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Drawing from a critical and socio-cognitive approach to discourse analysis, this paper analyses the discursive creativity deployed by feminists in the production of slogans for the last 8M (InternationalWomen's Day) rallies from 2018 to 2020 in Spain. Findings show how the creative discourse strategies identified in the 8M banners, recontextualization and multimodal metaphor in the main, triggered by new feminist movements (Feminism 4.0, Feminism of the 99%), as well as by salient socio-cultural events taking place within the community, are construing a new discourse of optimism, festivity and empowerment, that is helping to transform gender relations in Spanish society, This work was funded by the Spanish Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness Research Project FFI2016/77540P

Contains fulltext : 233172.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Open Access) Understanding others' perspectives and integrating this knowledge in social interactions is challenging for young children; even adults struggle with this skill. While young children show the capacity to understand what others can and cannot see under supportive laboratory conditions, more research is necessary to understand how children implement their perspective-taking (PT) skill during interactions and which socio-cognitive skills support their ability to do so. This preregistered study examined children's Level 1 visual PT in a real-time social interaction and tested whether social-cognitive skills (focusing on inhibition of imitation) predicted PT. Thirty-six 3-year-old children (mean age: 37.3 months) participated in a PT task and responded implicitly (via eye gaze) and explicitly (via toy choice) to situations where their communicative partner could see some objects but not others. Three-year-olds demonstrated sensitivity to another's perspective via implicit responses, but did not consistently take their partner's perspective into account in their actions when considering objects their partner could not see. Contrary to adult findings, children who struggled to inhibit imitating (those more affected by another's actions) demonstrated better PT, again when considering objects outside their partner's sight. Thus, 3-year-olds' sensitivity to others' perspectives was robust, while acting on PT knowledge may still be developing; further, children more affected by another's actions demonstrated improved PT skills. 24 p.

This study analyzes media representations of Islam and Muslims in the New York Times news articles six months before and after 9/11 to ascertain if and how post-9/11 representations changed. Simila...

Being some major problems of our contemporary world, racism and ethnocentrism demand persistent critical scrutiny. One oft-neglected aspect of these problems is how such prejudices are shared and communicated among the members of the dominant group. This study examines Lynn Nottage’s Pulitzer Prize-winning play, Sweat (2015), as a dramatic representation of how racism and ethnocentrism are reproduced and communicated as a social cognition. To this aim, the study tries to employ Teun Adrianus Van Dijk’s cognitively-based discourse analysis and focus on some micro-level aspects of racism as a social cognition rather as an abstract historical phenomenon. Contextualizing the play within its socio-historical moment, three trends of schematic attitudes and mental models regarding ethnocentrism_ as Van Dijk’s theory outlines_ are identified from and studied in the play. The findings demonstrate the socio-cognitive dimension of the discourse of racism, particularly the way it is reproduced and communicated among the dominant in-group members. Moreover, the discussion offers some insight on Lynn Nottage’s latest dramatic endeavor in a hard-hitting portrayal of the intersections of race, class, and political economy and in drawing attention to the real meaning of diversity and inclusion in contemporary America.

The linguistic and cultural diversity within the European Union has created new demands for multilingual European citizens. To meet the new requirements, it is necessary, educational strategies to be designed by those who actively involved in foreign language education in various countries in a new context, which will ensure the "productivity" of learning foreign languages in the implementation of foreign language education. This effort also includes this paper, which introduces the model of socio-cognitive learning theory in the context of the communicative approach to the teaching and learning of foreign languages. Especially in this case study, the teaching and learning of the idioms Used to and Would Idioms will be presented by using the Sosio-cognitive theory.

Parcopresis is a condition where individuals have trouble (or inability) defecating in restrooms due to the perceived scrutiny of others. The aim of the current research was to identify the prevalence of public toilet avoidance and explore if an extended socio-cognitive model of parcopresis predicts toilet avoidance. Seven-hundred and fourteen university students (73.2% female; mean age = 28.79 years) met criteria to participate and completed a series of questionnaires and ten restroom vignettes. On average 80.00% (gender adjusted 82.54%) of the participants chose to use an available toilet, while 16.78% (gender adjusted 14.44%) avoided a toilet for non-contamination fears. A further 3.22% (gender adjusted 3.01%) participants on average avoided using a toilet due to fears of contamination. Males were significantly more likely to use and not avoid toilets than females across all vignettes. A structural equation model (SEM) indicated the data supported the proposed model well (χ2 p value = .185, CMIN/df = 1.359, CFI = .998, TLI = .995, RMSEA = .023, SRMR = .0207) with significant direct relationships being found between: dysfunctional attitudes influencing fear of positive and negative evaluation and fear of social reprisal, and fear of positive and negative evaluation influencing fear of social reprisal and social anxiety symptoms. Social anxiety symptoms had a direct significant influence on parcopresis symptoms, while in turn parcopresis symptoms had a direct significant influence on toilet avoidance. The current study provides evidence that toilet avoidance is underpinned by social anxiety processes and affects at least 14.44% of university students.

This paper employs Kecskes’ socio-cognitive approach to analyze the varied speech styles and cognitive dynamics of the Chinese character (Lee) in John Steinbeck’s East of Eden. The discussion of the novelistic dialogue segments has shown that the Chinese interlocutor’s verbal strategies vary from pidgin to English or a combination of the two, which are predominantly hearer-centered and marked by deliberate and conscious attempts on the part of the speaker to meet the cooperation principle. Lee’s movement between different communication modes is partly predetermined by the disparate power relations between the interlocutors and partly determined by his own communicative needs, thus producing a unique pattern that governs his language use in the given intercultural communicative process. In particular, pidgin is used as a self-protection mechanism, a buffer and a way of identification by the Chinese character, which informs the wider socio-historical context of Chinese immigrants’ victimization of racial discrimination in the American society at the turn of the twentieth century. Just like his shifting verbal strategies in intercultural communication, Lee’s cultural identity is also characterized by fluidity in the in-between space of two cultures.

Challenging the assumption of perfect legal knowledge, this Article employs social psychology to better understand how individuals make decisions about legal compliance under imperfect information conditions. It adapts the informational aspects of “social influence conception of criminal deterrence” to regulatory compliance at large. However, it conceptualizes social influence as more than just “visible deterrence.” Social Psychology helps us to understand who, how many, and what kind of behaviors constitute adequate social proof to guide an individual’s decision on compliance. Additionally, the interaction of social proof and legal compliance is considered within a dynamic framework in relation to specific rules and across the system. Within this framework, compliance/non-compliance cascades across different rules and can create a perception about legal compliance at large, which in turn guides initial expectations with respect to new laws. Over time, this can create high/low compliance equilibriums within which societies operate. Understanding this informational role that social influence plays in legal compliance can further our understanding of what motivates compliance, the potency of the expressive functions of law in societies operating within different compliance equilibriums, and inform policy discussions on how to improve compliance—both voluntary and through sanction/incentives.

A systematic review designed to identify the socio-cognitive determinants of sugar-sweetened beverage consumption in young people.

Objective. Analysis of the relationship between loss of personal significance, intellectual humility, the need for cognitive closure, and support for radicalisation. Background. Psychological studies of the process of radicalization make a significant contribution to the explanation of this negative socio-political phenomenon. One of the questions from these studies is how cognitive rigidity is related to ideological extremism. Study design. The study examined the relationship between loss of personal significance, intellectual humility, and support for radical views mediated by the need for cognitive closure. The presence and nature of the relationship were checked using a path analysis performed in the AMOS 23 program. Participants. 365 residents from Russia (78.5% women), age from 20 to 66 years (M=42.11; SD=11.62). The majority of the sample has a higher education (94.1%), the rest have secondary or specialized secondary education. 41.8% of the respondents identified themselves as Christians, 17.8% as Agnostics, 11.7% as atheists, 10.1% as Muslims, the rest-as other faiths or chose to skip this item of the questionnaire. Measurements. Russian-language versions of the short scale of scales of the need for cognitive closure by D. Webber and A. Kruglansky; the scale of intellectual humility by M. Leary et al. and the scale of loss of personal significance. A questionnaire for assessing support for radical violence. Results. The direct effect of loss of personal importance on the support of radical views is mediated by the need for cognitive closure. The reverse effect of intellectual humility on the support of radical views is mediated by the need for cognitive completeness. Conclusions. The study demonstrates the significance of the “cognitive vulnerability” of supporting extremist ideology, which is extremely important for understanding the personal aspects of both radicalization and deradicalization.

With the increased instances of deviant behaviours, there is a pressing need to explore its instigating variables. This article explores the influence of Breach of Psychological Contract (BPC) on two dimensions of workplace deviant behaviour namely, organisational deviance and interpersonal deviance through the mediating role of moral disengagement, a construct whose role has not been studied in the literature. The study is to explore the socio cognitive reaction of employees when the social exchange relationship between employer and employee is disturbed. It focuses on the fact that promises made to the employees matter. The data were collected from 248 employees working in private sector in India with at least one year of experience and analysed using Structural Equation Modelling and Mediation model developed by Baron and Kenny (1986) and Hayes (2008). Cross sectional study design is followed. The results show that Breach of Psychological Contract significantly affects both types of workplace deviant behaviour (organisational and interpersonal) with moral disengagement partially mediating the relationship. The conclusion drawn from the study will guide the managers to focus on maintaining psychological contracts for establishing a healthy social exchange relationship between employer and employee. It will help them to not go overboard with false promises and design their policies in such a manner that employee's psychological contracts are fulfilled. Use of moral disengagement as a mediator will highlight the importance of studying socio-cognitive reaction of employees to certain actions of the organisation.

The paper is a critical discourse analysis of political discourse. It relies on van Dijk’s socio- cognitive approach which employs miscellaneous linguistic methodologies as input to support the interdisciplinarity of the socio- cognitive base. The paper adopts an eclectic model that combines pragmatic and semantic concepts as a methodology for the socio- cognitive approach. The pragma- semantic interface has always produced better holistic, integrated, and objective linguistic inference. The eclectic model combines Sabet & Zhang’s (2015) pragmatic functions of vague expressions (on the pragmatic level) and the semantic macrostructures and the semantic microstructures (on the semantic level). Wodak (2007) emphasises the vitality of the pragmatics in any critical discussion that analyses indirect and inferred linguistic techniques and biased utterances in order to identify and evaluate political discourse . Since vague expressions overlap sometimes in performing pragmatic functions, the pragmatic component of the eclectic model is further supported by the semantic concepts of semantic macrostructure and semantic microstructure. The data is collected from the White House Press Releases (issued in 2014 when ISIS took hold of major Iraqi cities) on Iraq. Such discourse is globally interesting and can shape public opinion about the critical events and realities in Iraq at that time. The analysis has proved the workability of the pragmatic- semantic integration and the paper has come up with a set of concluding remarks. Keywords: critical discourse analysis; semantic macrostructure; semantic microstructure; van Dijk’s socio- cognitive; vagueness; White House Press Release

This work has two objectives. The first is to describe a program to strengthen socio-cognitive abilities in initial education children (called PHSC), which is focused on training teachers on its implementation in the classroom. The second objective is to examine the effectiveness of the program when it is applied in schools with different socio-cultural contexts. It involved a total of 257 initial-level students attending two pre-primary schools in the province of Mendoza. One school was in an urban area of a more stable social environment, and the other in a socially-vulnerable area. The program was administered by teachers who had been trained for it. Pre- and post-assessments were conducted using socio-cognitive tests on the students. The teachers responded to the Executive Functioning Scale for initial education children before and after implementation of the PHSC program, and parents responded to an on-line survey to find out whether they had noticed any improvements or positive changes after the application of the program. The results suggest the possibility that this program, implemented by teachers, could improve the socio-cognitive abilities in children of both of the different social contexts, as well as being a driver to create conditions of equal opportunities and generate learning benefits in all their students. Fil: Ison, Mirta Susana. Universidad del Aconcagua. Facultad de Psicología; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mendoza. Instituto de Ciencias Humanas, Sociales y Ambientales; Argentina Fil: Gonzalez, Daniela Fernanda. Universidad del Aconcagua. Facultad de Psicología; Argentina Fil: Korzeniowski, Celina Graciela. Universidad del Aconcagua. Facultad de Psicología; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mendoza. Instituto de Ciencias Humanas, Sociales y Ambientales; Argentina

The history of the National Health Service (NHS) in the UK is replete with digital interventions which have either failed or been abandoned midway. When analyzing these interventions, complexities ...

PurposeThis paper aims to develop a conceptual model that examines the role of an individual’s confidence in the transferred knowledge in realizing benefits from such transfers. In so doing, the paper attempts to address the gap in the knowledge transfer (KT) literature pertaining to the inability of recipients to gain benefits from incoming transferred knowledge.Design/methodology/approachThe conceptual model has been developed by drawing from the literature on socio-cognitive approaches by using psychological variables (individual-level differences in need for closure, regulatory focus and self-efficacy) and contextual factors that include the perceived novelty of knowledge and positive feedback from social interactions, which influence confidence in incoming knowledge.FindingsThe conceptual model builds on the socio-cognitive perspective and explores some of the important issues that could contribute to the individual’s adeptness (or lack thereof) in deriving benefits from transferred knowledge, thus addressing a vital gap in strategy and management literature.Originality/valueThe paper introduces the concept of confidence in knowledge to the KT literature, which could lend valuable insights pertaining to deriving benefits from transferred knowledge. In addition, by highlighting the role of important individual-specific constructs in determining the ability to gain benefits from KT, the paper makes a significant contribution to the stream of research on the micro-foundational bases of strategy. Finally, exploring perceived novelty as a knowledge attribute in this paper adds an interesting perspective to the individuals’ perception of the target knowledge quality and the resulting confidence in the incoming knowledge, which could in turn be moderated by individual differences.

Achieving sustainability as a firm outcome is increasingly a concern for CEOs. Attention breadth (executive attention where attention is focused on a variety of areas simultaneously) is an important capability for CEOs to have in order to achieve sustainability performance at the firm level, as sustainability requires attending to multiple areas simultaneously including environmental, social, and governance dimensions as well as financial performance. To further explicate the development of attention breadth, I explore the two socio-cognitive antecedents of attention breadth—career experience and social ties. Additionally, I examine the impact of CEO attention breadth on sustainability performance. A content analysis of letters to shareholders from a sample of Fortune 500 firms together with other archival data show an indirect influence of career experience and social ties on sustainability performance through the mediator of attention breadth. In particular, the number of social ties is shown to have more influence than career experience in determining the level of attention breadth, which I argue and show, ultimately leads to improved sustainability performance represented by a broader and more complex set of firm outcomes. The findings shed light on the antecedents of sustainability performance and expand the understanding of executive attention.

The objective of the study is to assess the relation between socio-cognitive factors and unsafe traffic behaviour in different national settings. The study is based on the results of the second edition of ESRA (E-Survey of Road users' Attitudes), which was conducted in 32 countries in 2018 (ESRA2). The investigation focuses on the topic driving under the influence of alcohol, drugs, or medication (DUI) and related socio-cognitive constructs, i.e., attitudes, norms, perceived behaviour control, intention, and habits, and risk perception. Cross-national differences are assessed upon the example of Australia, Belgium, Canada, Egypt, Japan, Nigeria, and Slovenia. In the analysis, principal component analysis (PCA) was used to test the dimensions of the underlying socio-cognitive constructs and to define composite scores for further analysis. Linear regression models were fitted to investigate the association between these socio-cognitive factors and self-reported DUI. The same set of variables was used for all the linear regression models, i.e., the cross-national model (32 countries), and the seven national models. In total, 25,459 car drivers (at least a few days a month), were included in this analysis. The results show that: (i) the considered socio-cognitive factors are able to predict self-reported DUI across the different countries; (ii) these socio-cognitive factors are also able to predict DUI on a national level; (iii) the impact of socio-cognitive factors on DUI differs across countries. The strongest predictor in all countries was the construct habits, followed by norms and, to a lesser extent, attitudes and intention. Perceived behaviour control and risk perception only showed a significant effect on reported DUI in a few countries. In conclusion, the ESRA2 data offer a unique opportunity to gain valuable insights into cross-national differences in traffic safety. Future research will focus on a more in- depth analysis of cross-national differences to other road safety topics.

Drawing on social cognitive career theory and institutional theory, we develop a multilevel and integrative model to examine the influence of entrepreneurial cognition factors (entrepreneurial self-efficacy and outcome expectations) on entrepreneurial opportunity recognition (EOR). We also consider the moderating effect of contextual factors (normative and regulatory dimensions) on the relationship between entrepreneurial factors and EOR. We use the information provided by both the Adult Population Survey of Global Entrepreneurship Monitor project (2006–2016) and the Economic Freedom of the World 2018 Annual Report of the Fraser Institute. After combining both sources, we applied a multilevel analysis to a sample of 293,126 entrepreneurs from 97 countries. We found that self-efficacy and outcome expectations positively influence EOR. The regulatory and normative dimension positively moderates the relationship between self-efficacy and EOR, but the effects of outcome expectations on EOR are not reinforced by any institutional factors.

This study examines socio-cognitive motivators of information-sharing behaviors during the 2018 Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) outbreak in South Korea. During the outbreak,...

This study critically examines the discourses about the self-identity formation and public perception about transgender community in District Mansehra, Pakistan. The study is theoretically guided by socio-cognitive approach of discourse analysis. The data was collected in the participant setting through in-depth interviews from the twenty transgender and fifteen respondents from the general public. The views of transgender about their self-identity and public perception about transgender was analyzed in the light of the linguistic choices while using socio-cognitive model. It was found that the self-identity formation of transgender is socially constructed that was reflected in their discourse. Likewise, the status, acceptance and overall social existence of transgender are also potentially determined by the views and narratives of the general public. The study concludes that the identity formation and discrimination of transgender is socially and linguistically constructed and internalized by the transgender community in specific and society in general.

Purpose The purpose of this study is to use correlation analysis to understand how knowledge structure, task structure and collaboration affect collective knowledge (CK) by the mediating mechanism of communication. Design/methodology/approach Drawing on an existing gap in the literature related to CK, a research model with five hypotheses is proposed. The hypotheses were analyzed based on data collected from 114 work-team practitioners using structural equation modeling. Findings The results indicate that communication, knowledge structure, task structure and collaboration significantly contribute to CK and that communication partially mediates the impact of these constructs on CK. Originality/value The value of the current research is in its contribution to the understanding of CK formation.

PurposeAs the prioritization of family goals depends on the resolution of family conflict, this study's purpose is to explain how a dominant coalition (DC) of parental family members prioritizes their family economic and non-economic goals when faced with different types of family conflict.Design/methodology/approachA conceptual framework is developed drawing on a socio-cognitive approach to explain a family's goal formation process. This socio-cognitive approach extends the stakeholder salience underpinnings of family influence/essence theory. It shows that family conflict arises from the complex and novel social settings of a family business and that a DC prioritizes their family's goals by drawing on heuristic biases to resolve such family conflict.FindingsA key finding of this study is the introduction of a distinct type of agency to family influence/essence research. Unlike the salient explanations, a family's goal formulation process is attributed to a DC's heuristic response in resolving their family business conflict.Originality/valueScholars have called for a greater need to investigate the social and cognitive underpinnings of a family's goal formation process. While the social settings of a family business are often explained in terms of family conflict, an understanding of the sources of such conflict and their resolution have received limited attention. This study opens new avenues to understanding the sources of such family conflict and the cognitive mechanisms needed to overcome them. This understanding is critical not only to the prioritization of a family's goals but also to the idea that “influence” defines the essence of a family business.

The current study examined (a) the impact of religious socialization practices and parents’ concepts on the development of an abstract religious concept (i.e., God) in young children, and (b) whether or not children’s socio-cognitive ability moderates the relationship between their religious concept and sources of information about the concept. 215 parent-child dyads from diverse religious backgrounds (Protestant Christian, Roman Catholic, Muslim, non-affiliated) participated. Children were between the ages of 3.52 and 6.98 years of age (M = 4.770, SD = .767). Four main findings emerged from this study. First, children conceptualized God as more humanlike than their parents did. Second, younger children were more likely to have a humanlike conception of God than older children. Third, parents’ concept of God and children’s concept of God had a stronger relationship when the child’s mental-state reasoning was more accurate. Fourth, the frequency of children’s engagement in religious practices was unrelated to children’s concept of God after controlling for child’s age. Taken together, these findings lend support for the view that social cognition is an important factor in young children’s acquisition of cultural information about abstract entities.

This paper presents an augmented reality-based Chinese character composition game (ARC) that employs augmented papers to engage lower primary school students in collaborative Chinese character learning. A design research approach was used to gain a holistic view of designing, enacting, and evaluating the ARC. The participants included four teachers and five classes of students from two primary schools. The school-based research findings suggested that: 1) the ARC was an effective system for improving beginning learners’ orthographic knowledge of Chinese characters, particularly for those students with low Chinese language proficiency; 2) the tangible paper interface engaged students in group work and increased the game playfulness; and 3) students’ language proficiency had a significant effect on their perceptions of ease of use and usefulness of the augmented paper game. This paper not only substantiated the potential of the augmented paper as a carrier of educational content, but also instantiated how to implement it to promote social and cognitive supports for interaction and collaboration.

Democracy and societal participation are dynamic and transforming concepts and are affected by the ongoing technological transitions such as digitalization. Simultaneously, young people are required to operate in complex and rapidly changing environments and to navigate through realities that are distorted with misinformation and disinformation. One way to enhance societal participation for youths is to enable taking part in societal and democratic processes. This can be conducted through providing digital services that are safe, offer access to information, and by integration to governmental processes and recognition by the officials, enable having an actual effect on policies and decisions. Although various eParticipation services have been developed and studied, thorough investigations of young people's conceptualisations, and user needs and requirements for eParticipation are missing. Moreover, the specific mechanisms through which the successful eParticipation services support young people's societal participation are unexplored. The main scientific fields that this thesis contributes are computer science and social science. More specifically, in computer science, this thesis links to the research tradition of human-technology interaction (HTI), and in social science to the research of societal participation. This thesis applies quantitative and qualitative research approaches HTI, psychometrics and applied psychology, and studies on political behaviour. The studies included in this thesis were conducted in ALL-YOUTH research project (2018-2023) funded by the Strategic Research Council of Finland. Furthermore, an eParticipation platform prototype entitled Virtual Council (Digiraati in Finnish) was simultaneously developed in the project and used as an object of the research. This thesis is composed of five publications. Four publications are based on four separate empirical studies and one publication is theoretical. Altogether 467 young Finnish people participated in the studies that took place between 2018 and 2021. Surveys were conducted among 360 participants and 107 people took part in interviews. The first study aimed to provide an understanding of the young people’s conceptions of digital participation and obstacles for participation. The second study explored the user needs of young people in regard to eParticipation. In the third study, field tests of an eParticipation service prototype were conducted. Fourth study explores the significance of digital solutions in relation to societal participation during the COVID-19 pandemic. This thesis provides theoretical and practical contributions through answering the research questions: 1. What are the youths’ conceptions regarding digital societal participation? 2. What are youths’ user needs regarding digital societal Participation? 3. How can digital solutions support societal participation of youths? In theoretical perspective, this thesis elaborates on the conceptualisation of digital and societal participation and proposes a novel model entitled Citizen-centric socio-cognitive model for participation. On a more practical level, this thesis provides a set of young people’s user needs and requirements for eParticipation services: Safe discussion environments, interesting and relevant topics, enabling reciprocal interactions with officials, feedback loops, and high level of integration to governmental processes. Moreover, feature-level solutions such as easy-to-use search tools, customisable notifications and recommendations, informative dashboards and impact representations, and anonymity were considered as solutions that may enable responding to the user needs and requirements. Additionally, as a further practical contribution, this thesis presents the Virtual Council prototype. This thesis elaborates on how eParticipation services can enable and advance the societal participation of young people by lowering the threshold to participate through various activities, and by increasing the societal participation related self-efficacy of young people. Finally, this thesis explores how digitality has supported young people during COVID-19 related lockdowns by enabling working, studying, socialising, and societal participation, and how ICT skills have been a valuable factor in sustaining coping. The results enable design and development of more inclusive and enticing eParticipation services that provide for the sustainable development of societies. The model can be utilised as a framework for research of (e)Participation and applied in public and third-sector activities planning and impact assessment. Moreover, the results further advance the theoretical and empirical research in HTI, especially in the contexts of societal participation.

The ongoing conversation on AI ethics and politics is in full swing and has spread to the general public. Rather than contributing by engaging with the issues and views discussed, we want to step back and comment on the widening conversation itself. We consider evolved human cognitive tendencies and biases, and how they frame and hinder the conversation on AI ethics. Primarily, we describe our innate human capacities known as folk theories and how we apply them to phenomena of different implicit categories. Through examples and empirical findings, we show that such tendencies specifically affect the key issues discussed in AI ethics. The central claim is that much of our mostly opaque intuitive thinking has not evolved to match the nature of AI, and this causes problems in democratizing AI ethics and politics. Developing awareness of how our intuitive thinking affects our more explicit views will add to the quality of the conversation.

Introduction: Deceptive intentions may be realized by imparting false (simple deception) or true (manipulative truth) information. Both forms of deception require inferring others' thoughts and are underpinned by the theory of mind (TOM) neural system. Manipulative truth is thought to more strongly recruit these processes. However, the organization of functional interactions underlying simple deception and manipulative truth remains unclear. Materials and Methods: We performed psychophysiological interaction analysis for a key node in the TOM system, the right temporoparietal junction (rTPJ), using functional MRI data obtained from 23 volunteers (14 men and 9 women, age range 18-45 years) during the sender-receiver game. During the game, participants sent true, simple deceptive, or manipulative truthful messages to another player according to their own choice. A Bayesian approach to statistics was employed to perform statistical inference and define voxels with significant changes in functional interactions. Results: We observed functional interactions between nodes of the TOM system (bilateral TPJ, left precuneus, left dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, and right superior temporal sulcus) characterizing both forms of deception. We identified an increment in functional interactions of the rTPJ with the left TPJ (lTPJ) and right precuneus associated with manipulative truth. Furthermore, we demonstrated that a higher rate of manipulative truthful actions was associated with weaker functional interactions between the rTPJ and lTPJ, left precuneus, and left dorsomedial prefrontal cortex. Discussion: Compared with simple deception, manipulative truth is associated with a higher demand for socio-cognitive processes that contributes to the cognitive load of this form of deception.

Nowadays, racial segregation issues still take place as a part of society even though the idea of equality is promoted to society. For example, lately in Indonesia the topic of segregation becomes the trending topic especially in relation to the politics. In the United States, the racial segregation against minority groups still remains as a controversial issue until now. In 2016, the racism issue was on high concern in public as represented in cases involving US police who shot and killed black people. Those series of cases raise back the awareness of racial segregation back then in 1950 which becomes the greatest momentum of conflicts in the history of racial segregation (Rbedi, 2016). This study examines the social power represents in Martin Luther King Jr.’s speeches. This study further investigates types of social power used, and how the gap between majority group and minority groups reflects in the speeches. It employed critical discourse analysis with socio cognitive approach was applied. The data were taken from three speeches of Martin Luther King Jr.: “I Have a Dream”, “Our God is Marching On”, and “I’ve Been to the Mountaintop”. The result reveals that five types of social power were used in the speeches (French & Raven, 1959; Raven, 1965, as cited in Raven, 2008). The gap between majority and minority group was reflected in their social status and roles in society.

The paper focuses on the differences in the English and Russian headlines referring to the mental and contextual models of readers and journalists. The article considers the tendencies in the verbalization of the models under the influence of a concrete linguistic culture. The analysis reveals that the Russian-language headlines of articles to a greater extent actualize the ethno-specific contextual model. The title is represented by a proposition with an implication and an abstract level of description. Unlike the Russian-language headlines, the high-quality UK press is still characterized by a rather “serious” approach to presenting information in the genre of news articles. The headlines of the articles have a clear description indicating specific agents and patients of the communicative event, and also represent fairly explicit propositions. Based on the socially shared knowledge of the British epistemic community, the author actively forms a dynamic contextual model of the recipient reader by introducing new knowledge about current events and realities of modern life.

Language has generally been characterized as a tool of communication between people, the mean by which man expresses his feelings and thoughts. It has been the subject of research from various angles and methodological standards that largely reflect the variety of dimensions from which it can be studied but also the prevailing analysis trends. Language is also seen as a social process, as a way of creating interpersonal relationships and expressing emotions. Therefore, integrated language teaching takes into account the social character of the language and relies on it. The linguistic and cultural diversity within the European Union has created new demands for multilingual European citizens. To meet the new requirements, it is necessary, educational strategies to be designed by those who actively involved in foreign language education in various countries in a new context, which will ensure the “productivity” of learning foreign languages in the implementation of foreign language education. There is an urgent need to promote the process of communicative teaching, so that the student who learns the specific foreign language transmits his own concepts, in the cases, interacting and trying to adapt to the common knowledge and even the linguistic ability of a person that this language is his/her mother tongue. The approach to the service of the communicative type of teaching emphasizes the communicative function of the language and tries to create in the students the opportunities for functional use of the language code, similar to those they will encounter outside the classroom. Students need to connect with each other to build friendly relationships within the classroom that becomes a student community. This effort also includes this paper, which introduces the model of socio-cognitive learning theory in the context of the communicative approach to the teaching and learning of foreign languages.

The article presents a review of studies on the problem of professional self-determination in adolescence in the aspect of the development of future professionalism, based on the specifics of the laws of age development, which expands the traditional sociological, sociopsychological and differential psychological representations accepted in the literature. Cross-cultural and ethno-cultural differences in the development of professional self-determination are considered. Particular attention is paid to the analysis of the prerequisites for the development of the components of such a megastructure of professional maturity as career adaptability, defined as the ability to respond flexibly to dynamically changing requirements and conditions of professional activity, using psychological resources of self-development. It is shown that in the transition from adolescence to youth, adaptability to a career means a balance between interest in a future profession and a realization of the realism of the realization of professional expectations through awareness of their resources and capabilities. In the framework of the Social Cognitive Theory of Professional Development (SCCT), the analysis of complex systems and the social interaction, the concept of strong and weak ties, nonspecific and specific influence, the article discusses the role of sociocognitive and creative factors as mediators which until now have been little studied in relation to the process of professional self-determination in adolescence and young age. The studies revealed the influence of social intelligence on the interest of adolescents and youths in the subject content and social status of the future profession and in interpersonal professional culture. Also, there is a correlation between social intelligence and the second component of the “career adaptability” mega-structure, such as curiosity and orientation in the requirements of the profession, professional expectations (career curiosity). Modern research shows a significant correlation between creativity and the first component (career concern) — planning your own professional future, especially in the early stages of professional self-determination.

This research paper studies the racist discourse of segregation in Lorriane Hansberry’s ‘A raisin in the Sun’. It analyzes this play from a socio- cognitive approach to ideology. In this play, the ‘raisin’ stands for the black American families living under the sun of white racists. The research is mainly concerned with the relationship between racism, discourse and ideology. It is considered as an instance of critical discourse analysis. It shows that discourse is the way through which various discursive practices of segregation, discrimination and national oppression are enacted and exercised. It analyzes discourse with regard to the social contexts of its production and comprehension by individuals as members of social groups, institutions or organizations. Thus, it inspects racist ideology from a socio- cognitive perspective. In so doing, it selects the following theoretical framework: Overt racist discourse and covert racist discourse. Overt racist discourse will deal with lexicalization and pronouns. And covert racist discourse will deal with syntax, lexicon, global semantics, local semantics and schematic structures. The research shows that although racist people deny their racism to look tolerant and brotherly while segregating the blacks, yet they will not proceed unopposed like this for ever. And this is the main objective of this research. It acquaints the blacks of the argumentative strategies of the whites that segregate them as out-groups. Hence, the blacks will become able to resist them.

I defend an alternative to the two traditional accounts of the relationship between metacognition and social cognition: metacognition as primary versus social cognition as primary. These accounts have complementary explanatory vices and virtues. They also share a natural assumption: that interpretation in terms of mental states is “spectatorial”, aiming exclusively for an objective description of the mental facts about self and others. I argue that if one rejects this assumption in favor of the view that interpretation in terms of mental states also plays important regulative roles with respect to minds and behavior, a new and superior conception of the relationship between metacognition and social cognition comes into view. On this conception, person-level metacognitive concepts are socio-cognitive tools that shape us into better cognitive agents and more predictable cognitive objects, thereby enhancing our abilities at social coordination. Mastery of these metacognitive concepts relies on subpersonal, non-conceptual, procedural metacognition. This reconceptualization of the relationship between metacognition and social cognition combines the complementary explanatory virtues of the two traditional conceptions, while avoiding their complementary explanatory vices.

The problem of understanding socio-cognitive aspects of crowd behavior is a challenging yet critical task particularly for human-computer interaction applications. This issue is considered an important component of both current surveillance systems and futuristic interactions between intelligent agents and crowds of humans. In this paper, a probabilistic formulation of different categories of socio-cognitive crowd behavior is proposed. This framework models in a hierarchical manner relationships between the movements of entities within the crowd to differentiate between various crowd behaviors. Functionally, the framework can be considered a mid-level layer between purely visual analysis (i.e. detection and tracking of crowd components) and detailed semantics of crowd behaviors. In the presented study, the proposed framework extends a Gaussian Mixture Model of Dynamic Textures detection (GMM-of-DT) technique using Kalman filtering for the hierarchical motion representation of the crowds, simultaneously at micro (individual crowd members) and macro (groups of individuals) levels. Thereon, socio-cognitive crowd behaviors are categorized into individual, group, leader-follower and social interaction types. The proposed approach is validated on exemplary sequences from a benchmark PETS dataset (and, preliminarily, on other publicly available datasets), where the actual detection/tracking results are employed to evaluate probabilities of various socio-cognitive behaviors, and to compare the outputs of the proposed models to manually annotated ground-truth data.

Collaborative problem solving (CPS) is a crucial 21st century skill; however, current technologies fall short of effectively supporting CPS processes, especially for remote, computer-enabled interactions. In order to develop next-generation computer-supported collaborative systems that enhance CPS processes and outcomes by monitoring and responding to the unfolding collaboration, we investigate automated detection of three critical CPS process ? construction of shared knowledge, negotiation/coordination, and maintaining team function ? derived from a validated CPS framework. Our data consists of 32 triads who were tasked with collaboratively solving a challenging visual computer programming task for 20 minutes using commercial videoconferencing software. We used automatic speech recognition to generate transcripts of 11,163 utterances, which trained humans coded for evidence of the above three CPS processes using a set of behavioral indicators. We aimed to automate the trained human-raters' codes in a team-independent fashion (current study) in order to provide automatic real-time or offline feedback (future work). We used Random Forest classifiers trained on the words themselves (bag of n-grams) or with word categories (e.g., emotions, thinking styles, social constructs) from the Linguistic Inquiry Word Count (LIWC) tool. Despite imperfect automatic speech recognition, the n-gram models achieved AUROC (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve) scores of .85, .77, and .77 for construction of shared knowledge, negotiation/coordination, and maintaining team function, respectively; these reflect 70%, 54%, and 54% improvements over chance. The LIWC-category models achieved similar scores of .82, .74, and .73 (64%, 48%, and 46% improvement over chance). Further, the LIWC model-derived scores predicted CPS outcomes more similar to human codes, demonstrating predictive validity. We discuss embedding our models in collaborative interfaces for assessment and dynamic intervention aimed at improving CPS outcomes.

Risto Uro, Ritual and Christian Beginnings: A Socio-Cognitive Analysis (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016). 230 pp. £55 (hbk). ISBN: 978-0-19966-117-6.

The research presented in this paper is qualitative in nature and focuses on a number of conversational interchanges that took place either between native and non-native speakers of English or interlocutors who came from different linguistic and cultural backgrounds and who were using English as a lingua franca. The aim of the paper is to explore and account for the reasons underlying the ‘misfiring’ and communication problems that characterized these conversations. In my analysis I have relied on the socio-cognitive approach of utterance interpretation that fully acknowledges the role of private and actual contexts in governing the speakers' linguistic choices, as well as on the dynamic model of meaning as proposed by Kecskes (2008, 2009, 2010, 2014), that argues for the dynamic construal of meaning as complex and elaborate work shared in by the speaker and the hearer. Adhering to Kecskes' (2008) view that context, especially the private context, plays both a selective and constituting role in co-constructing the common ground by the participants in conversation, I propose that failure to establish the common ground ('skidding on the common ground') in intercultural conversations can be traced to partial differences or similarities between the private contexts of the interlocutors.

Through intercultural contact, immigrants can change the stereotypes they had previously held about the majority ethnic group in their host cultures. Other undocumented processes of socio-cognitive adaptation following migration are also possible; immigrants’ preexisting stereotypes about social groups (e.g., politicians, older people), for example, may change because of host-cultural learning. This article examines the stereotype accommodation hypothesis, which states that differences in cultural stereotypes between immigrants’ host and origin cultures are a source of inconsistent stereotype-relevant information that immigrants may or may not incorporate into their preexisting beliefs. Support for this hypothesis is found in two studies of locals in Romania, Germany, and France (N = 532), and Romanian immigrants in Germany and in France (N = 225). Length of stay in the host culture and acculturation orientation predict the stereotype accommodation regarding politicians, the only social group for which stereotypes substantially differ between origin and host cultures. The results represent the first step in a research agenda for studying migrants’ socio-cognitive adaptation beyond the question of inter-ethnic stereotype change. The article thus discusses future avenues for the study of behavior and discrimination from the perspective of immigrants as agentic individuals.

This study identified the psychological and cognitive factors that predispose people to believe in neuromyths (e.g., the belief that we only use 10% of our brain) and in cognitive enhancement (e.g., the belief that brain stimulation devices can enhance cognition). A new scale to measure belief in neuromyths and cognitive enhancement was developed and validated. Belief in neuromyths was related to a more intuitive (compared to an analytical) thinking style, a stronger need for cognitive closure, a simpler view of epistemic cognition, endorsement of a fixed mindset, and it was inversely related to scientific literacy. Belief in cognitive enhancement was specifically related to the endorsement of a growth mindset. No clear effect of the presence or absence of brain pictures on credibility ratings for neuroscientific explanations and intuitive thinking was found. These findings suggest that belief in neuromyths and cognitive enhancement is a multifaceted phenomenon and that interventions to foster public understanding of neuroscience could be aimed at affecting thinking styles.

This study investigates pedestrian street-crossing decision-making to better appreciate both the complexity and the dynamics of this activity by analyzing the cognitive, emotional and social processes involved in such situations. We consider street-crossing decision-making in the context of situational awareness (Endsley’s model) by exploring other variables that may influence the decision-making: time pressure, emotions and social influence. Twenty participants were included in the study. They were instructed to negotiate two 1 km-routes in a large city using a paper map. After each route, they were invited to participate in an elicitation interview. A time pressure context was added for half of the participants. The originality of the method was based on the mixed approach of observable variables (video recordings from the viewpoint of the pedestrian and of an external observer) and the subjective experience of the street crossing by the pedestrian (e.g., perception, thoughts, feelings, anticipation) according to the situation’s dynamics. In total, the data included 67 elicited and recorded street crossings. The data indicated that approximately one-third of the street-crossing decisions were risky. In our observations, street-crossing decision-making was modulated by street-crossing habits, the environment configuration, the social influence, the learning of the road situation and the vehicle behavior. This study accounts for the complexity of street-crossing, the related risk and its links with feelings.

The present study aims to help better understand the cognitive and affective processes at work in ‘moral struggles’ concerning discussions about hosting immigrants. In particular, it will focus on the prosocial aspect of the debate on hosting of immigrants since previous studies have stressed mainly its racist nature. To this end, a total of 12,583 comments were extracted from the Facebook page of an Italian singer, divided into prosocial and proself stances, and analysed by developing a specific coding based on the theory of helping behaviour in emergency (Darley and Latané 1968) and the theory of moral agency (Bandura 1991). Prosocial processes were defined on the basis of the following ‘loci’: recipients, behaviour, consequences and agency. In parallel the comments were analysed by emotional coding to identify the levels of expressed anger. The results showed a wide variety of prosocial stances associated with these loci in online arguments within real sentences. Prosocial commenters can use words as weapons toward proself commenters to win their ‘crusade’ when they are flamed, and they are ‘cold’ when they focus on recipient and consequences. Finally, results suggested that a dialogue between prosocial and proself positions can occur in the presence of a moderate level of anger.

The current study aimed to explore the validity of a single, self-report measure for bladder and bowel anxieties (Bladder and Bowel Anxiety Grouping Item; BABAGI), using two appropriate scales entitled the Shy Bladder and Bowel Scale (SBBS) and the Bladder and Bowel Incontinence Phobia Severity Scale (BBIPSS). This study also aimed to examine the similarities and differences in dysfunctional attitudes (DAs), fear of negative and positive evaluation (FNE and FPE), concerns of social reprisal (CSR), and disqualification of positive social outcomes (DPSO) across individuals who self-identify as having paruresis/parcopresis, incontinence anxiety, or neither condition according to the BABAGI measure. Three-hundred-and-six undergraduate students (77.1% female; mean age = 31.18 years) completed a cross-sectional, online study. The results supported the hypothesis that by using the BABAGI, self-reported paruresis/parcopresis could be reliably identified by SBBS scores of above 6.75 and that self-reported incontinence anxiety could be reliably identified by BBIPSS scores above 15.21. The results also supported the hypothesis that individuals who self-identified as having paruresis/parcopresis or incontinence anxiety would score higher in socio-cognitive processes (DAs, FNE, FPE, CSR, DPSO) compared to individuals who self-identified as having neither condition. Given that the paruresis/parcopresis and incontinence anxiety groups do not significantly differ from each other with respect to socio-cognitive processes, this suggests that both sets of conditions share similar underlying psychosocial processes.

The dynamics of design teams play a critical role in product development, mainly in the early phases of the process. This paper presents a conceptual framework of a computational model about how cognitive and social features of a design team affect the quality of the produced design outcomes. The framework is based on various cognitive and social theories grounded in literature. Agent-Based Modelling (ABM) is used as a tool to evaluate the impact of design process organization and team dynamics on the design outcome. The model describes key research parameters, including dependent, independent, and intermediates. The independent parameters include: duration of a session, number of times a session is repeated, design task and team characteristics such as size, structure, old and new members. Intermediates include: features of team members (experience, learning abilities, and importance in the team) and social influence. The dependent parameter is the task outcome, represented by creativity and accuracy. The paper aims at laying the computational foundations for validating the proposed model in the future.