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Mansor, Mohammad Saiful, Abdullah, Nurul Ashikin, Abdullah Halim, Muhammad Rasul, Md. Nor, Shukor, Ramli, Rosli (2018): Diet of tropical insectivorous birds in lowland Malaysian rainforest. Journal of Natural History 52 (35-36): 2301-2316, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2018.1534015, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2018.1534015

Despite the increasing numbers of hydrodam worldwide, only a handful of studies evaluated their impacts on biodiversity. Compared to terrestrial animals, birds were thought to be less affected by inundation process, following impoundment. At the Hulu Terengganu Hydroelectric Dam in Peninsular Malaysia, our study compared species assemblages and diversity of birds within the dam area (i.e. the dam reservoir and catchment area) after recent logging and inundation in relation to a nearby forest logged 30 years ago. Using point count and mist-netting techniques, we recorded a total of 64 species (Shannon Index (H’) = 3.827) in the dam area and 91 species (H’=3.99) in historically-logged forests. Insectivore species richness was significantly higher in the historically-logged forests (Mann-Whitney: Z=4.339, N=205, p

Dietary study provides understanding in predator-prey relationships, yet diet of tropical forest birds is poorly understood. In this study, a non-invasive method, next-generation sequencing (Illumina MiSeq platform) was used to identify prey in the faecal samples of the Rufous-winged Philentoma (Philentoma pyrhoptera). Dietary samples were collected in lowland tropical forest of central Peninsular Malaysia. A general invertebrate primer pair was used for the first time to assess diet of tropical birds. The USEARCH was used to cluster the COI mtDNA sequences into Operational Taxonomic Unit (OTU). OTU sequences were aligned and queried through the GenBank or Biodiversity of Life Database (BOLD). We identified 26 distinct arthropod taxa from 31 OTUs. Of all OTUs, there was three that could be identified up to species level, 20 to genus level, three to family level and five could not assigned to any taxa (the BLAST hits were poor). All sequences were identified to class Insecta belonging to 18 families from four orders, where Lepidoptera representing major insect order consumed by study bird species. This non-invasive molecular approach provides a practical and rapid technique to understand of how energy flows across ecosystems. This technique could be very useful to screen for possible particular pest insects consumed by insectivores (e.g. birds and bats) in crop plantation. A comprehensive arthropod studies and local reference sequences need to be added to the database to improve the proportion of sequences that can be identified.

In Peninsular Malaysia, passage and wintering Barn Swallows (Hirundo rustica) often congregate at nocturnal roosts in towns. As a Holarctic migratory species, it is at risk of population collapse. Despite extensive research, little is known about this species in its wintering grounds, especially in the tropics. This study aimed to determine how climate change influences the population growth of this species across a geographical area over a decade, from 2009 to 2019. A species distribution model was constructed using data obtained from the eBird database – a citizen science project – of records from diverse locations. We used the Kernel Density tool in ArcGIS to describe Barn Swallow density and expansion pattern across Peninsular Malaysia. We demonstrate that the Barn Swallow’s population has fallen by about 27.1% over the last decade. In 2009, the species was dispersed in two distinct areas: Perlis to Pulau Pinang; and the Pahang region bordering Selangor and Negeri Sembilan; in addition, some individuals chose to winter in south-eastern Johor. Within ten years, the flock has descended from Perlis to the northwest corner of Perak, while the vast wintering area in Pahang has decreased and stretched down to Melaka and Johor. The differences in Barn Swallow numbers and distribution patterns observed in this study could be a result of climate and land use changes which have caused this species to spread to parts of other wintering regions, altering the arrival and departure times of migration, thereby interfering with its breeding season.

Pathogenic Leptospira is the causative agent of leptospirosis, an emerging zoonotic disease affecting animals and humans worldwide. The risk of host infection following interaction with environmental sources depends on the ability of Leptospira to persist, survive, and infect the new host to continue the transmission chain. Leptospira may coexist with other pathogens, thus providing a suitable condition for the development of other pathogens, resulting in multi-pathogen infection in humans. Therefore, it is important to better understand the dynamics of transmission by these pathogens. We conducted Boolean searches of several databases, including Google Scholar, PubMed, SciELO, and ScienceDirect, to identify relevant published data on Leptospira and coinfection with other pathogenic bacteria. We review the role of the host-microbiota in determining the synanthropic interaction of Leptospira sp. with other bacteria, thus creating a suitable condition for the leptospira to survive and persist successfully. We also discuss the biotic and abiotic factors that amplify the viability of Leptospira in the environment. The coinfection of leptospira with pathogenic bacteria has rarely been reported, potentially contributing to a lack of awareness. Therefore, the occurrence of leptospirosis coinfection may complicate diagnosis, long-lasting examination, and mistreatment that could lead to mortality. Identifying the presence of leptospirosis with other bacteria through metagenomic analysis could reveal possible coinfection. In conclusion, the occurrence of leptospirosis with other diseases should be of concern and may depend on the success of the transmission and severity of individual infections. Medical practitioners may misdiagnose the presence of multiple infections and should be made aware of and receive adequate training on appropriate treatment for leptospirosis patients. Physicians could undertake a more targeted approach for leptospirosis diagnosis by considering other symptoms caused by the coinfected bacteria; thus, more specific treatment could be given.

Tropical forests across the world provide important habitats for a diverse number of conservation priority species, yet are under threat from a range of anthropogenic impacts including logging. This study aims to quantify mammalian biodiversity in unlogged and logged forests in the adjoining Tembat and Petuang Forest Reserves, Terengganu, on the East Coast of Peninsular Malaysia. Data was collected over a series of surveys using direct and indirect observation methods from 2008 to 2014. A total of 30 medium and large sized mammals species were identified, with 27 of those species found in unlogged forests and 22 species in logged forests. Carnivores encompassed 11 species from 67 observations representing 15% of the total number of observations. The family Felidae had the highest number of species (six species), followed by Hylobatidae, Cercopithecidae and Suidae with three species each. A total of 17 species contributed to more than 90% of the mammal community in the unlogged and logged forests, while six species were uncommon and only observed once during the entire survey. Species abundance in the unlogged forest was significantly greater than the logged forests, but the difference was not significant for species richness. This study provides critical baseline information on the impact of unlogged and logged forests and the identification of threatened species warrant the establishment of conservation measures such as anti-poaching patrol and ranger stations in the study area.

Scales are calcium carbonate and collagen-contained structures embedded within the fish epidermis and useful for species identification. This study aimed to describe morphological characteristics of scales and use the differences to prepare keys to species. Fishes were sampled from selected rivers of Tembat Forest Reserve, Hulu Terengganu. Specimens caught were from 3 families (Cyprinidae, Channidae, Nandidae) and 17 species. Each species was represented by ten individuals (size ranges 2.5 - 50 cm TL). The scales were removed, soaked in H2O2 (0.5%), NH3 (0.3%), DH2O and mounted between a pair of glass slides for digital photographing. The morphological descriptions were based on types of scales, distinctiveness of radii arrangement at the anterior field, radii cover, radii distribution, overall shape, focus position and focus pattern. Keys to species were constructed based on these scale morphological characters described. Measurements of scale total length (L), total width (W), rostral field length (L1) and caudal field length (L2) of the scales were taken using Image J software. The inter-specific variation among scales was indicated by L1/L, L2/L, L1/L2 and W/L indices through multiple comparison tests (ANOVA). It was found that all 17 species showed significant differences with at least one other species in all four indices. Pristolepis grootii (Bleeker 1852) was the only one that significantly different (p

Ismail NA, Jufri ABAK, Daud UNS, Nor SM, Mansor MS. 2020. Short Communication: Roosting behavior of Wintering Barn Swallow (Hirundo rustica) in Peninsular Malaysia. Biodiversitas 21: 661-665. The East Asian Barn Swallow Hirundo rustica gutturalis primarily breeds in China, Japan, and Korea, typically migrates to Southeast Asia during winter, including Malaysia. To date, knowledge regarding population of Barn Swallow are limited to their breeding grounds and other subspecies (e.g., European Barn Swallow Hirundo rustica rustica). A previous study on Barn Swallow wintering in Malaysia was conducted approximately 50 years ago and mainly focused on population dynamics. The objective of the present study was to investigate the roosting behavior of wintering Barn Swallows in a major roosting site, Bentong, central Peninsular Malaysia, from October 2018 to March 2019. Scan sampling at 5-min intervals was used to examine the roosting behavior of the swallows perching on service wires (i.e., electricity and telephone wires). We found that the swallows began to roost an average of 10 minutes after sunset and slept 55 minutes later. However, cloudy and rainy weather significantly affects swallow roosting period, leading them to perch earlier, 5 minutes before sunset. The pattern of roosting behavior was somewhat similar throughout the migration season, except in the early migration season (October), which was likely inconsistent due to their early adaptation to the town environment. Behavioral scan sampling revealed that swallows spend most of the time motionless, followed by preening. However, anthropogenic disturbances disrupt their behavior and sleep time. We also noted that this communally roosting bird behaved gregariously on wires, particularly at sites illuminated by light, which is likely an anti-predator mechanism.

Hydroelectric dam have since empowering Malaysia’s development since 1900 Sempam Hydroelectric dam were built in Raub. However, its detrimental effect were well documented in degrading and modifying forest habitat. The objective for present study is to determine the recolonization of bird’s species after the construction of a hydroelectric dam in Peninsular Malaysia. Study of bird species number and composition were done using both mist-net and observation method for three period of research; pre-log, construction and operational. The result of this study show that the species number is declining from 275 species in Pre-Log phase to 67 species in Construction phase. Bird species number increases in Operational phase with 102 species. Different composition of bird species on each phases indicate that bird present on each phase are suited to that particular condition. The re-emergence of pre-log species and wintering bird during operational phase show the recovery process after habitat degradation during construction phase. New species were also found during operational phases indicates that the habitat have been modified to fit the requirements of different bird. It is expected that the species number will continue to climb as the forest recover and habitat become more stable.

Human population growth and rapid development in Malaysia have created a rising demand for power. In order to meet this demand, hydropower has been identified as an alternative energy source due to the suitability of the climate and topography. The development of a hydroelectric dam, however, could impact natural habitats and their components, including the herpetofaunas. The Hulu Terengganu Hydroelectric Project (HTHEP) is one of the hydroelectric dam projects in Peninsular Malaysia that has extended the capacity of the existing Kenyir Dam. The impacts of the HTHEP on the herpetofaunal assemblage were studied during the dam construction and impoundment phases, from July 2014 to October 2015. Fenced pitfall traps and visual encounter surveys were used to obtain samples. Rescue operations were conducted at the Puah and Tembat Reservoirs after impoundment. A total of 22 species of amphibians and 34 species of reptilians were recorded. During the construction phase, both amphibians and reptilians decreased in species richness. During impoundment, the species richness and abundance of amphibians decreased abruptly because most populations were affected by the inundation, and only a few large adult individuals were found. Many cryptic reptilian species were found at the reservoir, especially Bronchocela cristatella. The amphibian and reptilian populations are anticipated to increase gradually, following the rejuvenation of their habitats. A theoretical impact model was developed for both the amphibian and reptilian communities for each dam development stage, with the aim of assisting conservation efforts in future sustainable dam development projects.

The pattern of forest structure changes is crucial to identify the leading ecological processes and future forest composition after disturbance. Hulu Terengganu, Malaysia was subjected to the development of a hydroelectric power plant. After the dam development, three forest habitat types were identified i.e. lowland dipterocarp remnants, secondary and isolated island forests. After one year, all trees were monitored in 39 units of 5 m × 5 m sample plots. In January 2017, forest edge had the highest number of individuals with 134 records from 36 families, 58 genera and 72 species compared to the ridge with 89 individuals (eight families, nine genera and 11 species) and islands recorded 59 individuals (nine families, 15 genera and 20 species). Forest edge also showed the highest density with 6700 ind./ha from 0.02 ha sample plots compared to the ridge (1780 ind./ha) in 0.05 ha and islands (1395 ind./ha) in 0.04 ha. Despite the difference in floral composition, these habitats had the same dominant species that of Macaranga tree species. In 2018, the number of plant individuals for all three habitats were slightly reduced. We suspected, elephants affected the regeneration processes. We recorded plants germinated from wild elephant dungs consisted of 32 species belonging to 15 families. Five species were considered as the most preferred plants by elephants. The regenerated tree species from our sample plots matched with the germinated seeds from the elephant dungs. In conclusion, forest regeneration at Hulu Terengganu was closely related with wildlife activities.

The length-weight relationship (LWR) and relative condition factor of the cyprinid fish, Tor tambra, from Tembat Reservoir, Hulu Terengganu, Peninsular Malaysia were studied from March 2016 to May 2017. T. tambra was selected for population dynamic study due to their conservation status, as well as their high commercial value. It was specifically categorized as Data Deficient by the IUCN and protected under the Wildlife Protection Act 1972 (Act 76) and the Perak Land Fisheries Act 1992. A total of 496 individuals had total length and weight ranges of 10.5–66 cm and 15–3280 g, respectively. The values of the constants (a) and the coefficient correlation (b) were determined from the length and weight data, which transformed into the linear equation log W = log a + b log L. These parameters were then fitted to the parabolic equation, W = aLb. The growth exponents (represented by ‘b’) for the fish varied from 2.591 to 3.340. The overall LWR equation for T. tambra (log W = 2.980 log L – 1.930) showed a negative allometric form of growth, indicated by the growth coefficient (b 1) suggests that T. tambra individuals in Tembat Reservoir have good physical characteristics due to adequate food resources, and suitable habitats for expansion of the fish population. This study contributes to the knowledge base for T. tambra in Tembat Reservoir, and is crucial in terms of understanding the ecology of the reservoir for supporting conservation strategies, and the restoration and management of this species in future.

Impoundment is the main phase of dam development that significantly destroys mammals and its habitats. Elephant rescue activity in Kenyir Reservoir post-impoundment suggests the ability of mammals to swim to the remaining terrestrial habitats in search of shelters. Due to the lack of data on wildlife survival in the reservoirs of Malaysia, this study aimed to establish a list of mammal species surviving in Puah Reservoir, Terengganu after two years of inundation, to assess the developed adaptive behaviour and to describe their movement pattern in the reservoir. Four camera traps were placed on each of the seven selected land-bridge islands for 12 months. All captured images were analysed through camtrapR package in R-3.5.0 software. A total of 11 mammal species were recorded surviving in Puah Reservoir. From these species, Asian palm civet and long-tailed macaque have adapted to permanently inhabit an island while smooth-coated otter, Asian elephant and wild boar are well adapted to fully utilise the reservoir. The primates or solitary mammals such as Sumatran serow, barking deer, marbled cat, Malay tapir, dusky leaf monkey and pale-thighed langur have adapted to be the occasional utilisers of the reservoir. The second group has developed a movement strategy where their presence on each island are not overlapping with each other. This study concludes that mammals can survive in a reservoir by adapting to habitat changes and develop a survival strategy. This study will be among the earlier study in Malaysia which documents the survival data of mammals in reservoirs.

Microhabitats play an important role as resources that are partitioned between phylogenetically related or ecologically similar species (i.e., a guild). This hypothesis was tested by first elucidating phylogenetically closed Sarawak frog species via DNA sequencing of the 16S rRNA mitochondrial DNA gene, and later determining their microhabitat guild and partitioning via nonmetric dimensional scale. Mitochondrial 16S gene revealed 5 monophyletic groups consisting of Hylarana erythraea + Amnirana icobariensis, Chalcorana raniceps, Abavorana luctuosa, Pulchrana signata + P. picturata, and P. baramica + P. glandulosa + P. laterimaculata. On the other hand, microhabitat utilization grouped the frogs into 5 ecological guilds consisting of semiarboreal species at the forest edge (C. raniceps), ground dwellers in an unforested region (H. erythraea), ground dwellers (rock) at the forest edge (P. picturata), ground dwellers on the forest floor and forest edge species (P. signata, P. glandulosa, A. luctuosa, O. hosii), and semiarboreal forest (riverine) species (P. baramica). Thus, the microhabitats used were not influenced by the proposed phylogenetic relationships. Partitioning of microhabitat utilization, on the other hand, was clearly seen in 2 closely related species in both vertical and substrate utilization. The study supports resource partitioning by closely related species reflected by their ecological guilds, and will be useful for conservation management of the Bornean fauna.

Mixed-species flocks (MSFs) serve important roles in bird communities, especially in tropical forests. Although structure of mixed-species bird flocks and its benefits has been intensively studied globally, the foraging plasticity of a species when joining MSFs has rarely been evaluated. The present study examines foraging strategies of the Rufous-crowned Babbler (Malacopteron magnum), Chestnut-winged Babbler (Cyanoderma erythropterum) and Black-naped Monarch (Hypothymis azurea) when participating in MSFs in the Krau Wildlife Reserve, central Peninsular Malaysia. These species exhibit active foraging shifts in utilisation of vertical strata, foraging substrate, attack manoeuvres and foliage density, when foraging in MSFs, compared to when foraging outside MSFs. While the Rufous-crowned Babbler and Chestnut-winged Babbler commonly used gleaning and stretching (to completely extend the legs or neck to reach the food items) manoeuvres when foraging outside MSFs, respectively, they adopted probing manoeuvre and frequently used higher strata upon joining MSFs. The Chestnut-winged Babbler tended to forage on the underside of leaves and the Black-naped Monarch frequently utilised branches when joining MSFs, while they exclusively used aerial leaf litter and live green leaves, respectively, when foraging with conspecifics. The monarch also adopted the hovering manoeuvre and frequently foraged within denser foliage cover when joining MSFs. This study demonstrated that flock members exhibits foraging plasticity either through an expansion or active shift in foraging niches when participating in MSFs, thus suggesting the occurrence of possible foraging improvement and/or reductions in predation risk.

This paper presents data regarding the diversity, population density, and distribution of primate species within the Gunung Basur Permanent Forest Reserve (GBPFR). The survey was conducted from the 3rd–8th of November in 2019, covering 7 survey locations (Terang Pump House, Suda Intake, Renyok 1 Intake, Renyok 2 Intake, Renyok 3 Intake, Long Intake, and Long 2 Intake) within the reserve. A total of 36 hours was spent to perform random sampling observations. The focus of this survey was to identify diurnal primate species. A total of 5 species (Symphalangus syndactylus, Hylobates agilis, Presbytis siamensis, Trachypithecus obscurus, and Macaca nemestrina), belonging to the families Hylobatidae and Cercopithecidae, were observed during the survey period. The density of Trachypithecus obscurus was high at the study site, with 60 individuals identified, followed by Symphalangus syndactylus, with 45 individuals, Presbytis siamensis, with 39 individuals, Hylobates agilis, with 20 individuals, and Macaca nemestrina with only 3 individuals. Two of the identified species are classified as Totally Protected (Symphalangus syndactylus and Hylobates agilis), whereas the other 3 species (Macaca nemestrina, Presbytis siamensis, and Trachypithecus obscurus) as classified as Protected, according to the Wildlife Conservation Act 2010 (Act 716). According to the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species, 2 species (Symphalangus syndactylus and Hylobates agilis) are considered to be Endangered, 2 species (Presbytis siamensis and Trachypithecus obscurus) are considered to be Near Threatened, and Macaca nemestrina is listed as Vulnerable. The data gathered from this study is crucial for designing a wildlife conservation plan for this reserve.

The Pergau lake basin is a man-made water catchment area comprise of 460 hectares due to the construction of hydroelectric dams in Pergau. It is located about 125 km southwest of Kota Bharu in the Jeli district in Kelantan and managed by Tenaga Nasional Berhad. The lake is rich in natural resources and the forest in the basin acts as a reservoir through water absorption and storage. Forests within the area catchments and basins can control soil erosion and erosion of river banks as well slope collapse is one of the sources of risk floods in terms of damage to property and infrastructure such as bridges and road. However, rapid population growth and urbanisation induced the pressure from human activities have been expanded into the forest catchment area. Therefore this study was conducted in the Pergau Lake (Dam) to safeguard their importance for socio-economic, well-being, ecotourism potential and sustaining its biodiversity. This study aims to predict the land use changes in the study area for 2035, parameterised with satellite images in 1988, 2003 and 2018 and the physical parameter such as slope, road, elevation, distance from built up area, green space edge and waterbody. The integrated approach of remote sensing, Geographical Information System (GIS) and Land Change Modeler-Markov Change Model were used to analyze the changes and their spatial pattern. The results showed that between 1994 and 2004, and between 2004 and 2014 the forest landscape in the Pergau Lake were decreased due to the development of the built-up area. Thus, the results will hopefully take into consideration for land use planning and forest protection for sustainable management planning of the forest catchment area. It is indicated that the spatial effect of green space is influenced by the historical spatial changes, implementation of the previous master planning efforts and uncontrolled land use expansion. This study is designed to provide the novel integrated approach for predicting landscape changes for the forest catchment area to provide the initial guideline for sustainable planning and management of forest catchment area.

Mosses of lowland forest between 350 to 640 m above sea level around the Pergau Dam within Gunung Basor Forest Reserve were opportunistically collected, curated and identified. The collection has been carried out along the existing forest trails and all of them were deposited to Herbarium of Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKMB). A total of 66 species, four subspecies and 12 varieties in 46 genera and 25 families have been recorded. They represent 27.4% of the 299 taxa, 43.8% of 105 genera and 67.6% of 37 families of mosses recorded in Kelantan, also cover 14.6% of 562 taxa, 28.9% of 159 genera and 53.2% of 47 families of mosses reported in Peninsular Malaysia. A total of 15 taxa are new additions for Kelantan viz. Chaetomitrium leptopoma (Schwägr.) Bosch & Sande Lac., Ectropothecium falcifolium (Dixon) N. Nishim., Fissidens geminiflorus Dozy & Molk. var. geminiflorus, Floribundaria walkeri (Renauld & Cardot) Broth., Garovaglia angustifolia Mitt. var. bogorensis (M. Fleisch.) During, Groutiella tomentosa (Hornsch.) Wijk & Margad., Macromitrium angustifolium Dozy & Molk., Mitthyridium fasciculatum (Hook. & Grev.) H. Rob. subsp. obtusifolium (Lindb.) M. Menzel, Neckeropsis gracilenta (Bosch & Sande Lac.) M. Fleisch., Philonotis bartramioides (Griff.) Griffin & W.R. Buck, P. mollis (Dozy & Molk.) Mitt., P. roylei (Hook. f.) Mitt., Racopilum cuspidigerum (Schwägr.) Åongström, Syrrhopodon albo-vaginatus Schwägr. and Trematodon longicollis Michx. Meanwhile, Sematophyllum subhumile (Müll. Hal.) M. Fleisch. is a new record for Peninsular Malaysia. Based on the findings, the most speciose family documented is Calymperaceae with 12 species, while the largest genus is Fissidens (five species). The majority of the mosses are found as corticolous which grow on the tree trunks.

Ferns and lycophytes were opportunistically collected along the major trail at Gunung Basor Forest Reserve near Pergau Dam, Kelantan. Samples were curated, identified and deposited at Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Herbarium (UKMB). From the sampling area, a total of 94 taxa of ferns and lycophytes in 55 genera and 29 families were identified. This figure represents 8.07% of the total 1165 taxa of ferns and lycophytes in Malaysia and 14.52% of 647 taxa recorded in Semenanjung Malaysia. Polypodiaceae is the largest family recorded with 11 species in eight genera. The second largest family is Aspleniaceae with 10 species in a single genus. This is followed by the family Grammitidaceae with eight species in six genera. The most widely recorded species is from the genus Asplenium. The smallest families with one species each are Blechnaceae, Cyatheaceae, Gleichiniaceae, Marattiaceae, Matoniaceae, Oleandraceae, Ophioglossaceae, Psilotaceae, Pteridaceae and Sinopteridaceae. From the 94 taxa reported, terrestrial species are the most dominant with ca. 53 species covering 56.0% and followed by epiphytic species (33%) and litophyte species (10.6%).

A surveyof amphibians and reptiles at Tasik Pergau, Kelantan was conducted from 30 until 31 October 2019 and 22 until 23 November 2019. Four sampling locations were surveyed, namely Long 1 & 2, Suda, Renyok, and Terang intake. The study was conducted using the Visual Encounter Survey method, an active sampling technique that is efficient for short observations. A total of 164 individuals were recorded which comprised of sixamphibian families and six reptiles families. The amphibian families recorded are Bufonidae, Dicroglossidae, Megophryidae, Microhylidae, Ranidae and Rhacophoridae. A total of 19 amphibian species of and eight reptile species were recorded during the sampling period. In addition, this study has recorded about 12 new records of amphibians and reptiles in Pergau area. These species are Limnonectes dionodon, L. malesianus, L. plicatellus, Megophrys nasuta, Hylarana erythraea, H. signata, Polypedates discantus, Calotes emma, Cyrtodactylus pulchellus, Eutropis macularia, Ahaetulla prasina and Xenochrophis trianguligerus,adding up to the total number of amphibians and reptiles to 42 species. Further studies need to be conducted intensive and extensively to obtain more information regarding amphibians and reptiles in Pergau area.

The study was conducted to determine phylogenetic relationships of Island Flying Fox (Pteropus hypomelanus) along the East and West Coast of the Peninsular Malaysia based on Cytochrome b sequences of mitochondrial DNA and to see the effectiveness of using this region in explaining the relationships among them. There are 29 genetic samples were collected from the several islands includes Dangli Island (Langkawi), Tioman Island (Johor), Tinggi Island (Johor), Redang Island (Terengganu) and Pangkor Island (Perak). Meanwhile, one sequences from the GeneBank represent as outgroup, Pteropus vampyrus to construct a complete phylogenetic tree. Tree topologies were built using the Neighbour Joining (NJ) and Maximum Parsimony (MP) methods. The resulting phylogenetic tree showed a clear separation between (North-West) and (South-East) population supported with 100% bootstrap value. The effectiveness of Cytochrome b has successfully resolved the phylogenetic tree when separating individuals between the populations. This study can contribute to the resolution of taxonomic and systematic problems of Island Flying Fox in Peninsular Malaysia by looking at the effectiveness of Cytochrome b region in explaining the phylogenetic relationships between the populations.

The Painted Stork is an introduced species. The population started with 4 individuals being brought from Sri Lanka and handed over to Zoo Negara in 1965. It was allowed to fly freely within the Zoo Negara. However, in the last 10 years, this species has been actively spreading and can easily be seen in lakes and ponds around Selangor and Kuala Lumpur. Due to its high adaptation, survival and breeding capability, the presence of this species may threat the survival of local bird species such as Milky Stork. Thus, this study was conducted to i) determine the population growth pattern of this species in Peninsular Malaysia, and ii) to understand how population at Zoo Negara forming other colonies such as at Putrajaya Wetland and Shah Alam main lake. Secondary data were gathered from published and unpublished reports, and primary data were collected from interviews with local authorities and personal observation at the sites between 2015 and 2017. Historical data suggested that the Painted Stork at Zoo Negara begun to explore outside Zoo’s compound in 2004, and successfully created breeding colonies at Putrajaya Wetland and Shah Alam main lake in 2008. Between 2004 and 2008 Painted Storks may have travelled from Zoo Negara to Putrajaya Wetland and Shah Alam main lake for feeding before permanently residing at these two sites. Data also suggested that populations at the three study sites grew exponentially until 2017; y=7E-108e0.126 for Zoo Negara, y=2E-250e0.2887 for Putrajaya Wetland, and y=7E-204e0.2353 for Shah Alam. Average population increased was estimated at 10 to 13% per year at all sites. Assessing the breeding success of this species, it is predicted that this species may have impact on the survival of other local water bird species such as Herons and Storks. Thus, proper management of this introduced stork species is urgently needed.

Leptospirosis, a widespread zoonotic disease, is a public health problem, especially in major urban centres, and is mainly reported to be associated with rats. In Malaysia, focus has been primarily given to the Leptospira prevalence in rodents per se, but there is lack of information on the microhabitat structure of the outbreak areas. We aimed to determine the diversity of small mammal species, microhabitat types, and their prevalence of pathogenic Leptospira spp. in the outbreak areas, which were categorized as urban, semi-urban, and recreational forests. Sampling involved deploying 100 to 300 live traps at each study site. Kidney samples were extracted from selected individuals, for screening of pathogenic Leptospira spp. by PCR. Out of 537 individuals from 15 small mammal species captured, 4 species were recorded from urban, 13 from semi-urban, and 11 from recreational forest sites. From 389 individuals screened, 58 were tested positive for pathogenic Leptospira. Recreational forests recorded the highest prevalence with 19.4% (n = 93), followed by urban, 16.6% (n = 163) and semi-urban sites with 9.8% (n = 133). Seven rodent species were tested positive for pathogenic Leptospira from all areas. R. norvegicus was found to harbour the highest prevalence (66.7%) in urban, R. rattus (53.8%) in semi-urban, whereby M. whiteheadi (44.4%) in recreational forest sites. Microhabitat analysis revealed that rubbish quantity contributed especially strongly to a high prevalence of Leptospira. This study contributes to understanding of the host and microhabitat preferences of Leptospira, which is important in controlling the spread of this disease in human’s landscapes.

Leptospirosis is caused by the spirochetal bacterium Leptospira of which rodents are considered the most important reservoir. This study aims to determine and characterize virulent Leptospira species among rodents and small mammals found in human settlements and recreational spots within the Hulu Langat and Gombak districts of Selangor, Malaysia; regions that frequently report probable human leptospirosis cases. Molecular analysis revealed an overall Leptospira detection rate of 14.3% among the 266 small mammals captured, and the human settlements were found to have the highest number of isolates (15.1%), followed by recreational sites (14.5%). The molecular characterization conducted based on the lipL32, secY genes and MLST revealed that the strains belonged to four different species, including; Leptospira interrogans (29; 76.3%; ST50, ST238, ST243), L. kirschneri (5; 13.15%; ST110), L. borgpetersenii (3; 8%; ST143) and L. weilii (1; 2.63%; ST242). The study revealed genotypes of circulating strains among small mammals in Malaysia, which include Leptospira locus ST110 L. kirschneri, ST 50 L. interrogans, ST143 L. borgpetersenii and ST242 L. weilii. Among the small mammals studied, 17/105 (16.2%) Rattus norvegicus, 7/59 (11.9%) of Rattus rattus, 5/24 (20.8%) of Maxomys whiteheadi, 4/18 (22.2%) of Sundamys muelleri, 2/22 (9%), Tupaia gliss, 2/16 (12.5%) Rattus tiomanicus and 1/4 (25%) of Suncus murinus carried pathogenic leptospires. The data from the present study may imply that, in addition to rodents, other small mammals also serve as maintenance hosts for Leptospira. Hence, much remains unknown about Leptospira maintenance hosts, and there is need for further investigation to ascertain the prevailing serovars of pathogenic Leptospira in Malaysia. This will assist in the development of efficient diagnostic assays with improved microscopic agglutination test (MAT) panels, and in the implementation of suitable prevention and control measures.

With the rapid growth of agricultural areas globally, forest birds increasingly encounter fragmented landscapes in which forest patches are surrounded by an agricultural plantation matrix, yet how birds respond behaviourally to this fragmentation is poorly understood. Information on microhabitat requirements of birds is scarce, but nevertheless essential to predicting adaptation of bird species to the patchy landscapes. We investigated foraging patterns of three tropical insectivorous birds, Green Iora Aegithina viridissima, Pin-striped Tit-Babbler Macronus gularis and Chestnut-winged Babbler Cyanoderma erythropterum, to determine whether they vary in foraging methods in different forest patches. Our study area encompassed old-logged lowland forest; one continuous forest and three forest patches. Observations were performed for 15 days every month for a period of 13 months. Information on foraging height, substrate, attack manoeuvres, and foliage density was collected independently for each foraging bird individual. All three species used different foraging substrates and attack manoeuvres in different habitat types. The Green Iora frequently used lower strata when foraging in forest patches as opposed to continuous forest, while the Pin-striped Tit-Babbler tended to forage in more dense vegetation in patches. Only Chestnut-winged Babbler displayed complete foraging plasticity across all study parameters. Different habitat features (e.g., edges, microclimates) between continuous forest and forest patches significantly influenced the foraging strategies of the study species. These changes in foraging strategies suggest that some Malaysian forest birds (e.g. generalist species) can respond behaviourally to fragmentation and habitat loss. Although continuous forest has critically important characteristics that need to be conserved, remnant forest patches are also important as ecological movement corridors and foraging grounds for birds.

Re-introduction programme has been adopted in solving the conflict issues related with the Malayan sun bears in Peninsular Malaysia. Two rehabilitated sun bears (#1533 and #1532) were collared and released in Tembat Forest Reserve, Hulu Terengganu to study the home-range and activity pattern. Tracking of sun bear in wild have be conducted manually by using telemetry devices namely radio frequency systems and GPS-UHF download system. A total of 912 locations were recorded. The home range size (indicate by the size of convex polygon) of bear #1533 is larger than bear #1532, with value of 95% minimum convex polygon was 130 km2 compared to its counterpart was 33.28 km2. Bears moved to forest (primary and secondary) and oil palm area. Bear #1533 and #1532 were more active in daytime (diurnal) especially from sunrise to midday. Activity pattern of both rehabilitated bears suggested influence by their daily activity in captivity. This study has proposed two guidelines in re-introduction, 1) minimum distance between release site and possible conflict area is 10–13 km and 2) release during the bear’s active time.Re-introduction programme has been adopted in solving the conflict issues related with the Malayan sun bears in Peninsular Malaysia. Two rehabilitated sun bears (#1533 and #1532) were collared and released in Tembat Forest Reserve, Hulu Terengganu to study the home-range and activity pattern. Tracking of sun bear in wild have be conducted manually by using telemetry devices namely radio frequency systems and GPS-UHF download system. A total of 912 locations were recorded. The home range size (indicate by the size of convex polygon) of bear #1533 is larger than bear #1532, with value of 95% minimum convex polygon was 130 km2 compared to its counterpart was 33.28 km2. Bears moved to forest (primary and secondary) and oil palm area. Bear #1533 and #1532 were more active in daytime (diurnal) especially from sunrise to midday. Activity pattern of both rehabilitated bears suggested influence by their daily activity in captivity. This study has proposed two guidelines in re-introduction, 1) minimum distance betw...

This study aims to identify hard ticks (Ixodes sp.) infesting rodents in three different sites in Selangor, Malaysia using a molecular approach. A total of 11 individual ticks infesting four different host species (Rattus tiomanicus, Rattus ratus, Maxomys surifer and Sundamys muelleri) were examined based on its morphological features, followed by molecular identification using mitochondrial 16S rDNA gene. Confirmation of the species identity was accomplished by using BLAST program. Clustering analysis based on 16S rDNA sequences was carried out by constructing Neighbour-joining (NJ) and Maximum parsimony (MP) tree using MEGA 7 to clarify the genetic identity of Ixodes sp. Based on morphological features, all individual ticks were only able to be identified up to genus level as most of the samples were fully engorged, damaged and lacked morphological characters. However, molecular analysis of samples revealed 99% similarity with Ixodes granulatus from the GenBank database. Thus, the result of this study showed that all these ticks (Ixodes granulatus) were genetically affiliated to a monophyletic group with highly homogenous sequences.This study aims to identify hard ticks (Ixodes sp.) infesting rodents in three different sites in Selangor, Malaysia using a molecular approach. A total of 11 individual ticks infesting four different host species (Rattus tiomanicus, Rattus ratus, Maxomys surifer and Sundamys muelleri) were examined based on its morphological features, followed by molecular identification using mitochondrial 16S rDNA gene. Confirmation of the species identity was accomplished by using BLAST program. Clustering analysis based on 16S rDNA sequences was carried out by constructing Neighbour-joining (NJ) and Maximum parsimony (MP) tree using MEGA 7 to clarify the genetic identity of Ixodes sp. Based on morphological features, all individual ticks were only able to be identified up to genus level as most of the samples were fully engorged, damaged and lacked morphological characters. However, molecular analysis of samples revealed 99% similarity with Ixodes granulatus from the GenBank database. Thus, the result of this study s...

Mousedeer is one of the primitive mammals that can be found mainly in Southeast-Asia region. There are two species of mousedeer in Malaysia which are Tragulus kanchil and Tragulus napu. Both species can be distinguish by size, coat coloration, and throat pattern but clear diagnosis still cannot be found. The objective of the study is to show the genetic distance relationship between T. kanchil and T. napu and their population based on mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) cytochrome oxidase I (COI) and D-loop region. There are 42 sample of mousedeer were used in this study collected by PERHILITAN from different locality. Another 29 D-loop sequence were retrieved from Genbank for comparative analysis. All sample were amplified using universal primer and species-specific primer for COI and D-loop genes via PCR process. The amplified sequences were analyzed to determine genetic distance of T. kanchil and T. napu. From the analysis, the average genetic distance between T. kanchil and T. napu based on locus COI and D-loop were 0.145 and 0.128 respectively. The genetic distance between populations of T. kanchil based on locus COI was between 0.003-0.013. For locus D-loop, genetic distance analysis showed distance in relationship between west-coast populations to east-coast population of T. kanchil. COI and D-loop mtDNA region provided a clear picture on the relationship within the mousedeer species. Last but not least, conservation effort toward protecting this species can be done by study the molecular genetics and prevent the extinction of this species.

Exploitation of forest for commercial agriculture has taken toll on wildlife species worldwide. A forest farm project with the aim of compensating the forest loss has been implemented in Kemasul Forest Reserve, of Pahang State, Malaysia through plantation of fast growing and adaptable plant species. The objective of this study is to determine the impact of this practice on diversity. The study was conducted in a long strip of forest fragment, where two study sites with different landscape matrix types were chosen; oil palm plantation (JR) and Acacia mangium plantations (CM). A total of 75 individuals from 13 species and six families were collected at both sites. The result shows forest with A. mangium plantations matrix types yield higher species diversity. There are 10 shared species that can be found at both study sites including Callosciurus notatus, Hystrix brachyura, Macaca nemestrina, and Tupaia glis. However, some species only existed at selected sites such as Leopoldamys sabanus which can only be found at JR. On the other hand, Callosciurus nigrovittatus, Viverra tangalunga and Paradoxurus hermaphroditus were only recorded at CM. Out of all individuals collected, four of them are protected species as reported by IUCN. Callosciurus nigrovittatus is listed as Near Threatened while the other three species (Maxomys rajah, Maxomys whiteheadi, and Macaca nemestrina) are Vulnerable. If conservation efforts in Kemasul Forest Reserved are neglected, these four species would be exposed to critical threats that might cause them facing extinction in the future. Mann Whitney U test shows no significant difference of distribution and species richness of small to medium-sized mammals in both study sites (U=51.5, p=0.59). This study therefore reveals that although the compensatory forest plantation initiatives yield positive effect on diversity of mammal’s species, it does not necessarily provide ample food resources to the wildlife, instead it serves as important buffer zones for wildlife movement.

Human-sun bear conflict may negatively affect human properties and long-term survival of the sun bear. These conflicts become a major problem for conservation of the sun bear. Understanding what factors cause human-bear conflict remains poorly understood. Studies of conflict extent through identifying affected areas while accessing their level of risk are a prelude to reduce wildlife conflict issues. In this research, the Maximum Entropy (MaxEnt) algorithm was applied to predict potential conflict areas of the Malayan sun bear (Helarctos malayanus) in Peninsular Malaysia and identify the key factors shaping conflict distribution. The 233 spatially disperse conflicted sun bears were analysed in relation to 11 predictor variables. The risk model demonstrated that approximately 1% of Peninsular Malaysia was comprised of high potential conflict area, while good, moderate, and least potential conflict areas constituted 2%, 5%, and 25%, respectively. The predictive model with an AUC value of 0.92 indicated that the crop areas adjacent to the forest edge and with high precipitation were significantly influenced on sun bear conflicts. This study provides useful tools for identifying potential conflict hotspots and highlights the significance of proper landscape planning to improve the mitigation of human-sun bear conflict and conservation efforts throughout Peninsular Malaysia.

The national park is considered as one of the protected areas (PA) created to conserve and protect biodiversity for the benefit of living being and humankind. Penang National Park (PNP) was gazetted in 2003 under the National Parks Act 1980 with a total coverage area of 2,563 hectares. It is in the North-Western part of Penang Island. Referring to its size PNP is among the smallest national parks in the world. The main purpose of (PNP) establishment is to preserve and enhance natural scenery, wildlife and cultural heritage. Being one of the protected areas located in the fast-growing state, PNP faces threats such as development pressures, encroachment and illegal development surrounding the park. This issue threatens its function to conserve biodiversity and raises conflict between the community and the management of this area. To maintain its sustainability the protected area should be able to adapt to changes in social and ecological aspects in support of the conservation agenda. Thus, an investigation has been carried out to understand the views of the local communities towards PNP. Data were collected from local communities living near PNP through questionnaire survey involving 282 respondents from two main areas nearby the national park i.e Teluk Bahang and Kampung Pantai Acheh. The understanding on determinants of local community attitudes towards PA might provide guidance in the design, management and assessment of this strategic form of biodiversity conservation. The outcomes were to establish the local community perceptions on the impact of protected area and analyses the association on the economic, social and environmental impact that support the long-term persistence of conservation concern.

Many habitat patches in tropical landscapes have become less suitable for wildlife due to an increase in anthropogenic disturbances. An index of habitat suitability based on the ecological factors that collectively determine the suitability of an organism's habitat is important for conservation planning. However, a widely accepted and comprehensive multi-criteria habitat suitability index for umbrella species is still lacking, particularly in areas where information related to the biology and ecology of the species of interest is not available. Therefore we develop preliminary habitat maps and measure the degree of habitat suitability for large mammals, focusing on four umbrella species in the State of Selangor, Peninsular Malaysia: Panthera tigris jacksoni (Malayan tiger), Tapirus indicus (Malayan tapir), Helarctos malayanus malayanus (Malayan sun bear), and Rusa unicolor cambojensis (sambar deer). The former two are endangered and the latter two are vulnerable according to the IUCN Red List. The suitability of habitat patches for each species was measured across the entire study area as well as in nine wildlife protected areas by integrating GIS data and expert opinion. Expert opinions were used as the source of information regarding the stresses faced by the species because there was insufficient information available from ground surveys. We developed an index and maps of habitat suitability for each species, which were then integrated to represent a combined index (ranging from 0 to 27) and spatially explicit maps of the area's habitat suitability for large mammals. The average large mammal habitat suitability index value of the State of Selangor (9) indicates that many habitat patches have become unsuitable for such species. Of the nine wildlife protected areas, Fraser's Hill (22), Sungai Dusun (22), and Bukit Kutu (21) are very suitable; Klang Gate (20) and Templers Park (17) are suitable; and the remaining four are unsuitable for large mammals. We assume that this preliminary habitat suitability index and mapping are useful for conservation planning of wildlife habitats at both landscape and regional scales, as well as providing an initial foundation for revision by future research with significant new information.

The gaur (Bos gaurus) is one of the two extant wild cattle species that can be found in several Asian countries. This species is threatened by extinction due to declining wild populations. Selembu is the name of the Malayan gaur × domestic cattle hybrid. We planned this study to determine the position of the Malayan gaur and its hybrid, the selembu, in the phylogenetics of the genus Bos (Bos gaurus, Bos javanicus, Bos indicus, and Bos taurus). The mitochondrial 12S rRNA gene and the control region (D-loop) were sequenced in 29 Bos samples. Sequences from one water buffalo (Bubalus) were used as an outgroup. Phylogenetic trees were reconstructed using neighbor-joining and maximum parsimony in PAUP 4.0b10 and Bayesian inference in MrBayes 3.1. All tree topologies indicated that the Malayan gaur belongs to its own monophyletic clade that is distinct from other species of the genus Bos. Selembu samples were grouped in zebu and/or taurine cattle clades. The results also indicated that there are significant embranchment differences in the tree topologies between wild (Malayan gaur and banteng/Bali cattle) and domestic (taurine cattle, zebu cattle, and selembu) cattle. The results showed the complete maternal inheritance situation among the studied samples of all cattle species.

Reproductive biology of the introduced sailfin cat fish Pterygoplichthys pardalis in the Langat River of peninsular Malaysia was studied. Fish samples were collected monthly from Langat River during March 2003 - June 2004. The sex ratio observed for P. pardalis was female-biased with 1: 2. Gonadal maturity stage is achieved at 12.5 cm standard length (SL) for males and 13.0 cm SL for females. This species appeared to have continuous spawning that peaked when water levels were high between September and January. Egg sizes were found to reach as large as 3.3 mm in dia in the ovary; suggesting that they spawn in batches. Fecundity varied from 1297 to 18791 numbers per brood, proportional to individual size. Data obtained from this study indicate that the introduced sailfin cat fish has successfully colonised in Langat River in Malaysia.

Ticks are important vectors that transmit a variety of pathogenic microorganisms known to be medically important worldwide. Many vertebrate groups have become host to this organism, and their presence and abundance are an indicator of the condition of both host and its habitat. This study was conducted to determine tick’s infestation and its prevalence on small mammal’s residing in the recreational forests (RF) and semi-urban (SU) residential areas which have encountered Leptospirosis outbreak and cases in Hulu Langat, Selangor Malaysia. Trapping of the small mammals involved deploying two hundred cage traps in a systematic one-hectare plot (100 m x 100 m), as well as along the stream and forest trails at random. Ticks were extracted from the captured individual hosts. Identification of the tick species was performed based on morphological features and molecular approach using 16S rDNA and COI (cytochrome oxidase subunit I) genes. A total of 278 individuals of small mammals belonging to 15 species (13 Rodentia, 1 Scandentia and 1 Insectivora) were captured in the study areas. From these, 34 individuals from eight small mammal species were infested with ticks. The most infested host species was Muller’s giant Sunda rat (Sundamys muelleri) with 5.80% (n=16). Ticks prevalence was slightly higher in RF with 6.40% (n=18) compared to SU with 5.80% (n=16). A total of 107 adult ticks (103 female and 4 male) were collected from the infested host. Ixodes granulatus was the most dominant tick species encountered (70.40%, n=85), followed by Dermacentor sp. (18.60%, n=20), while Amblyomma sp. was the least abundant (2%, n=2). This study provides information on tick species present and tick burden on small mammal hosts within the study areas. Our findings suggest that the visitors to the recreational forests and the residents of the semi-urban area were not only exposed to Leptospirosis bacteria but also tick bites and potentially tick-borne disease, therefore, precaution should be taken to avoid contact with small mammal hosts.

A study was done to compare amphibian species composition and richness between a disturbed forest due to logging/dam construction and a 30-year old logged forest at Hulu Terengganu, Peninsular Malaysia. This study was conducted from August to October 2014, using drift fenced-pitfall traps. The upstream (UP) and downstream riverine area (DP) of a dam called Puah Dam (PD) represented the disturbed forest habitat, while Sg. Deka Wildlife Reserve (SDWR) represented a 30-year old regenerating logged forest. There were six amphibian species found at SDWR, while four species were recorded at UP and DP.

The establishment of protected areas has always been associated with a strategy to conserve biodiversity. A well-managed protected areas not only protect the ecosystem and threatened species but also provides benefits to the public. These indeed require sound management practices through the application of protected areas management categories which can be is seen as tools for planning, establishment and administration of protected areas as well as to regulate the activities in the protected areas. However, in Peninsular Malaysia the implementation of the protected areas management categories was carried out based on the 'ad-hoc' basis without realising the important of the criteria based on the local values. Thus, an investigation has been sought to establish the criteria used in application to the protected areas management categories in Peninsular Malaysia. The outcomes revealed the significant of social, environment and economic criteria in establishing the protected area management categories in Peninsular Malaysia.

1 Diversity patterns of small mammals were studied along an elevational transect on Mount Kinabalu, the highest mountain in South-east Asia, utilizing data from previously existing sources and a new field study. A mark-and-release study (conducted during wet and dry seasons between November 1994 and April 1995) resulted in captures of 12 small mammal species, including two species of squirrels, two tree shrews, seven murid rodents and one gymnure. 2 Based on data compiled from this survey, museum specimens, and published and unpublished literature (analysed by locally weighted sums of squares and quadratic polynomial regressions), species richness of small mammals formed a middle elevation bulge, highest at about 1200–1400 m and declining at lower and higher elevations. Trapping during two seasons did not change the assessment of the pattern. 3 A cluster analysis of these data indicated that there are two elevationally associated faunas, one in the highlands and another in the lowlands. The transition between these two assemblages is at 1700–1800 m elevation. The lowland faunal assemblage has the highest number of species, with maximum species richness at about 1300 m for total small mammal species, about 1200 m for arboreal species and about 1400 m for terrestrial species. 4 The areas where much overlapping of species occurs are the elevations where climate and vegetation change rapidly from lowland to montane types. Tree species, gymnosperms, orchids and ferns showed a similar curvilinear pattern along the same elevational gradient, with maximum species richness at about 1400–1500 m. Temperature declined progressively with increasing elevation, but rainfall and humidity reached their highest levels at about 1700 m. 5 Maximum diversity of small mammals thus occurred at the elevation where a highland and a lowland assemblage overlapped, where several types of plants reached their maximum diversity, and where rainfall and humidity reached their maxima. Similar patterns have been documented for small mammals, plants, and climate at sites scattered in Indo-Australia from Taiwan to New Guinea.

Chiloscyllium, commonly called bamboo shark, can be found inhabiting the waters of the Indo-West Pacific around East Asian countries such as Malaysia, Myanmar, Thailand, Singapore, and Indonesia. The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List has categorized them as nearly threatened sharks out of their declining population status due to overexploitation. A molecular study was carried out to portray the systematic relationships withinChiloscylliumspecies using 12S rRNA and cytochromebgene sequences. Maximum parsimony and Bayesian were used to reconstruct their phylogeny trees. A total of 381 bp sequences’ lengths were successfully aligned in the 12S rRNA region, with 41 bp sites being parsimony-informative. In the cytochromebregion, a total of 1120 bp sites were aligned, with 352 parsimony-informative characters. All analyses yield phylogeny trees on whichC. indicumhas close relationships withC. plagiosum.C. punctatumis sister taxon to bothC. indicumandC. plagiosumwhileC. griseumandC. hasseltiiformed their own clade as sister taxa. TheseChiloscylliumclassifications can be supported by some morphological characters (lateral dermal ridges on the body, coloring patterns, and appearance of hypobranchials and basibranchial plate) that can clearly be used to differentiate each species.

Identification of a local species of tick, Ixodes granulatus from the family Ixodidae is essential because it has potential to be vector for spotted fever group (SFG) rickettsia and tick thypus. The aim of this study is to portray the relationships among several populations of I. granulatus collected from different species of animal hosts and localities in Peninsular Malaysia. Polymerase Chain Reaction was conducted by amplifying mitochondrial DNA marker, namely cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) sequences from 15 individual ticks that attached to five different hosts caught from three different localities. Confirmation of the species identity was accomplished using BLAST program. Neighbor-joining (NJ) and Maximum Parsimony (MP) tree based on COI sequences were constructed by using PAUP 4.0b10 to identify the relationship among species. The result of this study showed a high genetic heterogeneity between I. granulatus and other species of the same genus (7.2-23.7%). Furthermore, a low intraspecific variat...

The establishment of protected areas in peninsular Malaysia was initiated during the British colonial period. The combination of political scenario and socioeconomic development has influenced the planning and management of protected areas in peninsular Malaysia. As a result, some of them did not receive much attention and have been exposed to various human land use activities such as agriculture, urbanization, and building highways, a concern particularly since the rapid land development for agriculture in the 1950s and the 1960s. However, from the 1980s to recent years, urbanization and other similar types of development are emerging to affect the sustainability of protected areas. Assessing landscape element change or simply landscape change of protected areas and their link to its development trends is an urgent need to identify the main priorities for protection and conservation. Therefore, this chapter presents the development trends of protected areas, followed by some analysis on landscape changes both inside and outside of protected areas in three temporal years: 1988, 1996, and 2005. The degree of their impact on ecosystem of the protected areas is also presented. The objective is to provide understanding of the linkages between the development trends and landscape changes and their impact on the ecosystems of the protected areas.

A revised and updated checklist of the herpetofauna of the Krau Wildlife Reserve (KWR), Pahang is presented, which includes 61 species of amphibians and 65 species of reptiles. Five species of amphibians are listed under revised names i.e. Hylarana labialis, H. picturata, Ansonia latiffi, Microhyla mantheyi and Rhacophorus norhayatae; and two species are listed as new locality records for KWR: Hylarana cf. siberu and Theloderma licin. The amphibians and reptiles recorded in KWR are approximately 56% and 22% of the total number of species recorded from Peninsular Malaysia, respectively.