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Stabilisasi tanah adalah suatu proses untuk memperbaiki sifat-sifat tanah dengan menambahkan bahan aditif agar dapat menaikkan kekuatan tanah. Tanah lempung adalah jenis tanah yang memiliki nilai daya dukung yang kecil sehingga diperlukan upaya stabilisasi agar dapat meningkatkan nilai daya dukungnya. Wilayah Indonesia cenderung mempunyai tanah jenis lempung contohnya seperti daerah Universitas Musamus, Rimba Jaya, Kabupaten Merauke, Provinsi Papua Selatan. Tujuan dari penelitian ini yaitu untuk mengetahui karakteristik tanah dan untuk mengetahui pengaruh penambahan semen + tailing terhadap nilai kuat tekan bebas. Di dalam penelitian ini, proses stabilisasi yaitu mencampur tanah asli dengan semen + tailing dalam berbagai variasi yaitu 8% semen + 5% tailing, 8% semen + 10% tailing, dan 8% semen + 15% tailing. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian diperoleh bahwa sampel tanah dapat diklasifikasikan sebagai tanah lempung dengan plastisitas tinggi yaitu A-6 menurut AASHTO. Penambahan semen dan tailing mempengaruhi nilai kuat tekan bebas, tanah asli memiliki nilai kuat tekan 9.62 kg/ setelah distabilisasi dengan kadar 8% semen dan tailing dengan variasi kadar 5%, 10% dan 15% nilai UCS yang didapatkan adalah 21.73 kg/ , 24.95 kg/ , dan 26.19 kg/ . Selain itu, hasil pengujian menunjukkan bahwa penambahan semen dan tailing dengan variasi persentase dapat meningkatkan nilai CBR soaked menjadi 10.71% dengan persentase optimum pada kadar fly ash 15%. Berdasarkan hasil tersebut dapat disimpulkan bahwa semen dan tailing mampu menaikkan daya dukung tanah lempung. Soil stabilization is a process to improve soil properties by adding additives to increase soil strength. Clay soil is a type of soil that has a small bearing capacity, therefore stabilization is needed to increase its bearing capacity value. The majority of Indonesia's territory tends to have clay soil type, for example, around Muramus University, Rimba Jaya, Merauke, South Papua. The aim of this research is to determine the characteristics of the soil and to ensure the effectiveness of the addition of cement and tailing on the value of unconfined compressive strength. In this research, the stabilization process involved mixing original soil with cement + tailing in any variations, which is 8% cement + 5% tailing ash, 8% cement + 10% tailing, and 8% cement + 15% tailing. The soil sample can be classified as clay with high plasticity, namely A-6 according to AASHTO. The addition of cement + tailing affects the value of unconfined compressive strength, the original soil has a compressive strength value of 9.62 kg/cm2 after stabilization with 8% cement and tailing with varying levels of 5%, 10% and 15% UCS values ​​obtained are 21.73 kg/ , 24.95 kg/ , dan 26.19 kg/ . In addition, the results shows that the addition of cement and tailing with varying percentages can increase the soaked CBR value to 10.71% with the optimum percentage at 15% tailing composition.

This study aims to provide an inventory of greenhouse gas emissions in the agricultural sector, map the distribution of greenhouse gas emissions, and formulate effective mitigation strategies in Minahasa District. Primary data on rice field types, land processing systems, and fertilizer doses were obtained from the respondents. The method is the interview, and the instrument is the questionnaire. Secondary data is in the form of planting area and emission factor data. Data processing uses the Tier-1 method to obtain the amount of CO2, CH4, and N2O emissions. Spatial mapping of greenhouse gas emissions is done with the help of ArcMap. After that, the greenhouse gas mitigation strategy was formulated. Total agricultural greenhouse gas emissions: 3,578,093.27 t CO2-eq/y, consists of emissions CH4: 71,711.87 t CO2-eq/y; CO2 Fertilizer: 1,828,235.40 t/y; N20 Land Managed: 1,665,299.66 t CO2-eq/y; and emission N2O Indirect: 12,846.33 t CO2-eq/y. The largest gas emissions are CO2 (51.10 %) and N2O Land Managed (46.54 %). The largest GHG-contributing is West Langowan District (285,165.25 t CO2-eq/y). Various adaptation efforts are to adjust planting time and patterns and reduce the use of inorganic fertilizers. In contrast, mitigation efforts are implementing organic farming, regulating intermittent irrigation systems (dry and wet), using low-emission rice varieties, and utilizing soil improvement materials such as biochar.

For successful plant breeding in any crop species, the importance of diversity in the available germplasm population is known and established. Thirty-two common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) genotypes from the IRAD gene bank in Cameroon were evaluated for divergence in terms of their morpho-agronomic traits, fungal disease resistance, and bacterial disease resistance to assess the opportunity for genetic improvement of the crop. The trait associations were estimated using correlation coefficients and genotypes were classified into groups using cluster and principal component analyses. Seven qualitative and 16 quantitative traits comprising growth, phenological, yield, and disease variables were evaluated in this study. The qualitative markers revealed the degree of polymorphism among the 32 common bean genotypes. The number of phenotypic classes per character (Na) ranged from 2 to 18, with an average of 5.14. The expected gene diversity (He) ranged from 0.37 to 0.93 (mean = 0.56). The number of effective phenotypic classes (Ne) ranged from 1.82 to 14.22, with a mean of 3.85. An extensive range of variation was evident for the majority of traits, highlighting their utility for characterizing common bean germplasm. Many qualitative traits, including seed coat color, seed shape, and seed size, and also some quantitative traits of economic importance including seed yield, were found to be highly variable within the collection, with the MAC55 genotype displaying the highest yield (32.65 g per plant). Four genotypes, namely MAC55, BOA-5-1M6, FEB 192, and Banguem showed resistance to the two main common bean diseases, angular leaf spot and common blight. We detected highly significant correlations among several traits related to yield. A high broad-sense heritability was found for most of the quantitative traits. We carried out two-dimensional principal component analysis and used hierarchical clustering to group the analyzed germplasm according to their phenotypic similitudes. The evidence of agro-morphological diversity in the present collection and the identification of discriminant characters between the available germplasm through the use of PCA analysis have significant implications for establishing breeding schemes in common bean.

Ammoniacal thiosulfate has been used lately as an alternative lixiviant for leaching gold from sulfides ores which are not amenable for cyanidation. However, the oxidation of the sulfide minerals generates products that inhibit the dissolution of gold and can promote the degradation of the leaching solution. The complexity of the ammoniacal thiosulfate leaching system has prevented the unification and clarification of the mechanisms of oxidation of sulfide ores used for gold extraction.In this study, a method combining polarization curves, Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and in situ Raman spectroscopy was implemented to investigate the oxidation process of high-purity pyrite. Pyrite samples were dispersed in carbon paste electrode (CPE-Py). The polarization curves of CPE-Py exhibited an increase in current values for overpotentials greater than 0.1 V, indicating the initiation of mineral oxidation processes. Subsequently, a maximum current was observed initially, followed by subsequent decrease, indicating the occurrence of passivation processes on the electrode surface. Hydrodynamic polarization curves demonstrated that the overpotential at which the passivation process occurs is independent of mass transport, suggesting that the passivation products were formed through solid-state transformation.Impedance spectra revealed that at overpotentials below 0.1 V, a partially resolved capacitive semicircle was observed, which was associated with the resistance encountered when charge was transferred between the solution and the surface layer interface. This resistance decreased as the polarization overpotential increased, implying a decrease in charge transfer kinetics. At higher overpotentials (0.3 V–0.4 V), a second capacitive semicircle appeared, linked to the oxidation of one or several species present in the mineral.In situ Raman spectroscopy was utilized to identify the oxidation species of pyrite in ammonia-thiosulfate ((NH4)2S2O3) leaching solution at a pH = 10.2. The composition of the species varied depending on the applied anodic potential. At low anodic potentials (0.1 V), Fe(OH)2 and thiosulfate (S2O32−) were formed, while at high anodic potentials (0.4 V), iron products such as Fe3O4 and γ-FeOOH, as well as sulfide species including thiosulfate, tetrathionates and sulfates (S2O32−, S4O6−2 and SO42−) were formed.

The development of science and technology has positively impacted human life, which has now reached the age of electric voice commands. An intelligent home management system allows humans to operate their house's electrical gadgets, such as lighting, using simple voice commands, eliminating the need to move around to switch on or off equipment. When users of indoor lighting use sound waves to operate the system or turn on the lights, the sound sensor sends an input signal to the microcontroller, which is then processed with the microcontroller's output in the form of a voltage to turn on the load. The system will function when the FC-04 sound sensor receives sound input (sound code). The FC-04 sound sensor can only provide a digital output signal with a value of 1 and 0 in the form of a clap, which is then accumulated on Arduino with a value above 400 million by the program uploaded to be used as a 5-volt output to turn on/off the lights. This is because when turning on the lights from a certain distance, several factors can affect it, including setting the sound sensor's sensitivity and noise levels in the surrounding area.

The temperature of the Indonesian Low-Speed Tunnel (ILST) wind tunnel test section was measured using a Pt100-type Resistance Temperature Detector (RTD) sensor. With the upgrade of the Indonesian Low-Speed Tunnel - Data Acquisition and Reduction System (ILST-DARS) using Ethernet communication, an integrated RTD linearization circuit was designed with the Conditioning Unit (CU) Mk3 to replace the Newport 267B 16-bit parallel and DAS-Hub as the current RTD interface. In this research, the design of the signal conditioner uses the RTD_Linearization_v7.xls program from Texas Instruments, the LTspice simulator software, and the AMP01E precision instrumentation amplifier. Based on the calibration results in the range of 20 – 50 0C, this signal conditioner has an average deviation value of 0.38 0C (1.31%). In the wind tunnel speed variation testing with a range of 30 – 65 m/s, the RTD signal conditioner had an average deviation of 0.41 K (0.14%). The Repeatability Test procedure was carried out at a wind speed of 65 m/s with an angle of attack for the test model from -90 to 200 and data were collected 10 times at each angle. The average deviation of temperature against variations in the angle of attack of the test model in this procedure is 0.25 K (0.08%) and the average deviation of wind speed against variations in the angle of attack of the test model is 0.03 m/s (0.04%).

Uncaria guianensis (Aublet) J.F. Gmel y U. tomentosa (Willd. Ex Roemer & Schultes) DC., ambas especies conocidas popularmente como uña de gato, son reconocidas por su uso en la medicina tradicional y por su potencial comercial en la industria farmacéutica. El creciente interés por la comercialización especialmente de U. tomentosa ha llevado a una extracción intensiva principalmente en bosques primarios sin tener en cuenta aspectos de sustentabilidad. A pesar de su importancia en el mercado internacional, son pocas las experiencias que se conocen sobre el manejo agroecológico de estas especies, y en países como Perú y Costa Rica se ha investigado exclusivamente U. tomentosa. A través del análisis participativo del manejo agroecológico de la uña de gato, se encontró que las comunidades tikuna conocen las características morfológicas de las especies, las zonas de crecimiento, la regeneración natural, el control de malezas y los métodos de extracción de la corteza. No obstante, tienen deficiencias técnicas para la implementación de prácticas como el inventario de las especies, la multiplicación del material vegetal, las asociaciones agroforestales y el procesamiento de la corteza. La estructuración de la red de valores permitió identificar tanto los actores sociales como las actividades requeridas para llevar a cabo las iniciativas productivas, las cuales se pueden integrar a las actividades turísticas y artesanales, propias de estas comunidades. Se espera que este estudio aporte información adicional que conduzca al aprovechamiento de las especies de Uncaria, así como a la autonomía y manejo sustentable de las poblaciones indígenas amazónicas.

Abstract Background Current diagnosis tools for prostate cancer (PCa) such as serum PSA detection and prostate biopsy cannot distinguish dormant tumors from invasive malignancies, either be used as prognosis marker for castration resistant prostate cancer (CRPC), the lethal stage of PCa patients. Exosomes have been widely investigated as promising biomarkers for various diseases. We aim to characterize the proteomic and metabolomic profile of exosomes and to evaluate their potential value for the diagnosis of PCa, especially CRPC. We also investigate the functions of some specific exosome biomarkers in the progression of CRPC. Methods Integrated proteomics and metabolomics analysis were performed for plasma-derived exosomes collected from tumor-free controls (TFC), PCa and CRPC patients. Expression of specific exosomal proteins were further validated by targeted 4D-parallel reaction monitoring (PRM) mass spectrometry among the three cohorts. Tissue distribution and functional role of exosomal protein LRG1 was studied in clinical PCa tissue samples and cell line models. Results Three potential exosomal protein markers were identified. The apolipoprotein E level in PCa samples was 1.7-fold higher than that in TFC (receiver operating characteristic value, 0.74). Similarly, the levels of exosome-derived leucine-rich alpha2-glycoprotein 1 (LRG1) and inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain H3 (ITIH3) in the CRPC group were 1.7 and 2.04 times, respectively, higher than those in the PCa group (ROC values, 0.84 and 0.85, respectively), indicating that LRG1 and ITIH3 could serve as predictive markers for CRPC. For metabolomic evaluation of exosomes, a series of differentially expressed metabolites were identified, and a combined metabolite panel showed ROC value of 0.94 for distinguishing PCa from TFC and 0.97 for distinguishing CRPC from PCa. Immunohistochemistry of tissue microarray showed that LRG1 protein was significantly upregulated in advanced prostate cancer and functional assay revealed that ectopic expression of LRG1 can significantly enhance the malignant phenotype of prostate cancer cells. More importantly, PCa cell derived LRG1-overexpressed exosomes remarkably promoted angiogenesis. Conclusion Integration of proteomics and metabolomics data generated proteomic and metabolic signatures of plasma exosomes that may facilitate discrimination of CRPC from PCa and TFC patients, suggesting the potential of exosomal proteins and metabolites as CRPC markers. The study also confirmed the important role of exosomal protein LRG1 in PCa malignant progression.

Cameroon introduced the malaria vaccine in its routine immunization program on 22 January 2024 in the 42 districts out of 200 that are among the most at risk of malaria. A cross-sectional analysis of the data on key vaccine events in the introduction roadmap and the vaccine uptake during the first 30 days was conducted. In addition to available gray literature related to the introduction of the malaria vaccine, data on the malaria vaccine uptake by vaccination session, collected through a digital platform, were analyzed. A total of 1893 reports were received from 22 January 2024 to 21 February 2024 from 766 health facilities (84% of overall completeness). Two regions out of ten recorded less than 80% completeness. As of 21 February 2024, 13,811 children had received the first dose of the malaria vaccine, including 7124 girls (51.6%) and 6687 boys (48.4%). In total, 36% of the children were vaccinated through outreach sessions, while 61.5% were vaccinated through sessions in fixed posts. The overall monthly immunization coverage with the first dose was 37%. Early results have shown positive attitudes towards and acceptance of malaria vaccines. Suboptimal completeness of data reporting and a low coverage highlight persistent gaps and challenges in the vaccine rollout.

Penelitian ini adalah penelitian eksperimen yang bertujuan untuk mengetahui apakah terdapat pengaruh model Problem Based Learning terhadap kemampuan berpikir kritis siswa pada pembelajaran matematika di kelas VIII SMP Negeri 1 Bonepantai. Hipotesis dalam penelitian ini adalah terdapat pengaruh model Problem Based Learning terhadap kemampuan berpikir kritis siswa pada pembelajaran matematika di kelas VIII SMP Negeri 1 Bonepantai. Populasi dalam penelitian ini yaitu siswa kelas VIII SMP Negeri 1 Bonepantai. Pengambilan sampel dilakukan dengan Teknik simple random sampling dan diperoleh kelas VIII’3 sebagai kelas yang di belajarkan dengan menggunakan model Problem Based Learning (kelas eksperimen) yang terdiri dari 23 siswa dan kelas VIII’2 sebagai kelas yang dibelajarkan dengan menggunakan model Pembelajaran Langsung (kelas kontrol) yang terdiri dari 24 siswa. Desain yang digunakan dalam penelitian dalam penelitian ini yaitu pretest-posttest control group design dan Teknik pengumpulan datanya yaitu pemberian tes kemampuan berpikir kritis yang berbentuk essay. Analisis inferensial dalam penelitian ini adalah Uji Anakova. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukan bahwasanya terdapat pengaruh model Problem Based Learning terhadap kemampuan berpikir kritis siswa, dimana kemampuan berpikir kritis matematis siswa yang dibelajarkan dengan model Problem Based Learning lebih tinggi daripada siswa yang dibelajarkan dengan model pembelajaran langsung pada materi peluang di kelas VIII SMP Negeri 1 Bonepantai.

Abstract Background Malaria rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) based on the detection of the Plasmodium falciparum histidine-rich protein 2 (HRP2) antigen are widely used for detection of active infection with this parasite and are the only practical malaria diagnostic test in some endemic settings. External validation of RDT results from field surveys can confirm appropriate RDT performance. Methods A community-based cross-sectional survey was conducted between July and November 2017 enrolling participants of all ages in households from 15 villages in four border regions of Tanzania: Geita, Kigoma, Mtwara and Ruvuma. All participants had an RDT performed in the field and provided a blood sample for later laboratory multiplex antigen detection of HRP2. In assessing the continuous HRP2 levels in participant blood versus RDT result, dose–response logistic regression provided quantitative estimates for HRP2 limit of detection (LOD). Results From the 15 study villages, 6941 persons were enrolled that had a RDT at time of enrollment and provided a DBS for later laboratory antigen detection. RDT positive prevalence for the HRP2 band by village ranged from 20.0 to 43.6%, but the magnitude of this prevalence did not have an effect on the estimated LOD of RDTs utilized in different villages. Overall, HRP2 single-target tests had a lower LOD at the 95% probability of positive RDT (4.3 ng/mL; 95% CI 3.4–5.4) when compared to pLDH/HRP2 dual target tests (5.4 ng/mL; 4.5–6.3), though this difference was not significant. With the exception of one village, all other 14 villages (93.3%) showed RDT LOD estimates at 90% probability of positive RDT between 0.5 and 12.0 ng/mL. Conclusions Both HRP2-only and pLDH/HRP2 combo RDTs utilized in a 2017 Tanzania cross-sectional survey of border regions generally performed well, and reliably detected HRP2 antigen in the low ng/mL range. Though single target tests had lower levels of HRP2 detection, both tests were within similar ranges among the 15 villages. Comparison of quantitative HRP2 detection limits among study sites can help interpret RDT testing results when generating population prevalence estimates for malaria infection.

The use of blockchain has received great attention in its adoption as a financial instrument in cryptocurrencies. This phenomenon needs to be considered in the sense not only as a form of financial transactions but also in other fields such as health, which is also a challenge for modern society. In addition, several government policies have also supported the provision of health services as a form of improving people’s living standards in the form of insurance. In this study, we try to design the system by using UML diagram and simulate the use of DApps offered by the Vexanium Ecosystem. For example, three basic activities between patients, doctors, and insurance will be simulated in the form of the transaction ledger. This method allows us to speed up the authentication process that previously needed to be performed for a long time with bureaucracy becoming the rule in smart contracts in a matter of minutes. The evaluation of this method will then be compared with eight existing blockchain projects. The result in healthcare processes is cost savings through increased automation, speed, standardization, and efficiency. All of this can be a preliminary analysis of its application in Indonesia, particularly related to the authentication and recording of medical records.

Southeast Asia is one of the world’s regions most vulnerable to climate change impacts with low-lying land, more severe floods and droughts, larger populations, higher dependency on agriculture for the economic sector, and low resilience of communities. Therefore, a study on how future climate change will affect this region has been conducted, and the results are provided in this paper. Projected surface temperatures and total precipitation from the baseline period of 2013 up to 2100 for Southeast Asia were investigated using the Global Climate Model (GCM) and the Weather Research Forecast (WRF) v3.9.1.1 modelling systems under RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 future climate scenarios. The results showed that future temperatures were projected to increase under both climate scenarios RCP4.5 and RCP8.5; however, precipitation was projected to decrease. The temperature was projected to increase by 0.93C and 2.50C under RCP4.5 and 8.5. Meanwhile, precipitation greatly varied under the RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 climate scenarios in both monsoonal seasons. We conclude that the change in climate variables, particularly the temperature and precipitation, could potentially increase the vulnerability of this region.

Abstract Background Approximately 45% of all under-five child deaths are among newborn infants, babies in their first 28 days of life, or the neonatal period every year in the World Health Organization (WHO) Africa Region. To facilitate the achievement of Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 3.2, innovative interventions are needed to address this challenge. Thus, this scoping review aims to map research evidence on perinatal asphyxia among neonates in the WHO Africa Region. Methods This scoping review will be guided by the Arksey and O’Malley framework, Levac et al. recommendations, and the Joanna Briggs Institute checklist for scoping reviews. Relevant published literature will be searched using a combination of keywords, Boolean terms, and Medical Subject Headings in the following databases: PubMed, SCOPUS, CINAHL, and Web of Science from January 2016 onwards. We will further search the World Health Organization and government websites, as well as the reference list of included studies for potentially eligible studies. This scoping review will include research evidence involving countries in the WHO Africa Region, with a focus on the burden of perinatal asphyxia, contributory/associated factors of perinatal asphyxia, clinical interventions for perinatal asphyxia, and interventions/strategies for the prevention of perinatal asphyxia in the SDGs era. Two reviewers will independently sort the studies to include and exclude, guided by the eligibility criteria. Also, the data from the included studies will be extracted and any discrepancies resolved using a third reviewer. Thematic analysis will be conducted, and the findings reported using both qualitative tables and figures. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis Extension for Scoping Review (PRISMA-ScR) will be followed to report this study’s results. Quality appraisal of the included studies will be done utilising the mixed methods appraisal tool version 2018. Conclusion This scoping review results may reveal research evidence gaps to inform future primary studies, systematic reviews and meta-analyses; and possibly contribute towards the realisation of the SDG 3.2 by countries in the WHO Africa Region. The finding of this review will be disseminated using multiple channels such as workshops, peer review publications, conferences, and social media.

Abstract Carbonation curing differs from weathering carbonation since it is performed intentionally at the early ages of cement hydration. This cure involves applying different levels of CO2 (5% to 99%) to concrete for a short period of time, usually followed by conventional hydration. The objective of this article was to evaluate the carbonation curing in metakaolin-based geopolymer concretes, activated with NaOH and Na2SiO3, and compare them with Portland cement (PC) concrete. The following tests were applied: determination of pH, carbonation depth, water absorption by immersion, void index, and compressive strength. The results showed that after the carbonation curing, the geopolymer concrete had compressive strength and carbonation depth equivalent to the concrete with PC, but with a lower absorbed CO2 content. Although this type of cement absorbs less CO2 but is more sensitive to carbonation. The effect on the void ratio was not remarkable. Furthermore, the alkalinity of concretes can be partially recovered after subsequent curing by water immersion.