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The purpose of this study was to examine how the acting events of the First Japan Recreation Congress (JRC) were adopted by tracking the organizing process, focusing on trends in Isomura's view of Kosei and the Memorial Division. The study focused on the Shimin Kosei Sumo Taikai (sumo tournament), Shimin Kosei Nanshiki Yakyu Taikai (Japanese-style baseball tournament), and Fujin Kosei no Yube (gymnastics, Japanese archery, dance, march, music, entertainment). Initially, the Memorial Division, centered on Isomura and Tanigawa, was expected within the Tokyo city hall. However, after the Tokyo Olympics and the World Expo were returned or postponed, the Memorial Division remained irrelevant. The Memorial Division was also criticized for its survival within Tokyo city hall. However, the Memorial Division continued its activities. The Memorial Division i) devised the Chokoku seishin senyo undo as an alternative project for the Tokyo Olympics and the World Expo, ii) recognized the importance of the Kosei Undo (recreation movement) as part of the Chokoku seishin senyo undo, and c) positioned the First JRC as a platform for promoting and developing the Kosei Undo in Tokyo City. Accordingly, the format of the First JRC changed significantly from an independent holding of the Japan Recreation Association (JRA) and Tokyo City. Subsequently, Shimin Kosei Sumo Taikai, Shimin Kosei Nanshiki Yakyu Taikai, and Fujin Kosei no Yube were adopted as acting events. The 3 acting events reflected Isomura's view of Kosei, which defines the purpose of the Kosei Undo as "improvement of human resources" and its system as knowledge, virtue, and body, and the plan of the commemorative division. To summarize, Shimin Kosei Sumo Taikai, Shimin Kosei Nanshiki Yakyu Taikai, and Fujin Kosei no Yube were adopted as acting events in the First JRC by Isomura, in response to the project of the Memorial Division that had lost their original purpose. Isomura's response is based on his perspective of Kosei. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the evolving relationship of the Parti Communiste Français to cycling in the interwar years. It argues that communist press coverage of the sport enriches our understanding of how the Party evolved from a marginal force in the 1920s to a mass party that had forged both an effective and affective bond with large numbers of the French working class. It examines attempts to harness and manipulate working-class enthusiasm for cycling and to project through its coverage of the sport an idealized image of the French worker. Reading sport history into the Party's political trajectory in the interwar years reveals how the appeal to the emotions was fundamental to its evolving image as a national workers party, but also how the Party had to make accommodations between a Soviet ideal and the realities of French working-class sports culture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The history of sport and physical education (PE) for people with physical disabilities is dominated by an ideological discourse that, through the process of omission, argues that the developments in the field are Western in origin. In this article, we examine how Taiwan independently developed a new medium of sport and PE for individuals disabled by the epidemics of poliomyelitis during the mid-twentieth century. We first studied the period of Taiwanese history from the end of the Japanese occupation of Taiwan in 1945 until 1971. To explore this transformation, we engaged with Foucauldian genealogy to study the epidemics between the 1940s and the 1960s in Taiwan, when the number of children having physical paralysis increased dramatically. The high number of people infected with poliomyelitis turned it into a significant social problem that warranted being addressed by the government. Some of the children with physical disabilities were placed in institutions, and sport and PE were a part of their daily routine. Physical rehabilitation was extensively conducted through sport and PE and was administered on people with physical disabilities in institutions. By encouraging sport and PE for the disabled, the rehabilitative movement's ultimate goal was to restore the functions of impaired bodies and efface the disabled in the society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In attempt to honor the legacy of Dudley Allen Sargent and address our current concerns in kinesiology in a transformative manner, this article examines both our collective and individual narratives with respect to kinesiology and examines how this relates to our identity. In the language of anthropologist Clifford Geertz, we need to examine the kind of stories we tell about ourselves and the kind of stories others tell about us. I contend that we need to not only share our own individual and collective narratives but also make space to listen to the narratives of others. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

As the articles in this special issue have shown, the North American Society for Sport History (NASSH), and the discipline of sport history more broadly, has changed in many ways over the past fifty years. Since 1974, NASSH has published the Journal of Sport History (JSH), which includes peer-reviewed, primary-sourced, and historiographical articles; book, film, and museum reviews; research notes; and forums dedicated to the history of sport and physical culture. Throughout its near half-century run, the JSH has established itself as one of the leading platforms for such scholarship. The journal also provides a lens into the changes that have happened in the field of sport history and within NASSH over time. This article provides a brief timeline of the early years of the JSH, along with an overview of its editorship history. Furthermore, the article examines scholarship throughout the run of the journal and discusses current issues and future directions. Finally, we conclude by sharing our concerns and hopes for the future of the JSH and NASSH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Looking through the gateway of Title IX and second-wave feminism to NASSH meetings in the mid-1980s, one could see it might take a while for gender politics to gather steam in North American sport history. Though the field rang largely with the voices of male historians and stories of men's sport, challenges were growing from feminist sport historians who were ready and able to speak up and speak out about gender relations in sport history. With this momentum, feminist sport history moved into the twenty-first century primed to gain a growing presence in NASSH. I describe the growing maturity of scholarship in feminist history and highlight insightful studies which "helped rip sports history out of its overly masculine nature." Finally, I point to a new generation of young sport history feminist scholars renewing and reinventing feminism in their work, while illuminating how they have built their scholarship on the roots and shoots of earlier generations of feminist sport historians. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Autobiographical in nature, this essay shares my remembrances of what it was like to be a graduate student during the late 1960s and early 1970s when both sport history and sport studies were in their infancy. I believe I am the only person to complete a graduate degree with both Marvin Eyler and Guy Lewis, two founders of the North American Society for Sport History (NASSH) and the organization's first and second presidents. Immensely helpful and complementary were Dave Wiggins's, "Marvin Eyler and His Students: A Legacy of Scholarship in Sport History" (2005), and Robert Barney and Jeffrey Segrave, "From Vision to Reality: The Pre-History of NASSH and the Fermentation of an Idea" (2014). Following then, is my attempt to reconstruct my experiences and accomplishments at Lock Haven State College, University of Massachusetts, University of Maryland, and University of Washington, which in many ways paralleled the formative years of NASSH and sport studies. In so doing, I include significant interactions with my three closest graduate student friends—William J. Morgan, Alan G. Ingham, and Stephen H. Hardy, who went on to distinguished careers and leadership positions in sport philosophy, sport sociology, and sport history, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alan Metcalfe, of the University of Windsor, was a leading figure in establishing sport history in Canada, while playing a founding role in NASSH. He served as the first editor of the Journal of Sport History, long-time editor of CJHSPE (1970–96), and NASSH president from 1983 to 1985. While maintaining research about mining communities in North East England, he is best known for his research on Canada. Through an examination of Metcalfe's professional career and a comprehensive interview, we document his contributions to sport history. Metcalfe's scholarship shaped the field within possibilities available to him. He brought a comprehensive approach to fostering sport history as part of his life-long commitment to the discipline of physical education. Fostering an intellectual life throughout his academic career, Metcalfe challenged colleagues and students alike to reflect on the questions they asked, theoretical ideas underpinning their work, and best ways that organizations, especially NASSH, could effectively advance the field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over a half-century ago, I was involved in the early discussions of a sport history organization with the principal founder of NASSH, Guy Lewis. I recount the pre-NASSH years and the formation of NASSH including the all-male and physical education origins in a meeting with the National Physical Education Association for Men in 1971. Besides Guy Lewis, others are noted including Marvin Eyler, Carl Bode, Seward Staley, John Betts, Alan Metcalfe, Bruce Bennett, and Max Howell. Three problematic areas are discussed including Canadian–American relations; welcoming women into the organization; and embracing historians, American studies scholars, and others into NASSH. How the Journal of Sport History was created and the acceptance of the NASSH logo, an ancient Greek torch runner, are documented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Analysis of the general role of tradition formed wider theoretical background of the paper. We used hermeneutic analysis to interpret this role. We attempled to formulate own definition of tradition using the term of social time. Well-known world competitions served as an example of power of tradition in the field of sport. Special attention was paid to the Olympic movement and two parallel but different inspirations from the heritage of the ancient Olympism in the case of the Sokol sports and social movement and the Modern Olympics. In a longitudinal study we researched a group of runners who participated repeatedly in the 10K Czech race “Běchovice – Praha”. It was founded in 1897 and has been held each consecutive year. Our aim was to illustrate how the tradition of one race can engage runners in lifelong physical activities. We found 322 runners who participated 20 times and more. Constancy of the route, non-stop organizing, engagement of the whole families, celebrations of anniversaries, and wider publicity were found to be factors in building loyalty to the race. We discussed some aspects of comparison with similar studies as well. Particular attention was paid to the Boston Marathon and especially to means of supporting loyalty of runners.

Although often framed as politics ultimate 'other', it is hard to ignore that sport and the political are intimately connected. Historians, however, have up until now hardly reflected on the nature of this connection in the postwar years, on how the politicisation of sport has actually taken shape, and how actors and institutions have delineated, navigated, and crossed the boundaries between the two. This article tackles these questions through an analysis of three vectors of politicisation: political communication, struggles over the use of space, and governance and policy making. Based on a discussion of recent work at the intersection of political history, sport history, political science, geography, and communication studies, the article unearths the relationship between sport and personalised modes of political representation, explores the role of sport spaces as sites of community building and conflict, and the instrumentalisation of sport in policy schemes of the welfare state. It shows how policy schemes and governance arrangements drew sport into the orbit of the state; maps the various actors and institutions at the intersection of sport and politics, ranging from local residents' groups to international non-governmental organisations; and highlights the gendered, exclusionary nature of new, popular forms of political communication through sport. All in all, the article makes the case for sport as a highly relevant field to engage with for those who are interested in the postwar history of political power, representation, communication, and governance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the 1981 publication of Perspectives on the Academic Discipline of Physical Education, the history of physical activity has secured a prominent place in the field of kinesiology. Yet, despite encouraging signs of growth, the subdiscipline still remains an undervalued player in the "team scholarship" approach. Without the integration of historical sensibilities in kinesiology's biggest questions, our understanding of human movement remains incomplete. Historians of physical activity share many "big questions" and "hot topics" with researchers in other domains of kinesiology. Intriguing possibilities for integrating research endeavors between historians and scholars from other domains beckon, particularly as scientists share the historical fascination with exploring the processes of change over time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Considering that the trajectories of sporting associations are indicators of the urbanization processes, this article aims to discuss the experience of Irajá Atlético Clube, an association that was founded in one of the oldest regions of Rio de Janeiro. As we are interested in the public repercussions of its initiatives, in order to reach the objective, newspapers and magazines were used as sources. As a time frame, it was adopted its foundation year (1912) and the moment when a change in its profile is perceived with the reduction of the importance of football in its functioning (1938). It is expected to take an original look at a region that has been little investigated, expanding historical perceptions about the city, usually centered in the so-called privileged areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Recorde: Revista de História do Esporte is the property of Recorde: Revista de Historia do Esporte and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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The aim of the present study was to examine the physiological and training characteristics in marathon runners with different sport experiences (defined as the number of finishes in marathon races). The anthropometry and physiological characteristics of men recreational endurance runners with three or less finishes in marathon races (novice group, NOV; n = 69, age 43.5 ± 8.0 years) and four or more finishes (experienced group, EXP; n = 66, 45.2 ± 9.4 years) were compared. EXP had faster personal best marathon time (3:44 ± 0:36 vs. 4:20 ± 0:44 h:min, p < 0.001, respectively); lower flexibility (15.9 ± 9.3 vs. 19.3 ± 15.9 cm, p = 0.022), abdominal (20.6 ± 7.9 vs. 23.8 ± 9.0 mm, p = 0.030) and iliac crest skinfold thickness (16.7 ± 6.7 vs. 19.9 ± 7.9 mm, p = 0.013), and body fat assessed by bioimpedance analysis (13.0 ± 4.4 vs. 14.6 ± 4.7%, p = 0.047); more weekly training days (4.6 ± 1.4 vs. 4.1 ± 1.0 days, p = 0.038); and longer weekly running distance (58.8 ± 24.0 vs. 47.2 ± 16.1 km, p = 0.001) than NOV. The findings indicated that long-term marathon training might induce adaptations in endurance performance, body composition, and flexibility.

Copyright of Journal of Capital Institute of Physical Education is the property of Shoudu Tiyu Xueyuan and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Estudos Feministas is the property of Revista Estudos Feministas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The aim of the present study was to examine the physiological and training characteristics in marathon runners with different sport experiences (defined as the number of finishes in marathon races). The anthropometry and physiological characteristics of men recreational endurance runners with three or less finishes in marathon races (novice group, NOV; n = 69, age 43.5 ± 8.0 years) and four or more finishes (experienced group, EXP; n = 66, 45.2 ± 9.4 years) were compared. EXP had faster personal best marathon time (3:44 ± 0:36 vs. 4:20 ± 0:44 h:min, p < 0.001, respectively); lower flexibility (15.9 ± 9.3 vs. 19.3 ± 15.9 cm, p = 0.022), abdominal (20.6 ± 7.9 vs. 23.8 ± 9.0 mm, p = 0.030) and iliac crest skinfold thickness (16.7 ± 6.7 vs. 19.9 ± 7.9 mm, p = 0.013), and body fat assessed by bioimpedance analysis (13.0 ± 4.4 vs. 14.6 ± 4.7%, p = 0.047); more weekly training days (4.6 ± 1.4 vs. 4.1 ± 1.0 days, p = 0.038); and longer weekly running distance (58.8 ± 24.0 vs. 47.2 ± 16.1 km, p = 0.001) than NOV. The findings indicated that long-term marathon training might induce adaptations in endurance performance, body composition, and flexibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The creation of a specific journal on the history of sport demonstrates an attempt to consolidate and give academic visibility to this field. Therefore, this study sought to present how academic knowledge has been structured in Recorde: Revista de História do Esporte [Recorde: Journal of Sport History], the only exclusive journal on the history of sport in Brazil. For this purpose, the content of articles published in the journal was analyzed from its creation in 2008, until the last volume published in 2020. A total of 215 studies were found with thematic approaches, time frames, sources and varied theoretical references. This information sheds light on the fact that, since its creation, Recorde has been gradually developing and presenting a vast content that is not far from the epistemological lines of history and social and human sciences, nor from specialized journals in English whose scope is similar. Lastly, Recorde has been regarded as an organized and zealous journal with a historical content of sport, thus constituting itself as a reliable, regular and accessible channel for a wide audience, mainly due to their acceptance of manuscripts in four languages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the late 1960s Steve Davis, a young strength athlete turned bodybuilder, prepared for an upcoming photoshoot by consuming nothing but meat and water. Far from unique, Davis represented a new line of bodybuilders who engaged in extreme dietary behaviors to achieve a lean and muscular look. Three decades prior to Davis' photoshoot, Dave Willoughby, an influential weightlifter and fitness writer, promoted a diet defined by its wholesome foods eaten in moderation. Comparing the contrasts between Davis and Willoughby's approaches, the following article sheds light on the still relatively unexplored area of bodybuilding diets in twentieth century America. Studying the shift in bodybuilding from health to purely aesthetic concerns, this article argues that food for the 1970s bodybuilder became a means self-fashioning. This change was driven by a conflux of competitive, chemical and societal factors. The article thus addresses the nexus between food, sport and gender in the United States [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study of two Franco-British cultural mediators and their entourage explores the criteria of age and personal affinities in the process of acculturation through sports in nineteenth century France. The youth of those who were the first to take up on modern sports is an element that at first seems obvious, but it is probable that up until now this has been underestimated in the understanding of the way individuals opened up to embrace these new activities. Nevertheless, this factor is powerful, in particular when crossed with personal links such as friendship or camaraderie which prompt the sharing and discovery of sporting activities. Despite their dual culture, Alfred Swann (1863–1928) and Cosme de Satgé (1840–1898) did not adopt British pastimes with the same enthusiasm: the former discovered modern sport when he was an adolescent and became an active agent in their spread in Paris whereas the latter did not manage to truly appreciate and pass on British Leisure activities he discovered after he had turned 30. Moreover, both cases underline the fact that sports diffusion often follows the channels of personal affinities: the young lycée pupils around Alfred Swann, like Cosme de Satgé's children, were acculturated through British sports at the time of their adolescence, not by adults, but by friends and chums of their age.

RESUMO O objetivo deste estudo é discutir a experiência do Prado Guarany, um dos hipódromos que houve no Rio de Janeiro do século XIX, ativo entre os anos de 1884 e 1890. Ao interpretar seu modus operandi e os posicionamentos sobre seu funcionamento, esperamos lançar um olhar sobre certos embates ocorridos entre distintos grupos da sociedade fluminense, suas motivações e repercussões na construção de memórias da cidade. Para alcance do objetivo, ainda que também tenhamos utilizado documentação governamental, prioritariamente fizemos uso de revistas e jornais publicados no período em tela.

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Copyright of Tempo (1413-7704) is the property of Universidade Federal Fluminense, Departamento de Historia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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Copyright of Materiales para la Historia del Deporte is the property of Polytechnic University of Madrid and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Matsuo Basho is considered to have been a hardy walker. The present study was conducted to examine Basho’s walking ability in detail, focusing on his travels in Okunohosomichi. Kawai Sora accompanied Basho on his trip, and this study drew upon Sora Tabinikki, which were notes left by Sora, as a basic historical document. The results obtained were as follows. 1. Basho walked a total distance of 1728.1km, covering an average of 28.3km per day. The distance he walked in a day was mainly around 20–30km. On days when Basho walked for a longer distance, he walked up to 40–50km. However, a look at the distance walked indicates that Basho’s walking ability was inferior to that of an average traveler of the early modern period (an average male). 2. Basho maintained a certain pace over the course of his journey. Each day, he walked at an average speed of 3–4km for about 5 to 8 hours. The upper limit of the distance walked was about 50km a day, but that was a typical distance for people of the early modern period. 3. Records of a trip from Tohoku to Ise during the same period as Basho’s trip and records of a trip from Edo to Tohoku along a similar route 88 years after Basho’s trip were examined. The results indicated that the distance walked in a day during both of those trips far exceeded that walked in a day by Basho. 4. Basho’s age (46 years) meant that he was an older traveler for the early modern period, but Basho walked at a certain pace from start to finish despite stifling heat, rainy weather, and changes in the lengths of days depending on the season. 5. Basho encountered dangerous sites along the way. At times, he walked in dunes where he lost his footing in the sand, he looked nervously at mountain passes that were said to be impassible, and he traversed dangerous shorelines pounded by angry waves with the weather’s help. These findings indicate that Basho’s walking ability was inferior to that of average people of the early modern period in terms of distance, but it was not affected by the weather or season. Basho maintained a certain pace despite occasional dangers along the way. This is what distinguishes Basho’s walking ability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2013, ESPN launched a series of documentaries to celebrate the 40th anniversary of Title IX. The Nine for IX documentaries tell stories of successful women in sport and tackle pertinent gender- and sex-related issues, promising to teach popular audiences about the untold histories of women's sport. Because of the series' place in ESPN's marketing efforts to reach women, we consider the series as ideological work through which women's sport history is constructed. Drawing on feminist sport scholarship, we argue that the Nine for IX films fall short of their promised socially conscious and educational potential. Instead of interrogating broader webs of power, the series overwhelmingly relies upon individualized, depoliticized, and postfeminist narratives that relegate efforts toward gender equality to the past. The series is, thus, a reflection of ESPN's larger problems with representations of women's sport. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

NOlympics in Amsterdam! The struggle for urban space and the politics of Amsterdam's Olympic Bid, 1984-1986 This article examines the protests against the social impact of Amsterdam's bid to host the Olympic Summer Games of 1992. Although sporting mega-events have become the topic of a growing body of interdisciplinary scholarship, both the related histories of popular protest and governance remain relatively underexplored. The Dutch government established an Olympic organizing committee, consisting of governmental, commercial, and sporting stakeholders, which promoted the Amsterdam Olympics as a catalyst for economic and urban growth. By contrast, city inhabitants as well as local governmental bodies, squatters, and activist groups claimed their right to the city and contested the bid on the grounds of its negative impact on the quality of life and the environment in Amsterdam. International sporting events have always been contested for political reasons, but Amsterdam was one of the first cities where protesters opposed the Olympics' overarching social impact. Although the protest's scale remained relatively limited, protesters successfully targeted the International Olympic Committee and international press to present a negative image of Amsterdam as an Olympic host city. Activism against Amsterdam's Olympic bid is an important precursor to more contemporary protest movements against sporting mega-events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It was only in the last decade that oral history began to be practised by Chinese scholars of sport history. Only tens of peer-reviewed journal articles and a couple of monographs have been published so far. Most oral sport history projects were concerned with the heirs of endangered traditional martial arts. This limited focus is a result of the fact that studies of the social and cultural aspects of sport history in which oral methods are more heavily relied upon have gained little momentum in China, coupled with a growing emphasis on preserving indigenous Chinese sports as one of the principal tasks of Chinese sport historians under the current State policies of 'Cultural Renaissance'. The application of oral history methods is potentially beneficial for both the historical study and development of the inheritance of Chinese martial arts. However, it has been found that the advantages of using oral testimonies have not been significantly demonstrated when compared to studies using archive sources and that the politicized sporting environment is challenging the authenticity of oral sports history. Nonetheless, oral history is still a useful and promising methodological tool, as is now recognized by a growing number of sport historians, and many domains of sport history in China have the potential to engage with oral history. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The human–horse relationship dates back centuries. In contemporary times, many people still value horses as their companions. These animals have had a very positive (even romantic) image in the eyes of many Poles because of historical reasons – by means of great victories, the role of husaria (cavalry), and Polish gentry fascinated with horses, which is present in a great number of works of literature. Over the centuries, horses constituted a source of inspiration for numerous artists and appeared in their works of art. Polish historical painting depicted numerous sporting activities, also the ones practised with the use of horses, such as huntings or races. This also concerns sports and leisure art of the turn of the twentieth century, especially the artistic oeuvre of Wojciech Kossak (1856–1942), an ardent lover of horses. Wider consideration of artistic representations of leisure can enhance sport studies as a field, offering fresh insight into how particular sports developed. The research has largely been based on historical sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 1960, Britain hosted the European Women's Rowing Championships at the Welsh Harp reservoir in Willesden, London: it was a milestone in the history of British rowing. The significance of this event to male and female amateur rowing communities in Britain at the time – communities that were still administratively independent in 1960 – is considered here using documentary and oral history sources. 'Home advantage' here refers to the immediate and underlying advantages of a home Championship to athletes and administrators in Britain, and not to the competitive outcome; indeed, the British women's team performance was unremarkable. The different objectives of the Amateur Rowing Association (ARA), the Women's Amateur Rowing Association (WARA) and individual British athletes, and the extent to which these were realized through the hosting of the event are explored. Analysis addresses the intersection of gender and sport in sporting administration, the impact of sporting opportunities on individual athletes, and the interaction of individual narrative accounts with the written record. It is argued that, with this historic home Championship serving multiple purposes, the advantages it afforded were experienced unevenly by different elements of the British rowing community, and that the methodological approach deployed is essential in showing this. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The history of organised cricket in Brazil during the nineteenth century presents a compelling case study because of its development as an exclusionary social practice around British expatriate communities. In Brazil, cricket was played in many places well before Association Football became the national game. In contrast to cricket in formal British colonies in the West Indies, or English-speaking independent territories in North America, in Brazil the sport did not reach out to social groups that differed from British expatriates in language, ethnicity or social class. Club initiatives created in six Brazilian cities stand out for their economic power and political influence: the national capital (Rio de Janeiro), three state capitals (Niterói, Recife and São Paulo) and Santos and Campinas. Empire and language played a key role in defining sports cultures, as is shown by the periodicals that circulated in these cities in both Portuguese and English. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the fall of 1888, Willie Windle was the fastest amateur bicyclist in the US, having won all the major tournaments that season, including the annual championship races of the League of American Wheelmen (LAW). He was also one of the most popular racers in the country. As soon as he reached the pinnacle of the racing world, however, he was forced to spend the next two years fighting simply to remain part of it, repeatedly having to defend himself against charges of violating LAW's strict "amateur rule." LAW's enforcement of its amateur rule may have quashed the racing careers of many cyclists, but Windle, the biggest name to be caught up in a professionalism scandal at that time, refused to go away, nor would his fans allow it. LAW wrestled with variations of its amateur rule for years, ostensibly in an attempt to keep cycling free of the stigma of professionalism. This article examines the underlying issues of class and status at play in these debates, using Windle's experiences as a case study for understanding social mobility, exclusion, and how the "leisure class" policed its boundaries in the late-nineteenth century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Female athletes may be hesitant to fully engage in the weight room. Common concerns include violating social norms through their muscularity, or a lack of competence in strength training. These concerns are rooted in historical efforts to constrain the intensity of female competition and traditional societal assumptions about the attributes of femininity. This work seeks to help strength coaches understand the historical and social background of female concerns about strength training and provides a psychological framework that may be useful in helping female athletes overcome their trepidation about the weight room. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mountaineering has been traditionally and even in the contemporary world been considered a 'male' discipline. Female Polish mountaineers historically faced this stereotype. The paths the Polish women traveled from the discovery of the 'Polish Alps' – the Tatra Mountains – to the exploration of the highest mountains in the twentieth century and twenty-first century, were complicated. They had to struggle not only with adversities resulting from the social and political situations Poland, but also cultural challenges. This is strongly articulated in their attitudes towards the mountains, their fight for acceptance their independence in climbing, as well as their perspectives as well as their male peer's perspectives on women's places in mountaineering. Despite the way being paved by Polish female climbers for the complete independence of women in the mountains, in the twenty-first century a veiled problem in remains in accepting their presence in competitive mountain climbing in Poland. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Historia: Questoes & Debates is the property of Universidade Federal do Parana and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The Young Men's Christian Association (YMCA) and its later sister organization, focusing on care of girls (YWCA), have a long tradition dating back to 1844. They were targeted at young people aged between 12 and 18 years, trying to provide conditions for their overall development. In the Czech lands, the first organization was founded in 1886 as part of the Evangelical Church. In 1919, its American offshoot came to Bohemia along with returning legionnaires, and soon, a local association was formed, which was generously subsidized mainly from American sources. Many of these organizations then operated here mainly with their social and sports activities. Above all, American affiliates brought new methods of training and sports. YMCA and YWCA were abolished twice in 1943 and 1951. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Journals, and the articles they publish, make a significant contribution to the field of knowledge in the humanities. Journals in the humanities, like the sciences, are ranked through qualitative evaluations conducted by scholarly communities, national research assessments and expert panels, and they are also ranked through quantitative evaluations generated by bibliometrics (metrics) which often involves a complex mix of databases and algorithms. The use of metrics to evaluate journals, and more broadly to appraise scholars, in the humanities is contested terrain. The application of metrics as they apply to journals in sport history, sport humanities, and mainstream history mark disputed territory in these domains and require critical assessment. Using the Scopus database and three related metrics – SCImago Journal Rank, Source-Normalized Impact per Paper, and CiteScore – over a five-year period (2014–2018), Sport in History emerges as the premier sport history journal in two of these metrics. More significantly for sport history is that the field has three journals, Sport in History, The International Journal of the History of Sport, and the Journal of Sport History, that regularly rank in Quartile 1 (top twenty-five percent) journals in the discipline of history. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The predominant narrative on the history of basketball assumes that James Naismith 'invented' the game in 1891. This narrative argues the game emerged as a modern sport different in design and significance from pre-existing, 'pre-modern' ballgames. Naismith is now generally accepted as the singular 'inventor' of modern basketball. This essay introduces the 'transtemporal history' in conversation with postcolonial and decolonial theory as a framework for critiquing the notion of 'inventions' in sport history. A transtemporal framework, informed by French historian Fernand Braudel's concept of the 'longue durée', highlights the episodic expression of contested, yet enduring ideas across a long time span, serving to destabilize the temporal dichotomies of Western modernity that essentialize the nature and meaning of 'pre-modern' games. The essay outlines the transtemporal history and explores its potential utility by critiquing the notion that basketball was 'invented' by a singular subject in the global history of organized ballgames. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Estudos Ibero-Americanos is the property of EDIPUCRS - Editora Universitaria da PUCRS and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article presents the determinants of the development of cycling in the areas incorporated by Poland in the first years after the Second World War. The biggest contribution into this process was made by people from large cities, pre-war enthusiasts and athletes who undertook the hardships of social activity and the engagement of local youth. Sports organizations were controlled, but also supported, by state authorities that used mass events in the propaganda policy and actions aimed at integrating the Northern and Western Lands with the rest of the country. This was an important task due to the difficult living conditions and marauding groups of criminals for whom Pomorze Zachodnie constituted an area of criminal activity, mainly plundering former German property, as well as attacking. Polish settlers. The development of cycling in Szczecin was favored by the German infrastructure, including a concrete track often used in national championships. At the end of 1949, sport in Poland was reorganized and centralized, making it similar to the Soviet model, where there was no room for social measures. The bourgeoisie clubs had to cease their activities, while the circles and clubs were created at workplaces and trade unions. Sports federations were liquidated and their place was occupied by sports clubs located within the structures of the state administration. The organizational changes were accompanied by the mass popularization of sport and increased financing for competitive sport from the state budget. The goal of such activities was to reach a wide group of young people for the needs of indoctrination, as well as to raise the level of sport to achieve more effective competition with Western countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

De Coubertin developed the sport philosophy of Olympism and the Olympic Games as a response to social and political crisis to promote peace, fair play, and the development of Christian masculinity. The purpose of this paper is to examine how crisis discourse functions as an important shaper of contemporary understandings of Olympism and how conflicting discourses have mobilized crisis discourse to produce competing ‘truths’ in which to rationalize and understand the Olympic Games. In drawing from Foucault's work and de Certeau's text, Heterologies: Discourse on the other, I argue that ‘crisis’ as the rationalization for Olympism and the Olympic Games has proven an unsuccessful venture for de Coubertin; as the Olympic Games have produced conservative outcomes based on a neoliberal agenda focused on elitism, professionalism, nationalism, and commercialism. This historical case raises important questions about the role of Olympism and its power to act as a catalyst for change. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The article presents the determinants of the development of cycling in the areas incorporated by Poland in the first years after the Second World War. The biggest contribution into this process was made by people from large cities, pre-war enthusiasts and athletes who undertook the hardships of social activity and the engagement of local youth. Sports organizations were controlled, but also supported, by state authorities that used mass events in the propaganda policy and actions aimed at integrating the Northern and Western Lands with the rest of the country. This was an important task due to the difficult living conditions and marauding groups of criminals for whom Pomorze Zachodnie constituted an area of criminal activity, mainly plundering former German property, as well as attacking. Polish settlers. The development of cycling in Szczecin was favored by the German infrastructure, including a concrete track often used in national championships. At the end of 1949, sport in Poland was reorganized and centralized, making it similar to the Soviet model, where there was no room for social measures. The bourgeoisie clubs had to cease their activities, while the circles and clubs were created at workplaces and trade unions. Sports federations were liquidated and their place was occupied by sports clubs located within the structures of the state administration. The organizational changes were accompanied by the mass popularization of sport and increased financing for competitive sport from the state budget. The goal of such activities was to reach a wide group of young people for the needs of indoctrination, as well as to raise the level of sport to achieve more effective competition with Western countries.

Women interested in sports have faced up some barriers and prohibitions, in order to participate and become competitors, especially in martial arts and combat sports. Despite this, Spanish female judo has achieved great international success and the female participation in judo is high at all levels. However, their presence in sports media is not equal, taking into consideration the main results and medals obtained by female judokas from Spain. This study aims to show the history of women in judo, particularly in Spain, as well as to highlight their achievements. In addition to offering a description of the female judo coverage in the media and analyzing if there is an unequal treatment depending on the gender in judo. We started with a deep review of the literature about history of female judo, then the incursion and evolution of female judokas were examined and the main results of Spanish judokas since the beginning of women’s competitions were highlighted. Also, we performed a descriptive and an exploratory study to analyze the online press related to sport in Spain.