have knowledge about sustainability and the aspects it includes to be able to implement communication strategies.

Konsumtion av sport är mer än bara laget/idrottaren i sig. Supporterengagemang är en del i sportkonsumtionen, bland annat genom människor som deltar i tävlingar och matcher för att stötta sitt lag/idrottare. Engagemanget kan vara gynnsamt för både sportorganisationen och den individuella supportern och kan bidra med både positiva och negativa effekter. Studiens syfte var att undersöka motivationsfaktorer hos supportrarna, för att se vad som ger upphovtill deras engagemang. Efter analys av tidigare studier inom området, skapade vi en egenmodell med ett antal utvalda motivationsfaktorer. För att mäta faktorerna användes en webbenkät som instrument. Enkätundersökningen skickades ut via ett snöbollsurval tillsupportrar för diverse sportorganisationer i Sverige. Resultatet blev en respons på 287enkätsvar, och för att analysera detta tillämpades en regressionsanalys. Resultatet visade att Självidentitet var den största motivationsfaktorn till att supportrar väljer att engagera sig i ett lag/idrottare. Även skillnader mellan fysiskt engagemang och engagemang på sociala medier mättes, där Social gemenskap var en större motivationsfaktor på sociala medier än för det fysiska engagemanget. Vidare mätte vi eventuella skillnader i engagemanget mellan kvinnor och män, då man i tidigare forskning sett brist på data inom området. Resultatet för studien visade att engagemanget inte skiljer sig något nämnvärt åt mellan kvinnor och män, och att samma motivationsfaktorer är underliggande för båda parters engagemang. Den enda möjliga slutsats för könsskillnader som kunde mätas, var att mängenerellt anser sig vara mer engagerade än vad kvinnor anser sig vara. Sport consumption is more than just the team/athlete itself. Fan engagement is a part of the consumption, for example through people that are attending competitions and games to support their team/athlete. Fan engagement comes with both positive and negative effects, as well as bringing different kinds of profits to both the sport organisation and the individual fan. The aim of the study was to examine motivational factors for sport fans to see which factors contribute most to their engagement. After analysing previous studies on the subject, we created our own model using a few selected motivational factors. To measure the motivators, we created an online self-questionnaire survey. Through a snowballing sample we collected answers from fans of multiple sport organisations in Sweden. As a result we received 287responses that later was analysed through a regression analysis. The results showed that Self identity was the key motivator to why sport fans decides to engage with a team/athlete. The differences between physical engagement and social media engagement was measured as well. The results showed that Social community was proven to be a higher motivator on social media engagement rather than in physical engagement. Furthermore, the differences in engagement between men and women were measured, since studies on this subject was lacking in previous research. The results showed little difference between the two and that they are driven by the same motivators. The only possible conclusion regarding differences between the genders was that men, in general, consider themself more engaged in sports than women do.

The rationale of the study is to broaden the knowledge on the contemporary sport spectator’s relationships with sports teams and sport governing bodies. By including the spectator, the team, and the governing body in a holistic Fan-Relationship- Management-Model, this study gives insights in the formation of loyalty within the spectator-team-governing body-triad. A structural equation modelling approach is used to test, refine and validate the model among samples of four hundred fifty-five and five hundred five football spectators from France and Germany. Further, a latent profile analysis is implemented to uncover spectator profiles based on a two- dimensional loyalty conceptualisation. Additional latent profile analyses with covariates from the model, allow identifying variables that facilitate profile belongingness. The final model revealed major country-specific differences in the relationships within the spectator-team-governing body-triad. In both samples we found non-loyal, latent loyal, and loyal spectators. For France, however, satisfaction and trust do not contribute to loyalty; a notable contradiction to the established marketing literature. This study is useful to appreciate a sport governing body’s role in the spectator-team relationship. Also, it offers new perspectives on spectator profiles and encourages the implementation of a credibility variable when investigating relationship management in sports. Overall, the study’s holistic approach in analysing relationships and loyalty is unique in the sport marketing literature., La raison d'être de l'étude est d'élargir les connaissances sur les relations du spectateur sportif contemporain avec les équipes sportives et les instances dirigeantes du sport. En incluant le spectateur, l'équipe et l'organe directeur dans un modèle holistique de gestion des relations avec les supporters, cette étude donne un aperçu de la formation de la fidélité au sein de la triade spectateur-équipe-organisation sportive. Une approche de modélisation par équation structurelle est utilisée pour tester, affiner et valider le modèle parmi des échantillons de quatre cent cinquante-cinq et cinq cent cinq spectateurs de football en France et en Allemagne. De plus, une analyse du profil latent est mise en œuvre pour découvrir des profils de spectateurs basés sur une conceptualisation bidimensionnelle de la fidélité. Des analyses de profils latents supplémentaires avec des covariables du modèle permettent d'identifier les variables qui définissent l'appartenance au profil. Le modèle final a révélé d'importantes différences propres à chaque pays dans les relations au sein de la triade spectateur- équipe-organisation sportive. Dans les deux échantillons, nous avons trouvé des spectateurs non fidèles, fidèles à l’état latent et fidèles. Pour la France, cependant, la satisfaction et la confiance ne contribuent pas à la fidélité, ce qui est une contradiction notable avec la littérature marketing. Cette étude est utile pour apprécier le rôle d'une instance dirigeante sportive dans la relation spectateur-équipe. De plus, il offre de nouvelles perspectives sur le profil des spectateurs et encourage la mise en place d'une variable de crédibilité dans l'étude de la gestion des relations dans le sport. Dans l'ensemble, l'approche holistique de l'étude dans l'analyse des relations et de la fidélité est unique dans la littérature scientifique sur le marketing sportif.

Research question: International and national sport federations as well as their member organisations are key actors within the sport system and have a wide range of relationships outside the sport system (e.g. with the state, sponsors, and the media). They are currently facing major challenges such as growing competition in top-level sports, democratisation of sports with 'sports for all' and sports as the answer to social problems. In this context, professionalising sport organisations seems to be an appropriate strategy to face these challenges and current problems. We define the professionalisation of sport organisations as an organisational process of transformation leading towards organisational rationalisation, efficiency and business-like management. This has led to a profound organisational change, particularly within sport federations, characterised by the strengthening of institutional management (managerialism) and the implementation of efficiency-based management instruments and paid staff. Research methods: The goal of this article is to review the current international literature and establish a global understanding of and theoretical framework for analysing why and how sport organisations professionalise and what consequences this may have. Results and findings: Our multi-level approach based on the social theory of action integrates the current concepts for analysing professionalisation in sport federations. We specify the framework for the following research perspectives: (1) forms, (2) causes and (3) consequences, and discuss the reciprocal relations between sport federations and their member organisations in this context. Implications: Finally, we work out a research agenda and derive general methodological consequences for the investigation of professionalisation processes in sport organisations.

s. 63-74 Wprowadzenie. Profesjonalizacja sportu w Polsce powoduje, że kluby sportowe muszą dostosować się do tego trendu. Początkiem tego dostosowania jest określenie celu i strategii jaką zamierza obrać dany klub sportowy. Przez to W artykule przedstawiono koncepcję strategicznej karty wyników w tym możliwości i ograniczenia w jej stosowaniu przez organizacje sportowe w Polsce. Cel pracy. Celem artykułu jest stworzenie strategicznej karty wyników i odpowiedzenie na pytanie jakie cele może mieć organizacja sportowa i w jaki sposób sprawdza stan ich wykonania. Metody i materiały. W artykule przedstawiono wyniki badań na podstawie ankiety pocztowej przeprowadzonej wśród klubów koszykarskich grających w najwyższej lidze koszykówki męskiej w Polsce. W przygotowaniu strategicznej karty wyników posłużyła analiza źródeł wtórnych, w tym m.in. raportów przygotowanych na zlecenie Ministerstwa Sportu i Turystyki. Wyniki. Strategiczna karta wyników, przez charakterystykę danej dyscypliny sportowej i poziom profesjonalizacji klubu zmienia się przede wszystkim w realizacji obranych celów z zakresu szeroko pojętych działań marketingowych. Wnioski. Kluby sportowe, które nie grają w ligach zawodowych oraz kluby mające „niemedialne” dyscypliny, jako główną strategię realizują szkolenie dzieci i młodzieży. Kadra zarządzająca zawodowymi klubami sportowymi, których drużyny grają w najwyższych ligach, skupiona jest na działaniach z zakresu marketingu, aby móc pozyskać sponsorów na budowę sportowej siły drużyny. The development of sport in Poland causes that sports organizations have to adapt to new trends. The first action of a sports organization is to define the goal and the strategy it intends to take. The article presents the concept of a strategic scorecard, including opportunities and limitations in its application by sport organizations in Poland. This tool is one of the elements of adapting to the professionalization of sport, including showing in which direction the sports club is to develop. The aim of this article is to create a strategic scorecard and answer the question of what goals a sports organization can have and how it is checking their performance. The article presents the results of a survey based on a post-poll conducted among basketball clubs playing in the top men's basketball league in Poland. In the preparation of the strategic scorecard, secondary sources were analyzed, including, among others. Reports prepared by the Ministry of Sport and Tourism. The strategic scorecard, by the characteristics of the sport and the level of professionalization of the club, is different because of different marketing objectives. Sports organizations that do not play in professional leagues and have teams in unpopular disciplines are most likely to have strategies in the form of training children and youth. The management of professional sports clubs, whose teams play in the highest leagues, as a goal indicates the implementation of marketing activities, which leads to the acquisition of sponsors to build a strong sports team.

Bakgrund: Forskning visar att svenska idrottsföreningar besitter grundläggande värden som är att betrakta som samhällsnyttiga. Svenska idrottsföreningar erhåller likaså ett ekonomiskt stöd från den offentliga sektorn som ett erkännande av dess samhällsnytta. Likväl har svenska idrottsföreningar börjat arbeta med CSR likt företag för att bidra till samhället. En av dessa svenska idrottsföreningar är Brynäs IF som arbetar med ett omfattade CSR-arbete trots att deras kärnverksamhet, dvs. idrotten i sig, redan bidrar med samhällsnytta. Syfte: Syftet med studien är att bidra med en ökad förståelse varför Brynäs IF arbetar med CSR trots att deras kärnverksamhet redan bidrar med samhällsnytta och om CSR-arbetet har betydelse för huvudsponsorerna. Metod: Forskningsdesignen som tillämpades var en fallstudie för att beskriva det enskilda fallet Brynäs IF. En kvalitativ metod med intervjuer användes som angreppssätt för att bidra med en ökad förståelse. Slutsats: Anledningen till att Brynäs IF arbetar med CSR beror på olika saker. Dels tillmötesgår de kraven från huvudsponsorerna. Dels erhåller de även ökade sponsorintäkter i och med CSR-arbetet. Studien visar även att CSR-arbetet är en väsentlig anledning till varför huvudsponsorerna sponsrar Brynäs IF. Background: Research shows that Swedish sport organisations possesses socially useful values. Swedish sport organisations obtain as well economic support from the government as a recognition of their socially beneficial basis. However, Swedish sport organisations have begun working with CSR like companies in order to contribute to the society. One of these sport organisations is Brynäs IF, who is working with a comprehensive CSR despite their socially beneficial basis. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to increase the knowledge why Brynäs IF working with CSR despite their socially beneficial basis and if CSR is essential for the main sponsors. Method: The research strategy adopted was a case study in order to describe the case of Brynäs IF. A qualitative method with interviews was used in order to increase the knowledge. Findings: The reason why Brynäs IF working with CSR depends on different motives. First of all, they meet the requirement from their main sponsors. Secondly, they obtain a higher amount of sponsorship revenue. This study also shows that CSR is an essential reason why the main sponsors is associated with Brynäs IF.