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En el referéndum celebrado en junio del 2016, los votantes británicos optaron por abandonar la Unión Europea. Este artículo revisa las consecuencias económicas y los antecedentes del Brexit. La evidencia que arrojan los estudios realizados hasta la fecha sugiere unos efectos negativos del Brexit. El diseño de la votación, el descontento con la crisis y los efectos de la globalización ayudan a explicar la paradoja según la cual los votantes optaron por una opción en contra de sus propios intereses económicos. La modulación de estos efectos dependerá del acuerdo final que se negocie entre la UE y el Reino Unido. Sin embargo, existen dos cuestiones abiertas en relación con el Brexit. En primer lugar, los efectos sobre la economía española, que tiene unos estrechos vínculos con la británica. En segundo lugar, las consecuencias sobre la ética empresarial. Economía

A striking feature of the new globalization process is the role played by multinational enterprises (MNEs) in generating employment, growth, productivity gains, technology transfers and in opening a gateway to a better integration in global value chains (Harrison, 1994; Del Prete et al., 2018). Attracting foreign direct investment (FDI), therefore, is placed at the top of the agenda for most countries. From the investors’ perspective, political risks is, after macroeconomic instability, the factor that poses the greatest constraint on investments in developing countries (MIGA, 2014). Within political risks, ad-verse regulatory changes and breach of contract are the troubles that investors fear the most. This issue has been exacerbated by the Arab Spring, as it brought a surge of political instability and violence in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region. This article builds on the limited research which fo-cuses on this region and on our own study (Carril-Caccia et al., 2018). We delve further into MENA re-gion capacity to attract FDI, highlighting the role played by institutions and violence. Economía

El presente artículo presenta un análisis comparado del impacto de las crisis financieras sobre la inversión extranjera directa (IED) en fusiones y adquisiciones en España. En concreto, se analizan las consecuencias de las crisis financieras pasadas sobre la IED en España y en el mundo, y se comparan sus efectos con la reciente crisis finan ciera conocida como la Gran Recesión. La técnica econométrica utilizada, la ecuación de gravedad, muestra como la Gran Recesión ha tenido un impacto mayor que crisis precedentes. Las estimaciones sugieren que las crisis bancarias en los países inversores limitan las fusiones y adquisiciones tanto en el margen extensivo (número de fusiones) como en el intensivo (volumen). En cambio, en España su efecto se conce ntra marcadamente en el margen intensivo. This article presents a comparative analysis of the impact of financial crises on foreign direct investment (FDI) in mergers and acquisitions in Spain. Specifically, the consequences of past financial crises on FDI in Spain and the world are analyzed, and their ef fects are compared with the recent financial crisis known as the Great Recession. The econometric technique used, the gravity equation, shows how the Great Recession has had a greater impact than previous crises. Estimates suggest that banking crises in inves tor countries limit mergers and acquisitions both in the extensive margin (number of mergers) and in the intensive (volume). On the other hand, in Spain its effect is sharply concentrated in the intens ive margin. Economía

FDI in the MENA Region: Factors that Hinder or Favour Investments in the Region

Este artículo presenta un análisis de la inversión extranjera directa (IED) greenfield en España. La inversión greenfield se define como la inversión de nueva planta y supone además de la entrada de capital extranjero la creación de nuevos proyectos empresariales y puestos de trabajo. La inversión greenfield constituye un 35% del total de IED registrada en España y su evolución temporal, los principales sectores y regiones receptores muestran rasgos similares. Un análisis econométrico, utilizando la ecuación de gravedad, muestra que los determinantes de la IED greenfield en España son similares tanto a los determinantes globales como los de la IED total registrada en España. Economía

[ES] El proyecto tiene como fin la selección y definición del modelo actual (as-is) de los procesos de negocio que son susceptibles ser mejorados con dispositivos de micro-localización (http://estimote.com/#) en un servicio de atención al publico tipo INEM, Seguridad social, etc. Una vez establecidos el conjunto de procesos objetivos la idea es hacer una propuesta de mejora de los mismos empleando la información adicional que supone conocer la localización exacta de cada cliente (micro-localización) formando los modelos to-be. En proyecto finalizará con una valoración desde todos los puntos de vista (económico, recursos, de relación con el clientes, etc¿) a corto, medio y largo plazo de lo que supondría el cambio propuesto.

Neuronal networks—and the brain in particular—are out of equilibrium systems in which neurons are the interacting elements. These cells are coupled through physical connections and complex biochemical processes. Moreover, they are capable of self-organization and shape a rich repertoire of spatiotemporal patterns and dynamic states. An elegant yet powerful experimental tool to investigate and describe the features of neuronal networks is neuronal cultures, in which neurons are extracted from brain tissue, dissociated, and cultured in an appropriate environment. Here we introduce the difficulties in understanding the complexity of the brain and its dynamics. We then present the fundamental concepts—from a statistical and non-linear physics viewpoint— needed to describe neurons and networks. These concepts lay the foundations needed to discuss recent models of brain dynamics. We then introduce neuronal cultures, highlighting their enormous potential as accessible and controllable living neuronal networks. Finally, we show how neuronal cultures, and their physical modeling, constitute a remarkable platform to investigate fascinating questions in the non-equilibrium physics of the brain and to provide new insights to advance the treatment of neurological disorders. [Contrib Sci 11(2):225-235 (2015)]

En el transcurso de las últimas tres décadas, China ha experimentado un crecimiento económico sin precedentes y un profundo cambio estructural. En este contexto, España ha intensificado de forma significativa sus relaciones comerciales con el gigante asiático, siempre favorables en todo caso a las ventas chinas. El análisis empírico realizado en el presente trabajo, mediante la estimación de una ecuación de gravedad para analizar el comercio potencial de España con China, muestra que existe un margen para la intensificación de las relaciones comerciales entre ambos países, siendo esto especialmente cierto en el caso de las exportaciones españolas. Over the past three decades, China has experienced unprecedented economic growth and a profound structural change. In this context, Spain has significantly intensified its trade relations with China, always favorable in any case to Chinese sales. This paper uses the gravity equation to analyze the potential of Spanish trade with China. The results show that there is room for the intensification of bilateral trade relations between both countries, and this is especially true for Spanish exports. Economía

Milions de neurones interconnectades exhibeixen patrons dinàmics i fenomenologies d'una riquesa exquisida. Entendre les lleis que governen aquests fenòmens és una fi ta fonamental en neurociència que, al llarg de les úl􀆟 mes dècades, ha rebut un ajut important per part de la modelització bio􀄰 sica i d'experiments en sistemes senzills com ara cul􀆟 us neuronals. Molts dels resultats ob􀆟 nguts i moltes de les eines desenvolupades no només estan ajudant a desxifrar el funcionament del cervell humà, sinó que estan obrint potents línies de recerca per modelitzar i tractar malal􀆟 es neurodegenera􀆟 ves.

Neuronal dynamics are fundamentally constrained by the underlying structural network architecture, yet much of the details of this synaptic connectivity are still unknown even in neuronal cultures in vitro. Here we extend a previous approach based on information theory, the Generalized Transfer Entropy, to the reconstruction of connectivity of simulated neuronal networks of both excitatory and inhibitory neurons. We show that, due to the model-free nature of the developed measure, both kinds of connections can be reliably inferred if the average firing rate between synchronous burst events exceeds a small minimum frequency. Furthermore, we suggest, based on systematic simulations, that even lower spontaneous inter- burst rates could be raised to meet the requirements of our reconstruction algorithm by applying a weak spatially homogeneous stimulation to the entire network. By combining multiple recordings of the same in silico network before and after pharmacologically blocking inhibitory synaptic transmission, we show then how it becomes possible to infer with high confidence the excitatory or inhibitory nature of each individual neuron., 24 pages, 4 figures

Trabajo final de grado en modalidad de intercambios academicos. School of Business, Engineering and Science, Halmstad University, Halmstad (Sweden), [EN] The main objective of this Bachelor's Thesis was to learn the basics of a construction project and how to apply management techniques on its development. The study analyzes the construction of a building on an empty plot, located in the Swedish city of Halmstad. First a preliminary proposal of design is performed and with the corresponding building descriptions and drawings. After that, it is made a survey of everything that is going to be build, survey that will be used later for the calculations of estimate cost and time schedule. The next step of the project is the production planning that will help to perform the projects task on the time allowed. For calculating the probable duration of the works and its development the PERT estimation technique is used. After that, the real data from the construction work is compared with the previsions and planning using the earned value method to check the real evolution of the project. The final part is the work site planning. On this part we are going to describe the organization of the work site during the construction stage.With this we can observe the distribution of facilities and the movement of the materials stocks and working teams during the works.

A systematic assessment of global neural network connectivity through direct electrophysiological assays has remained technically infeasible, even in simpler systems like dissociated neuronal cultures. We introduce an improved algorithmic approach based on Transfer Entropy to reconstruct structural connectivity from network activity monitored through calcium imaging. We focus in this study on the inference of excitatory synaptic links. Based on information theory, our method requires no prior assumptions on the statistics of neuronal firing and neuronal connections. The performance of our algorithm is benchmarked on surrogate time series of calcium fluorescence generated by the simulated dynamics of a network with known ground-truth topology. We find that the functional network topology revealed by Transfer Entropy depends qualitatively on the time-dependent dynamic state of the network (bursting or non-bursting). Thus by conditioning with respect to the global mean activity, we improve the performance of our method. This allows us to focus the analysis to specific dynamical regimes of the network in which the inferred functional connectivity is shaped by monosynaptic excitatory connections, rather than by collective synchrony. Our method can discriminate between actual causal influences between neurons and spurious non-causal correlations due to light scattering artifacts, which inherently affect the quality of fluorescence imaging. Compared to other reconstruction strategies such as cross-correlation or Granger Causality methods, our method based on improved Transfer Entropy is remarkably more accurate. In particular, it provides a good estimation of the excitatory network clustering coefficient, allowing for discrimination between weakly and strongly clustered topologies. Finally, we demonstrate the applicability of our method to analyses of real recordings of in vitro disinhibited cortical cultures where we suggest that excitatory connections are characterized by an elevated level of clustering compared to a random graph (although not extreme) and can be markedly non-local., Author Summary Unraveling the general organizing principles of connectivity in neural circuits is a crucial step towards understanding brain function. However, even the simpler task of assessing the global excitatory connectivity of a culture in vitro, where neurons form self-organized networks in absence of external stimuli, remains challenging. Neuronal cultures undergo spontaneous switching between episodes of synchronous bursting and quieter inter-burst periods. We introduce here a novel algorithm which aims at inferring the connectivity of neuronal cultures from calcium fluorescence recordings of their network dynamics. To achieve this goal, we develop a suitable generalization of Transfer Entropy, an information-theoretic measure of causal influences between time series. Unlike previous algorithmic approaches to reconstruction, Transfer Entropy is data-driven and does not rely on specific assumptions about neuronal firing statistics or network topology. We generate simulated calcium signals from networks with controlled ground-truth topology and purely excitatory interactions and show that, by restricting the analysis to inter-bursts periods, Transfer Entropy robustly achieves a good reconstruction performance for disparate network connectivities. Finally, we apply our method to real data and find evidence of non-random features in cultured networks, such as the existence of highly connected hub excitatory neurons and of an elevated (but not extreme) level of clustering.

Català: L'objectiu principal d'aquest projecte és dissenyar una eina de test / diagnosis d'electrodomèstics, en el cas que aplica es treballarà amb una rentadora, i que pugui ser utilitzada tant pel S.A.T. (Servei d'Assistència Tècnica) com pel desenvolupament de futurs projectes per l'equip d'I+D de l'empresa. Caldrà doncs el disseny d'una plataforma estàndard hardware, vàlida tant per què l'utilitzi el S.A.T com I+D; aquesta plataforma és un gateway Egobus-Bluetooth. També serà necessària la creació de tres aplicatius; per una banda el firmware de control que anirà embegut dins el gateway, per l'altra serà necessària una aplicació pel S.A.T. i una altra per I+D. L'aplicació d?I+D s'executarà sobre PC i servirà per testejar / debugar el bus de comunicacions que incorporen els electrodomèstics. L'aplicació del S.A.T. s'executarà sobre dispositiu mòbil, ja sigui PDA, smartphone o telèfon mòbil i s'utilitzarà com a eina de test / diagnosis. El gateway dissenyat es basa en una passarel·la de comunicacions entre el protocol propi de l'empresa i l'estàndard, àmpliament utilitzat, Bluetooth. Posteriorment es realitza una part d'ampliació que incorpora al gateway connectivitat USB. Al tractar-se d'un projecte de considerable tamany, es divideix en dues: Part I: inclou el disseny del hardware del gateway i de l'aplicatiu per dispositius mòbils utilitzat pel S.A.T. Part II: inclou el firmware embegut de control del gateway i de l'aplicatiu per a PC utilitzat per l'equip d'I+D pel desenvolupament de futurs projectes. Castellano: El objetivo principal de este proyecto es diseñar una herramienta de test / diagnosis de electrodomésticos, en el caso que aplica se trabajará con una lavadora, y que pueda ser utilizado tanto por el SAT (Servicio de Asistencia Técnica) como para el desarrollo de futuros proyectos para el equipo de I+D de la empresa. Habrá pues el diseño de una plataforma estándar hardware, válida tanto para que lo utilice el SAT como I+D, esta plataforma es un gateway Egobus - Bluetooth. También será necesaria la creación de tres aplicaciones, por un lado el firmware de control que irá embebido dentro del gateway, por la otra será necesaria una aplicación por el SAT y otra para I + D. La aplicación de I + D se ejecutará sobre PC y servirá para testear / debug el bus de comunicaciones que incorporan los electrodomésticos. La aplicación del S.A.T. ejecutará sobre dispositivo móvil, ya sea PDA, smartphone o teléfono móvil y se utilizará como herramienta de test / diagnosis. El gateway diseñado se basa en una pasarela de comunicaciones entre el protocolo propio de la empresa y el estándar, ampliamente utilizado, Bluetooth. Posteriormente se realiza una parte de ampliación que incorpora el gateway conectividad USB. Al tratarse de un proyecto de considerable tamaño, se divide en dos: Parte I: incluye el diseño del hardware del gateway y de la aplicación para dispositivos móviles utilizado por el SAT Parte II: incluye el firmware de control, que irá embebiso en el gateway, y de la aplicación para PC utilizado por el equipo de I+D para el desarrollo de futuros proyectos. English: The main objective of this project is to design a test / diagnose tool for household appliances, in this particular case for a washing machine, and it can be used both the technical support as in further projects developed by R&D team of the company. By one side it?s required to design a standard hardware platform, it should be valid both technical support and R&D department. This platform is based on a gateway between Egobus and Bluetooth protocols. On the other side its also required to design three applications, the first one will be embedded into gateways microcontroller to control it, the second one will be used by the technical support and the last one will be used by the R&D deparment. The R&Ds application will run over PC and it allows to debug the communication bus on the new projects developed. The technical supports application will run over a mobile device such as PDA, a smartphone or a mobile phone, it allows to diagnose breakdowns on the household appliances. The gateway's design is based on two communication protocols, the companys own protocol called Egobus and the standard and widely known Bluetooth. Then an extension has been implemented adding the USB connectivity to the gateway. Being a large project, its divided into two parts to distribute the workload. Part I: includes the hardware design of gateway and the software for mobile devices used by the technical support. Part II includes the firmware to control the gateway and the application of PC used by the R&D team to develop the new projects.

Purpose Methods and Materials Results Conclusion References Personal Information, Purpose: Our objective is to determine if the significative stenosis of the celiac trunk is a risc factor to develop postsurgical complications in patients undergoing hepatobilliary surgery at our...