Search

У статті надано аналіз світової епідеміологічної статистики з проблеми черепно-мозкової травми (ЧМТ). Згідно з літературними даними, показники поширеності ЧМТ в світі становлять від 83 до 580 на 100 тис. населення на рік; показники смертності населення від ЧМТ — від 6,3 до 40,8 на 100 тис. населення на рік, причому ці показники залежать від якості статистичної вибірки. Проведено аналіз епідеміологічних показників, що характеризують ЧМТ в Республіці Білорусь, і дана оцінка їх динаміці за останні 5 років. Поширеність ЧМТ знизилася з 247,3 в 2011 р. до 201,4 в 2013 р., потім підвищилася до 239,6 в 2015 р. Смертність населення мала стійку тенденцію до зниження з 20,2 в 2011 р. до 10,4 в 2015 р. При цьому відзначено зниження догоспитальної летальності з 69,5 % у 2011 р. до 37,7 % у 2015 р. Загальнодержавні й галузеві (охорона здоров’я) заходи щодо поліпшення якості надання медичної допомоги пацієнтам з ЧМТ забезпечили суттєве покращення результатів: зниження смертності населення від ЧМТ на 48,5 %, зниження летальності при ЧМТ серед постраждалих на 47,6 %. Було доведено, що включення в комплексну терапію препаратів цитиколін, гемодеріват і L-лізину есцинат значно покращує виживаність пацієнтів із тяжкою ЧМТ.

Recent global events have distinctly demonstrated the need for fast diagnostic analysis of targets in a liquid sample. However, microfluidic lab-on-a-chip devices for point-of-care diagnostics can suffer from slow analysis due to poor mixing. Here, we experimentally explore the mixing effect within a microfluidic chamber, as obtained from superparamagnetic beads exposed to an out-of-plane (vertical) rotating magnetic field. Various magnetic protocols are explored, and the level of sample homogeneity is measured by determining the mixing efficiency index. In particular, we introduce a method to induce effective mixing in a microfluidic chamber by the actuation of the same beads to perform global swarming behavior, a collective motion of a large number of individual entities often seen in nature. The microparticle swarming induces high fluid velocities in initially stagnant fluids, and it can be externally controlled. The method is pilot-tested using a point-of-care test featuring a bioluminescent assay for the detection of antibodies. The mixing by the magnetic beads leads to increased assay kinetics, which indeed reduces the time to sensor readout substantially. Magnetic microparticle swarming is expected to be beneficial for a wide variety of point-of-care devices, where fast homogeneity of reagents does play a role.

Tomo indigenous conflict resolution approach is practiced by the Benč ethnic group and their neighboring communities within the southwestern fringe of Ethiopia. As an indigenous apparatus, the Tomo approach exhibits spirituality through blessing and cursing which are directed against the accused based on complying or contravening the very indigenous dispute management rules and regulations. The objective of this study was exploring the custom through which the studied community deals with conflict by using the indigenous Tomo approach. In pursuit of this objective, the researcher utilized a qualitative approach, particularly phenomenology. In terms of data collection tools, the researcher used key-informant interview with selected Benč ritual leaders, non-participant observation on Tomo adjudication sessions and critical document analysis. Built up on such data sources, the findings of the study discovered five inferences. First, regardless of the fact that Tomo is an indigenous approach owed by Benč communities, none of the Benč neighboring communities make use ofit. Secondly, the majority of cases seen by Tomo institution are issues that deify credible eyewitness and are cumbersome for verification and/or falsification within the mainstream court system. Thirdly, unlike the habitual Tomo practice within the Benč community, contemporary Tomo exhibits two conflicting formality and informality characteristics. Due to its semi-formal nature, contemporary Tomo ritual leaders notify charges against the presumed wrongdoer by sending an invitation letter for the accused to attend the charges against him/her, comparable with formal courts. Contrary to this formality, contemporary Tomo is also characterized by informality due to the fact that verdicts given against the perpetrator are passed through ritual cursing just like the habitual Tomo. Furthermore, identical with the habitual Tomo practice, cursing within contemporary Tomo goes the presumed wrongdoer including his/her family up to some future generations along with those who feast and bury the presumed wrongdoer. Overall, contemporary Tomo has terrifying delinquency deterring outcome along with the accustomed indigenous conflict resolution mechanism features. Keywords: conflict, conflict resolution, indigenous conflict resolution, Tomo.

The aim of the research is to estimate the X-ray shielding properties of different glass systems using Monte Carlo Simulation. X-ray glass is also known as radiation shielding glass. Glass provides protection against the absorption of energy radiation. The shielding layer is formed by a high concentration of lead and barium. The mass attenuation coefficient, the effective atomic number and the effective electron density are used to determine the position of gamma-ray photons in matter. Shield characterization in terms of mass attenuation coefficient (μm), transmission fraction (T), effective atomic numbers (Zeff), half-value layer (HVL) and exposure build-up. factor (EBF) of a glass system is estimated by the Monte Carlo Simulation. The random sampling and statistical analysis are computed using the monte carlo simulation. Various external factors are considered as the input parameters. The different composition of the glass will be examined using the Monte Carlo simulation and the shielding capability would be determined for the various samples.

Relevance. The problem of effective prevention and treatment of traumatic brain injuries (TBI) of various etiologies has not been resolved in all countries of the world. Primary brain damage from trauma initiates secondary damage to the nervous tissue. As a result, the interaction of brain neural networks is disrupted and the control of somatic and visceral functions of the body is weakened. The article is based on our own clinical observations and comparison of results with literature data and provides a discussion of the prospects for the use of cell technologies in the prevention of fatal disorders of vital functions control in traumatic brain injuries. Objective. To evaluate the effectiveness of intranasal perineural implantation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in the complex therapy of patients with TBI. Materials and methods. The technique intranasal perineural administration of MSCs was used in complex therapy of 15 patients with severe TBI. The patients were 19÷69 years old, 13 men and two women. A cell suspension was isolated from the adipose tissue of the patient's abdominal wall and centrifuged for 10 min at 1500 rpm. The cell pellet was washed in phosphate buffered saline and DMEM. Cells were cultured in plastic culture flasks in a humidified atmosphere with 5% CO2 content. The cell mass was trypsinized according to standard technique and resuspended in physiological saline on the day of implantation. Dynamics of culture growth, pluripotency, phenotyping of MSCs were monitored. MSCs were injected under general anesthesia into the submucosa of the nasal cavity 3-4 times with an interval of 3-7 days, depending on the growth rate of MSCs, in a single dose from 12.0×106 to 35.0×106 cells. Results. The use of allogeneic and predominantly autologous MSCs of adipose tissue in the complex treatment of patients with severe TBI by intranasal perineural delivery to the area of traumatic brain injury does not cause complications and is a safe technique. 8 patients with severe TBI showed from 4 to 7 points according to the Glasgow Outcome Scale Extended, with an average of 5.4±1.1 points after 6 months. The main result is that complex therapy, including intranasal implantation of MSCs in acute and subacute periods of severe TBI, contributes to the survival of patients and restoration of neurological – including cognitive – functions control. Conclusions. The effectiveness of intranasal perineural implantation of MSCs in the complex therapy of patients with TBI has been demonstrated. The mechanisms of the beneficial effects of perineural implantation of MSCs in patients with TBI require further research.

Recently Green bean production and demand is increasing in Ethiopia due to its fast maturity and nutritional value. However, various constraints are reported for its low productivity, including inappropriate uses of plant population and fertilizer rates. The objective of this study was to determine the optimum plant population and NPS rate for quality and economically feasible yield of Green bean. The experiment was conducted in field conditions at Alage, Central Rift Valley of Ethiopia, under supplemental irrigation in 2019. A factorial combinations of three plant populations (222222, 250000 and 333333 plants ha-1) and five levels of blended NPS (0, 132, 142, 152 and 162 kg NPS ha-1) were used in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. Number of nodules per plant, number of effective nodule per plant, number of leaf per plant, plant height, and number of branches per plant, number of pod per plant, total above ground fresh biomass, pod diameter, pod length, harvest index and yield per plant and per hectare were recorded. All parameters were subjected to analysis of variance. The least significant differences (LSD) at the level of 5% significance were used to compare the treatments mean. The results showed that plant population and NPS rates had significant effects on number of nodules, number of leaf, number of branch, plant height, number of pod, pod length, harvest index, yield per plant and per hectare. The highest Green bean yield of 13.75 tons ha-1 and 16.06 tons ha-1 was obtained at the highest plant population (333333 plants ha-1) and the highest NPS rate (162 kg NPS ha-1), respectively. The highest acceptable marginal rates of return (57349%) and (6997.2%) were obtained from 333333 plants ha-1 and 162kg NPS ha-1, respectively. Thus, it can be concluded that 333333 plants ha-1 and application of 162kg NPS ha-1 were gained the superiority for both agronomic and economic growth and productivity for plati variety of Green bean under supplementary irrigation at Alage area. Key words: Green bean, plant population, NPS fertilizer rate, growth, yield.

Magnetic microbeads have been widely used for the capturing of biomarkers, as well as for microfluidic mixing for point-of-care diagnostics. In magnetic micromixing, microbead motion is generated by external electromagnets, inducing fluid kinetics, and consequently mixing. Here, we utilize an in-plane rotating magnetic field to induce magnetic bead mixing in a circular microfluidic chamber that allows better access with (optical) readout than for existing micromixing approaches. We analyze the magnetic bead dynamics, the induced fluid profiles and we quantify the mixing performance of the system. The rotating field causes the combination of (1) a global rotating flow counter to the external field rotation induced by magnetic particles moving along the chamber side wall, with (2) local flow perturbations induced by rotating magnetic bead clusters in the central area of the chamber, rotating in the same direction as the external field. This combination leads to efficient mixing performance within 2 min of actuated magnetic field. We integrate magnetic mushroom-shaped features around the circumference of the chamber to generate significantly higher global fluid velocities compared with the no-mushroom configuration, but this results in less efficient mixing due to the absence of the central rotating bead clusters. To validate and understand the experimental results and to predict further enhancement of mixing, we carry out numerical simulations of induced fluid profiles and their corresponding mixing indices, and we explore the additional effect of integrating geometrical structures. The micromixing method we introduce here is particularly suitable for microfluidic devices in which the biochemical assay happens in a microfluidic chamber under no-flow conditions, i.e., with initially stagnant fluids, and for which the time-to-result is critical, such as in point-of-care diagnostics.

This study is based on the evidence collected during the “Technical e-Learning Course on Wastewater Treatment”, an international training project developed in 2020 in Italy by the Hydroaid Association, in collaboration with Turin Polytechnic. This work intended to address the sustainability of urban sanitation in various African countries, which the world of international cooperation has been looking at in recent years with growing interest. A comparative analysis of the current strategies and technological solutions was conducted. Data and information reported by the project participants were elaborated and verified. Four African countries—Benin, Egypt, Ethiopia, and Malawi—were considered and two relevant case studies among those proposed by the participants were presented. Starting from this analysis, significant elements about the status and coverage of wastewater management were extracted and reported. The analysis of existing wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) allowed evaluating their design features and current status of operation. Considerations about the environmental, economic, social, and technical sustainability of wastewater treatment and management were finally reported. Conducting such an analysis provided support in identifying the best practices and the most recurrent problems linked to the various African contexts, which need to be considered for a complete definition of the planning strategy for accessible, efficient, and sustainable sanitation infrastructures.

The main purpose of this study was to examine factors affecting profitabilityEthiopian banking industry. The study adopted quantitative research approach and the statistical tool was used to estimate the profitability, which was measured by returnon asset as a function of balance sheet, industry specific and macroeconomic explanatoryvariables. The finding of the study showed that loan and advance, current deposit, otherliabilities and gross domestic product have statistically significant and positiverelationship with banks’ profitability. On the other hand, variables like fixed deposit, market concentration have a negative and statistically significant relationship withbanks’ profitability. However, the relationship of deposit with other banks, sum ofinvestment, saving deposit and inflation is found to be statistically insignificant. As aresult, the study recommended that Ethiopian Banking Industry must focus on increasingpublic awareness to mobilize more savings this will enhance their performance inprovision of loans and advance to customers. Finally, Ethiopian Banking Industryshouldnot only be concerned about internal structures and policies, but they must consider boththe internal environment and the macroeconomic environment together in fashioning out strategies to improve their profitability.

In the series of experiments on Wistar rats ( n = 26) after implantation of 40 thousand mesenchymal stem cells in 50 μl of buffer solution into the Meckel’s space after modeling unilateral or bilateral lesions of the cerebellar cortex it was found better recovery of motor-estimated activity after administered mesenchymal stem cells in animals with unilateral injury which coincided with a more intense movement of mesenchymal stem cells in a region of the brain trauma if MSC was administered to Gasser’s node on the side of the injury.

Abstract COVID‑19, a new human respiratory disease that has killed nearly 3 million people in a year since the start of the pandemic, is a global public health challenge. Its infectious agent, SARS‑CoV‑2, differs from other coronaviruses in a number of structural features that make this virus more pathogenic and transmissible. In this review, we discuss some important characteristics of the main SARS‑CoV‑2 surface antigen, the spike (S) protein, such as (i) ability of the receptor-binding domain (RBD) to switch between the “standing-up” position (open pre-fusion conformation) for receptor binding and the “lying-down” position (closed pre-fusion conformation) for immune system evasion; (ii) advantage of a high binding affinity of the RBD open conformation to the human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor for efficient cell entry; and (iii) S protein preliminary activation by the intracellular furin-like proteases for facilitation of the virus spreading across different cell types. We describe interactions between the S protein and cellular receptors, co-receptors, and antagonists, as well as a hypothetical mechanism of the homotrimeric spike structure destabilization that triggers the fusion of the viral envelope with the cell membrane at physiological pH and mediates the viral nucleocapsid entry into the cytoplasm. The transition of the S protein pre-fusion conformation to the post-fusion one on the surface of virions after their treatment with some reagents, such as β-propiolactone, is essential, especially in relation to the vaccine production. We also compare the COVID‑19 pathogenesis with that of severe outbreaks of “avian” influenza caused by the A/H5 and A/H7 highly pathogenic viruses and discuss the structural similarities between the SARS‑CoV‑2 S protein and hemagglutinins of those highly pathogenic strains. Finally, we touch on the prospective and currently used COVID‑19 antiviral and anti-pathogenetic therapeutics, as well as recently approved conventional and innovative COVID‑19 vaccines and their molecular and immunological features.

Undertaking more research is widely considered as the most as it leads to creation of new knowledge, inventions and innovations in Sub-Saharan Africa in general and in Ethiopia in particular, yet there are very few studies of the extent to which it fulfills this promise. In this paper we use survey data from Wollega University to understand the factors hindering research participation decision of academic staffs at university level. Faculty members’ participation in research helps in improving the quality of teaching faculty and the status of an institution. Decisions about promotion and tenure heavily rely on the quality and quantity of research productivity. A self-administered questionnaire has been used to gather data. The sample size comprises of 120 faculty members from two selected colleges. Data has been analyzed by using statistical techniques and logit model. We conclude that availability of publication incentives, work experience, speed of internet, accessibility to research funds and colleague collaboration on research participation all enhance the probability of academic staff’s research participation while teaching load is negatively related to the probability of academic staff’s research participation in the study area. Keywords : Research, Research participation decision, Institutional factors, Environmental factors, Personal career development factors, Demographic factors. DOI: 10.7176/DCS/11-1-02 Publication date: January 31 st 2021

Human-wildlife conflict (HWC) is a continuous problem in the world and has a significant impact on both human and wildlife populations. This study was conducted to investigate the HWC around Belo-Bira Forest, Dawro zone, southwestern Ethiopia. We collected data from October 2019 to March 2020 through semistructured questionnaires, focus group discussion, direct observation, and key informant interviews. Our results show that crop damage and livestock predation were common problems caused by Papio anubis, Cercopithecus aethiops, Crocuta crocuta, Canis aureus, and Potamochoerus larvatus. Human population growth, habitat disturbance, proximity to natural forest, and competition between wildlife and livestock are the identified causes of HWC. Moreover, the study identified guarding and fencing as dominant traditional methods used to reduce HWC in our study area. Therefore, local communities can minimize crop loss by using the most effective method in an area, and crops such as wheat, maize, and teff should not be grown near the forest edge.

In the context of new changes and challenges facing society caused by the COVID-19 pandemic the most important factor in ensuring the sustainable functioning of economic entities is the formation and improvement of crisis management strategies and models. Ensuring the competitiveness and further functioning of economic entities largely depends on the available resource potential, its optimization, diversification and implementation innovation. Due to the changes in the market environment caused by the COVID-19 pandemic the theoretical foundations and methodology of crisis management need to improved and substantially supplemented. The problem is partially solved through the introduction of modern information technologies in the management of economic systems and digitalization, the introduction of resource-saving technologies, optimization of operating costs, the introduction of green economy and socialization of economic processes. Digitization has become an effective tool for optimizing economic activity, an element of growth strategies in the market and a model for expanding the volume of activity, which has formed a new concept the management of economic entities. The results of the author’s research in the scientific monograph are devoted to solving problems of formation and improvement of strategies and models of crisis management and mechanisms of their implementation in modern global changes and challenges to society based on concept the management of economic entities. An important component of the scientific monograph is the formation of new and improvement of existing strategies for managing the competitiveness of economic entities, socio-economic processes at the regional and national levels, approaches to implementing a supply chain logistics management system, clustering financial support for dual education, employment in a pandemic, the consequences of pandemic for certain sectors of the economy and ways to overcome the crisis. The results of the research presented in the scientific monograph reflect the theoretical and practical aspects of the implementation of crisis management mechanisms of socio-economic processes in the context of globalization, optimizing the resource potential of economic entities in the future and the possibility of its development through digitalization, implementation saving technologies and innovations. &nbsp

A series of commercial inactivated influenza vaccines (IIVs) used in the Russian National Immunization Program were characterized to evaluate their protective properties on an animal model. Standard methods for quantifying immune response, such as hemagglutination inhibition (HAI) assay and virus neutralization (VN) assay, allowed us to distinguish the immunogenic effect of various IIVs from that of placebo. However, these standard approaches are not suitable to determine the role of various vaccine components in immune response maturation. The expanded methodological base including an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and a neuraminidase ELISA (NA-ELISA) helped us to get wider characteristics and identify the effectiveness of various commercial vaccines depending on the antigen content. Investigations conducted showed that among the IIVs tested, Ultrix&reg, Ultrix&reg, Quadri and VAXIGRIP&reg, elicit the most balanced immune response, including a good NA response. For Ultrix&reg, Quadri, and SOVIGRIPP&reg, (FORT LLC), the whole-virus specific antibody subclass IgG1, measured in ELISA, seriously prevailed over IgG2a, while, for VAXIGRIP&reg, and SOVIGRIPP&reg, (NPO Microgen JSC) preparations, the calculated IgG1/IgG2a ratio was close to 1. So, the immune response varied drastically across different commercial IIVs injected in mice.

Background: today&rsquo, s standard quality control methods used to control the protein composition of inactivated influenza vaccines only take into account a few key reference components. They do not allow for thorough characterization of protein compositions. As a result, observation of unpredictable variations in major viral constituents and admixtures of cellular proteins within manufactured vaccines that may seriously influence the immunogenicity and safety of such vaccines has become a pressing issue in vaccinology. This study aims at testing a more sophisticated approach for analysis of inactivated split influenza vaccines licensed in the Russian Federation. The formulations under study are the most available on the market and are included in the Russian National Immunization Program. Methods: liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis, in combination with label-free protein quantitation via the intensity-based absolute-quantitation (iBAQ) algorithm, as well as a number of standard molecular analysis methods, such as sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), dynamic light scattering (DLS), and negative-stain transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were applied. Results: the methods implemented were able to identify dozens of viral and host proteins and quantify their relative amounts within the final formulations of different commercially available inactivated split influenza vaccines. Investigation of molecular morphology of the vaccine preparations using TEM revealed typical rosettes of major surface proteins (hemagglutinin and neuraminidase). DLS was used to demonstrate a size distribution of the rosettes and to test the stability of vaccine preparations at increased temperatures. Conclusions: a holistic approach based on modern, highly productive analytical procedures was for the first time applied for a series of different commercially available inactivated split influenza vaccines licensed in Russia. The protocols probed may be suggested for the post-marketing quality control of vaccines. Comparison of different preparations revealed that the Ultrix&reg, and Ultrix&reg, Quadri vaccines produced by pharmaceutical plant FORT LLC and trivalent vaccine Vaxigrip&reg, produced by pharmaceutical company Sanofi Pasteur have well-organized antigen rosettes, they contain fewer admixture quantities of host cell proteins, and demonstrate good correlation among mostly abundant viral proteins detected by different methods.

This descriptive survey sought to explore the type of children’s problem behaviour and classroom management strategies adopted by the selected schools in the Effutu Municipality. The study adopted the explanatory sequential mixed method design. Data was gathered through a semi-structured interview guide and questionnaire. The stratified sampling technique was used to aid in the selection of 15 Early Childhood Centres (ECC) from three circuits within the Effutu Municipality. Simple random sampling was used to select 45 respondents from the 15 selected early childhood schools to respond to the questionnaire while purposive sampling was used to sample 15 participants who were part of the 45 questionnaire respondents to answer semi-structured interview questions designed by the researchers. Quantitative data were analysed using frequencies and percentages. Qualitative data were analysed thematically using Atlas ti software. It emerged from the findings that the predominant type of children’s problem behaviour was related to aggression, non-compliance, hyperactivity, destructiveness, refusal to take instruction, intentional destruction of property, among others. It also emerged from the analysed data that the respondent used strategies such as doing activities in turns, teaching playground rules, verbal warning, reward and punishment, using reminders, and others as strategies to manage children’s problem behaviour in their respective early childhood centres. The study recommended that Effutu Metropolitan Assembly, Winneba Educational Directorate and the headteachers of the selected schools for the study should organize programmes in collaboration with the early childhood unit on how to cope, prevent and deal with problem behaviour to ease the burden of parents and teachers.

Rural households across developing countries rely on diversified sources of income and forest resource play important role in this regard. This study is designed with the objectives of assessing the contribution of forests to annual income of rural households and identifying its determinants with the case of Essera woreda forest in western Ethiopia. It also examined the gender dimensions of forest income and how this income varies with the wealth status of households key informants interview focus group discussion and household based questionnaire survey were used to collect data. On average income from crop production accounted for (40.7%) of the total annual household income. Forest income is second in importance contributing (32.6%), income from livestock off and non-farm activities and woodlots accounted for (13.6%), (11.4%) and (1.7%) of the total household income respectively. Firewood is the most used forest product and constituted the largest proportion (79%) of the total forest income. Forest income is more important for poor households (47.3%) than for medium (30.5%) or rich (20.2%) households. It is also more important for female headed households (58.2%) than for male headed households (29%). The gender dimension of forest income is also important within the household. Female members generated about four times more forest income (77% of the household forest income) than male members (23%). Policy to promote new forest management arrangement such as participatory forest management (PFM) needs to take in to account the major forest users and the types of products they depend on and be accompanied with other poverty reduction measures so that improved forest conservation outcome will not have negative consequences on local livelihoods particularly on poor and women who depend most on the forest.

Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) image classification is a challenging problem due to the complex imaging mechanism as well as the random speckle noise, which affects radar image interpretation. Recently, convolutional neural networks (CNNs) have been shown to outperform previous state-of-the-art techniques in computer vision tasks owing to their ability to learn relevant features from the data. However, CNNs in particular and neural networks, in general, lack uncertainty quantification and can be easily deceived by adversarial attacks. This paper proposes Bayes-SAR Net, a Bayesian CNN that can perform robust SAR image classification while quantifying the uncertainty or confidence of the network in its decision. Bayes-SAR Net propagates the first two moments (mean and covariance) of the approximate posterior distribution of the network parameters given the data and obtains a predictive mean and covariance of the classification output. Experiments, using the benchmark datasets Flevoland and Oberpfaffenhofen, show superior performance and robustness to Gaussian noise and adversarial attacks, as compared to the SAR-Net homologue. Bayes-SAR Net achieves a test accuracy that is around 10% higher in the case of adversarial perturbation (levels ≽ 0.05).

The amount and quality of land, water and atmospheric information is critical to plan, monitor, predict and mitigate the impacts of climate change, urbanization and population growth. To get reason...

Healthcare-associated meningitis and ventriculitis are a common problem of modern public health, which are characterized by diverse etiological spectrum of multidrug resistant microorganisms, presented by difficulties for early diagnosis and adequate treatment, and are often accompanied by a high risk of secondary complications and an unfavorable outcome. This article presents the clinical guidelines of the American Society of Infectious Diseases (IDSA) for the diagnosis and treatment of healthcare-associated meningitis and ventriculitis published in 2017 and may be useful for professionals working with this category of patients.

The present study was aimed to determine genetic diversity of Coffea arabica landraces based on morphological characteristics at seedling stage in Guji zones. Three kebeles and twenty-five farmers’ coffee landraces were selected based on availability of Coffea arabica landraces from each district by the guidance of Developmental Agency in the kebele. Coffea arabica seeds were collected and planted at kercha nursery sub-site in plastic pots arranged on randomized block design. Seedling characteristics were collected from one year old randomly selected four coffee seedlings from each plot. The results showed that there were significant variations (p