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Herein, the activities of the chlorine-containing compounds B 1-4 b and the hybrid polyketide-non ribosomal peptide-derived compound B 5 b were described. To the best of our knowledge, with the exception of compounds B 11 b , B 23 b , and B 24 b , all the other compounds were isolated from I Tolypocladium i sp. for the first time. Compounds B 2 b and B 5 b could strongly inhibit the growth of I S. aureus i ATCC 25923, I S. argenteus i DSM 28299, I B. subtilis i ATCC 6633, and I A. baumanii i ATCC 19606, while compounds B 1 b and B 3 b showed weak inhibition activities. Twenty-six compounds were isolated from the culture of strain YFCC1805002, the chemical structure of these isolated compounds were elucidated by comparing their spectral data including 1D and 2D NMR and ESI-MS with those reported in the literature. [Extracted from the article]

A Gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, motile, and rod-shaped bacterium, designated ASW11-47 T, was isolated from a tidal flat sediment taken from the coast of Qingdao, PR China. Phylogenetic analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequence showed that strain ASW11-47 T belongs to the genus Salinimicrobium and is most closely related to Salinimicrobium terrae YIM-C338T (98.68% similarity). The length of draft genome is 3,594,457 bp, and DNA G + C content is 40.8 mol%. The values of average nucleotide identity and digital DNA–DNA hybridization between strain ASW11-47 T and closely related strains were in ranges of 75.9–85.9 and 19.7–31.5%, respectively. The major fatty acids (> 10%) were iso-C15:0 and iso-C17:0 3-OH. The predominant respiratory quinone was menaquinone-6 and the major polar lipid was phosphatidylethanolamine. On the basis of genotypic, phenotypic, and chemotaxonomic analysis, strain ASW11-47 T represents a novel species within the genus Salinimicrobium, for which the name Salinimicrobium sediminilitoris sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is ASW11-47 T (= KCTC 82501 T = MCCC 1K05586T). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A marine bacterial strain, named NTOU-MSR1 T , was isolated from marine sediment of northern coast of Taiwan. This bacterium was Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, and motile, with a single flagellum. Its rod-shaped cells measured approximately 0.5-0.6 µm in width and 1.8-2.0 μm in length. NTOU-MSR1 T grew at temperatures ranging from 10 to 45 °C, optimally at 30 °C. The pH range for growth was 7.0-10.0, with optimal growth at pH 7.0-8.0. It tolerated NaCl concentrations up to 12%. The cell membrane predominantly contained fatty acids such C 16:1 ω7c, C 18:1 ω7c, and C 16:0 . The overall genome relatedness indices indicated that strain NTOU-MSR1 T had an average nucleotide identity (ANI) of 87.88% and a digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH) value of 35.40% compared to its closest related species, O. marisflavi 102-Na3 T . These values fell below the 95% and 70% threshold for species delineation, respectively. These findings suggested that the strain NTOU-MSR1 T was a new member of the Oceanimonas genus. Its genomic DNA had a G + C content of 61.0 mol%. Genomic analysis revealed genes associated with the catechol branch of β- ketoadipate pathway for degrading polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, resistance to heavy metal, biosynthesis of polyhydroxybutyrate and the production of glycoside hydrolases (GH19, GH23, and GH103) for chitin and glycan digestion. Additionally, NTOU-MSR1 T was capable of synthesizing biosurfactants and potentially degrading plastic. The proposed name for this new species is Oceanimonas pelagia, with the type strain designated as NTOU-MSR1 T (= BCRC 81403 T  = JCM 36023 T )., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.)

U133, a chaperone inducer synthesized on the basis of echinochrome A, has antitumor, antioxidant and neuroprotective activity. The breadth of its therapeutic effects arouses great interest in this compound as a potential precursor of drugs. However, the functional spectrum of biological activity of U133 remains incomplete. This study aimed to find out whether a U133-induced increase in the chaperone Hsp70 brain level is associated with changes in the sleep–wake cycle and spatial working memory in Wistar rats under natural physiological conditions. Intraperitoneal injection of U133 led to an increase in Hsp70 (HSPA1) levels in the brain structures involved in the mechanisms of sleep–wake cycle regulation and memory formation, such as the locus coeruleus, preoptic area of the hypothalamus, substantia nigra pars compacta, ventral tegmental area of the midbrain). An increase in brain Hsp70 levels was associated with a 1.7-fold increase in the duration of rapid-eye movement sleep (REMS) during the period from the 12th to 24th h after U133 injection, suggesting that the effect of U133 on REMS representation is mediated via Hsp70. Although REMS can affect the formation of different memory modalities, we found no significant effect of U133 on spatial working memory. U133 can be recommended for further investigation of the spectrum of its biological activity in order to predict its therapeutic efficacy in various pathologies of the central nervous system and aging, when sleep is impaired and chaperone expression in the brain is diminished. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After concentration under reduced pressure, the MeOH extract was partitioned between EtOAc-H SB 2 sb O (1:1) to obtain EtOAc soluble fraction (80 g), H SB 2 sb O-soluble fraction (70 g), and insoluble fraction (23 g). The EtOAc fraction (180 g) was subjected to silica gel column (230-400 mesh, 10 kg), eluting with a gradient of I n i -hexane-EtOAc to give eight fractions (A1-A8). Fraction A5-10 (78 mg) was applied to a silica gel column (230-400 mesh, 10 g), eluting with I n i -hexane-acetone (20:1) to obtain five subfractions (A5-10-1-A5-10-5). Subfraction A2-4 (907 mg) was chromatographed on silica gel column (230-400 mesh, 3.5 g), eluting with CH SB 2 sb Cl SB 2 sb -acetone (8:1) to give six fractions (A2-4-1-A2-4-6). [Extracted from the article]

A Gram-stain-negative, strictly aerobic, yellow-colored, rod-shaped, chemoheterotrophic bacterium, designated SNA426 T , was isolated from marine soil in the Republic of Korea. Preliminary analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence revealed that the novel marine isolate was affiliated with the family Flavobacteriaceae of phylum Bacteroidetes and that it shared the highest (96.2%) sequence similarity with Gillisia mitskevichiae KMM 6034 T . The strain could be differentiated phenotypically from related members of the family Flavobacteriaceae. The major fatty acids of strain SNA426 T were iso-C15:0, C16:1 ω7c and/or C16:1 ω6c and iso-C17:0 3-OH. The DNA G+C content of the strain was 39.6 mol% and the major respiratory quinone was menaquinone 6 (MK-6). Strain SNA426 T had phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylcholine, three unidentified aminolipids and nine unidentified lipids as polar lipids. From the distinct phylogenetic position and combination of genotypic and phenotypic characteristics, the strain is considered to represent a novel genus in the family Flavobacteriaceae, for which the name Citreibacter gen. nov. is proposed. The type species is Citreibacter salsisoli sp. nov., with the type strain SNA426 T (= KCCM 90269 T  = CGMCC 1.16129 T ).

A novel bacterium of the genus Pontibacter, designated GY10130T, was isolated from rhizosphere soil of a mangrove plant Rhizophora stylosa collected from Guangxi province, China. Strain GY10130T was Gram-stain negative, positive for oxidase activities, aerobic, short rod-shaped cells without flagella. Growth was observed at 10–40 °C (optimum, 28 °C), pH 6.0–9.0 (optimum, 7.0) and NaCl concentrations of 0–4% (optimum, 1%). Strain GY10130T is closely related to members of the genus Pontibacter, namely P. beigongshangensis CGMCC 1.17104T (97.8%) and P. amylolyticus CGMCC 1.12749T (95.0%), P. humi SWU8T (94.7%), and less than 94.0% with other currently described type strains of Pontibacter. The strain GY10130T showed an ANI value of 80.6% and dDDH value of 23.2% with P. beigongshangensis CGMCC 1.17104T, followed by P. amylolyticus CGMCC 1.12749T with ANI and dDDH values of 72.9 and 13.8%, respectively. Strain GY10130T contains carotenoid-like pigments, but flexirubin-type pigments were absent. The cellular fatty acids (> 10%) consist of summed feature 4 (17:1 iso I/anteiso B) and iso-C15:0. The predominant menaquinone is MK-7. The polar lipids comprise phosphatidylethanolamine, two unidentified glycolipids, two unidentified aminolipids and six unidentified phospholipids. The genome length of strain GY10130T was 6.2 Mbp with a DNA G + C content of 47.1 mol% and 4727 protein-coding genes. The result of polyphasic taxonomic study show strain GY10130T represents one novel species of Pontibacter, Pontibacter qinzhouensis sp. nov., with the type strain GY10130T (=NBRC 113901T = CGMCC 1.16772T). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most members of the Pseudoalteromonas genus have been isolated from living surfaces as members of epiphytic and epizooic microbiomes on marine macroorganisms. Commonly Pseudoalteromonas isolates are reported as a source of bioactive exoproducts, i.e., secondary metabolites, such as exopolymeric substances and extracellular enzymes. The experimental conditions for the production of these agents are commonly associated with sessile metabolic states such as biofilms or liquid cultures in the stationary growth phase. Despite this, the molecular mechanisms that connect biofilm formation and the biosynthesis of exoproducts in Pseudoalteromonas isolates have rarely been mentioned in the literature. This review compiles empirical evidence about exoproduct biosynthesis conditions and molecular mechanisms that regulate sessile metabolic states in Pseudoalteromonas species, to provide a comprehensive perspective on the regulatory convergences that generate the recurrent coexistence of both phenomena in this bacterial genus. This synthesis aims to provide perspectives on the extent of this phenomenon for the optimization of bioprospection studies and biotechnology processes based on these bacteria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Halogenated tryptanthrin and aminotryptanthrin were synthesized from indigo or isatin precursors. Dibromo- and tetrabromo-tryptanthrin were obtained from indigo dyes following green chemistry procedures, through microwave-assisted synthesis in mild oxidation conditions. Spectral and photophysical properties of the compounds, including quantitative determination of all the different deactivation pathways of S1 and T1, were obtained in different solvents and temperatures. The triplet state (T1) has a dominant role on the photophysical properties of these compounds, which is further enhanced by the halogens at the fused-phenyl rings. Substitution with an amino group, 2-aminotryptanthrin (TRYP-NH2), leads a dominance of the radiative decay channel. Moreover, with the sole exception of TRYP-NH2, S1 ~ ~ > T1 intersystem crossing constitutes the dominant route, with internal conversion playing a minor role in the deactivation of S1 in all the studied derivatives. In agreement with tryptanthrin, emission of the triplet state of tryptanthrin derivatives (with exception of TRYP-NH2), was observed together with an enhancement of the singlet oxygen sensitization quantum yield: from 70% in tryptanthrin to 92% in the iodine derivative. This strongly contrasts with indigo and its derivatives, where singlet oxygen sensitization is found inefficient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The marine bacterium Pseudoalteromonas xiamenensis STKMTI.2 was isolated from a mangrove soil sediment on Setokok Island, Batam, Indonesia. The genome of this bacterium consisted of 4,563,326 bp (GC content: 43.2%) with 1 chromosome, 2 circular plasmids, 2 linear plasmids, 4,824 protein-coding sequences, 25 rRNAs, 104 tRNAs, 4 ncRNAs, and 1 clustered, regularly interspaced, short palindromic repeated (CRISPR). This strain possessed cluster genes which are responsible for the production of brominated marine pyrroles/phenols (bmp), namely, bmp8 and bmp9. Other gene clusters responsible for the synthesis of secondary metabolites were identified using antiSMASH and BAGEL4, which yielded five results, namely, non-ribosomal peptides, polyketide-like butyrolactone, Lant class I, and RiPP-like, detected in chromosome 1, while prodigiosin was detected in the unnamed plasmid 5. This suggests that these whole genome data will be of remarkable importance for the improved understanding of the biosynthesis of industrially important bioactive and antibacterial compounds produced by P. xiamenensis STKMTI.2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We studied the relationship between the variability and contemporary distribution of pelage phenotypes in one of most widely distributed felid species and an array of environmental and demographic conditions. We collected 672 photographic georeferenced records of the Eurasian lynx throughout Eurasia. We assigned each lynx coat to one of five phenotypes. Then we fitted the coat patterns to different environmental and anthropogenic variables, as well as the effective geographic distances from inferred glacial refugia. A majority of lynx were either of the large spotted (41.5%) or unspotted (uniform, 36.2%) phenotype. The remaining patterns (rosettes, small spots and pseudo-rosettes) were represented in 11.0%, 7.4%, and 3.9% of samples, respectively. Although various environmental variables greatly affected lynx distribution and habitat suitability, it was the effect of least-cost distances from locations of the inferred refugia during the Last Glacial Maximum that explained the distribution of lynx coat patterns the best. Whereas the occurrence of lynx phenotypes with large spots was explained by the proximity to refugia located in the Caucasus/Middle East, the uniform phenotype was associated with refugia in the Far East and Central Asia. Despite the widely accepted hypothesis of adaptive functionality of coat patterns in mammals and exceptionally high phenotypic polymorphism in Eurasian lynx, we did not find well-defined signs of habitat matching in the coat pattern of this species. Instead, we showed how the global patterns of morphological variability in this large mammal and its environmental adaptations may have been shaped by past climatic change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microbially synthesized nanoparticles has received increasing attentions owing to the broad applications in biology and medicine. In this study, we report a novel bacterium that biologically generates silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). This bacterium, designated strain F202Z8T, was isolated from a rusty iron plate found in the intertidal region of Taean, South Korea. The morphological, biochemical and molecular characteristics predicted that strain F202Z8T belongs to the family Flavobacteriaceae. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequence revealed that strain F202Z8T forms a distinct lineage with closely related genera Maribacter, Pelagihabitans, Pseudozobellia, Zobellia, Pricia, and Costertonia and showed the highest similarity to Maribacter aestuarii GY20T (94.5%). The digital DNA–DNA hybridization and average nucleotide identity values calculated from the whole genome-sequence comparison between strain F202Z8T and other members of the family Flavobacteriaceae were in the ranges of 12.7%–16.9% and 70.3%–74.4%, respectively, suggesting that strain F202Z8T represented a novel genus. The complete genome sequence of strain F202Z8T is 4,723,614 bp, with 43.26% G + C content. Based on the COG, GO, KEGG, NR, and Swiss-Prot databases, the genomic analysis of F202Z8T revealed the presence of 17 putative genes responsible for the synthesis of AgNPs. Our polyphasic taxonomic results suggested that this strain represents a novel species of a novel genus in the family Flavobacteriaceae, for which the name Aggregatimonas sangjinii gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of Aggregatimonas sangjinii is F202Z8T (= KCCM 43411T = LMG 31494T). Overall, our data provide fundamental information to potentially utilize this novel bacterium for synthesis of nanoparticles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: According to the official Russian source, in 2017 only 0.27% of the population of Russia was diagnosed with International Classification of Diseases, tenth revision (ICD-10) F4 category disorders (neurotic, stress-related and somatoform disorders), despite these disorders being among the most prevalent mental disorders worldwide. Here we report the results of a large-scale survey among Russian psychiatrists with the primary objective to assess the proportion of psychiatrists who use the diagnoses of interest (mixed anxiety and depression disorder [MADD], adjustment disorder [AdD], panic disorder [PD], agoraphobia, generalized anxiety disorder [GAD], social phobia, simple phobia, acute stress disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder) and compare results with those of a recent World Psychiatric Association (WPA) and World Health Organization (WHO) survey. We also compared the incidence of these diagnoses between state and non-state psychiatric services in Russia. Methods: Mean proportions and distribution of proportions of participants who made diagnoses of interest at different rates were calculated and compared with the results of the recent WPA and WHO survey. Risk ratios (RR) of the incidence of these diagnoses made at a frequency of at least once a week were calculated to compare state and non-state psychiatric services. The 95% confidence intervals of the RRs were calculated using the Koopman asymptotic score method. Results: Responses of 960 Russian psychiatrists were included in the analysis. Of these 95, 89 and 87% reported making diagnoses of MADD, AdD and PD, respectively, during the preceding 12 months, a far larger proportion compared to other disorders of interest. In general, a significantly smaller proportion of participants in our survey made diagnoses of anxiety disorders compared to respondents in the international WPA–WHO survey. Based on RRs, diagnoses of MADD, AdD, PD, GAD and acute stress disorder were less frequently made in the state-operated psychiatric service. Conclusion: Our survey revealed a serious underdiagnosis of anxiety disorders in Russia that may be associated with complex factors that include, but are not limited to the current stigma associated with the state-operated psychiatric service, which is still the exclusive source of official statistical data in Russia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Various studies showed that the suppression of α-glucosidase activity can impede the glucose absorption in our body, and therefore, it can be used to treat type 2 diabetes. Hence, the compounds with anti-α-glucosidase have gained considerable attention because of their potential application in diabetes treatment. In previous literature studies, these anti-α-glucosidase compounds were extracted from plants and fungus. Less studies are being conducted to identify the anti-α-glucosidase compounds in the microbial community. In this study, 23 marine bacterial strains were screened for their potential to suppress the α-glucosidase activity. The highest inhibitory activity was exhibited by isolated L06 which was identified as Oceanimonas smirnovii EBL6. The cultivation conditions, such as temperature and pH, were optimized to increase the production of α-glucosidase inhibitors by Oceanimonas smirnovii EBL6 strain. The result findings showed that the highest yield of α-glucosidase inhibitors can be obtained at the culture time of 120 h, fermentation temperature of 30 °C, and pH 4.6. Under these conditions, the inhibitory activity of α-glucosidase can reach 81%. The IC50 of n-butanol extract was 13.89 μg/ml, while standard acarbose was 31.16 μg/ml. Overall, these findings suggest that Oceanimonas smirnovii produces α-glucosidase inhibitors and could been applied in the biochemical and medicinal fields in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel Gram-stain-negative, non-motile, and rod-shaped bacterial strain, designated as 6D36T, was isolated from mangrove soil and characterized by using a polyphasic taxonomic approach. Strain 6D36T was found to grow at 10–37 °C (optimum, 28 °C), at pH 6.0–9.0 (optimum, 7.0) and in 0–8% (w/v) NaCl (optimum, 3%). The predominant cellular fatty acids of strain 6D36T were summed feature 8 (C19:1ω7c and/or C18:1ω6c) and C17:1ω6c; the major polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, and sphingoglycolipid; the sole respiratory quinone was Q-10. The phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain 6D36T fell into the genus Qipengyuania and was closely related to "Erythrobacter mangrovi" MCCC 1K03690T (98.5%), Qipengyuania citrea CGMCC 1.8703T (97.6%), and Qipengyuania pelagi JCM 17468T (97.4%). The phylogenomic analysis indicated that strain 6D36T formed an independent branch distinct from reference-type strains of species within this genus. The digital DNA–DNA hybridization and average nucleotide identity values between strain 6D36T and the three type strains above were, respectively, 20.2–21.3% and 79.5–81.5%, of which were far below their respective threshold for species definition, implying that the strain represents a novel genospecies. The genomic DNA G + C content was 63.3%. Based on phenotypic and genotypic characteristics, strain 6D36T is concluded to represent a novel species of the genus Qipengyuania, for which the name Qipengyuania soli sp. nov., is proposed. The type strain of the species is 6D36T (= GDMCC 1.1977T = KCTC 82333T). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aqueous organic redox flow batteries (AORFBs) hold great promise as low-cost, environmentally friendly and safe alternative energy storage media. Here we present aqueous organometallic and all-organic active materials for RFBs with a water-soluble active material, sulfonated tryptanthrin (TRYP-SO3H), working at a neutral pH and showing long-term stability. Electrochemical measurements show that TRYP-SO3H displays reversible peaks at neutral pH values, allowing its use as an anolyte combined with potassium ferrocyanide or 4,5-dihydroxy-1,3-benzenedisulfonic acid disodium salt monohydrate as catholytes. Single cell tests show reproducible charge-discharge cycles for both catholytes, with significantly improved results for the aqueous all-organic RFB reaching high cell voltage (0.94 V) and high energy efficiencies, stabilized during at least 50 working cycles. Redox flow batteries working at a neutral pH combine high stability and environmental safety, but their power output is still limited. Here, the authors present an aqueous, all-organic redox flow battery, with sulfonated tryptanthrin as an anolyte solution, reaching a cell voltage of 0.94 V. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two novel strains, BT213T and BT327T, were isolated from the soil collected in Uijeongbu city, Korea. Cells of strains were Gram negative, aerobic, and non-motile. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strains BT213T and BT327T formed two distinct lineages within the family Hymenobacteraceae (order Cytophagales, class Cytophagia). Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strain BT213T and BT327T belonged to the genus Pontibacter. Strain BT213T showed the highest similarities of 97.8% with Pontibacter deserti JC215T. Strain BT327T showed the highest sequence similarity of 96.5% with Pontibacter mucosus PB3T. Optimal growth occurred at 25 °C, pH 7, and in the absence of NaCl. The major cellular fatty acid of strains BT213T and BT327T were iso-C15:0 and summed feature 4 (iso-C17:1 I/anteiso-C17:1 B). Strains BT213T and BT327T had MK-7 as major respiratory quinone and phosphatidylethanolamine as major polar lipids. The genome size of strains BT213T and BT327T were 4,072,018 bp and 4,314,171 bp, respectively. The genomic G + C mol% of strains BT213T and BT327T are 45.6% and 46.1%, respectively. Based on biochemical, chemotaxonomic, and phylogenetic analysis, two novel species Pontibacter fetidus BT213T (KCTC 72345T = NBRC 114379T) and Pontibacter burrus BT327T (KCTC 72412T = NBRC 114376T) are proposed as type strains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein, we investigated for the first time the microbiota from the hepatopancreas of the talitrid amphipod Orchestia montagui and the oniscidean isopod Tylos ponticus, two crustacean species associated with beached leaves of the seagrass Posidonia oceanica (Posidonia banquette). We carried out a metabarcoding analysis based on several hypervariable regions of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene. At the same time, three representative habitats of the supralittoral zone, namely leaf surface of Posidonia banquette, sandy shore and surface seawater were examined by means of bacterial metabarcoding analysis. Our data analyses indicated that the bacterial microbiota from the hepatopancreas and that from the marine habitats form distinct groups in terms of the taxonomic composition. Comparative analyses revealed that some bacteria were associated with the hepatopancreas of the syntopic O. montagui and T. ponticus but were not detected in the supralittoral habitats. This suggests that distinct components of the microbial community may be uniquely adapted within the hepatopancreas. The microbiota from the hepatopancreas of O. montagui was more complex than that of T. ponticus. However, the putative presence of polysaccharide-degrading bacteria in both species indicated symbiotic microbiomes that might be involved in the functionality of the hepatopancreas. A deeper understanding of halophilic hepatopancreatic symbionts in the supralittoral zone also has broad relevance to applied research, particularly to the biotechnological sector related to marine biomass conversion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A total of 92 marine bacteria belonging to Pseudomonas, Pseudoalteromonas, Psychrobacter, and Shewanella were first screened for their proteolytic activity. In total, four Pseudomonas strains belonging to Ps. fluorescens, Ps. fragi, Ps. gessardii, and Ps. marginalis; 14 Pseudoalteromonas strains belonging to Psa. arctica, Psa. carrageenovora, Psa. elyakovii, Psa. issachenkonii, Psa. rubra, Psa. translucida, and Psa. tunicata; and two Shewanella strains belonging to S. baltica and S. putrefaciens were identified to have a weak to high proteolytic activity (from 478 to 4445 mU/mg trypsin equivalent) against skim milk casein as protein source. Further chitinolytic activity screening based on these 20 proteolytic strains using colloidal chitin yielded five positive strains which were tested against three different chitin substrates in order to determine the various types of chitinases. Among the strains that can produce both proteases and chitinases, Psa. rubra DSM 6842T expressed not only the highest proteolytic activity (2558 mU/mg trypsin equivalent) but also the highest activity of exochitinases, specifically, β-N-acetylglucosaminidase (6.33 mU/107 cfu) as well. We anticipate that this strain can be innovatively applied to the valorization of marine crustaceans side streams. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A shiny dark yellow pigmented, Gram-stain-negative, rod-shaped, non-motile bacterium, designated as strain JC631T, was isolated from the sediment ecosystem of Chilika lagoon, India. Strain JC631T tolerates up to pH 10 and NaCl up to 3% (w/v). MK6 is the only respiratory quinone. Predominant (> 10%) cellular fatty acids are anteiso-C11:0, anteiso-C13:0, and anteiso-C15:0. Major polar lipids are phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylcholine, a few unidentified phospholipids, and a few unidentified aminolipids. 16S rRNA gene sequencing showed that strain JC631T shared the highest sequence identity (98.7%) with Arenibacter latericius KMM 426T followed by Arenibacter certesii CCUG 48006T (98.6%) and other members of the genus Arenibacter (< 97%). The genome size of strain JC631T is 4.16 Mb with a GC content of 40.8 mol%. Strain JC631T has ANI scores of 78.3% and 78.1%; dDDH values of 22.2% and 21.8%, respectively, with the type strains of A. latericius and A. certesii. The genomic distinction is well supported by chemotaxonomic characteristics and differential physiological properties. This supports strain JC631T to be described as a new species of the genus Arenibacter, named as Arenibacter lacus sp. nov. The type strain is JC631T (= KCTC 72002T = NBRC 114071T). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Super absorbent polymers (SAPs) have been applied as soil conditioners to reduce soil water loss, but there are few studies about how SAPs affect structures of soil bacterial community, and these associated chemical residues are uncertain. Treatments under different soil moisture conditions by application of sodium polyacrylate in repacked soil columns were used to investigate their effects on the soil bacterial community structures by Illumina MiSeq sequencing. Alpha diversity analysis showed that adding SAPs had an impact on bacterial diversity. On phylum level, adding SAPs significantly reduced the amount of Actinobacteria (1.9–2.4-fold), Bacteroidetes (1.1–2.1-fold) while increased the amount of Firmicutes (1.9–4.6-fold). At genus level, effects of SAPs on the soil bacterial community structures varied with the soil moisture conditions. Under water deficit, SAPs reduced the soil pH, which promoted the proliferation of Lactobacillus (9.9–29.1-fold), and acid production by these bacteria might further promote the reduction of pH, potentially inhibiting growth of Acidobacteria (1.3–1.8-fold) and Chloroflexi (1.6–2.3-fold). The pyrolysis analysis showed that some substances such as methanesulfonyl chloride, long-chain amides and esters, were only derived from water-saturated soil treated with SAPs, which might subsequently have negative impacts on the environment and associated agriculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A Gram-negative, aerobic, oval-shaped, and light red pigmented bacterium, designated T6-1T, was isolated from the mash of wine collected from a wine-making laboratory simulated fermenter located in Beijing, China. The optimal growth of T6-1T occurred at 30 °C, pH 7.0 with 1% NaCl. The sole respiratory quinone was menaquinone-7 (MK-7). The principal cellular fatty acids (>5%) were iso-C15:0, iso-C17:0 3OH, C16:1 ω5c, and iso-C17:0. The major polar lipids were PE (phosphatidylethanolamine), PL (unidentified phospholipid), and L1-2 (unidentified lipids). 16S rRNA phylogenetic analysis indicated that strain T6-1T belonged to the genus Pontibacter. The 16S rRNA gene sequence of strain T6-1T was most similar to Pontibacter amylolyticus 9-2T (95.92%). The genomic DNA G+C content of strain T6-1 was 50.34 mol%. The digital DNA–DNA relatedness and average nucleotide identity value between T6-1T and 9-2T was 20.20% and 74.18%, respectively. Polyphasic taxonomy analysis indicated that strain T6-1T represents a novel species of the genus Pontibacter, for which the name Pontibacter beigongshangensis sp. nov. is proposed, with the type strain T6-1T (= CGMCC 1.17104T = KCTC 72413T). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A taxonomic study using a polyphasic approach was performed on a Gram-stain negative, red-pink, aerobic, non-motile, asporogenous, rod-shaped bacterium, designated strain KIRANT, isolated from soil collected from a rice paddy field. The 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis showed that strain KIRANT is phylogenetically related to Pontibacter actiniarum KMM 6156T, Pontibacter korlensis X14-1T, Pontibacter odishensis JC130T, Pontibacter litorisediminis YKTF-7T and Pontibacter aurantiacus NP1T (97.6, 97.5, 97.3, 97.3 and 96.7% sequence similarity, respectively). The major fatty acids of strain KIRANT were identified as iso-C15:0, iso-C15:0 3-OH and summed feature 4. The predominant menaquinone was identified as MK-7. The polar lipid profile was found to consist of phosphatidylethanolamine, four unidentified phospholipids, an unidentified glycolipid, an unidentified aminolipid and four unidentified lipids. The genome of strain KIRANT has a G + C content of 48.3 mol%. The in silico DNA–DNA hybridization and average nucleotide identity values between strain KIRANT and the closely related strains P. actiniarum KMM 6156T and P. korlensis X14-1T were 21.2%/21.8% and 76.4%/75.1%, respectively. On the basis of the data from phenotypic tests and genotypic differences between strain KIRANT and its close phylogenetic relatives, strain KIRANT is concluded to represent a new species belonging to the genus Pontibacter, for which the name Pontibacter oryzae sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is KIRANT (= KACC 19815T = JCM 32880T). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Arava Valley in is a rock desert within the Great African Rift valley. Soil from this area is covered with a salt crust. Here, we report microbial diversity from arid, naturally saline samples collected near Ein Yahav from the Arava Valley by culture-independent as well as culture-dependent analysis. High-throughput sequencing of the hypervariable region V4 of the 16S rRNA gene revealed that the microbial community consists of halophiles from the domain Bacteria as well as Archaea. Bacterial diversity was mainly represented by the genus Salinimicrobium of the order Flavobacteriales within the phylum Bacteroidetes, from the gammaproteobacterial orders Alteromonadales and Oceanospirillales as well as representatives from the order Bacillales of the phylum Firmicutes. Archaeal diversity was dominated by euryarchaeal Halobacteria from the orders Halobacteriales, Haloferacales, and Natrialbales. But more than 40% of the sequences affiliated with Archaea were assigned to unknown or unclassified archaea. Even if taxonomic resolution of the 16S rRNA gene V4 region for Archaea is limited, this study indicates the need of further and more detailed studies of Archaea. By using culture-dependent analysis, bacteria of the order Bacillales as well as archaea from all three halobacterial orders Halobacteriales, Haloferacales, and Natrialbales including potentially novel species from the genera Halorubrum and Haloparvum were isolated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A Gram-stain negative, aerobic, rod-shaped, and non-motile bacterium, designated strain CCMM003T, was isolated from a culture of the green alga Ulva prolifera. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain CCMM003T belongs to the family Flavobacteriaceae and exhibits a close relationship to Pseudozobellia thermophila DSM 19858T (92.5%). Optimal growth occurred in the presence of 4% (w/v) NaCl, at pH 7.0 and 30 °C. The polar lipids of strain CCMM003T consisted of phosphatidylethanolamine and six unidentified lipids. The predominant isoprenoid quinone was MK-6. The major fatty acids were iso-C15:0, iso-C15:1 G, iso-C17:0 3-OH and summed feature 3 (C16:1ω7c and/or iso-C15:0 2-OH). The DNA G + C content of strain CCMM003T calculated on the basis of the genome sequence was 41.2 mol% and the genome size was 5.9 Mbp. On the basis of data from this polyphasic study, strain CCMM003T is considered to represent a novel genus and species of the family Flavobacteriaceae, for which the name Ulvibacterium marinum gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is CCMM003T (= MCCC 1K03244T =KCTC 52639T). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A Gram-stain negative, non-motile, orange-red-pigmented, asporogenous, rod-shaped bacterial strain, designated 17gy-14T, was isolated from a soil sample collected from a Seoul Women's University field. The strain can grow at 7–37 °C, pH 6.0–8.0, and can tolerate up to 5.5% (w/v) NaCl concentration. Flexirubin-type pigments were absent. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that the strain 17gy-14T strain belongs to the genus Pontibacter in the family Cytophagaceae with sequence similarities ranging from 95.4 to 92.9% with other type strains of the genus Pontibacter. The predominant cellular fatty acids were identified as iso-C15:0, anteiso-C15:0, iso-C17:0 3-OH and summed feature 4 (comprising iso-C17:1 I/anteiso-C17:1 B). The predominant menaquinone was identified as MK-7. The DNA G+C content was determined to be 48.7 mol%. The major polar lipid was found to be phosphatidylethanolamine. Based on phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic analyses, strain 17gy-14T is concluded to represent a novel species of the genus Pontibacter in the phylum Bacteroidetes, for which the name Pontibacter chitinilyticus sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is 17gy-14T (=KCTC 52914T=NRBC 113056T). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urgency of the research. The intensive development of information and communication technologies allows us to review the main approaches to the preparation of bachelors in agricultural engineering. The specifics of the preparation of bachelors in agricultural engineering needs to improve the efficiency of the educational process, requires the implementation of the principles of an individual approach to training and acquire practical engineering skills. In the conditions of the informational and educational environment, it is expedient to fix the acquired skills with the help of educational computer interactive simulators. Target setting. For preparing bachelors in agricultural engineering it is necessary to select the optimal elements for the creation of educational computer interactive simulators, to identify problems in their use, to determine how it is expedient to submit the material and to carry out control during its passage. Actual scientific researches and issues analysis. The use of information and communication technologies is devoted to the work of N. Morse, M. Zhaldak, Yu. Ramsky, O. Spivakovsky, V. Bespalko. Methods of studying in the informational and educational environment were considered by V. Bykov, R. Gurevich, M. Kademiya, V. Kukharenko, S. Litvinov. V. Oliynyk, O. Samoilenko, I. Batsurovskaya were engaged in the use of cloud technologies in education. The research objective. The purpose of the article is to study the state of using educational interactive computer simulators in the conditions of the informational and educational environment for preparation bachelors in agricultural engineering. The statement of basic materials. The article presents the study of using educational interactive computer simulators in the conditions of the informational and educational environment for preparation bachelors in agricultural engineering. There are considered the concept of information science and educational environment, educational interactive computer simulator, defined, what skills should be mastered by bachelors in agricultural engineering. It is presented the classification of educational interactive computer simulators. Educational interactive computer simulators can be divided into test, graphic, animated and gamificated training simulators. The use of each type in accordance with the purpose of the discipline provides a wide range of mastering engineering skills for bachelors in agricultural engineering. There are presented the statistical data of the questionnaire of tutors of the speciality "Agricultural engineering". On the basis of the received data, there is an opportunity to correct the educational content, forms and methods of its submission in the conditions of the informational and educational environment and to choose educational interactive computer simulators for preparation of training courses for preparation of bachelors in agricultural engineering. Conclusions. In the conditions of the informational and educational environment one, of the tools for checking the knowledge of bachelors in agricultural engineering is educational computer interactive simulators. It is necessary to take into account the purpose, type and discipline during the formation of the educational computer interactive simulator's content. It is provided with the mastering of engineering skills during training due to the use of different types of questions during the formation of an educational computer interactive simulator - test, graphics, animated, gamification. It is recommended to correct the content of educational computer interactive simulators according to the statistical information achieved from the survey. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bacillus spp. are important producers of bioactive natural products with potential applications in medicine and agriculture. Bacillus sp. SCSIO 05476 from a deep-sea sediment exhibits broad-spectrum antimicrobial activities and strong cytotoxic activity. Here, an integrative approach combining genome mining and metabolic profiling has been applied to decipher the chemical origins of this strain's varied and significant biological activities. First, genome mining revealed 19 candidate gene clusters encoding the biosynthesis of diverse secondary metabolites. Then, a series of bacillibactins, fengycins, bacillomycins, surfactins, bacillaenes, macrolactins, and related species were found by LC-DAD-MS. Finally, three new linear bacillibactins, linbacillibactins A–C (1–3), along with 11 known secondary metabolites, bacillibactin (4), normal-C13 Val7 surfactin (5), anteiso-C13 Leu7 surfactin (6), iso-C14 Leu7 surfactin (7), normal-C14 Leu7 surfactin (8), anteiso-C14 Leu7 surfactin (9), macrolactin D (10), normal-C14 bacillomycin D (11), iso-C16 bacillomycin D (12), normal-C17 bacillomycin D (13), and iso-C17 bacillomycin D (14), were obtained and elucidated by bioactivity and structure-guided isolation from the fermentation of strain SCSIO 05746. Among them, new compounds 1–3 show significant siderophore activities comparable to that of bacillibactin (4), compounds 13 and 14 exhibit strong cytotoxic activity. At the same time, the strain classification status was confirmed by genomic analyses, and the complete genome sequence of Bacillus siamensis was presented firstly. This study provides a foundation for understanding the mechanisms driving SCSIO 05746's multiple bioactivities and demonstrates a successful way of discovering bioactive metabolites using a combination of genome mining and metabolic profiling methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several studies indicated that Odorrana grahami (O. grahami) skin contains abundant antimicrobial peptides, and the skin was recognized as hostile habitat for microorganisms. In this study, the microbial community was evaluated by 16S rRNA gene sequencing, and two associated bacterial isolates were obtained and characterized from the skin of O. grahami. Sixteen bacterial genera were identified from the O. grahami skin by uncultured clone sequences. The dominant groups were Comamonas, Bacillus and Morganella, and the genus Comamonas was the most abundant group (41.7% of the total) of the community. Fortunately, strains CW-25T and CW-518 belonging to genus Comamonas were isolated by plating dilutions. The polyphasic taxonomy results indicated that strain CW-25T was a member of Comamonas aquatica, it showed much higher antimicrobials resistance than the closest C. aquatica strains of LMG 2370T, LMG5937 and LMG 6112 isolated from freshwater. Based on the polyphasic taxonomic studies and antimicrobials resistance characteristics, two subspecies of Comamonas aquatica subsp. aquatica nov. and Comamonas aquatica subsp. rana nov. were proposed. The super-antimicrobial resistance endows the strains of Comamonas aquatica subsp. rana inhabit the O. grahami skin, and the primary defense of O. grahami might be composed by the antimicrobial peptides and the native bacteria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Persicobacter sp. CCB-QB2 belonging to the family Flammeovirga is an agarolytic bacterium and exhibits a diauxic growth in the presence of tryptone and agarose. A glycoside hydrolase (GH) 16 β-agarase, PdAgaC, was identified in the genome of the bacterium and was highly expressed during the second growth phase, indicating the agarase may play an important role in the diauxic growth. In this study, the catalytic domain of PdAgaC (PdAgaCgh) was cloned and characterized. PdAgaCgh showed thermostability at 50 °C and tolerance towards several detergents. In addition, the activity of PdAgaCgh after incubation with 0.1% of SDS and Triton X-100 increased approximately 1.2-fold. On the other hand, PdAgaCgh was sensitive to Fe2+, Ni2+, and Cu2+. The Km and Vmax of PdAgaCgh were 5.15 mg/ml and 2.9 × 103 U/mg, respectively. Interestingly, although the major hydrolytic product was neoagarobiose (NA2), monomeric sugar was also detected by thin-layer chromatographic analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microbial glycan degradation is essential to global carbon cycling. The marine bacterium Salegentibacter sp. Hel&#95;I&#95;6 (Bacteroidota) isolated from seawater off Helgoland island (North Sea) contains an α-mannan inducible gene cluster with a GH76 family endo-α-1,6-mannanase (ShGH76). This cluster is related to genetic loci employed by human gut bacteria to digest fungal α-mannan. Metagenomes from the Hel&#95;I&#95;6 isolation site revealed increasing GH76 gene frequencies in free-living bacteria during microalgae blooms, suggesting degradation of α-1,6-mannans from fungi. Recombinant ShGH76 protein activity assays with yeast α-mannan and synthetic oligomannans showed endo-α-1,6-mannanase activity. Resolved structures of apo-ShGH76 (2.0 Å) and of mutants co-crystalized with fungal mannan-mimicking α-1,6-mannotetrose (1.90 Å) and α-1,6-mannotriose (1.47 Å) retained the canonical (α/α) 6 fold, despite low identities with sequences of known GH76 structures (GH76s from gut bacteria: <27%). The apo-form active site differed from those known from gut bacteria, and co-crystallizations revealed a kinked oligomannan conformation. Co-crystallizations also revealed precise molecular-scale interactions of ShGH76 with fungal mannan-mimicking oligomannans, indicating adaptation to this particular type of substrate. Our data hence suggest presence of yet unknown fungal α-1,6-mannans in marine ecosystems, in particular during microalgal blooms., (© 2022. The Author(s).)

A Gram-stain negative, aerobic, oxidase and catalase positive, non-flagellated, pink coloured bacterium with gliding motility, designated as strain UDD1T was isolated from soil. The bacterium lacked flexirubin-type pigments. Phylogenetic analysis based on its 16S rRNA gene sequence revealed that strain UDD1T formed a lineage within the family Cytophagaceae of the phylum Bacteroidetes, and forms a distinct clade with type strains of the closely related genus Pontibacter with similarities of 91.36-93.62%. Strain UDD1T contained MK-7 as the predominant menaquinone and summed feature 4 (iso-C17:1 I and/or anteiso-C17:1 B) and iso-C15:0 as the major fatty acids. The major polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine and an unidentified glycolipid. The DNA G+C content of strain UDD1T was 49 mol%. On the basis of phenotypic, genotypic and phylogenetic analyses, the strain UDD1T represents a novel species of a new genus in the family Cytophagaceae, for which the name Edaphorhabdus rosea gen. nov., sp. nov., is proposed. The type strain of Edaphorhabdus rosea is UDD1T (= KCTC 62117T = JCM 32366T). The Digital Protologue Database Taxon number for strain UDD1T is GA00058. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gram-negative bacilli such as Pseudomonas spp., Pseudoalteromonas sp., Angiococcus sp., Archangium sp., Burkholderia spp., Chromobacterium sp., Chondromyces sp., Cystobacter sp., Jahnella sp., Janthinobacterium sp., Lysobacter spp., Paraliomyxa sp., Photobacterium spp., Photorhabdus sp., Pontibacter sp., Ruegeria sp., Serratia sp., Sorangium sp., Sphingomonas sp., and Xenorhabdus spp. produce an enormous array of short peptides of 30 residues or fewer that are potential pharmaceutical drugs and/or biocontrol agents. The need for novel lead antibiotic compounds is urgent due to increasing drug resistance, and this review summarises 150 Gram-negative bacilli-derived compounds reported since 2000, including 40 cyclic lipopeptides from Pseudomonas spp.; nine aromatic peptides; eight glycopeptides; 45 different cyclic lipopeptides; 24 linear lipopeptides; eight thiopeptides; one lasso peptide; ten typical cyclic peptides; and five standard linear peptides. The current and potential therapeutic applications of these peptides, including structures and antituberculotic, anti-cyanobacterial, antifungal, antibacterial, antiviral, insecticidal, and antiprotozoal activities are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Financial & Credit Activity: Problems of Theory & Practice is the property of University of Banking of the National Bank of Ukraine and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The marine ecosystem has been known to be a rich source of novel enzymes. Agarase is a key enzyme that can hydrolyze agar in the marine environment. Marine bacterial agarase has been isolated from various sources, such as sediments, coastal water, and deep sea and from the surface of crustaceans and seaweeds. This review presents an account of the agarase production of marine bacteria. General information about agar, agarase, isolation, and purification of marine bacterial agarases; the biochemical properties of native agarase from marine bacteria; the biochemical properties of recombinant marine bacterial agarases from engineered microorganisms; and the industrial future of marine bacterial agarases is analyzed. With recent biotechnological processes, researchers need novel functional enzymes like agarase from marine resources, such as marine bacteria, that can be used for diverse applications in the biotechnological industry. Marine bacterial agarases might be of significant interest to the industry because they are safe and are a natural source. This review highlights the potential of marine bacteria as important sources of agarase for application in various industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increase in antibiotic-resistant strains of pathogens has created havoc worldwide. These antibiotic-resistant pathogens require potent drugs for their inhibition. Lipopeptides, which are produced as secondary metabolites by many microorganisms, have the ability to act as potent safe drugs. Lipopeptides are amphiphilic molecules containing a lipid chain bound to the peptide. They exhibit broad-spectrum activities against both bacteria and fungi. Other than their antimicrobial properties, they have displayed anti-cancer properties as well, but their mechanism of action is not understood. In silico drug design uses computer simulation to discover and develop new drugs. This technique reduces the need of expensive and tedious lab work and clinical trials, but this method becomes a challenge due to complex structures of lipopeptides. Specific agonists (ligands) must be identified to initiate a physiological response when combined with a receptor (lipopeptide). In silico drug design and homology modeling talks about the interaction between ligands and the binding sites. This review summarizes the mechanism of selected lipopeptides, their respective ligands, and in silico drug design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A polyphasic taxonomic study was performed on a novel strain designated as 04OKA-3-121T, which was isolated from the hard coral Galaxea fascicularis L. collected at Akajima, Okinawa, Japan. These bacterial cells were observed to be pale-yellow, Gram-stain-negative, strictly aerobic, chemoheterotrophic, non-spore forming, non-motile, and rod-shaped. Phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence revealed that the novel marine isolate is affiliated with the family Flavobacteriaceae of the phylum Bacteroidetes and that it shared the highest (93.6%) sequence similarity with Pseudozobellia thermophila KMM 3531T. The strain could be phenotypically differentiated from related members of the family Flavobacteriaceae. Major fatty acids of strain 04OKA-3-121T were iso-C15:0, iso-C15:1 G, and C16:1 ω7c and/or C16:1 ω6c. The DNA G + C content of the strain was determined to be 38.8 mol% and the major respiratory quinone was identified as menaquinone 6 (MK-6). Strain 04OKA-3-121T had phosphatidylethanolamine, two unidentified aminolipids, and eight unidentified lipids as polar lipids. From the distinct phylogenetic position and combination of genotypic and phenotypic characteristics, the strain is considered to represent a novel genus in the family Flavobacteriaceae, for which the name Coraliitalea coralii gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of C. coralii gen. nov., sp. nov. is 04OKA-3-121T (= KCTC 52378T = NBRC 112329T). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A Gram-stain-negative, strictly aerobic, yellow-colored, rod-shaped, chemoheterotrophic bacterium, designated SNA426T, was isolated from marine soil in the Republic of Korea. Preliminary analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence revealed that the novel marine isolate was affiliated with the family Flavobacteriaceae of phylum Bacteroidetes and that it shared the highest (96.2%) sequence similarity with Gillisia mitskevichiae KMM 6034T. The strain could be differentiated phenotypically from related members of the family Flavobacteriaceae. The major fatty acids of strain SNA426T were iso-C15:0, C16:1 ω7c and/or C16:1 ω6c and iso-C17:0 3-OH. The DNA G+C content of the strain was 39.6 mol% and the major respiratory quinone was menaquinone 6 (MK-6). Strain SNA426T had phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylcholine, three unidentified aminolipids and nine unidentified lipids as polar lipids. From the distinct phylogenetic position and combination of genotypic and phenotypic characteristics, the strain is considered to represent a novel genus in the family Flavobacteriaceae, for which the name Citreibacter gen. nov. is proposed. The type species is Citreibacter salsisoli sp. nov., with the type strain SNA426T (= KCCM 90269T = CGMCC 1.16129T). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bacteria are essential in the maintenance and sustainment of marine environments (e.g., benthic systems), playing a key role in marine food webs and nutrient cycling. These microorganisms can live associated as epiphytic or endophytic populations with superior organisms with valuable ecological functions, e.g., seagrasses. Here, we isolated, identified, sequenced, and exposed two strains of the same species (i.e., identified as Cobetia sp.) from two different marine environments to different nutrient regimes using batch cultures: (1) Cobetia sp. UIB 001 from the endemic Mediterranean seagrass Posidonia oceanica and (2) Cobetia sp. 4B UA from the endemic Humboldt Current System (HCS) seagrass Heterozostera chilensis. From our physiological studies, both strains behaved as bacteria capable to cope with different nutrient and pH regimes, i.e., N, P, and Fe combined with different pH levels, both in long-term (12 days (d)) and short-term studies (4 d/96 h (h)). We showed that the isolated strains were sensitive to the N source (inorganic and organic) at low and high concentrations and low pH levels. Low availability of phosphorus (P) and Fe had a negative independent effect on growth, especially in the long-term studies. The strain UIB 001 showed a better adaptation to low nutrient concentrations, being a potential N 2 -fixer, reaching higher growth rates (μ) than the HCS strain. P-acquisition mechanisms were deeply investigated at the enzymatic (i.e., alkaline phosphatase activity, APA) and structural level (e.g., alkaline phosphatase D, PhoD). Finally, these results were complemented with the study of biochemical markers, i.e., reactive oxygen species (ROS). In short, we present how ecological niches (i.e., MS and HCS) might determine, select, and modify the genomic and phenotypic features of the same bacterial species (i.e., Cobetia spp.) found in different marine environments, pointing to a direct correlation between adaptability and oligotrophy of seawater., (© 2021. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.)

A bacterial strain, designated M625 T , was isolated from the surface of a marine red alga. Phylogenetic trees were reconstructed based on the 16S rRNA gene and RpoB protein sequences, which indicated that the strain belongs to the genus Aquimarina within the family Flavobacteriaceae. Strain M625 T showed high sequence similarities to A. aggregata RZW4-3-2  T (95.7%), A. seongsanensis CBA3208 T (95.3%) and A. versatilis CBA3207 T (95.0%). The AAI and POCP values between strain M625 T and A. muelleri DSM 19832  T were 71.8% and 57.9% respectively. The dDDH and ANI values between strain M625 T and A. aggregata were 19.5% and 74.6% respectively. The strain was Gram-stain negative, strictly aerobic, non-motile and long rod-shaped, and positive for hydrolysis of starch, cellulose, alginate, DNA and Tween 20. The dominant respiratory quinone was MK-6. The major fatty acids were iso-C 15:0 , iso-C 17:0 3-OH, and iso-C 15:1 G, and the polar lipids consisted of phosphatidylethanolamine, one unidentified phospholipid, two unidentified aminolipids, and seven unidentified lipids. Based on the polyphasic comparisons, strain M625 T is proposed to represent a novel species within the genus Aquimarina, for which the name Aquimarina algicola sp. nov. (type strain M625 T  = MCCC 1H00399 T  = KCTC 72685  T ) was proposed., (© 2021. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

Copyright of Microbiological Journal / Mikrobiolohichnyi Zhurnal is the property of D.K. Zabolotny Institute of Microbiology & Virology of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Alteromonas infernus bacterium isolated from deep-sea hydrothermal vents can produce by fermentation a high molecular weight exopolysaccharide (EPS) called GY785. This EPS described as a new source of glycosaminoglycan-like molecule presents a great potential for pharmaceutical and biotechnological applications. However, this unusual EPS is secreted by a Gram-negative bacterium and can be therefore contaminated by endotoxins, in particular the lipopolysaccharides (LPS). Biochemical and chemical analyses of the LPS extracted from A. infernus membranes have shown the lack of the typical LPS architecture since 3-deoxy- d-manno-oct-2-ulopyranosonic acid (Kdo), glucosamine (GlcN), and phosphorylated monosaccharides were not present. Unlike for other Gram-negative bacteria, the results revealed that the outer membrane of A. infernus bacterium is most likely composed of peculiar glycolipids. Furthermore, the presence of these glycolipids was also detected in the EPS batches produced by fermentation. Different purification and chemical detoxification methods were evaluated to efficiently purify the EPS. Only the method based on a differential solubility of EPS and glycolipids in deoxycholate detergent showed the highest decrease in the endotoxin content. In contrast to the other tested methods, this new protocol can provide an effective method for obtaining endotoxin-free EPS without any important modification of its molecular weight, monosaccharide composition, and sulfate content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Open-pit mining of the Athabasca oil sands has generated large volumes of waste termed fluid fine tailings (FFT), stored in tailings ponds. Accumulation of toxic organic substances in the tailings ponds is one of the biggest concerns. Gamma irradiation (GI) treatment could accelerate the biodegradation of toxic organic substances. Hence, this research investigates the response of the microbial consortia in GI-treated FFT materials with an emphasis on changes in diversity and organism-related stimuli. FFT materials from aged and fresh ponds were used in the study under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Variations in the microbial diversity in GI-treated FFT materials were monitored for 52 weeks and significant stimuli ( p < 0.05) were observed. Chemoorganotrophic organisms dominated in fresh and aged ponds and showed increased relative abundance resulting from GI treatment. GI-treated anaerobic FFT reported stimulus of organisms with biodegradation potential (e.g., Pseudomonas, Enterobacter) and methylotrophic capabilities (e.g., Syntrophus, Smithella). In comparison, GI-treated anaerobic FFT stimulated Desulfuromonas as the principle genus at 52 weeks. Under aerobic conditions, GI-treated FFT showed stimulation of organisms capable of sulfur and iron cycling (e.g., Geobacter). However, GI-treated aerobic FFT showed no stimulus at 52 weeks. This research provides an enhanced understanding of oil sands tailings biogeochemistry and the impacts of GI treatment on microorganisms as an effect for targeting toxic organics. The outcomes of this study highlight the potential for this approach to accelerate stabilization and reclamation end points. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The potential antibacterial activity of secondary metabolites produced by Streptomyces sp. 156A isolated from Lake Baikal was investigated. The selective liquid–liquid extraction method was applied to obtain a mixture of nactins (polynactin) produced by the strain. The polynactin consisted of nonactin (3%), monactin (18%), dinactin (36%), trinactin (31%) and tetranactin (12%). The compounds were identified by MS/MS, 1H and 13C NMR methods. The loss of neutral 184 and 198 Da fragments from a sodiated molecular ion, [M + Na]+, of nactins was observed in the MS/MS spectrum. The polynactin was shown to possess the antibiotic activity against Gram-positive strains including opportunistic strains and strains isolated from various ecosystems of Lake Baikal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A gene that encodes fucoidanase ffa2 in the marine bacterium Formosa algae strain KMM 3553T was cloned, and the protein (FFA2) was produced in Escherichia coli. Recombinant fucoidanase FFA2 was purified, and the biochemical properties of this enzyme were studied. The amino acid sequence of FFA2 showed 57% identity with known fucoidanase FcnA from Mariniflexile fucanivorans. The mass of the gene product FFA2 is 101.2 kDa (918 amino acid residues). Sequence analysis has revealed that fucoidanase FFA2 belongs to the GH107 (CAZy) family. Detailed substrate specificity was studied by using fucoidans from brown seaweeds as well as synthetic fucooligosaccharide with distinct structures. Fucoidanase FFA2 catalyzes the cleavage of (1→4)-α-glycosidic bonds in the fucoidan from Fucus evanescens within a structural fragment (→3)-α-L-Fucp2S-(1→4)-α-L-Fucp2S-(1→)n but not in a fragment (→3)-α-L-Fucp2S,4S-(1→4)-α-L-Fucp2S-(1→)n. Using synthetic di-, tetra- and octasaccharides built up of the alternative (1→4)- and (1→3)-linked α-L-Fucp2S units, the difference in substrate specificity and in the rate of enzymatic selectivity was investigated. Nonsulfated and persulfated synthetic oligosaccharides were not transformed by the enzyme. Therefore, FFA2 was specified as poly[(1→4)-α-L-fucoside-2-sulfate] glycanohydrolase. This enzyme could be used for the modification of natural fucoidans to obtain more regular and easier characterized derivatives useful for research and practical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel Gram-stain negative, red, rod-shaped, non-motile and aerobic bacterial strain, designated Sy30, was isolated from dry soils of an abandoned marine saltern at Weihai, China. 16S rRNA sequence analysis indicated that strain Sy30 belongs to the genus Pontibacter in the family Cytophagaceae, with sequence similarities ranging from 93.3 to 96.4 % with other type species of the genus Pontibacter. The predominant cellular fatty acids were iso-C and summed feature 4 (iso-C I and/or anteiso-C B). The major menaquinone was MK-7. The major polyamine was sym-homospermidine. The DNA G+C content was 47.7 mol%. The major polar lipids consisted of phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphoaminolipid and two unidentified polar lipid. Based on phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic analysis, strain Sy30 represents a novel species of the genus Pontibacter in the family Cytophagaceae, phylum Bacteroidetes, for which the name Pontibacter locisalis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is Sy30 (=KCTC 42498 = CICC AB 2015060). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A serine protease-producing marine bacterial strain named as PT-1 was isolated and identified as a family of Marinomonas arctica, based on molecular characterization of 16S rRNA gene sequence, phylogenetic tree, and fatty acid composition analyses. Optimized culture conditions for growth of the bacterium PT-1 and production of protease (ProA) were determined to be pH 8.0 in the presence of 5 % NaCl, at 37 °C during 24 h of incubation in the presence of 1.0 % skim milk. The molecular weight of the purified ProA was estimated to be 63-kDa as a major band by SDS-PAGE. We were intrigued to find that the activity of ProA was not inhibited by pepstatin A, chymostatin, and leupeptin known as inhibitors for cysteine protease. However, phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (PMSF) completely inhibited protease activity, suggesting that the ProA is like a serine protease. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on serine protease of Marinomonas species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Isabel Lake is a moderate saline soda crater lake located in Isabel Island in the eastern tropical Pacific coast of Mexico. Lake is mainly formed by rainfall and is strongly affected by evaporation and high input of nutrients derived from excretions of a large bird community inhabiting the island. So far, only the island macrobiota has been studied. The knowledge of the prokaryotic biota inhabiting the upper layers of this meromictic lake can give clues for the maintenance of this ecosystem. We assessed the diversity and composition of prokaryotic community in sediments and water of the lake by DGGE profiling, 16S rRNA gene amplicon pyrosequencing, and cultivation techniques. The bacterial community is largely dominated by halophilic and halotolerant microorganisms. Alpha diversity estimations reveal higher value in sediments than in water ( P > 0.005). The lake water is dominated by γ-Proteobacteria belonging to four main families where Halomonadaceae presents the highest abundance. Aerobic, phototrophic, and halotolerant prokaryotes such as Cyanobacteria GPIIa, Halomonas, Alcanivorax, Idiomarina, and Cyclobacterium genera are commonly found. However, in sediment samples, Formosa, Muricauda, and Salegentibacter genera corresponding to Flavobacteriaceae family accounted for 15-20 % of the diversity. Heterotrophs like those involved in sulfur cycle, Desulfotignum, Desulfuromonas, Desulfofustis, and Desulfopila, appear to play an important role in sediments. Finally, a collection of aerobic halophilic bacterial isolates was created from these samples; members of the genus Halomonas were predominantly isolated from lake water. This study contributes to state the bacterial diversity present in this particular soda saline crater lake. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]