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In the conditions of a dynamic environment, with numerous turbulences, an increasing number of companies are willing to invest in entrepreneurial and managerial training programs, which have a strong leadership component. What is also important is the trend we find in high-performing SMEs in European countries, where we find that the knowledge-based entrepreneur is beginning to significantly change his approach in relationships with others! Entrepreneurs are increasingly positioned within organizations, not necessarily as the ultimate decision maker, but rather as a facilitator. It acts as a turntable in the organization, connecting the organization and the various stakeholders that are components of the entrepreneurial ecosystem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of DYNA - Ingeniería e Industria is the property of Publicaciones Dyna SL and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Despite the fact that past empirical studies have reported that numerous factors affect the performance of SMEs in Nigeria, yet power supply, which is the strategic driver of economic activities and its spillover effects on the performance of SMEs in Nigeria has not been fully investigated in the country. Against this backdrop, this study examined the impact of electricity on the performance of SMEs in Ado-Odo, Ota LGA, Ogun State. Consequently, the questionnaires were administered to the respondents using the method of purposive sampling. The data was analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS), variance analysis (ANOVA) and Correlations and Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) techniques. A total of 120 questionnaires were distributed, of which 90 were compiled and analyzed. The findings showed that there is significant impact of electricity supply on the performance of SMEs in Ado-Odo Ota Area, in Ogun State. Also, alternative power sources have significant impact on performance of SME in Ado-Odo Ota Area, in Ogun State. Therefore, by and large, from the findings of this study, the paper made the following recommendation for the policymakers and business owners in Ado-Odo, Ota Area of Ogun State in particular, and Nigeria by extension that sufficient supply of electricity should be placed in a place that maximizes the efficiency of small and medium-sized businesses. In the same vein, SMEs owners should strive to use alternative sources of power to boost the performance of SMEs, and meet their market objectives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ultimate goal of this article is to delve into and identify the key elements that influence e-business implementation in both "ERP-enabled and non-ERP-enabled" businesses. To comprehensively examine the factors that drive e-business acceptance and to fully articulate the significant intrinsic abilities and traits required to effortlessly convert the organization from brick-and-mortar to click-and-mortar through e-commerce. As the world moves toward technology 5.0, SMEs are unable to thrive in "I-4.0." The COVID-19 epidemic has undoubtedly proven to the world the value of sustainable technology in empowering distant employees. And a very few relative handfuls of literature review-based research have tested the ideas of the "Technology-Organisation-Environment (TOE) framework, Diffusion of Innovation (DOI) theory, and Resource-Based View (RBV) theory", in combination. Furthermore, the comparative study contributes by proposing the profound significance of E-commerce as a mediator variable amongst essential TOE, DOI, and RBV characteristics and company success. The successful adoption and effective use of e-commerce are critical to progressively increasing potential productivity in the digital age. This exploratory research has successful applicability since it employs the "TOE, DOI, and RBV theories" that are appropriate for the implementation of E-commerce and, as a result, contribute to enhancing the efficiency of Indian small and medium companies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Even though in many cases the terms of risk and uncertainty are similar, they have to be delimited to understand the meaning of each, individual, as accurately as possible. The two terms are combined in different situations. No matter how well the risk is managed, uncertainty cannot be removed because all possible situations and interdependencies cannot be taken into account. Thus, a source of risk can be considered uncertainty in itself if it is based on poor quality information about the actual internal or external situation of the company. Also, in my conclusion, traditional financial theory distinguishes between systematic risk and particular risk, which reaches the company’s overall risk. Investors can reduce total risk with the two primary risk management instruments, namely diversification and asset allocation.

This paper is a review on the impact of entrepreneurship on regional economic development, entrepreneurship being considered an important source of growth at regional level, as the theoretical literature concludes. However, empirical research results show an unclear contribution of entrepreneurs to economic development. The challenge for the empirical literature is to find the right proxies for entrepreneurship to capture the main features of entrepreneurial behavior that drive the success of business and have the potential to impact the regional economy. The paper reviews the empirical literature focusing on indicators that measure entrepreneurship and on their capacity to include information about cultural background, risk attitude, innovative potential and mostly about the entrepreneurial environment seen as aspects that might influence the impact of entrepreneurship on regional economic development. Based on the theoretical background, we make a critical evaluation of the efficiency of the synthesized indicators to capture the essential aspects of entrepreneurship.

Even though in many cases the terms of risk and uncertainty are similar, but they have to be delimited to understand the meaning of each individual as accurately as possible. The two terms are combined in different situations. No matter how well the risk is managed, uncertainty can not be removed because all possible situations and interdependencies can not be taken into account. Thus, a source of risk can be considered uncertainty in itself if it is based on poor quality information about the actual internal or external situation of the company. Also, in my conclusion, traditional financial theory distinguishes between systematic risk and the particular risk, which reaches the company\’s overall risk. Investors can reduce total risk with the two primary risk management instruments, namely diversification and asset allocation.

The highest amount of companies stablished in the country are microbusinesses, which are especially vulnerable to economic recession environments. Because of an imminent recession caused by the containment measures for the pandemic of the SARS-Cov-2 virus, the present work proposes a model that aloud to estimate an increase in the profitability of each participant in a consumption chain of retail stores through a marginal effect traceable in the revenues of the diverse participant, based in the data available in the Monthly Survey of Commercial Companies which can be used as basis to design public policies for recovery after the pandemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Venezolana de Gerencia (RVG) is the property of Revista de Filosofia-Universidad del Zulia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The notable contribution of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in the development of socio-economics has been very encouraging in terms of its GDP contribution and employment creation. Both developed and developing countries are living testimonies of the contributions by SMEs. The primary aim of this paper is to assess the use of social media as a promotional tool for SME development. To achieve this objective, a total of 800 structured questionnaires were developed through an intercept and online survey to obtain data for the exercise. A non-probability sampling technique was employed for the collection of the data of which 648 respondents were dully accurate for the data processing/analysis. Using PLS-SEM with the help of ADANCO software v 2.2.1, findings revealed that the use of social media as an advertising tool has a significant effect on a firm’s financial performance, business motivation, customers’ perspective/attraction, and an increase in market share, thus, a key in reflecting a positive change in their marketing and promotional activities in the consumer market. The findings of the study are both beneficial to practitioners/owners of SMEs and the social media marketing literature in general. This study further strengthens the need for businesses to invest in digital marketing tools and employ them effectively to stay competitive in the long term for the firm’s growth and survival.

Although the European business environment induces important premises and assures conditions in determining economic growth and social well-being, the determinant and existent connections between the evolution of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), business demography characteristics and the European socio-economic model have been scarcely studied in recent years. The dimensions of the European socio-economic model design a very specific framework in developing business demography and assuring a favorable environment for future SME development. The main aim of the manuscript is to investigate the evolution of the European SMEs sector and the perspective of business demography evolution to converge with exigencies of the European socio-economic model. In order to argue the research objective, eight specific and representative business demography variables were employed, from 12 European Union member states (EU-MS), during 2009--2017. Further, the SMEs' performances, determined by changing the economic functional paradigm, were assessed. For proving this, an econometric model was designed considering labor productivity as an endogenous variable. Our preliminary analysis shows considerable differences in business demography indicators and SMEs development among all five socio-economic sub-models of the main European socio-economic model, proving a tight connection between European socio-economic models and SMEs' performance and arguing the necessity of a paradigm convergence. Within some sub-models, there is clear evidence of clustering and convergence in terms of business demography and SMEs future development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective - SMEs often fail to market their business and their green marketing initiatives effectively. This paper assesses how the promotion of green social media marketing could provide a possible solution to SMEs failed marketing efforts within the metropoles of Nelson Mandela Bay and Buffalo City in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa. Methodology/Technique - An empirical study was conducted following a descriptive quantitative research approach in which 150 self-administered structured questionnaires were distributed to respondents. Findings - It was found that most SMEs do not make use of green social media marketing but are aware of the benefits it could offer. Novelty - The study provides guidelines to the owners of SMEs on how to successfully implement green social media marketing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

: Recent times have shown that we need to address issues such as electronic communication related to home office and telecommuting. In many places, the physical workplace has been transformed into a back office-type organizational unit. Exchange of information between an employee working in a home office or teleworking and the back office. In our study below, we examined how the exchange of information between the individual units can be implemented in Hungary and Poland. In this study, we examine the legal and economic framework. We examined the relationship between digitization and SMEs through job advertisements and a questionnaire survey. The focus of our study was on accounting and decision support tasks. Our research question: What are the expectations of SMEs nowadays for accounting and decision support tasks and jobs? What are the labour law implications and consequences of these expectations? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The construction industry consumes up to 50% of mineral resources excavated from nature, generates about 33% of CO2 present in the atmosphere, and is responsible for 40% of total global energy through construction and operation of buildings. There is a realisation that SME’s perceived lack of innovation is causing a genuine concern in the AEC industry as they do not have the skills or tools required to help address these concerns. To assist in overcoming these barriers, a number of funding initiatives have been put in place through Horizon 2020 with a focus on BIM, due to it having the potential to rapidly produce energy outputs that enable design teams to analyse and compare the most costeffective energy-efficient options. One of these initiatives, the BIMcert project, aims to educate all areas of the supply chain in the use of BIM, to achieve better energy efficiency during the design, construction and ongoing maintenance of an asset. The goal is to develop more efficient and suitable training programme materials that integrate sustainability and renewable concepts with practical application by integration with technology. This paper explores the final phase of testing and the launch of the platform. It discusses how the developed training material assists in improving sustainability in the built environment by training its practitioners in an efficient and greener manner of design and construct through the BIM process. The paper also defines recommendations to target the broader skills gap agenda.

Cuando un negocio ha tenido éxito y desea expandirse requiere no sólo de los recursos necesarios sino del desarrollo de un esquema para gestionar y controlar la operación de las nuevas unidades. Por lo tanto, se ha decidido concentrar los esfuerzos de este documento en una empresa pequeña de servicios dedicada a la preparación de alimentos y bebidas, que pretende expandirse y abrir una tercera sucursal que opere de manera controlada y estandarizada a semejanza de las dos anteriores mediante la propuesta de una gestion enfocada a procesos, considerando un diagnóstico inicial y aplicando las herramientas y metodologías relacionadas. Abstract When a business has been successful and wants to expand, it requires not only necessary resources but the development of a scheme to manage and control the operation of new units. Therefore, it has been decided to concentrate the efforts of this document in a small service company dedicated to food preparation and drinks, which wants to expand and open a third branch that operate in a controlled and standardized manner like the two previous ones by the proposal of a management focused on processes, considering an initial diagnosis and applying the related tools and methodologies.

Research related to the check of the use of improvement tools in small and medium-sized companies in construction sector are not so popular and not many researchers take up the topic. Article presents the survey results on group of 217 small medium-sized enterprises regarding Lean Management method use, knowledge and efficiency assessment. Presented results showed among others that there is a need for smaller companies to focus on gaining actual knowledge about new management methods that could improve their efficiency and workflow, and that there is still place for further examination of Lean Management introduction especially in construction sector.

Small and medium enterprises (SME’s) has gradually become an economic backbone for several developing country including Indonesia. In several studies, it was assumed that SME's was a sign of self-sufficiency concept. In the economic strike, SME's could sustain the price of several staple goods that are related to society livelihoods such as food and attire. South Kalimantan Province was well known for its authentic fabric namely sasirangan produced by local SME's spread all around the area. SME's are nowadays are inseparable from IT particularly that related to social media to promote their product. The use of IT infrastructure and platform were usually centered in the large city mainly in the capital of province such as Banjarmasin. As an alternative, the use of social media could be employed to empower SME's at county area. This study was aimed to understand the attitude of county area SME's on the use of social media for commerce purposes. The sample involved in this study was 45 Sasirangan SME’s on 5 off-capital counties at South Kalimantan Province. These works use PLS-SEM due to the nature of research was explore the interaction amongst the variable (exploratory factor analysis). The finding shows that in general, SME's entrepreneur has a great willingness to use their social media for commerce purposes. A further discussion of research finding and research limitation will be further discussed in the end of paper.

Even though in many cases the terms of risk and uncertainty are similar, but they have to be delimited to understand the meaning of each individual as accurately as possible. The two terms are combined in different situations. No matter how well the risk is managed, uncertainty cannot be removed because all possible situations and interdependencies cannot be taken into account. Thus, a source of risk can be considered uncertainty in itself if it is based on poor quality information about the actual internal or external situation of the company. Also, in my conclusion, traditional financial theory distinguishes between systematic risk and the particular risk, which reaches the company's overall risk. Investors can reduce total risk with the two primary risk management instruments, namely diversification and asset allocation.

Marketing theory provides a lot of tools and methods for planning and analysis, but their practical use typically requires data that are not easily available, especially for small and medium enterprises (SMEs) operating on smaller local markets. In this study, we present a method that allows SMEs to simply estimate the size and growth trend of a local market in the Czech Republic defined by selected municipalities. The data about total consumer spending in 2011–2016 period were drawn from publicly available sources. We have created maps using the QGIS software with estimates of total consumer spending in all municipalities of the Czech Republic in 2016, total consumer spending in specific local market in 2016 and the average annual growth rate in consumer spending in 2011–2016 as well. It may serve as a guidance for SMEs about where the biggest opportunities and threats in the market size and growth are. The same method has been applied to part of South Bohemia region as a case study whose results could be used for estimation of the same figures about consumer spending.

On the basis of Schumpeter's theory, many studies have shown the ability to innovate in order to influence the growth of the company. In addition, other studies in Canada, the United States and Europe have shown that high-growth SMEs are more innovative. Nevertheless, studies of innovation activities in family businesses and their impact on their growth are relatively weak, especially in african countries such as Algeria. This research aims to perform a comparative analysis of the factors that determine the growth of innovative family and non-family SMEs in Algeria. For this, a field survey was carried out which concerned the three regions of the country (North, Highlands and South). The survey was conducted in 2012 and affected companies in the industrial sector. This study reports a better performance in terms of growth in employment of growing innovative family SMEs compared to innovative non-family SMEs growing in Algeria. And most growth-oriented family businesses are innovative and young. Non-family innovative SMEs are large and lack of targeted training for their employees. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research on small and medium enterprises (SMEs) have led to interest in understanding brand distinctiveness, customers and competition among SMEs. This paper therefore examined the impact of brand orientation as a predictor of customer orientation, brand distinctiveness and competitor orientation. The study was quantitative in nature that 321 owners and managers of SMEs based in the Vaal Triangle region Gauteng, South Africa were surveyed. Data analysis involved descriptive statistics and structural equation modeling, conducted in SPSS 24 and AMOS 24 respectively. The main finding was that brand orientation had the strongest and most significant influence on an SME‘s brand distinctiveness thereby suggesting that managers of SMEs are encouraged to allocate more resources towards of strategic marketing in order to gain a competitive advantage in the market place. The implications for research call for more attention to be paid to brand distinctiveness as it was the most likely precursor of competitive advantage. The lack of test results could have limited the rigor of the research conceptually. The practical implications of the findings suggest that small and medium-sized enterprises should invest in more innovative employee training approaches to stand out from the cluster. Finally, the social implications also suggest that the success of small and medium-sized enterprises is immensely dependent on people's skills, thus again calling for improved training and enhanced teamwork. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Marketing strategies, being an integral part of the large family of functional strategies play a major role in attaining and sustaining competitive advantage in the contemporary business environment. This is totally understandable having in mind the immense importance of marketing in general and its elements, mainly the 4P's and the 7P's. Aside from this, there is a large body of knowledge proving that marketing and strategic marketing contribute greatly to strategy and strategic management. The paper strives to provide an analysis of the level of implementation and obstacles to the implementation of marketing strategies by small and medium sized companies operating in the Polog region. As the results show, the companies in this region lack behind the developed world when it comes to the creation and implementation of marketing strategies, but on the other hand are not reluctant to learning and enabling members of their staff to gain appropriate knowledge on marketing strategies and later contribute for an improved future by supporting the management/owners in drafting and implementing marketing strategies, of course always having in mind the concrete situations these companies function in, and the capacities they possess. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One important aspect in the small firm sector is the increased provision of training available to encourage small businesses to expand and develop their knowledge base. In the belief that new small firms can generate a number of new jobs at a time of high unemployment, the UK government in the early 1980s developed public policy to encourage small firm formation and growth. Measures have been enacted to assist small firms in the UK in areas of taxation, education, funding and placement schemes. (Cross 1983). Although Curran (1986) describes this as a ‘heading plunge’ into a policy of discrimination in favour of the small enterprise, and is critical of the effectiveness of many of these actions, the measures are a clear indication that public policy and funds are firmly committed to support the small firm sector (Marlow 1992). Since then local support agencies, such as The Training and Enterprise Councils (TECs), and Local Enterprise Councils (LECs) in Scotland, funded by the Department of Trade and Industry and European Union offer professional consultancy advice and training to small firms and their owners. Such agencies offer help in the form of business start-up support and training, management skills and any aspect, which can aid growth in the small firm. However, the indications from the agency consultants have found that not enough owner/managers are utilising this enterprise network to assist business growth (Marlow 1992, Choueke and Armstrong 1998). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intellectual capital is used to create and increase business value and the success of an organization depends on its ability to manage scarce resources and more importantly, through these scarce resources can achieve a competitive advantage in their business areas. The present study examines the impact of intellectual capital on competitive advantage through innovation capacity. In terms of type, this research is a descriptive – correlation. Survey of all managers Kerman's food industrial estates are a total of 97 samples were considered as directors and Data were collected through questionnaire and analysis of information and software PLS regression was used. The results of this study indicate that the application of intellectual capital to achieve competitive advantage in small businesses facilitate through the innovation capacity of businesses.

Introduction: In a context as dynamic as today, SMEs need performance measurement systems (PMS) that are able to generate useful, relevant and reliable information to manage. Measuring the maturity of PMS is an essential step to achieve its evolution to an ideal state that allows a better control of the results and to act consequently, improving management and decision making. Objective: To develop a bibliographic review to identify and characterize PMS maturity models, recognizing between them the most feasible models to apply in SMEs, in order to generate a contribution for the strengthening of such systems, facilitating effective and timely decision making in organizations. Methodology: The research question defined is: which existing PMS maturity model can be used by industrial SMEs? Google Scholar database was consulted for searching information, using certain search parameters. Based on a previous criteria definition, the selected models are compared. Finally, the conclusions about these models are elaborated. Results: From the results obtained through the bibliographic search in Google Scholar, different criteria were used to select the models to be characterized and compared. The four models selected were the proposed by Wettstein and Kueng, Van Aken, Tangen and Aho. Conclusions: The models considered most adequate are those proposed by Wettstein and Kueng (2002) and Aho (2012), due to their easy application and the low requirement of resource use. However, as such models do not have an evaluation tool, it has to be defined by the company.

Balanced Scorecard (BSC) is one of the methods for measuring of the company’s performance, strategy formulation and subsequent management leading to improving competitiveness. Nowadays company performance has an important role because the competitive environment is much more changeable and more difficult to predict because of the influence of globalization. BSC is worldwide used both in large, medium and small businesses regardless of the field of business. According to Knápková, Homolka and Pavelková (2014), this model is used only by 13 % of the enterprises in the Czech Republic. BSC monitors business performance from four perspectives: Financial, Customer, Internal Process, Learning and Growth. The main aim of this paper is to verify whether there is a correlation between Learning and Growth and Financial perspective. Data were obtained from the database Albertina Gold and from quantitative research in companies in 2015. As sample small and medium enterprises in Czech Republic were chosen by random selection. Data were analysed by using regression analysis. Based on the analysis the dependence of some financial indicators on the attitude of the company to the risk and on long‑term or short‑term orientation was proved. BSC is spread in 30 – 50 % companies all over the word, in Australia this method is used even in 88 % companies (Al Sawalqa, Holloway and Alam, 2011). Due to proven dependence it would be appropriate to raise Czech companies’ awareness of advantages of this method.

Small and medium-sized enterprises play an important role in the economy of Czech Republic. Expert systems are one of the alternatives evaluated the effectiveness of the relationship between supplier and customer. Currently, measurement and increase in efficiency of supplier-customer relations is very topical subject. The requirements for tools the improvement supplier- customer relationship can be specified on the base the literature analysis. The article defines basic requirements for expert system. The presentation of expert system and its suitability in the surroundings of small and medium sized enterprises is the part of this article. The comparison of the expert system possibilities and the compiled requirements leads to suitability analysis of selected solution. Actual questions and the way of future work are derived from current results, presented in the paper. The article defined the directions of development this expert system.

This paper measures and examines the eagerness of Greek ISO certified SMEs to continue their journey towards quality, whilst facing economic crisis conditions. The level of quality implemented in the Greek ISO certified SMEs was determined by the main quality elements used to characterize TQM namely the quality culture, the quality tools and techniques, the quality processes and the performance appraisal. A set of ten structural interviews were conducted. From the scoring and frequency analysis conducted, it was found that the SMEs in Greece continued their journey towards quality and among those the small sized were those that showed the best performance, followed by the medium and the micro SMEs. Subsequently, the financial performance of those SMEs was tested using as criteria their profitability, efficiency, liquidity and solvency level. The conclusions derived, support the role of the quality level implemented in an SME as a means of sustaining its financial performance at a level capable of reducing the probability of bankruptcy, during severe financial crisis conditions.

The aim of this paper is to define the specifics of the internationalization process of Czech small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in the food industry. The food industry is the largest manufacturing sector in the EU which consists mainly of SMEs. However, in the Czech Republic it has to face increasing imports of foreign food products because of growing globalization, while exports lag behind. Thus, enterprises should be encouraged to internationalize in a greater extent to maintain their competitiveness. The paper explores the main motives, barriers and risks involved in internationalization as perceived by these enterprises. The results are based on primary data obtained by questionnaire surveys performed among Czech food industry SMEs, thus it is based on data about SME’s real experiences and perception of interntaionalization process. According to our results, Czech SMEs from food industry are driven to internationalize mainly by their efforts to grow or by unsolicited foreign demand for their product. However, as the biggest barriers are perceived those connected with the lack of knowledge about foreign market and administrative requirements. The identified motives and barriers are compared with results of similar researches from Slovakia and Poland. Moreover, the results of Czech SMEs risk perception in internationalization are depicted in risk matrix which assess not only the effect of risk but also the possibility of its occurrence.

In 21st Century, the dynamic changes in technology and customer preferences on the market, influences a need for innovation and company orientation to design and implement new products, services or process. Compared to the large enterprises, flexibility to market changes is a certain advantage for small and medium enterprises (SME's). In general, SME's are able to implement innovations for a shorter period of time and are main drivers of sustainable growth, job creation and innovation, creation of new bussiness and products. As a critical parts of innovation process in different countries, SME's should take central place in government strategies for increasing innovation. Despite their importance, SME's and entrepreneurship support is not yet fully embedded in innovation policy, and the requirements for effective policies in this area are still not enough understood. The Western Balkans countries, including Republic North Macedonia, recognised the importance of innovation policy and strategy for the development of SME's. In this paper, a theoretical and comparative analyses of the policies and infrastructure for fostering innovation has been implemented, with accent on the government institutional support for innovative SME's as sub-dimension for creating and implementing the innovation policy in Western Balkans countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Today's world where there are large improvements is seeing in all the fields of society and professions. Where entrepreneurship was considered as the male dominant concept but today's world where women are also take participations in all streams and becomes the doctors, engineers, astronauts, scientists and so on. Women are also becoming entrepreneurs so the research paper endeavors to understand the present position of women entrepreneurship in Punjab as to give emphasize on women empowerment. Woman is the base of the society which leads the families as well as the nation. This research study is empirical in its nature and it focuses on SME's which are ruined by women in Punjab. Primary survey has been conducted and responses are collected from the women entrepreneurs and the collected data has been analyzed with SPSS by using the ANNOVA technique. And the results indicated that unemployment, availability of funds, wish to earn more money, technical education, family background, job dissatisfaction and experience are found as the key parameters of women entrepreneurship in Punjab. These identified factors are found associated with women entrepreneurship. The research paper provides the clear picture of status of women entrepreneurship in Punjab. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At times when it is difficult, to find consensus, in view of the discrepancies among some of the countries that integrate the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (apec), the items of the agenda related to sme's, gender, and Information and Communication Technologies (icts) can be constituted as factors of harmony in order to move forward on recommendations for the group members. Within this framework, this document reviews the dynamics of articulation of these three important aspects in the apec agenda, which could become the most relevant factors in order to transcend the Asia-Pacific region's own sphere; particularly, in respect to the way they will be incorporated with greater emphasis in the meeting of Chile 2019. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]