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Denne rapport er resultatet af arbejdet i WP4 af projektet ”Livø - Videre implementering af energi forsynings-løsninger”, hvor målet er at give input til den langsigtede udvikling af energiforsyningen på Livø, hvor der sigtes efter et energisystem baseret på lokale vedvarende energiressourcer.

This report provides an overview of the cost for the utilization of biogas in the different parts of the energy system. Analysis included eight scenarios that simulated utilization of biogas, biomethane or e-methane for power production, industrial purposes or transportation. Results show both fuel costs, system costs and biomass consumption. Furthermore the analysis included the growth curves and needed investment levels to reach the projected capacities of electrolysis and e-methane in the energy system for both Denmark and EU.

Documentation of the scenarios for the Aalborg Energy Vision. Prelimenary version. “Smart Energy Aalborg - Energivision for Aalborg Kommune 2050” was made by researchers from Aalborg University on the request of and in collaboration with Aalborg Municipality. This report “Documentation for Scenarios in the 2050 Aalborg Energy Vision” documents some of the background details behind the report.

This review article presents a description of contemporary developments and findings related to the different elements needed in future 4th generation district heating systems (4GDH). Unlike the first three generations of district heating, the development of 4GDH involves meeting the challenge of more energy efficient buildings as well as the integration of district heating into a future smart energy system based on renewable energy sources. Following a review of recent 4GDH research, the article quantifies the costs and benefits of 4GDH in future sustainable energy systems. Costs involve an upgrade of heating systems and of the operation of the distribution grids, while benefits are lower grid losses, a better utilization of low-temperature heat sources and improved efficiency in the production compared to previous district heating systems. It is quantified how benefits exceed costs by a safe margin with the benefits of systems integration being the most important.

Increasing amounts of intermittent renewable energy sources (RES) are being integrated into energy systems worldwide. Due to the nature of these sources, they are found to increase the importance of mechanisms for balancing the electricity system. Small-scale combined heat and power (CHP) plants based on gas have proven their ability to participate in the electricity system balancing, and can hence be used to facilitate an integration of intermittent RES into electricity systems. Within the EU electricity system, balancing reserves have to be procured on a market basis. This paper investigates the ability and challenges of a small-scale CHP plant based on natural gas to participate in the German balancing reserve for secondary control. It is found that CHP plants have to account for more potential losses than traditional power plants. However, it is also found that the effect of these losses can be reduced by increasing the flexibility of the CHP unit., International Journal of Sustainable Energy Planning and Management, Vol 4 (2014)

Short and long-term role of electrolysis for grid balancing is investigated in this report, followed by an analysis on the feasibility of implementing electrolysis in the energy system and their potential for gas market balancing. Firstly, a literature review is conducted to determine the state-of-the-art knowledge on using electrolysis for grid balancing. Secondly, based on Danish energy system models for 2020 and 2035, which can simulate the operation of electrolysis, the role of both alkaline and SOEC electrolysers is analysed in terms of electricity system balancing. Thirdly, different electrolyser capacities are simulated in 2020 and 2035 to investigate how electrolysis can aid the integration of for renewable energy, followed by a gas-grid balancing analyses. Finally, a comparison is made between SOECs and alkaline electrolysers in the 2035 system, due to the uncertainty of commercializing SOEC and in general terms the necessity for this technology.The results show that with the implementation of SOECs in 2035, their participation in the balancing reserves is possible, but it will most likely not be required as there are number of other flexible technologies that could be used instead due to their better performance and lower costs. The investments in electrolysis should be driven by the need for meeting the transport fuel demand, as their biggest contribution is for fuel production rather than for renewable energy integration. The grid stability should be seen as an additional benefit from electrolyser integration.

IDA’s Energy Vision 2050 provides a Smart Energy System strategy for a 100% renewable Denmark in 2050. The vision presented should not be regarded as the only option in 2050 but as one scenario out of several possibilities. With this vision the Danish Society of Engineers, IDA, presents its third contribution for an energy strategy for Denmark. The IDA’s Energy Plan 2030 was prepared in 2006 and IDA’s Climate Plan was prepared in 2009.IDA’s Energy Vision 2050 is developed for IDA by representatives from The Society of Engineers and by a group of researchers at Aalborg University. It is based on state-of-the-art knowledge about how low cost energy systems can be designed while also focusing on long-term resource efficiency. The Energy Vision 2050 has the ambition to focus on all parts of the energy system rather than single technologies, but to have an approach in which all sectors are integrated.While Denmark is well on the way to having renewable based electricity and heating sectors, a number of challenges still exist within energy storage, transport and integrating the energy sectors together. By presenting a strategy for an energy system in 2050, IDA’s Energy Vision 2050 hopes to demonstrate the technical possibilities that are available and that can inspire short-term decision-making.

Energy systems are currently undergoing a transition from fossil fuels to renewable energy. This is occurring for a variety of reasons, which in an EU context includes:• To reduce greenhouse gas emissions (GHG)• To reduce imported fossil fuels• To utilise local resources and create local jobs• To reduce the costs of energy towards 2050This transition faces many challenges from a variety of different perspectives, including:• Technology: The development of new technologies and infrastructures, which will enable us to utilise renewable energy resources.• Business: The design of new markets, products, services, and industries so that these new technologies can be implemented.• Policy: The creation of new policy and institutions which will promote the most beneficial technologies for society, so that they are also the most profitable investments for these new businesses.This brochure focuses on the Technology phase of this transition, by outlining how it will be possible to provide society using 100% renewable energy before 2050, at a lower cost than fossil fuels.

Studies have found that district heating (DH) systems should play an important role in future sustainable energy systems, but that DH has to adapt to lower heat demands. This means adapting to reduced operation hours for units essential for DHs integration in other parts of the energy system, such as CHP. It will therefore likely be increasingly important to increase the value per operation hour. The value can be increased by offering balancing for the electricity system. This in turn increases the uncertainties in the daily operation planning of the DH system. In this paper the Danish DH plant Ringkøbing District Heating is used as a case to investigate what costs market uncertainties can incur on a DH plant. It is found that the market uncertainties in a 4 months simulated period increased Ringkøbing District Heatings costs by less than 1%. Several factors are however not included in this paper.