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It is well known that lead-bronze is widely used in the automotive industry owing to the high anti-seizure property. However, because of toxicity of lead, the automotive industry demands a lead-free copper alloy from the viewpoint of environment. Lead- free copper alloy, which has the anti-seizure property as high as lead-bronze, has not been yet well exploited. For this reason, the objective of this study is to improve the anti-seizure property of lead-free copper alloy using a laser surface texturing (LST). In this study, a ring-on-ring sliding friction tester was used to assess the effectiveness of LST on the anti-seizure property of lead- free copper alloy. The upper specimens were made of FCD700, while the textured bottom specimens were made of PBC2 (lead- free copper alloy). A Daphne Hydraulic Fluid 32 (Idemitsu) paraffinic oil was used as a lubricant. The sliding friction test was conducted with a running-in period for 10 min at a load of 50 N. Afterwards, the load was increased incrementally from 50 N to 1600 N, while the friction coefficient was measured simultaneously. The friction test results showed that the textured specimens have a better anti-seizure property compared to the non-textured specimens. Based on the obtained experimental results, it was concluded that the arrangement and area ratio of dimples play an important role in improving the anti-seizure property.

Synchronous reluctance motors (SynRMs) have attracted attention, because SynRMs have no magnets in the rotor. Position sensorless control at low speeds of SynRMs is now desired, and several methods have been proposed. The new position sensorless control method of SynRMs at low speeds by estimating a high-frequency extended e.m.f.(EEMF) caused by superimposed high-frequency current has been proposed by authors. The feature is that the amplitude of the superimposed high-frequency current is controlled to a small constant value. In this paper, the influence of inductance variation, which is large in the SynRMs, of the proposed position sensorless control method is investigated. And, in the proposed method, it is experimentally shown that the influence of the position estimation caused by the inductance variation is very small and the position sensorless control method is useful.

For reduction of the amount of CO2 emitted from ships, power generation characteristics of two power generation systems consisting of a high-efficiency permanent magnet synchronous generator and diode bridge rictifiers are discussed in this paper. One of the discussed systems has three-phase stator windings, and the other has two sets of three-phase (six-phase) stator windings to reduce pulsation in the electromagnetic torque and DC current. Experimental results reveal that the power generation efficiency of the system having six-phase stator windings is higher than that of the system having three-phase stator windings for a light load. The maximum power generation efficiency of the system having six-phase stator windings is almost the same as that of the system having three-phase stator windings. For the electromagnetic torque of the system having six-phase stator windings, the width of pulsation is about one-fifth compared to the system having three-phase stator windings.

A convergent and enantioselective route to the hNK-1 receptor antagonist (1) is described, which sets all six stereogenic centers with high diastereoselectivity and delivers 1 in only 11 steps and 23% overall yield. The process was enabled by the development of the enantioselective enzymatic reduction of 3-functionalized cyclopentenones and stereospecific Pd-catalyzed etherification coupling of fragments 6 and 7.

The heterocomponent films of polypyridine ruthenium(II) complexes and methyl viologen derivatives, and polypyridine ruthenium(II) complexes and alkyl chain derivatives have been successfully obtained using a layer-by-layer fabrication method. We determined their photocurrent generation properties and noted that the photocurrent generation strongly depended on the inner layer. A higher photocurrent generation in the donor–acceptor film was obtained than in a single-component film of the chromophore.

Flow characteristics of a free-horizontal-axis-turbine (FHAT) current power generation system have been investigated by the use of a volumetric PTV. Three types of FHAT system (S50, SE50, S65) have been tested under the current speed 1.35 knot, 1.5 knot and 2 knot. The width of the blade installed around the body is 50 mm. Based upon the power generation characteristics of the FHAT, the flow features of the blade have been investigated. Among the three models it has been verified that the S65 is the most appropriate for power generations.

Recently, industrial technology for both improving thermal conductivity and controlling the coefficient of thermal expansion of heat sink materials has became an important issuebecause of the downsizing of electronic devices. We have been investigating the innovative processing method for TiB2 dispersed Cu matrix composite by reactive infiltration process in which the combustion reaction of elemental powders (Ti+2B+Cu → TiB2+Cu) and pressureless infiltration of molten Cu into porous reaction product (TiB2/Cu composite) are combined. By this process, fine TiB2particles (2~3µm) can be dispersed in Cu matrix homogeneously. However, for better thermal conductivity and reduced thermal expansion, 3-dimentionally continuous inter-penetrating structure of TiB2 and Cu phases is suitable. In this study, we researched the effects of Cu powder size and volume fraction in Ti,B,Cu green powder compact on the microstructure of the combustion synthesized TiB2/Cu composite. When Cu powders were smaller than 45µm, TiB2 particles were uniformly dispersed in Cu matrix. However, when Cu powders were larger than 150µｍ, monolithic Cu area without TiB2 dispersion was formed. The monolithic Cu area tended to be connected each other by increasing the amount of Cu powders. This resulted in the formation of 3-dimensionally continuous inter-penetrating TiB2/Cu microstructure.

本稿は、医療法人再生のための法的手続きの有効性を考察すると共に、経営危機又は経営破綻に陥った場合の問題点を指摘し、医療法人再生のための方策を考察するものである。

A minimum cost spanning tree game is called ultrametric if the cost function on the edges of the underlying network is an ultrametric. We show that every ultrametric minimum cost spanning tree game is reduced to a cost allocation game on a rooted tree. It follows that there exist O(n 2 ) time algorithms for computing the Shapley value, the nucleolus and the egalitarian allocation of the ultrametric minimum cost spanning tree games, where n is the number of players.

A practical and efficient synthesis of the potent HIV integrase inhibitor 1 is described. Starting from readily available 3,4-dihydro-2H-pyran, the six-step synthesis features a through process without purification of any of the intermediates until the isolation of crystalline intermediate 7. After deprotection and classical resolution, amine 8 was isolated with excellent enantiopurity. A final amide coupling completed the synthesis of 1 in 7.6% overall yield from DHP. This chromatography-free route is more cost effective and increases the overall yield by nearly 3 times when compared with the original Med Chem synthethic route. This improved chemistry was used successfully to prepare multikilogram quantities of integrase inhibitor 1.

7例の非結核性抗酸菌（NTM）症に対し，肺葉切除2例，肺区域切除2例，肺部分切除3例の外科的処置を試行し良好な結果を得た．特に，肺部分切除は胸腔鏡下に行い，手術侵襲としても低く，術後の残存呼吸機能も十分保たれ，術後の入院期間も3日と満足のいく結果であった．術後の経過観察期間は平均20.7ヵ月であり，現時点で再燃・再発が確認された症例は無く十分治療効果があったと考える．これまで国内外を含め外科治療の適応基準は存在するが，明確なエビデンスに基づいたものはない．今回，7症例のうち5症例がこれまでの外科治療の適応基準に合致しなかった．これまでの適応基準に合致しない症例の中にも外科治療の適応があると考えられる例が存在する．今後，症例を集積・検討し，新たな手術の適応基準を作成することが必要と考える．

A strategy for fabricating a microchannel concentrator having a new type of thermoresponsive valves for the fluid flow switching is described. The function of the valves is based on an actuating flap structure, where the flap is composed of a double-layered sheet, a thermoresponsive hydrogel layer and an acrylic resin layer. Responding to the water swelling/deswelling behavior of the hydrogel layer, the flap bidirectionally bends within several seconds. Likewise, in association with a special valve-sealing concept, two valves showing opposite working (open/close) states were successfully created in a microchip. Consequently, when a microchannel filled with silica gel particles was prepared with two outlet branches having the opposite-working valves, a four-fold enrichment of an analyte was achieved by the single operation of the present concentrator system.

Various techniques for correcting whistling deformities that occurred after primary surgery for cleft lip have been reported. These techniques are mainly intended to correct the lack of volume of the red lip. However, irregularity of the dry-wet lip junction (mucocutaneous junction) in the red lip has rarely been mentioned. If the wet lip is located in an exposed area, not only is the aesthetic appearance poor but also uncomfortable complications such as a crusted or bleeding lip repeatedly occur under a dry condition. A new technique for correcting the irregular line of the dry-wet lip junction is described in this report. The technique is simple. After removal of the exposed wet lip, flaps are designed on both dry lip sides of the defect as M-W-M plasty and are transposed toward the defect. The dog-ears are small; the scar is inconspicuous because it is incorporated with the wrinkle line, and scar contracture is prevented. In addition, more soft tissues may be included to correct a mild whistling deformity.

A novel temperature-sensitive hydrogel with fast deswelling and swelling rates was prepared from an N-isopropylacrylamide monomer mixture with poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP) and its lightly crosslinked counterpart (so-called polyvinyl-polypyrrolidone, PVPP). The PVP worked as a porogen for the polymerization-induced phase separation of the hydrogel while the PVPP microgels were used as a pore-structure modifier. The hydrogel, in the form of a layer, was laminated with an acrylic resin layer to make a temperature-sensitive flap which can work as a bimetallic-like actuator with fast responses. Owing to the different deswelling/swelling ratios of the two layers, the smart flap bent in opposite directions in water at different temperatures. The switching temperature, at which the flap changed its bending direction, was adjusted by applying different ratios of PVP/PVPP in the hydrogel precursors. Dynamic results show that the flap with a hydrogel layer modified by PVP/PVPP required only several seconds to bend to its equilibrium states in both directions. No obvious performance loss was found after numerous heating?cooling cycles and the processes of drying and recovery.

RuL 3 2+ (L=2,2′-bipyridine-4,4′-diphosphonic acid) thin solid films were fabricated by three-dimensional linking between the phosphonic acid substituents of L and Zr(O)Cl2. The RuL3 chromophores in the films are electronically independent of each other in the ground state and give emission spectra essentially identical to that of RuL 3 2+ in solution, although the emission lifetime is much shorter. The films are electrochemically active, showing pseudo-reversible oxidation behavior in cyclic voltammetry. A preliminary attempt has been made to apply these films to photoelectrochemical cells.

TiO2光触媒のCO2改質性能向上を目的として，ゾルゲル・ディップコーティング法によるコーティングTiO2膜の作製条件を種々変化させて，それらがTiO2のCO2改質性能におよぼす影響を評価した．併せてコーティングTiO2膜の表面性状を観察，分析し，CO2改質性能との関係も調べた．その結果，コーティング回数を11まで増加させると，コーティングTiO2量と反応面積の増大により，CO2改質性能が向上した．高改質性能が得られたコーティング回数でコーティングTiO2膜の焼成時間を60, 300, 540 sと変化させたところ，焼成時間を長く設定すると，反応面積の増大によりCO2改質性能が向上した．TiO2ゾル溶液へのTiO2粉末混入割合を調節することで1回のコーティングあたりのTiO2量を変化させたところ，コーティング回数に応じて適切なTiO2粉末混入量を設定することで，CO2改質性能が向上することが認められた．

To evaluate the safety and efficacy of prolonged ingestion of Lactobacillus acidophilus L-92 (L-92) on skin symptoms in adult atopic dermatitis (AD) patients, a placebo-controlled double-blinded parallel-group comparison study was performed. This included daily administration of heat-killed and dried L-92 or placebo for 24wk in 50 AD patients who were 16yr old or older. The severity of skin symptoms was evaluated at baseline and at 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, and 24wk during the intervention using the investigator global assessment, eczema area and severity index, and scoring atopic dermatitis. Serum cytokine and blood marker levels were also measured at baseline and at 4, 8, 16, and 24wk during the intervention. No adverse events were reported during the study period. Compared with the placebo group, the L-92 group showed significant decreases in investigator global assessment, eczema area and severity index, and scoring atopic dermatitis. Subjective symptoms in adult AD patients were reduced by intake of L-92. Furthermore, it was suggested that sustained ingestion of L-92 resulted in suppression of scratching behavior and maintenance of remission status of skin symptoms. Sixteen weeks after the study commenced, a significant decrease in lactate dehydrogenase and a significant increase in transforming growth factor-β were observed in the L-92 group compared with the placebo group. In the L-92 group, a significant elevation of IL-12 (p70) level at the end of treatment period compared with before the treatment was observed. This study suggested that L-92 suppresses type-2-helper-T-cell-dominant inflammation by activating regulatory T cells and type 1 helper T cells.

A flux model, which is capable of both MTPA(Maximum Torque Per Ampere) control and position sensorless control of IPMSMs(Interior Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors), has been proposed. This paper proposes that the flux is estimated using the full-order observer. And a design method for the full-order observer is also proposed. The design method of the full-order observer that robust flux estimation become possible against the velocity estimation error, by solving γ-positive real problem and H∞ control problem. In this paper, the experimental result of the position sensorless control of IPMSMs shows that a proposed design method of the full-order observer is very useful.

Synchronous reluctance motors (SynRMs) have attracted attention as the motor which complement IMs and IPMSMs, etc., because SynRMs have no winding and magnet in the rotor. Position sensorless control at low speeds of SynRMs is now desired, and several methods have been proposed. This paper proposes a new position sensorless control method of SynRMs at low speeds by estimating a high-frequency extended e.m.f.(EEMF) caused by injecting a high-frequency current, by a disturbance observer on the stator frame. In this method, the frequency of the injecting high-frequency current is set to 200 Hz which is quite lower than a mechanical resonance frequency of the motor, to consider reduction in noise of the motor. The superimposed signal of thus low frequency influences the current control system driving the motor. Therefore, this paper proposes a new method for eliminating the superimposed signal by subtracting a reference value of the high-frequency current from the current fed back to the current controller. Finally, it is experimentally shown that the position sensorless control is capable, at low speeds and under load conditions, using the proposed method.

Summary Background Various procedures for correction of congenital syndactyly of hand or foot have been described. For incomplete syndactyly, some of the reported techniques use only local flaps from surrounding tissues. A novel technique for the correction of incomplete syndactyly, using a dorsal triangular flap and two palmar small flaps, is described in this article. Methods A triangular flap is first marked on the affected web space. The size of the flap should be the same as the unaffected side or other web space. Then a straight line is marked from the proximal apex of the triangle to the level of the metacarpophalangeal (MP) joint. After full skin incision, minimal peripheral undermining is done, and the triangular flap is transposed proximally, as in the Y–V advancement procedure, and sutured. Then two incisions are made from the distal part of the flap, transposing small flaps as in the five-flap method, and closed primarily. Results We treated ten cases of congenital syndactyly of the hand or foot. We were able to correct a good web space without skin grafting in all cases. Conclusion The design for our technique is simple, and the technique can be performed easily. The operation can be performed in a short time, the blood supply of the flap is preserved, the flap has a wide range of motion, and a deep and smooth dorsal slope is produced. This technique is an attractive alternative to previously reported methods for syndactyly correction.

A concise and practical synthesis of highly selective NPY-5 receptor antagonist 1 is described. The animopyrazine intermediate 3 was synthesized via either monobromination of aminopyrazine or palladium-catalyzed regioselective debromination of dibromopyrazine followed by an efficient Suzuki−Miyaura coupling. For the preparation of the spirolactone piperidine 2, significantly improved yield was achieved by using a combination of n-BuMgCl and n-BuLi. This protocol also dramatically increased the thermal stability of the aryllithium intermediate and eliminated the requirement for costly cryogenic conditions. The union of the spirolactone piperidine 2 and aminopyrazine 3 via a carbonyl group was accomplished using phenyl chloroformate delivering the target molecule in high yield.

In Large Helical Device (LHD), the discharges of high Z are often used in order to obtain high ion temperature. The ion density is relatively smaller than the electron density in high Z plasma. Therefore the high ion temperature can be obtained since the input energy per ion atom is large. In the charge exchange neutral diagnostic, the ion temperature can be obtained by observing the spectra of neutral particles, which are generated by the charge exchange between the background neutral and the plasma ion, and assuming theMaxwellian distribution of the spectra. In calculation, we also consider the charge exchange between the partially ionized high Z ion and proton. The contribution of neutral particle from the charge exchange between argon and proton is small near the center but cannot be neglected near the peripheral region comparing with that of hydrogen charge exchange

The new TiO2 photocatalytic filter supported by photo-induced activated hydroxyapatite (HAp Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2) was developed and the complete oxidation of acetaldehyde on the filter was investigated. The photocatalytic filter was fabricated by coating TiO2 and HAp on the porous ceramics body. In the decomposition of acetaldehyde using this composite filter, CO2 generation came to maximum at 20 min after starting of UV (254 nm) irradiation and the value was the stoichiometric to the complete oxidation. The rapid and complete oxidative decomposition of acetaldehyde can be achieved using the new photocatalytic composite filter in spite of the very small contact time, about 0.4 s through the filter and one path method. This effect would not be explained alone by the absorption capacity of HAp for acetaldehyde. Synergic and composite effect of HAp followed by radical formation under light is maximum at 254 nm.

Layer-by-layer (LbL) multilayer films of monomethyl maleate copolymers with styrene (P1) or vinyl carbazole (P2) were fabricated on oxidized surfaces, such as silicon wafers, quartz plates, or indi...

Heterogeneous esterification of poly(2-hydroxyethyl acrylate) (PHEA) gel with acylating agents such as acetic anhydride, a mixture of acetic anhydride and pyridine, and chloroacetic anhydride was carried out under various conditions. The selective esterification of PHEA gel proceeded smoothly in toluene from surface to give a novel core-shell type gel (gel capsule) consisting of a hydrophilic unreacted core and hydrophobic acetylated shell, and finally afford almost quantitative acetylated PHEA gel. The reaction was strongly affected by kinds and concentration of acylating agents. The swelling of the obtained gel capsule was studied. Although the gel capsule obtained from the esterification of PHEA gel with acetic anhydride showed much the same swelling behavior as the original PHEA gel, the shell layer resulting from the esterification of PHEA gel with a mixture of acetic anhydride and pyridine showed a high degree of esterification and worked as a permeability barrier of water.

厨房排気臭は、都市部での代表的な悪臭として認識が高まりつつある。そこで、その対策として光触媒技術の適用を検討した。光触媒フィルターには、3次元網目構造をもつセラミックス多孔体にTiO2微粒子をコーティングし、さらに、その表面には、化学的に安定したナノサイズの銀を担持して用いた。対象とした臭気は、中華料理店からの厨房排気臭とし、その排気臭に寄与している硫化水素の脱臭性能を確認する基礎的な試験を行い、得られた知見から光触媒脱臭装置を作成した。その結果、中華料理店の厨房排気臭に対してナノサイズの銀を担持した光触媒技術が利用できることが明らかになった。

Polymer-dispersed liquid crystal (PDLC) films of 4-cyano-4‘-pentylbiphenyl (5CB) were fabricated between two quartz substrates, the surfaces of which had been modified with the self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) of CH3−(CH2)17−Si(OMe)3 (1), HS−(CH2)10−Si(OEt)3 (2), and NC−(CH2)11−Si(OEt)3 (3). The SAM-modification effects on the molecular aggregation of 5CB were investigated by steady-state and time-resolved fluorescence analysis for the PDLC films. Remarkably, it was found that selective excitation of the interface layer with the substrate surface gave both the monomer and excimer emissions of 5CB in relative intensities, depending on the chemical nature of the SAM surfaces. While the monomer and excimer emissions appeared in comparative intensities in the case of the unmodified quartz surface, the surface modification with the SAM of 1 resulted in a dominant contribution of the excimer emission. By contrast, the monomer emission was much stronger than the excimer emission in the case of the surface modifi...

A novel harmonics-reducing system of cascaded-induction generators has been proposed, and its effectiveness has been confirmed by the simulation results. Comparing the characteristics of the cascaded generators with those of the single generator, we see that the power efficiency decreases by 1-3%, and the input power factor decreases by around 20%, but the power factor can be improved by controlling the reactive power of the power-recovery inverter. Since the proposed system has the advantages of a low-cost system, a brushless structure, and adjustable-speed characteristics, we anticipate that its use will be practical for small hydroelectric power plants.

Study objectives: To establish a clinically relevant animal model of pulmonary metastases of human non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) cells in severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) mice, which can be used for repetitive investigations, so as to improve our understanding and management of the cellular and molecular mechanisms of human lung cancer metastases. Methods and results: SCID mice subcutaneously injected in the flank with 1 × 10 6 EBC-1 cells derived from human lung squamous cell carcinoma were killed weekly for examination until 12 weeks after tumor inoculation. The biological characteristics of implanted tumors and their metastatic foci were investigated by hematoxylin-eosin staining and immunostaining for neutrophil elastase (NE). Three weeks after ectopic implantation, EBC-1 cell lines formed a tumor at the inoculation site and grew steadily to show a plateau at 10 weeks. EBC-1 cells formed multiple metastases in the lung 7 weeks after tumor inoculation; their numbers increased steadily until 12 weeks in all mice. Immunoreactivity for NE was intense in the metastatic tumor cells. Then, to establish the primary tumor amputation/pulmonary metastasis model and to evaluate how primary tumor amputation influences the development of pulmonary metastases at the cellular and molecular level, excision was performed before (3 weeks and 5 weeks after inoculation) and after (7 weeks and 9 weeks after inoculation) formation of lung metastases. When the primary tumor was excised 3 weeks after tumor inoculation, all mice had pulmonary metastasis at 12 weeks after inoculation. Blood samples obtained at 3 weeks after tumor inoculation contained human β-actin messenger RNA, which represents circulating tumor cells. Conclusion: Our NSCLC EBC-1 pulmonary metastasis model is reliable, technically simple, and predictably results in pulmonary metastasis from early hematogenous spread. This model may be useful for elucidating the mechanism of pulmonary metastasis in human lung cancer, and testing anti-metastatic efficacy of therapeutic agents in vivo .

To determine the reason for the low levels of Surface layer protein A (SlpA) on CP23 cells, which might play a crucial role in the immunomodulatory effect of Lactobacillus acidophilus, the DNA sequence of the slpA gene of CP23 and L-92 strains, including the upstream region, were analyzed. Unexpectedly, there was no significant difference in the predicted amino acid sequence of the C-terminus needed for cell anchoring, and only an additional Ala-Val-Ala sequence inserted in the N-terminal region of the mature CP23 protein. Therefore, anchoring of SlpA on the cell wall of CP23 and L-92 was evaluated by a reconstitution assay, which showed that SlpA released by LiCl treatment from both CP23 and L-92 was successfully anchored on LiCl-treated L-92 cells, but not on LiCl-treated CP23 cells. Moreover, quantitative analysis of SlpA protein in the culture medium of CP23 and L-92 by ELISA revealed higher levels of SlpA secretion in CP23 cells than in L-92 cells. Collectively, these results suggest that the lower levels of SlpA on the surface of CP23 cells might be caused by less cell wall capacity for SlpA anchoring, leading to an accumulation of SlpA in the culture medium of CP23 cells. The present study supports the importance of cell surface structure of L. acidophilus L-92 for SlpA anchoring on the cell surface needed for immunomodulatory effect.

Cooperative Study Group on Standard Model Development for Power Electronics Simulations, created under the Industry Applications Society of the IEEJ (Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan), is active to develop standard models for simulations related to power electronics. Under the study group, four working groups (WGs) have been created for different fields of simulation. Among them, Smart Grid WG is developing standard simulation models of components which will form smart grids in the near future. As the government of Japan assumes, a large portion of renewable energy will be provided by photovoltaic (PV) generation systems installed at ordinary houses, buildings and solar farms, all of which are connected to distribution lines. This implies that smart grids in Japan will be established at the distribution and the end-consumer level. Therefore, the components for which the Smart Grid WG is developing standard models include distribution substations, distribution lines, voltage regulation equipment, pole-mounted transformers, PV panels, Li-ion batteries, power conditioning systems, and micro and small wind power generation systems. This paper presents these standard models and also future development plan for those which are still under development at this moment.

An efficient synthesis of a structurally unique, novel M(3) antagonist 1 is described. Compound 1 is conveniently disconnected retrosynthetically at the amide bond to reveal the acid portion 2 and the amine fragment 3. The synthesis of key intermediate 2 is highlighted by a ZnCl(2)-MAEP complex 19 catalyzed diastereoselective Michael reaction of dioxolane 7 with 2-cyclopenten-1-one (5) to establish the contiguous quaternary-tertiary chiral centers and a subsequent geminal difluorination of ketone 17 using Deoxofluor in the presence of catalytic BF(3).OEt(2). The synthesis of the amine moiety 3 is highlighted by the discovery of a novel n-Bu(3)MgLi magnesium-halogen exchange reaction for selective functionalization of 2,6-dibromopyridine. This new and practical metalation protocol obviated cryogenic conditions and upon quenching with DMF gave 6-bromo-2-formylpyridine (26) in excellent yield. Further transformations afforded the amine fragment 3 via reductive amination with 35, Pd-catalyzed aromatic amination, and deprotection. Finally, the highly convergent synthesis of 1 was accomplished by coupling of the two fragments. This synthesis has been used to prepare multi-kilogram quantities of the bulk drug.

Although sol-gel method is an easy procedure to form a thin film, it's extremely difficult to coat on the surface of small size particles, fibers, and fiber ceramics, because concentration occurs by capillary phenomena and causes peeling or breakage of film. In order to solve this problem, we use supercritical CO2 rapid expansion from supercritical solution (RESS), nano-sized particles of TiO2 with high intensity can be sprayed out of a nozzle, then collected on the surface of substrates, but can be absorbed into fibers or porous materials, being not interfered by viscosity of a solution. TiO2 sol made by hydrolysis process is set in a pressure cell and mixed together with super-critical CO2. Controlling the pressure and the temperature, we could obtain TiO2 sol and super critical fluid mixture, and then discharge to the substrate. At this point, Titania sol viscosity is so low that a surface wettability of the substrate becomes negligible. By the use of the characteristics of the supercritical f...

Polymer-dispersed liquid crystal (PDLC) films of 4-cyano-4‘-pentylbiphenyl (5CB) were fabricated between two surface-modified quartz or indium−tin-oxide (ITO) substrates that had been obtained by deposition of a boronate-terminated self-assembled monolayer, by its controlled hydrolysis, and by subsequent second-layer lamination over the completely hydrolyzed surface. It was shown that both the fluorescence from the interface layers in contact with the substrate surfaces and the electro-optic functions of PDLC devices are systematically changed with the chemical properties of the substrate surfaces (i.e., the polarity and hydroxy densities).

A molecular beam apparatus which was formerly used for crossed molecular beam chemiluminescence experiments under high vacuum conditions has been modified into an ultrahigh vacuum apparatus with a rotatable mass spectrometer detector equipped with an electron bombardment ionizer to study (1) the molecule-surface scattering process, (2) molecular beam-surface reaction dynamics, and (3) light-excited molecular desorption. Every flange surface originally sealed using a Viton o ring is sealed with a combination of an inner spring-loaded Teflon or aluminum seal with an outer Viton o ring, the intermediate region being pumped with a diffusion pump. Due to the limited space available for a rotatable detector chamber and to make the neutral flight length in time-of-flight (TOF) measurements as long as possible, the electron bombardment ionizer is installed at the farthest end of a triply differentially pumped detector chamber; thus, the ions formed are extracted toward the reverse direction of the scattered neutr...

The surgical robotic system has been advanced as a tool that enables surgeons to perform precision operations of high quality. Many reports have been presented in cardiovascular surgery using the robotic system, but its use is uncommon in general thoracic surgery. We describe our two experiences with single-surgeon video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery lobectomy for primary lung cancer using a remote-controlled robot, named Naviot, to manipulate an endoscope. We believe that Naviot might be one of the robotic devices whose use could lead to solo surgery, even for complicated thoracoscopic procedures such as anatomical pulmonary resections with lymph node dissection.

Two distinct synthetic approaches to the biologically active and structurally unique endothelin antagonist J-104132 (1) have been developed Each synthesis involves a highly selective intramolecular cyclization of a late stage intermediate (bottom to top vs top to bottom) produced from a common early intermediate. Both routes initially yielded multi-gram quantities of the desired product, with the former ultimately developed to pilot scale readiness. Several novel reactions have been developed throughout the course of our studies. These involve a mild bromination of a pyridone to form a bromopyridine, a mild and efficient TEMPO catalyzed oxidation of an alcohol to give a carboxylic acid, as well as a novel stereoselective samarium iodide mediated deoxygenation reaction. These reactions have proved to be quite general and have been applied to a wide variety of substrates.

The major site of metastasis from osteosarcoma is the lung, and over 90% of fatalities in patients with this disease die from pulmonary metastases. Extrapulmonary disease is developing in an increasing proportion of patients, usually after pulmonary metastasis. This study reports three cases of patients with osteosarcoma that metastasized to the brain, mediastinum, intramuscular site, and pelvic cavity. The physician must be aware that extrapulmonary metastases may be present at the time a pulmonary metastasis becomes evident.

A new methodology for the fabrication of covalently bound multilayers has been developed on the basis of a self-assembled monolayer (SAM) prepared from 5-(2-methyl-1,3,2-dioxaborinan-5-yl)pentyltri...

Lead-bronze is widely used in the automotive industry owing to its excellent anti-seizure property. However, lead is toxic, and thus, from an environmental viewpoint, there is a demand for a lead-free copper alloy in the automotive industry. Despite the anti-seizure property of lead-free copper alloy being comparable to that of lead-bronze, it has not yet been well exploited. Therefore, the objective of this study was to improve the anti-seizure property of lead-free copper alloy using a laser surface texturing (LST) method. A ring-on-ring sliding friction tester was used to assess the effectiveness of LST and to investigate the effect of surface texturing arrangement on the anti-seizure property of lead-free copper alloy. In the friction tests, upper specimens made of FCD700 and lower specimens made of PBC2 (lead-free copper alloy) were used. Paraffinic oil was used as a lubricant and was circulated using a pump. Results of the friction tests showed that the textured specimens demonstrated superior anti-seizure property to that of the non-textured specimens. Further, on the basis of the obtained experimental results, it was concluded that the arrangement of dimples plays an important role in improving the anti-seizure property of lead-free alloy.