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Highlights • Majority of sample with PTSD and substance dependence reported arrest histories. • Quarter of sample reported violent crime histories with men more likely than women. • Integrated treatment outperformed substance-only treatment in PTSD reduction. • Integrated treatment may be especially beneficial for perpetrators of violence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Network analysis is an emerging approach in the study of psychopathology, yet few applications have been seen in eating disorders (EDs). Furthermore, little research exists regarding changes in network strength after interventions. Therefore the present study examined the network structures of ED and co-occurring depression and anxiety symptoms before and after treatment for EDs. Method: Participants from residential or partial hospital ED treatment programs (N = 446) completed assessments upon admission and discharge. Networks were estimated using regularized Graphical Gaussian Models using 38 items from the Eating Disorders Examination-Questionnaire, Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology, and State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. Results: ED symptoms with high centrality indices included a desire to lose weight, guilt about eating, shape overvaluation, and wanting an empty stomach, while restlessness, self-esteem, lack of energy, and feeling overwhelmed bridged ED to depression and anxiety symptoms. Comparisons between admission and discharge networks indicated the global network strength did not change significantly, though symptom severity decreased. Participants with denser networks at admission evidenced less change in ED symptomatology during treatment. Conclusions: Findings suggest that symptoms related to shape and weight concerns and guilt are central ED symptoms, while physical symptoms, self-esteem, and feeling overwhelmed are links that may underlie comorbidities in EDs. Results provided some support for the validity of network approaches, in that admission networks conveyed prognostic information. However, the lack of correspondence between symptom reduction and change in network strength indicates that future research is needed to examine network dynamics in the context of intervention and relapse prevention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While previous literature suggests that emotion dysregulation is a salient factor contributing to the onset and maintenance of eating disorders (EDs), less is known about how maladaptive, cognitively oriented regulation strategies such as rumination and thought suppression may be uniquely related to ED symptoms in men and women. The present study sought to examine the independent associations of ruminative brooding and thought suppression with ED symptoms, after controlling for negative affect intensity, and assess whether these associations differ by gender. Participants were 263 undergraduates who completed a series of questionnaires, including measures of ED symptoms (Eating Disorder Diagnostic Scale), ruminative brooding (Ruminative Response Scale), and thought suppression (White Bear Suppression Inventory). Generalized linear models examined main effects of ruminative brooding and thought suppression and their interactions with gender on ED symptoms, controlling for negative affect intensity. Higher ruminative brooding was associated with higher binge eating among women. Thought suppression was associated with higher vomiting and fasting frequency in both genders, with a stronger association between suppression and fasting in men compared to women. Together results demonstrate the unique contributions of cognitive perseveration and avoidance in ED symptomatology; specifically, ruminative brooding may be a salient factor contributing to binge eating in women, while high levels of thought suppression among males may contribute to fasting. Findings highlight the potential importance of examining and differentially targeting specific facets of cognitive emotion regulation in men and women engaging in ED behaviors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stigma is a factor commonly experienced by marginalized groups that may serve as a maintenance factor for dysregulated eating. In the current paper, we propose a momentary maintenance model, grounded in previous theoretical and empirical research, termed the stigma control model of dysregulated eating. Our model proposes that momentary experiences of stigma lead to emotional distress, which in turn is associated with engagement in numerous maladaptive stigma management strategies intended to curb future stigma. These stigma management strategies, however, serve to increase emotional distress, which in turn promotes dysregulated eating. This model has applications for understanding the maintenance of dysregulated eating among marginalized groups, as well as implications for developing novel treatments and refining existing treatments for dysregulated eating. Future studies should use methods that capture momentary experiences to evaluate the proposed stigma control model of dysregulated eating. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although relationships between negative affect, emotion dysregulation, and binge eating have been well-established, the mechanisms and individual risk factors that account for this relationship have yet to be elucidated. In addition to emotion dysregulation, altered reward functioning and negative affect eating expectancies (i.e., the expectancy that eating will relieve negative affect) are factors that have been previously linked to binge eating, though theoretical frameworks have not provided an integrated conceptualization of relationships between these domains. Therefore, the present study examined an integrative moderated mediation model among a sample of 101 adults with self-reported eating disorder (ED) symptoms who completed a battery of online questionnaires. Results supported the hypothesized model, which demonstrated that eating expectancies mediated the relationship between emotion dysregulation and binge eating frequency, and there was a positive association between emotion dysregulation and eating expectancies among individuals high in anticipatory reward. These findings provide preliminary support for an integrated approach to understanding transdiagnostic and ED-specific risk factors that potentiate binge eating. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Evidence suggests that eating disorders (EDs) may be under‐detected in males. Commonly used measures of EDs such as the Eating Disorder Examination‐Questionnaire (EDE‐Q) were initially developed within female samples, raising concern regarding the extent to which these instruments may be appropriate for detecting EDs in males. The current study used receiver operating characteristic curve analysis to (a) examine the accuracy of the EDE‐Q global score in correctly classifying males with and without clinically significant ED pathology, and (b) establish the optimal EDE‐Q global clinical cutoff for males. Method: Participants were a clinical sample of 245 male ED patients and a control sample of 205 male undergraduates. Results: Eating Disorder Examination‐Questionnaire global scores demonstrated moderate‐high accuracy in predicting ED status (area under the curve = 0.85, 95% CI: 0.82–0.89). The optimal cutoff of 1.68 yielded a sensitivity of 0.77 and specificity of 0.77. Discussion Overall, results provide preliminary support for the discriminant validity of EDE‐Q scores among males. However, concerns remain regarding the measure's ability to comprehensively assess domains of disordered eating most relevant to males. Therefore, careful attention to the possibility for measurement bias and continued evaluation of the scale in males is encouraged. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper introduces a 3-D spherical spiral expansion of the split ring resonator (SRR) commonly used to achieve negative permeability. The spherical spiral unit cell is shown to produce negative permeability over a much wider bandwidth than the traditional SRRs, and also to be capable of producing wideband negative permittivity or a double-negative response, depending on the orientation of the unit cell with respect to the incident electric field. The current structures leading to this phenomenon are discussed. Simulated and measured results are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Study Objective: High‐dose intravenous vitamin C is a potential treatment option for patients with sepsis and may interfere with point‐of‐care (POC) blood glucose (BG) testing. This study aimed to determine if vitamin C dosing used for sepsis affected POC BG level results. Design: Prospective observational pilot study. Setting: Intensive care unit in a large academic tertiary care medical center. Patients: Five consecutive critically ill adults hospitalized between April 1 and June 1, 2017, who received two or more doses of intravenous vitamin C 1500 mg for the treatment of sepsis and had at least two paired POC BG levels and laboratory venous BG levels measured within 1 hour of each other during vitamin C therapy. Measurements and Main Results: The performance of POC BG level measurement was compared with the reference method of laboratory BG level measurement. The concordance to minimum accuracy criteria for BG meters set forth by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 15197:2013, the measurement of agreement between POC BG level and laboratory BG level using the Bland‐Altman method, and the clinical accuracy through Parkes error grid analysis were assessed. A total of 16 paired POC and laboratory BG level measurements from the five patients were included. The accuracy of POC BG with laboratory BG level measurements during vitamin C administration according to ISO 15197:2013 criteria was 81.3%, which did not meet the minimum accuracy criteria of 95%. The Bland‐Altman analysis showed a mean difference between POC and laboratory BG levels of 8.9 mg/dl, and the Parkes error grid analysis showed that the differences between POC and laboratory BG level measurements would not have resulted in a change in clinical action. Conclusion: The accuracy and agreement of POC and laboratory BG level measurements in critically ill patients receiving vitamin C were consistent with previously published reports in critically ill patients not receiving vitamin C and did not demonstrate clinically significant interference due to vitamin C dosing for sepsis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To advance understanding of the effectiveness of evidence-based treatments for comorbid posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and substance use disorder (SUD), research must provide a more nuanced picture of how substance use affects change in PTSD symptoms over the course of treatments and whether prolonged exposure techniques can be efficacious during active substance use. A data set that included patients with PTSD/subthreshold-PTSD and SUD treated with an exposure-based intervention provided an opportunity to conduct a secondary analysis to test how patients' substance use impacted PTSD change over treatment. Method: We applied growth models to week-to-week PTSD symptom and substance use changes during treatment and follow-up of a randomized controlled trial of two cognitive-behavioral treatments for PTSD and SUD: Concurrent Treatment of PTSD and SUD Using Prolonged Exposure (COPE) and Relapse Prevention Therapy (RPT). Cross-lagged analyses were used to determine whether prior week substance use impacted subsequent PTSD symptom severity. Results: Both treatments evidenced significant reductions in PTSD symptom severity. In the context of continued substance use, results suggest that individuals still benefit from exposure-based treatment. Conclusion: Results provide evidence that RPT and COPE both led to significant reductions in PTSD. providing further support that exposure-based techniques tailored for SUD can be conducted without jeopardizing PTSD or SUD outcomes. Implications for clinical decision making around treatment selection are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Past studies examining the child maltreatment (CM)/victimization pathway have been limited by their focus on sexual victimization, narrow windows of assessment, and failure to examine gender differences. In the current study, we sought to examine (1) the impact of CM on physical victimization (PV) trajectories from adolescence to young adulthood and (2) the extent to which heavy drinking mediated the relationship between CM and later PV. Using three waves of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health, we found that CM was associated with a 69% greater odds of later PV for both genders, after the inclusion of control variables, and that the risk continued into adulthood. Further, heavy drinking was found to mediate the CM/victimization pathway at Wave I, but not at later waves. When mediation was examined separately for men and women, support for mediation was found for men and women. The current study suggests that CM represents a liability for interpersonal violence for both genders and highlights the importance of looking at victimization across time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: In recent years there has been increasing clinical and empirical interest in neurocognitive functioning in eating disorders (EDs), which has resulted in numerous quantitative and qualitative reviews. However, there has yet to be a comprehensive synthesis or critical review of this literature to identify future directions to advance the field in this area. Therefore the aim of this systematic review of systematic reviews was to (a) characterize the existing literature on neurocognitive functioning in EDs based on recent reviews (i.e., published since 2010), (b) describe related limitations, and (c) suggest avenues for future research to address gaps in the current literature. Method: Electronic databases were queried for reviews of neurocognitive domains (i.e., inhibitory control, decision‐making, central coherence, set‐shifting, working memory, and attention bias) in EDs, which identified 28 systematic and meta‐analytic reviews. Results: Broadly, the literature indicates deficits across these neurocognitive domains in EDs, though heterogeneity was noted in the magnitude of these effects, which varied to some extent across ED subtypes, sample characteristics, and methodological approaches. Discussion: While these reviews have generally suggested varying patterns of neurocognitive deficits across EDs, there remain critical limitations regarding the methodological quality of these studies (e.g., the lack of prospective designs, consideration of confounding influences, or examination of interrelationships between neurocognitive domains and relationships between neurocognition and other relevant behavioral constructs). Specifically, we outline 10 key areas that are imperative to address in future research in this area in order to move our field forward. ?> [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oceanic storms can strongly disturb the physical and biogeochemical conditions of transitional coastal waters. Impacts of extreme oceanic storms on coastal ecosystems have received limited attention worldwide, with no studies at higher latitudes (> 45°) where tropical cyclones have usually abated. This study investigates the combined impacts from marine and atmospheric forcing on a coastal lagoon in Prince Edward Island, Canada, during and after Extratropical Cyclone Fiona in September 2022. Physical (water levels and temperature) and biogeochemical (dissolved oxygen [DO], electrical conductivity, pH, nitrate–nitrogen concentrations, total suspended solids [TSS]) datasets from the lagoon and the watershed's tributaries, groundwater springs, and piezometers were used to assess ecosystem disturbance and recovery timelines following the storm. Fiona resulted in a 1.6 m storm surge into the lagoon that elevated water temperatures by up to 6°C, disturbed the density‐dependent stratification of salinity and temperature, and reduced the diel amplitude of DO, indicating a reduction in plant respiration due to ecosystem disturbance. The freshwater tributaries revealed sharp changes in flow (30‐fold increase), nitrate–nitrogen (NO3‐N) concentrations and loading (70‐fold increase), and TSS loading (40‐fold increase) to the lagoon during and immediately following the storm. The lagoon rapidly recovered (hours) from the hydraulic disturbance of the storm surge, but elevated nutrient levels persisted for months. The intensity and frequency of extratropical cyclones is projected to increase in the Northwest Atlantic, making field‐based studies of cyclone impacts on coastal waters critical for understanding future coastal ecosystem disturbance and recovery periods relative to the timing of future storms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Emerging evidence shows that the microRNA-141-3p is involved in various age-related pathologies. Previously, our group and others reported elevated levels of miR-141-3p in several tissues and organs with age. Here, we inhibited the expression of miR-141-3p using antagomir (Anti-miR-141-3p) in aged mice and explored its role in healthy aging. We analyzed serum (cytokine profiling), spleen (immune profiling), and overall musculoskeletal phenotype. We found decreased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (such as TNF-α, IL-1β, IFN-γ) in serum with Anti-miR-141-3p treatment. The flow-cytometry analysis on splenocytes revealed decreased M1 (pro-inflammatory) and increased M2 (anti-inflammatory) populations. We also found improved bone microstructure and muscle fiber size with Anti-miR-141-3p treatment. Molecular analysis revealed that miR-141-3p regulates the expression of AU-rich RNA-binding factor 1 (AUF1) and promotes senescence (p21, p16) and pro-inflammatory (TNF-α, IL-1β, IFN-γ) environment whereas inhibiting miR-141-3p prevents these effects. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the expression of FOXO-1 transcription factor was reduced with Anti-miR-141-3p and elevated with silencing of AUF1 (siRNA-AUF1), suggesting crosstalk between miR-141-3p and FOXO-1. Overall, our proof-of-concept study demonstrates that inhibiting miR-141-3p could be a potential strategy to improve immune, bone, and muscle health with age. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Objectives: Contextual factors related to maladaptive eating behavior in youth with overweight/obesity are poorly understood. This pilot study sought to elucidate immediate internal and external cues related to perceptions of overeating and loss of control (LOC) over eating in a heterogeneous sample of children and adolescents with overweight/obesity assessed in their natural environments. Method: Community‐based youth [N = 40; 55% female (n = 22)], aged 8–14 y (M age = 11.2 ± 1.9 y), with overweight/obesity (M z‐BMI = 2.07 ± 0.49) reported on all eating episodes and their physiological, environmental, affective, and interpersonal antecedents and correlates via ecological momentary assessment over a 2‐week period. Generalized estimating equations were used to assess the relationship between contextual variables and degree of overeating and LOC. Results: Eating occasions involving greater food hedonics (i.e., perceived palatability of food being consumed) were associated with greater LOC severity (within‐subjects effect: B = 0.01, p = .015), although youth with lower overall levels of food hedonics reported higher LOC severity ratings on average (between‐subjects effect: B = –0.04, p = .005). Youth reporting higher overall cravings reported higher average ratings of LOC severity (between‐subjects effect: B = 0.20, p = .001). Finally, youth reporting greater overall influence of others on eating behavior evidenced greater average levels of overeating severity (between‐subjects effect: B = 0.17, p < .001). Discussion: Eating‐related factors appear to be most strongly associated with LOC severity, while environmental factors were most associated with overeating severity. Interventions targeting maladaptive eating in youth with overweight/obesity may benefit from helping youth incorporate palatable foods and satisfy cravings in a planned and controlled manner, and enhancing awareness of social‐contextual effects on eating. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rumination is a cognitive process involving repetitive thoughts about negative experiences and emotions and is associated with psychopathology. Rumination has been implicated in mood and anxiety disorders, and there is a growing body of research on rumination in relation to eating disorder (ED) psychopathology. The current meta-analytic review focused on the literature addressing rumination and ED psychopathology. A comprehensive search process identified 38 studies, which primarily used cross-sectional designs with non-clinical samples. Results demonstrated that rumination was concurrently ( r  = 0.33) and prospectively ( r  = 0.22–0.23) associated with ED psychopathology, and that groups with ED psychopathology evidenced higher levels of rumination compared to non-ED control groups ( g  = 0.95), though no significant differences in rumination were observed when comparing anorexia nervosa to bulimia nervosa groups ( g  = 0.09). In addition, a narrative review of five experimental studies suggested that rumination in response to ED-related stimuli was related to increased negative affect and negative body-related cognitions across clinical and non-clinical samples. The type of rumination and sample population emerged as moderators of effect sizes, such that larger effects were observed among samples using ED-specific measures of rumination and heterogeneous samples compared to only non-clinical samples. Taken together, this literature demonstrates that rumination is a salient process in ED psychopathology, though the literature is characterized by methodological limitations and the need for more fully elaborated theories on the role of rumination in EDs. Findings are discussed in the context of existing models of rumination and ED psychopathology, with suggestions for future research in this area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research tested a model that integrates risk factors among non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) and eating disorder (ED) behaviors with the aim of elucidating possible shared and unique mechanisms underlying both behaviors. Emotional distress, limited access to emotion regulation (ER) strategies, experiential avoidance, and NSSI/ED frequency were examined in a sample of 230 female undergraduates. Structural equation modeling indicated that limited access to ER strategies and avoidance mediated relationship between emotional distress and avoidance, which in turn was associated with NSSI and ED behaviors. Results suggest NSSI and ED behaviors may serve similar emotion regulation functions, and specifically highlight the role of experiential avoidance in these behaviors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Network theory and analysis is an emerging approach in psychopathology research that has received increasing attention across fields of study. In contrast to medical models or latent variable approaches, network theory suggests that psychiatric syndromes result from systems of causal and reciprocal symptom relationships. Despite the promise of this approach to elucidate key mechanisms contributing to the development and maintenance of eating disorders (EDs), thus far, few applications of network analysis have been tested in ED samples. We first present an overview of network theory, review the existing findings in the ED literature, and discuss the limitations of this literature to date. In particular, the reliance on cross‐sectional designs, use of single‐item self‐reports of symptoms, and instability of results have raised concern about the inferences that can be made from network analyses. We outline several areas to address in future ED network analytic research, which include the use of prospective designs and adoption of multimodal assessment methods. Doing so will provide a clearer understanding of whether network analysis can enhance our current understanding of ED psychopathology and inform clinical interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is growing recognition that impulsivity may serve as an underlying risk factor for binge eating. In addition, the association of impulsivity with binge eating may be moderated by other affective and cognitive risk factors. This study examined independent and interactive associations of negative affect, dietary restraint, and facets of impulsivity with binge eating. A diverse sample of 566 undergraduate women completed online questionnaires of study variables. Results revealed a three-way interaction of negative affect, dietary restraint, and attentional impulsivity in relation to binge eating. Women who were high on each of these three variables reported the greatest levels of binge eating. In addition, a two-way interaction was found for negative affect and nonplanning impulsivity in relation to binge eating, such that nonplanning impulsivity strengthened the association between negative affect and binge eating. Attentional and nonplanning facets of impulsivity may function as an underlying trait-level risk factor interacts with affective and/or cognitive risk (e.g., negative affect, dietary restraint) factors to predict elevated binge eating. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite evidence documenting relationships between eating disorder (ED) psychopathology, depression, and anxiety, little is known regarding how social anxiety is related to ED symptoms in treatment. Therefore this study examined associations between depression, general anxiety, social anxiety, and ED psychopathology at the beginning and end of treatment (EOT) among patients (N = 380) treated in a residential ED program. Participants completed measures of ED psychopathology and affective variables. Higher depression and general anxiety, but not social anxiety, were related to higher ED psychopathology at baseline. However, social anxiety emerged as a unique predictor of ED psychopathology at EOT such that participants with higher social anxiety evidenced less improvement in ED psychopathology. Findings suggest that social anxiety has specific relevance to treatment in EDs, which may reflect shared mechanisms and underlying deficits in emotion regulation. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Restraint and binge eating are cognitive and behavioral processes that are particularly important in the context of obesity. While extensive research has focused on negative affect (NA) in relation to binge eating, it is unclear whether affective valence (i.e., positive versus negative) and stability (i.e., state versus trait) differentially predict binge eating and restraint among individuals with obesity. Distinguishing between valence and stability helps elucidate under which affective contexts, and among which individuals, restraint and binge eating are likely to occur. Therefore, the present study examined relationships between trait and state levels of NA and positive affect (PA), binge eating, and restraint intention among 50 adults with obesity (BMI ≥ 30). Participants completed baseline assessments followed by a two-week ecological momentary assessment (EMA) protocol. Structural equation modeling assessed a trait model of person-level measures of affect in relation to overall levels of binge eating and restraint intention, while general estimating equations (GEEs) assessed state models examining relationships between momentary affect and subsequent binge eating and restraint. The trait model indicated higher overall NA was related to more binge eating episodes, but was unrelated to overall restraint intention. Higher overall PA was related to higher overall restraint intention, but was unrelated to binge eating. State models indicated momentary NA was associated with a greater likelihood of subsequent binge eating and lower restraint intention. Momentary PA was unrelated to subsequent binge eating or restraint intention. Together, findings demonstrate important distinctions between the valence and stability of affect in relationship to binge eating and restraint intention among individuals with obesity. While NA is a more salient predictor of binge eating than PA, both overall PA and momentary NA are predictors of restraint intention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

People with multiple sclerosis (MS) have been participants in clinical trials over many years, enabling the development and approval of many treatments for relapsing-remitting MS. Today, people with MS expect to be active collaborators in clinical trials and throughout the research and development process. Researchers and clinicians can benefit from including people with MS in all aspects of research and trials, and are urged to do so, so that we can move forward more quickly in developing needed treatments for progressive MS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims and objectives To identify, review and critically evaluate published empirical studies concerned with the prevalence, management and support for survivors of domestic violence and abuse who present at emergency department. Background Domestic violence and abuse is a global phenomenon with a wealth of studies that explore the different aspects of the issue including the economic, social and health effects on survivors and on society as a whole. Emergency department is widely recognised as one healthcare facility where domestic violence and abuse survivors will often disclose domestic violence and abuse. In the UK, National Institute of Clinical Excellence produced guidelines in 2014 requiring all sectors of health care and those they work alongside to recognise support and manage survivors of domestic violence and abuse. Whilst there is an increasing body of research on domestic violence and abuse, limited synthesised work has been conducted in the context of domestic violence and abuse within emergency department. Design This review encompasses empirical studies conducted in emergency department for screening interventions, management and support for domestic violence and abuse patients including prevalence. This review included studies that included emergency department staff, emergency department service users and domestic violence and abuse survivors. Methods A systematic approach across five electronic bibliographic databases found 35 studies meeting the inclusion criteria published between 2000-2015. Results From the 35 studies, four descriptive overarching themes were identified (i) prevalence of domestic violence and abuse in emergency department, (ii) use of domestic violence and abuse screening tools and emergency department interventions, (iii) current obstacles for staff working in emergency department and (iv) emergency department users and survivor perspectives. Conclusions Having knowledgeable and supportive emergency department staff can have a positive benefit for the longer-term health of the domestic violence and abuse survivor who seeks help. The physical characteristics of domestic violence and abuse are often easier to identify and manage, but emotional and psychological aspects of domestic violence and abuse are often more complex and difficult for staff to identify. This therefore raises questions as to what approaches can be used, within these busy settings, when often survivors do not want to disclose. Relevance to clinical practice Domestic violence and abuse has been shown to have a direct impact on the health and well-being of survivors who will often access emergency department services with direct injuries and associated medical conditions. This article is relevant to those working in the emergency department in raising awareness in a number of areas of practice for example the prevalence of male intimate partner violence survivors. Furthermore, patients do not always disclose domestic violence and abuse even in cases where there is clear sustained injury thus requiring staff to be vigilant to repeat attendees and patient history. This requires a well-maintained and effective reporting system for instances of suspected and disclosed domestic violence and abuse in order that staff can provide the appropriate care and support. Emergency department staff often deal with complex cases, this includes different aspects of domestic violence and abuse including physical, emotional and psychological abuse. Continual support and guidance, including educational interventions, would assist emergency department clinical staff to manage and discuss instances of domestic violence and abuse in their workplace and their interactions with domestic violence and abuse patients. Whilst training for emergency department staff is welcomed, there also needs to be a greater awareness of the potential complexity of domestic violence and abuse presentations beyond physical injury in order for staff to remain observant throughout consultations. It is also suggested that clear domestic violence and abuse assessment and referral mechanisms should be embedded into clinical practice, including emergency department, as described in the UK National Institute of Clinical Excellence guidelines (2014). Overall improvements in reporting mechanisms in emergency department for the identification, management and support for domestic violence and abuse survivors would add to the collective and growing body of evidence surrounding domestic violence and abuse and their presentations within healthcare settings. Such measures would enable those working in emergency department to support disclosure of domestic violence and abuse more effectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Predatory king crabs (Lithodidae) structure benthic communities in their native habitats and cause shifts in the composition of benthic assemblages when introduced to new environments. Cold temperatures have apparently excluded skeleton-breaking predators from the continental shelf around Antarctica for millions of years, but recent increases in sea temperatures off the western Antarctic Peninsula (WAP) may be allowing lithodids to return. Imaging surveys have revealed dense populations of the lithodid Paralomis birsteini (Macpherson 1988) living on the continental slope off the WAP, but the biology of these populations remains poorly understood. We collected 51 adult P. birsteini in a trapping study on the slope off Marguerite Bay, WAP from depths of 1200-1400 m. Of the 51 crabs, 42 were males and 9 were females. Four females were ovigerous, carrying eggs at various stages of development. Rates of parasitism and limb regeneration were comparable to populations of lithodids elsewhere in the world, although the proportion of limb loss was relatively high. Externa of the parasite Briarosaccus callosus was obvious in both males and females, with one individual bearing hyperparasites (probably Liriopsis pygmaea). Gill necrosis was also observed in several dissected males. The success of contemporary lithodid populations on the Antarctic slope suggests they have the potential to expand upward to the continental shelf. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of plate wettability on the dispersed-phase holdup in a pulsed disc-and-doughnut solvent extraction column is presented. Teflon, nylon, and stainless steel plates have been used to simulate a change in the wetting characteristics of the plate material that can occur in an operating column due to ageing or deposits accumulating on the plate. Experimental holdup data have been measured over a range of operating conditions using a 1.0 m long glass column with an internal diameter of 72.5 mm containing alternating discs and doughnuts. The liquid-liquid system studied was tri-n-octylamine (TOA)-kerosene-water with sulphuric acid as the solute. Results show that there are noticeable changes in the characteristic velocity (determined from measured holdup) and operational regimes for the different plate materials, particularly at low pulsation intensities, when operating under dispersed aqueous conditions. Experimental holdup data from this study have also been compared to correlations from literature for predicting holdup. As none of these correlations for holdup incorporate plate wettability, a new correlation for predicting holdup has been proposed that incorporates the contact angle of the plate material to allow for changes in the wettability of the plate surface. This correlation is able to predict the holdup data from this study to within 10.5% for aqueous dispersed conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Abed that is too small to allow patients to turn from supine to side lying increases the difficulty of mobilizing patients, which can increase risk of musculoskeletal injury to caregivers, increase risk of pressure injuries to patients, and reduce patient comfort. Currently, no guidance is available for what patient sizes are accommodated by the standard 91cm (36 in.)-wide hospital bed, and no studies have evaluated the relationship between anthropometric attributes and space required to turn in bed. Objective: The purpose of this research was to determine how much space individuals occupy when turning from supine to side lying as predicted by their anthropometry (i.e., body dimensions) to establish guidance on selecting the appropriate bed size. Methods: Forty-seven adult participants (24 female) with body mass index (BMI) from 20 to 76 kg/m² participated in a laboratory study. Body dimensions were measured, and the envelope of space required to turn was determined using motion capture. Linear regressions estimated the relationship between anthropometric attributes and space occupied when turning. Results: BMI was strongly correlated (R² = .88) with the space required to turn. Based on the linear regressions, individuals with BMI up to 35 kg/m² could turn left and right within 91 cm and individuals with BMI up to 45 kg/m² could turn one direction within 91 cm. Discussion: BMI is a good predictor of the space required to turn from supine to lateral. Nurses should consider placing patients that are unable to laterally reposition themselves on a wider bed when BMI is greater than 35 kg/m² and should consider placing all patients greater than 45 kg/m² on a wider bed regardless of mobility. Hospital administrators can use historical demographic information about the BMI of their patient populations to plan facility-level equipment procurement for equipment that accommodates their patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Emotional reactivity is theorized to contribute to both eating disorders (ED) and nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI). Although EDs and NSSI frequently co-occur, no study has examined emotional reactivity in individuals with both conditions. This study examined the following hypotheses in a large clinical sample ( N = 648): (1) patients with co-occurring ED and NSSI would report higher emotional reactivity and more severe clinical characteristics; (2) among those with EDs, patients with bulimia nervosa (BN) would be more likely to report NSSI and evidence higher emotional reactivity compared to those with anorexia nervosa (AN); and (3) higher emotional reactivity would be associated with worse treatment outcomes. Data were collected at admission and discharge from inpatient, partial hospitalization, and intensive outpatient treatment programs for EDs or NSSI. The NSSI-only and co-occurring groups reported significantly higher emotional reactivity than the ED-only group. Among those with EDs, individuals with BN reported higher emotional reactivity and were more likely to engage in NSSI compared to those with AN. Emotional reactivity was inconsistently related to treatment outcomes among the co-occurring and ED-only groups. In sum, results highlight the importance of emotional reactivity in clinical presentations, particularly when NSSI is present. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

People with multiple sclerosis (MS) have been participants in clinical trials over many years, enabling the development and approval of many treatments for relapsing-remitting MS. Today, people with MS expect to be active collaborators in clinical trials and throughout the research and development process. Researchers and clinicians can benefit from including people with MS in all aspects of research and trials, and are urged to do so, so that we can move forward more quickly in developing needed treatments for progressive MS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The introductory article to this special edition of School Psychology International, "Using Children's Literature to Strengthen Social and Emotional Learning," describes the need for a broader base of support for children's mental health needs. Both nationally and internationally, the limited number of mental health professionals demands alternative options for the delivery of mental health services. Schools are recommended as one proposed venue for providing these services to children and youth. As such, teachers need easy-to-use basic information about mental health resources that are viable, yet rely on minimal professional support and supervision. One option is bibliotherapy, using books and stories to support social emotional needs. From the mental health perspective of both prevention and intervention, bibliotherapy is proposed not just as a professional's therapeutic tool, but also as a layman's resource to address students' basic social emotional needs. We offer resources from a website that includes basic bibliotherapy lesson plans, posters, activities, and video clips--all centered on the five foundational competencies identified by the Collaborative for Academic, Social, and Emotional Learning (CASEL). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective The DSM-5 includes severity specifiers (i.e., mild, moderate, severe, extreme) for anorexia nervosa (AN), bulimia nervosa (BN), and binge-eating disorder (BED), which are determined by weight status (AN) and frequencies of binge-eating episodes (BED) or inappropriate compensatory behaviors (BN). Given limited data regarding the validity of eating disorder (ED) severity specifiers, this study examined the concurrent and predictive validity of severity specifiers in AN, BN, and BED. Method Adults with AN ( n = 109), BN ( n = 76), and BED ( n = 216) were identified from previous datasets. Concurrent validity was assessed by measures of ED psychopathology, depression, anxiety, quality of life, and physical health. Predictive validity was assessed by ED symptoms at the end of the treatment in BN and BED. Results Severity categories did not differ in baseline validators, though the mild AN group evidenced greater ED symptoms compared to the severe group. In BN, greater severity was related to greater end of treatment binge-eating and compensatory behaviors, and lower likelihood of abstinence; however, in BED, greater severity was related to lower ED symptoms at the end of the treatment. Discussion Results demonstrated limited support for the validity of DSM-5 severity specifiers. Future research is warranted to explore additional validators and possible alternative indicators of severity in EDs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although a growing body of research has examined Purging Disorder (PD), there remains a lack of conclusive evidence regarding the diagnostic validity of PD. This meta-analysis compared PD to DSM-5 eating disorders (i.e., Anorexia Nervosa [AN], Bulimia Nervosa [BN], and Binge Eating Disorder [BED]) and controls. A comprehensive literature search identified 38 eligible studies. Group differences on indicators of course of illness and both general and eating psychopathology were assessed using standardized effect sizes. Results supported the conceptualization of PD as a clinically significant eating disorder, but findings were less clear regarding its distinctiveness from other eating disorder diagnoses. More specifically, PD significantly differed from BN and BED in natural course of illness (g = .40-.54), and PD significantly differed from AN in treatment outcome (g = .27), with PD characterized by a better prognosis. Overall, PD was more similar to AN and BED on many dimensional measures of general and eating-related psychopathology, though PD was less severe than BN in most of these domains. PD, BN, and BED groups also evidenced similar frequencies of subjective binge episodes (SBEs), yet PD evidenced less frequent SBEs than AN. There is a clear need for future studies of PD to assess validators that have not been reported comprehensively in the literature, such as mortality, medical morbidity, and course of illness. Additionally, empirical classification studies are needed to inform future classifications of PD, particularly with regard to categorical differences between PD and other eating disorders. (PsycINFO Database Record [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective Evidence indicates that males account for a significant minority of patients with eating disorders (EDs). However, prior research has been limited by inclusion of small and predominantly non-clinical samples of males. This study aimed to (1) provide male clinical norms for widely used ED measures (Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire [EDE-Q] and Eating Disorder Inventory-3 [EDI-3]) and (2) examine sex differences in overall ED psychopathology. Method Participants were 386 male and 1,487 female patients with an ED diagnosis aged 16 years and older who completed the EDE-Q and EDI-3 upon admission to a residential or partial hospital ED treatment program. Results Normative data were calculated for the EDE-Q (global and subscales) and the EDI-3 (drive for thinness, body dissatisfaction, and bulimia). Analyses of variance (ANOVAs) used to examine sex, ED diagnosis, and their interaction in relation to overall ED psychopathology revealed a consistent pattern of greater severity among females for ED psychopathology. Discussion This study provides clinical norms on the EDE-Q and the EDI-3 for males with clinically diagnosed EDs. It is unclear whether the greater severity observed in females reflects qualitative differences in ED presentation or true quantitative differences in ED severity. Additional research examining the underlying nature of these differences and utilizing male-specific ED measures with clinical samples is warranted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous studies have suggested the positive influence of social support on the treatment and recovery of eating disorders (EDs). Yet, more research is needed on how objective and subjective social support differ between ED diagnostic groups using nationally representative data. Therefore, the current secondary data analysis examined associations between EDs and objective and subjective social support using data from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions-III (NESARC-III) study. Participants completed measures of lifetime and past year diagnostic criteria for anorexia nervosa (AN), bulimia nervosa (BN), and binge-eating disorder (BED) and items assessing objective social support (i.e., number of close friends and close relatives) and subjective social support (i.e., perceptions of availability of support). Compared to those without EDs, those with AN, BN, and BED had poorer subjective social support—or lower perceptions of social support. However, there were fewer differences regarding objective social support. Individuals with BN reported a lower number of close relatives compared to those without EDs and those with AN, but there were no differences in the number of close friends between ED groups. Those who experienced remission from EDs had higher perceptions of social support compared to those with past year EDs. The findings show deficits in subjective social support across EDs but only lower objective social support in BN. This highlights the clinical utility of increasing perceptions of social support across EDs. The findings also show the importance of perceived social support in recovery from EDs. • We examined associations between objective and subjective social support and eating disorders (EDs). • Those with lifetime EDs had lower perceptions of social support. • Adults with lifetime bulimia nervosa had a lower number of close relatives. • Adults remitted from EDs had higher perceived social support compared to those with past year EDs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There was no difference in opioid-sedative dose reduction in the previous 24-hr, but significantly more patients on opioids-sedatives < 72-hr received > 50% dose reductions (61% vs. 38%; p< 0.001) and had enteral opioids-sedatives initiated in the previous 24-hr (24% vs. 15%; p< 0.001). B Introduction: b Iatrogenic withdrawal syndrome (IWS) is associated with large doses and prolonged use of opioids-sedatives. [Extracted from the article]

‘Controlling images’ are central to the reproduction of racial, class, and gender inequality, yet there is a dearth of knowledge pertaining to Latinos. Drawing from sixty-two in-depth, life history interviews with Latino men, we ask: How do controlling images of Latinos as gang members and sports athletes impose constraints and channel emotions? How do Latinos respond to these images? We document how institutions and people deploying controlling images blockade access to education and upward mobility. We find that life course stage shapes Latinos’ responses to this imagery. In their youth, Latino respondents used emotional strategies to resist racial subjugation. As adults, respondents resisted racist controlling images through leadership activities in the professional realm. Since adults possess more social power than youth, adults were better equipped to engage in leadership endeavours as resistance as compared to youth who, constrained by age, predominately utilized emotional resistance strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

In England and Wales, decision-making in cases of uncertain mental capacity is regulated by the Mental Capacity Act 2005. The Act provides a legal framework for decision-making for adults (16 and over) who are shown to lack capacity and where best interest decisions need to be made on their behalf. Frail older people with cognitive impairments represent a growing demographic sector across England and Wales for whom the protective principles of the Act have great relevance, as they become increasingly dependent on the care of others. However, while the Act articulates core principles, applying the Act in everyday healthcare contexts raises challenges for care providers in terms of interpretation and application. This paper presents a review of the published evidence documenting the use of the Act in healthcare practice, with particular reference to frail older people. Our aim was to identify, review and critically evaluate published empirical studies concerned with the implementation and application of the Act in healthcare settings. A systematic approach was undertaken with pre-determined exclusion and inclusion criteria applied across five electronic bibliographic databases combined with a manual search of specific journals. This review reports on 38 empirical sources which met the inclusion criteria published between 2005 and 2013. From the 38 sources, three descriptive themes were identified: knowledge and understanding, implementation and tensions in applying the Act, and alternative perspectives of the Act. There is a need for improved knowledge and conceptualisation to enable successful incorporation of the Act into everyday care provision. Inconsistencies in the application of the Act are apparent across a variety of care settings. This review suggest staff need more opportunities to engage, learn and implement the Act, in order for it to have greater resonance to their individual practice and ultimately benefit patient care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A precipitating potassium carbonate (K 2 CO 3 ) based solvent absorption process has been developed for capturing carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) from industrial sources. Demonstration of this process has been completed using real flue gas in a pilot plant located at Hazelwood power station in Victoria, Australia. The pilot plant was designed to capture up to 1 tonne per day of CO 2 and was operated over a number of campaigns to test the absorption performance of a liquid solvent (30 wt% K 2 CO 3 ), a precipitating solvent (45 wt% K 2 CO 3 ) and a promoted precipitating solvent (promoter with 45 wt% K 2 CO 3 ). The main aim of this study was to collect operational data from the industry based pilot plant absorber in order to validate thermodynamic experiments and further improve simulation models developed from lab-scale precipitating column trials using synthetic feed gas. The performance of the industry based absorber including CO 2 capture rate, pressure drop, solvent loadings and temperature profile, has been measured over a range of operating conditions. The CO 2 capture rate improved when operating with a lower gas flow rate, higher solvent temperature and when a rate promoter was added to the solvent. The highly concentrated solvent trials created some difficulties with absorber flooding and intermittent operation due to blockages at start-up but minimal issues were encountered once the system was stabilized. Process simulations have been developed to successfully predict the pilot plant performance over a range of operating conditions. Completion of these pilot plant trials has provided confidence in plant operation and will enable an improved full-scale design and costing of this slurry based solvent process to be completed for commercial scale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbon capture and storage (CCS) is an effective way to reduce CO 2 emissions and to mitigate climate change effects. However, the cost of carbon capture has to be reduced to manageable levels before it can be deployed at an industrial scale. Potassium carbonate solutions (K 2 CO 3 ) are good solvents for CO 2 capture because they have low regeneration energy, low degradation rates and low corrosivity. However, one shortcoming of K 2 CO 3 is that it has slow reaction kinetics with CO 2 . This limitation can be overcome by the addition of promoters to K 2 CO 3 solutions. In this study, the catalysis kinetics of a carbonic anhydrase (NZCA) promoter was tested via the stopped flow technique and a wetted wall column (WWC). The Michaelis-Menten catalysis parameter (k cat /K m ) was determined to be 2.7 × 10 7 M −1 s −1 at 298 K, allowing the catalysis reaction activation energy of 51 ± 1 kJ/mol to be obtained at 298–328 K. The catalysis coefficient of the NZCA was determined to be 5.3 × 10 8 M −1 s −1 using a WWC in 30 wt% potassium carbonate solutions (pH ∼ 11–12) at 323 K. Furthermore, the NZCA maintained more than 70% of its initial catalysis efficiency after continuously running for 8 h in 30 wt% K 2 CO 3 solutions at pH of 10.6–10.8 and temperature of 323 K. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Amino acids are considered as potential solvents for carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) capture. In this research, the reaction kinetics and reaction mechanism between histidine and CO 2 were investigated. Results showed that histidine anion ions (His – ) are the main species reacting with CO 2 in basic conditions (pH > 9) with a reaction order of 1.18 ± 0.08 across the temperature range of 298–313 K. The zwitterion mechanism was used to fit the kinetic data and it showed that both protonation and deprotonation reactions contributed to the overall reaction rate. Ionic strength was also shown to have a significant influence on the reaction kinetics when the histidine concentration is high (⩾0.2 M). The reaction rate between histidine and CO 2 is slower than that of glycine and proline and slightly faster than that of taurine at low concentrations (<0.1 M). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Historically, inpatient protocols have adopted relatively conservative approaches to refeeding in Anorexia Nervosa (AN) in order to reduce the risk of refeeding syndrome, a potentially fatal constellation of symptoms. However, increasing evidence suggests that patients with AN can tolerate higher caloric prescriptions during treatment, which may result in prevention of initial weight loss, shorter hospital stays, and less exposure to the effects of severe malnutrition. Therefore the present study sought to examine the effectiveness of a more accelerated refeeding protocol in an inpatient AN and atypical AN sample. Methods: Participants were youth (ages 10-22) with AN (n = 113) and atypical AN (n = 16) who were hospitalized for medical stabilization. A retrospective chart review was conducted to assess changes in calories, weight status (percentage of median BMI, %mBMI), and indicators of refeeding syndrome, specifically hypophosphatemia, during hospitalization. Weight was assessed again approximately 4 weeks after discharge. Results: No cases of refeeding syndrome were observed, though 47.3 % of participants evidenced hypophosphatemia during treatment. Phosphorous levels were monitored in all participants, and 77.5 % were prescribed supplemental phosphorous at the time of discharge. Higher rates of caloric changes were predictive of greater changes in %mBMI during hospitalization. Rates of caloric and weight change were not related to an increased likelihood of re-admission. Conclusions: Results suggest that a more accelerated approach to inpatient refeeding in youth with AN and atypical AN can be safely implemented and is not associated with refeeding syndrome, provided there is close monitoring and correction of electrolytes. These findings suggest that this approach has the potential to decrease length of stay and burden associated with inpatient hospitalization, while supporting continued progress after hospitalization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microscale surface roughness has been shown to enhance osseointegration of titanium implants through increased osteoblast differentiation while osteoblast proliferation remains greater on smooth titanium. Taking advantage of these phenomena, we developed a shape memory (meth)acrylate copolymer with thermomechanical properties that created a time-dependent dynamic surface change from smooth to rough under in vitro cell culture conditions and evaluated the effect of the shape recovery on osteoblast response. Rough topographies were created using soft lithography techniques to mimic those found on clinically-used Ti surfaces (machined smooth; acid-etched; grit-blasted). The surface roughness was then reduced to smooth via compression and shown to fully recover within 24 h in culture conditions. When grown under static conditions, osteoblast number, alkaline phosphatase specific activity (ALP), and osteoprotegerin (OPG) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) production were unaffected by polymer surface roughness, but osteocalcin (OCN) was increased on the grit-blasted polymer mimic. Under dynamic conditions, DNA was reduced but OCN and OPG were increased on the compressed grit-blasted polymer at 3 days compared to static surfaces. The present study indicates that responses to polymer surface are sensitive to time-dependent changes in topography. The use of a shape memory polymer with dynamic surface roughness may improve osseointegration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Savanna fire is a major source of global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. In Australia, savanna fire contributes about 3% of annual GHG emissions reportable to the Kyoto Protocol. In order to reduce GHG emissions from savanna burning, the Australian government has developed and approved a Kyoto compliant savanna controlled burning methodology-the first legal instrument of this kind at a global level-under its Emission Reduction Fund. However, this approved methodology is currently only applicable to nine vegetation fuel types across northern parts of Australia in areas which receive on average over 600 mm rainfall annually, covering only 15.4% of the total land area in Australia. Savanna ecosystems extend across a large proportion of mainland Australia. This paper provides a critical review of ten key factors that need to be considered in developing a savanna burning methodology applicable to the other parts of Australia. It will also inform discussion in other countries intent on developing similar emissions reduction strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Profluorescent nitroxides (PFNs) have emerged as an important class of imaging agents for monitoring intracellular redox status and levels of oxidative stress. However, the fast reduction of nitroxides upon incubation within cells limits the window of opportunity for detection. By increasing the concentration of nitroxides per fluorophore, their reduction to the corresponding hydroxylamines and the subsequent switch-on of fluorescence can be delayed. Herein the preparation of nitroxide-containing polymers of different chain length coupled to a fluorophore is reported and their reduction with pentafluorophenylhydrazine is examined. The fluorescence switch-on kinetics and radical concentrations are monitored by fluorescence and electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy and compared to a conventional PFN bearing a single nitroxide moiety. The polymeric PFNs display significant delays in reduction and fluorescence switch-on and higher turn-on ratios than their single-nitroxide counterparts. The results of this study indicate that polymeric PFNs are a promising architecture for future imaging agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Using the World Health Organization International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF), the aim of this study was to identify effective strategies for managing urinary and bowel complications resulting from spina bifida.Method: Charts of 210 children between 4- and 13-years-old with spina bifida were reviewed to quantify medical interventions and continence status. Standardized quality of life (QOL) questionnaires were administered to a subset of participants; child and parent interviews were carried out to examine the experience of living with bowel and bladder incontinence. Practitioners were also interviewed to understand their perspectives of intervention effectiveness.Results: Chart review indicated less than half of children were continent for bowel and bladder. More variability existed in bowel continence programs, and practitioners considered bowel continence more difficult to achieve than bladder continence. No significant associations were found between continence status and QOL measures. Interviews, however, reflected how managing continence at home and school more broadly affects QOL. Among practitioners, some focused primarily on optimizing physical health while others focused on activity and participation.Interpretation: While continence is a goal, programs used to achieve this are individualized and outcomes may be affected by differential treatment effects, environmental factors, and/or stigma experienced by children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This update was reviewed by the CSANZ Continuing Education and Recertification Committee and ratified by the CSANZ board in August 2015. Since the CSANZ 2011 guidelines, adjunctive clinical tests have proven useful in the diagnosis of LQTS and are discussed in this update. Understanding of the diagnostic and risk stratifying role of LQTS genetics is also discussed. At least 14 LQTS genes are now thought to be responsible for the disease. High-risk individuals may have multiple mutations, large gene rearrangements, C-loop mutations in KCNQ1, transmembrane mutations in KCNH2, or have certain gene modifiers present, particularly NOS1AP polymorphisms. In regards to treatment, nadolol is preferred, particularly for long QT type 2, and short acting metoprolol should not be used. Thoracoscopic left cardiac sympathectomy is valuable in those who cannot adhere to beta blocker therapy, particularly in long QT type 1. Indications for ICD therapies have been refined; and a primary indication for ICD in post-pubertal females with long QT type 2 and a very long QT interval is emerging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Few studies have examined the associations between posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and non-medical opioid use (NMOU), particularly in general U.S.Methods: We analyzed data from wave 2 of the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC), a nationally representative sample of non-institutionalized adults, to examine (1) the relationship between PTSD diagnosis with NMOU, Opioid Use Disorder diagnosis, and average monthly frequency of NMOU; and (2) the relationship between PTSD symptom clusters with NMOU, Opioid Use Disorder diagnosis, and average monthly frequency of NMOU. We also explored sex differences among these associations.Results: In the adjusted model, a past year PTSD diagnosis was associated with higher odds of past year NMOU for women and men, but the association was stronger for women. In addition, PTSD was associated with higher odds of an Opioid Use Disorder diagnosis for women, but not for men. With regard to the relationship between specific symptom clusters among those with a past year PTSD diagnosis, important sex differences emerged. For women, the avoidance symptom cluster was associated with higher odds of NMOU, an Opioid Use Disorder diagnosis, and higher rate of average monthly frequency of NMOU, while for men the arousal/reactivity cluster was associated with higher odds of NMOU, an Opioid Use Disorder diagnosis, and a higher rate of average monthly frequency of NMOU. In addition, for men, the avoidance symptom cluster was associated with higher odds of an Opioid Use Disorder diagnosis, but a lower rate of average monthly frequency of NMOU.Conclusions: Results add to the literature showing an association between PTSD and NMOU and suggest that PTSD is more strongly associated with substance use for women than men. Further, results based on individual symptom clusters suggest that men and women with PTSD may be motivated to use substances for different reasons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The daily biobehavioral factors that precipitate loss of control eating (LOCE) in adolescent girls are not well known. Ovarian hormone levels are key biological factors associated with the etiology of eating disorders in adolescent girls. Yet, models on how daily ovarian hormone exposure predicts LOCE in adolescent girls are underdeveloped. The goal of this study is to examine the daily patterns and mechanisms of ovarian hormone levels on LOCE across the menstrual cycle in adolescent girls and the mediating roles of food‐related reward anticipation and response inhibition. Ecological momentary assessment (EMA) paired with daily hormonal sampling will be used to examine (1) daily associations between within‐person hormones and LOCE, and (2) the mediating role of within‐person food‐related reward anticipation and response inhibition. Methods: Normally cycling adolescent girls who have reached menarche will provide daily saliva samples for hormone analysis and complete EMA for 35 days. During EMA, girls will report LOCE and will complete task‐based and self‐report measures of food‐related response inhibition and reward anticipation. Discussion: This work has implications for the development of new real‐world biobehavioral models of LOCE in adolescent girls, which will guide theory improvements and treatment for LOCE. Results will provide preliminary evidence for treatment targets for novel interventions for adolescent girls—for example, a response inhibition intervention. Public Significance: Adolescent eating disorders are severe mental health conditions, often marked by loss of control eating. Estrogen and progesterone play a role in the development and persistence of loss of control eating. The current study will examine how daily exposure to estrogen and progesterone predicts loss of control eating in adolescent girls and identify possible daily mechanisms linking estrogen and progesterone exposure and loss of control eating. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Family‐based treatment (FBT) is a well‐established intervention for adolescent anorexia nervosa (AN). Although FBT is efficacious in promoting weight gain and improvements in psychological symptoms, for some adolescents, cognitive/attitudinal recovery lags behind weight gain. This study conducted an exploratory post hoc analysis of outcomes of adolescents who achieved weight gain by the end of FBT but continued to experience elevated psychological symptoms post‐treatment. Methods: Data were drawn from two randomised controlled trials (RCTs) testing two forms of FBT (conjoint/whole family and parent‐focussed). Descriptive statistics and generalised estimating equations were used to examine differences in treatment outcomes between non‐cognitive responders (NCRs) (those who regained weight but continued to experience psychological symptoms) and full responders (FRs) (those who achieved both weight and cognitive restoration by the end of treatment) (n = 80; 83.7% female, Agemean [SD] = 14.66 [1.73]). Results: By 12 months post‐treatment, there were no differences in weight between NCRs and FRs. However, NCRs had a slower trajectory of weight gain than FRs and continued to have elevated levels of psychological symptoms throughout the follow‐up period. Conclusions: A subset of adolescents appear to continue to experience clinically significant levels of eating pathology up to 12 months after FBT even when weight restoration is achieved. Key points: Family‐based treatment (FBT) for adolescent anorexia nervosa is efficacious in promoting weight gain and improvements in psychological symptoms, but for some adolescents, cognitive/attitudinal recovery does not accompany weight gain.Seventeen percent of participants in two randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of FBT achieved weight restoration by the end of FBT but continued to experience elevated psychological symptoms.These 'non‐cognitive responders' to FBT had a slow trajectory of weight gain and continued to have elevated levels of psychological symptoms up to 12 months after finishing FBT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Individuals with eating disorders (EDs) often engage in maladaptive exercise (e.g., feeling driven, or to "compensate" for eating) which maintains eating pathology. Maladaptive exercise has been theorized to help individuals with EDs regulate emotions by enhancing positive affect (PA) and reducing negative affect (NA) associated with binge episodes and poor body image. However, no research has considered the presence of non‐maladaptive exercise or evaluated this theory in binge‐spectrum EDs. Methods: This study evaluated affective trajectories pre‐ and post‐exercise and examined exercise type (maladaptive or non‐maladaptive) as a moderator. We recruited adults with binge‐spectrum EDs (N = 107; n = 84 endorsed exercise) to complete a 7‐ to 14‐day ecological momentary assessment protocol assessing NA (anxiety, guilt, and sadness), PA (excitement and cheerfulness), and exercise. Results: There was a significant quadratic trajectory of PA pre‐exercise, suggesting that the upward trajectory of PA leveled out as it moved closer to an exercise episode. Exercise type significantly moderated the cubic trajectory of PA post‐exercise, such that the upward trajectory of PA accelerated in the hours following non‐maladaptive exercise episodes while the downward trajectory of PA accelerated in the hours following maladaptive exercise episodes. No trajectories of NA demonstrated significant effects. Conclusions: Pre‐exercise trajectories of PA may reflect positive expectancies around exercise. Post‐exercise trajectories of PA suggest that non‐maladaptive exercise promotes increased PA. Future research should evaluate when, and for whom, exercise serves to regulate affect and examine other momentary risk factors of exercise in EDs. Public Significance: Individuals with EDs often engage in maladaptive exercise (e.g., feeling driven, or to "compensate" for eating). Maladaptive exercise has been theorized to help individuals with EDs regulate emotions. This study evaluated affective trajectories pre‐ and post‐exercise and examined whether exercise type (maladaptive or non‐maladaptive) changed these trajectories. Pre‐exercise trajectories of PA may reflect positive expectancies around exercise. Post‐exercise trajectories of PA suggest that non‐maladaptive exercise promotes increased PA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]