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The study analyzed 1947-1950s economic policy-related tensions between the authorities of Yugoslavia and Slovenia. In general, the Slovenian economic bureaucracy adopted the rules of the game established earlier. In 1947-1948 it confronted the union bureaucracy over the cases with unrealistically high expectations and with possible negative political impact. In addition, the Slovenian economic bureaucracy tried to turn nagative effects into its own advantage. Due to the detioration of Yugoslavia's economic situation, the nature of the tensions has been changing. Slovenian Politburo was getting discontent with union management methods. Slovenian bureaucracy intensified the struggle for scarce resources and against the reduction of republican investment. Public opinion in the republic was increasinlgy critical of its situation within Yugoslavia. Opposition to federal economic policy, previously grouped in the economic apparatus, was beginning to recieve some support from the Slovenian party leadership.

Moyamoya disease (MMD) – is a chronic progressive disorder of the unknown etiology with the development of the critical stenoses in internal carotid arteries and abnormal vascular net formation at the basal cerebrum to compensate the hemodynamic insufficiency and further development of the ischemic attacks, strokes, hematomas. The objective:to study the cerebral hemodynamic parameters and brain perfusion in patients with moyamoya disease. Materials and methods.We performed retrospective analysis of the cerebral angiography and cerebral perfusion investigations results of 6 patients with moyamoya desease, who were hospitalized in the State Institution «Romodanov Neurosurgery Institute of NAMS of Ukraine» in 2016–2020. All patients underwent a comprehensive examination, which included neuropsychological testing, the head and neck vessels duplex scanning, multispiral computed tomography (MSCT), selective cerebral angiography (SCA), and MSCT-angiography. The assessment of myamoya vessels was done by the Suzuki angiographic scale. Cerebral hemodynamics was studied by perfusion MSCT (PMSCT). Results.The diagnosis of moyamoya desease was confirmed in all patients by SCA and MSCT angiography. The clinical manifestation of the disease was represented by ischemic (n=5; 83.3%) and hemorrhagic (n=1; 16.7%) strokes. Stage 3, Stage 4 and Stage 6 has been diagnosed by Suzuki angiographic scale. Changes of the cerebral perfusion were more significant at Stage 4 / Stage 6: CBV was increased up to 20%, CBF was decreased > 30% with MTT time > 6 sec. The most significant changes were founed ipsilaterally in the territories of the MCA, moderate – in the territories of the ACA and PCA. Conclusion.In patients with moyamoya disease we have found the restructuring of the cerebral angioarchitectonics which has been matching the decrease of cerebral perfusion. Perfusion MSCT allows to get identification of the areas with an increased risk of ischemia and provides a decisive quantitative assessment of cerebral hemodynamics changes to establish indications for surgical treatment.

Prolificacy is a very important trait in sheep. Romanov sheep, the well-known Russian sheep breed, are characterized by very high prolificacy; however, the genetic basis of this unique property of Romanov sheep is still unknown. It was reported that Ovine BMPR1B gene, located on the OAR6, is associated with prolificacy in several sheep breeds. The aim of our study was to identify candidate SNPs within BMPR1B gene, related to prolificacy. To achieve this goal, using NGS technology, we sequenced ovine BMPR1B gene in Romanov sheep (n = 6), which are characterized by high prolificacy (about 270 lambs per 100 ewes). The sequences of BMPR1B gene of Noire du Velay, Tan, Southdown and Australian Horned Merino sheep breeds as well as Asiatic mouflon (n = 1), which are characterized by significantly lower prolificacy (from 110 to 180 lambs per 100 ewes) were derived from publicly available sources and used for comparison. FST analysis performed in PLINK 1.9 program revealed 10 SNPs with values higher than 0.8. The majority of candidate SNPs under putative selection were localized in the region from 29,382,098 to 29,430,387 on OAR6 of Ovine reference genome (Oar_v3.1 (Ensembl release 98). Thus, we can suggest, that this region of the BMPR1B gene can be considered as the putative region, associated with high prolificacy of Romanov sheep. Additional studies will be needed to confirm the effect of identified candidate SNPs on prolificacy traits. The research results will be useful for artificial selection of sheep with higher prolific capacity, including the introduction of desired alleles in sheep populations using genome editing technologies. This work was supported by the Russian Ministry of Science and Higher Education No. 0445-2019-0024 and RFBR No. 20-516-56002.

При ведении селекционной работы важно учитывать степень инбридинга в популяции, чтобы избежать перехода летальных и полулетальных рецессивных аллелей в гомозиготное состояние и проявления инбредной депрессии. Широко применяемая оценка только на основе информации из родословной животного не всегда является корректной. Расчет показателей инбридинга на основании полногеномных данных позволяет оценить степень гетерозиготности как в целом в популяции, так и у каждой особи в отдельности. Целью работы было проведение геномной оценки инбридинга в популяциях крупного рогатого скота холмогорской, ярославской и голштинской пород с использованием двух методов расчета sMLH и F(ROH). Выполнен анализ полногеномных SNP-профилей (SNP однонуклеотидный полиморфизм) животных вышеуказанных пород. Обработку данных, расчеты и визуализацию результатов проводили в программах PLINK 1.9, Admixture 1.3 и R пакетах pophelper, detectRUNS, inbreedR, ggplot2. После проведения контроля качества для исследований были отобраны 36837 SNP. Кластерный анализ показал четкую дифференциацию обеих российских пород как друг от друга, так и от голштинской. Наибольшими средними значениями коэффициента инбридинга F(ROH) (0,1260,005) и мультилокусной гетерозиготности sMLH (1,0180,006) отличались животные голштинской породы. Это объясняется эффектом смещения выборки при генотипировании из-за особенностей дизайна чипа. Оценка степени инбредности популяций с помощью полногеномного анализа SNP целесообразна при учете дизайна чипа, на котором было проведено генотипирование.The inbreeding level in a population should be taken into account in the framework of breeding programs in order to avoid the transition of lethal and semi-lethal recessive alleles into a homozygous state and resulting in inbreeding depression. The assessment of inbreeding level based only on the information from pedigree is not always correct. Calculation of inbreeding indices based on genome-wide data allows evaluation of the heterozygosity degree both individually and population-wise. The work was aimed at conducting the genomic assessment of inbreeding in cattle populations of the Kholmogor, Yaroslavl and Holstein breeds using two methods sMLH and F(ROH). We performed the genome-wide SNP analysis (SNP single nucleotide polymorphism) of individuals of the above listed breeds. Data processing, calculations and visualization of the results were carried out in the programs PLINK 1.9, Admixture 1.3 and R packages pophelper, detectRUNS, inbreedR, ggplot2. After quality control, 36837 SNPs were selected for the analyses. Cluster analysis showed a clear differentiation of the Russian breeds both from each other and from Holstein. The highest average values of the inbreeding coefficient F(ROH) (0,1260,005) and sMLH (1,0180,006) were observed in Holstein animals. It can be caused by the ascertainment bias due to the design features of the chip. Therefore the assessment of the inbreeding degree in populations using the whole-genome SNP analysis is advisable when taking into account the chip design.

Currently, the intraspecific taxonomy of snow sheep (Ovis nivicola) is controversial and needs to be specified using DNA molecular genetic markers. In our previous work using whole-genome single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analysis, we found that the population inhabiting Kharaulakh Ridge was genetically different from the other populations of Yakut subspecies to which it was usually referred. Here, our study was aimed at the clarification of taxonomic status of Kharaulakh snow sheep using mitochondrial cytochrome b gene. A total of 87 specimens from five different geographic locations of Yakut snow sheep as well as 20 specimens of other recognized subspecies were included in this study. We identified 19 haplotypes, two of which belonged to the population from Kharaulakh Ridge. Median-joining network and Bayesian tree analyses revealed that Kharaulakh population clustered separately from all the other Yakut snow sheep. The divergence time between Kharaulakh population and Yakut snow sheep was estimated as 0.48 ± 0.19 MYA. Thus, the study of the mtDNA cytb sequences confirmed the results of genome-wide SNP analysis. Taking into account the high degree of divergence of Kharaulakh snow sheep from other groups, identified by both nuclear and mitochondrial DNA markers, we propose to classify the Kharaulakh population as a separate subspecies.

Наведене клінічне спостереження хірургічного лікування кавернозної мальформації дорзальних відділів моста мозку зліва із застосуванням інтраопераційного нейрофізіологічного моніторингу (ІОНМ) становить науково-прикладний інтерес. ІОНМ є відносно новим діагностичним перспективним, але найменш вивченим напрямом у системі нейрофізіологічного забезпечення високотехнологічної нейрохірургічної допомоги в Україні. Детально проаналізовано клінічні особливості, результати клініко-інструментальних методів обстеження і хід операції. Для моніторингу застосовували систему ISIS IOНM (Inomed, Німеччина). Представлений клінічний випадок демонструє, що застосування мультимодального ІОНМ дає змогу ідентифікувати в режимі реального часу більшість структур центральної нервової системи, розташованих у зоні ризику хірургічного втручання, запобігти їх ушкодженню та розвитку післяопераційного неврологічного дефіциту і знизити ризик інвалідності. Чинник, який забезпечує успішність ІОНМ – конструктивна взаємодія нейрохірургів, нейрофізіологів і анестезіологів., Приведенное клиническое наблюдение хирургического лечения кавернозной мальформации дорзальных отделов моста мозга слева с применением интраоперационного нейрофизиологического мониторинга (ИОНМ) представляет научно-прикладной интерес. ИОНМ является относительно новым диагностическим перспективным, но наименее изученным направлением в системе нейрофизиологического обеспечения высокотехнологичной нейрохирургической помощи в Украине. Детально проанализированы клинические особенности, результаты клинико-инструментальных методов обследования и ход операции. Для мониторинга применяли систему ISIS IOНM (Inomed, Германия). Представленный клинический случай демонстрирует, что применение мультимодального ИОНМ позволяет идентифицировать в режиме реального времени большинство структур центральной нервной системы, расположенных в зоне риска хирургического вмешательства, предотвратить их повреждение и развитие послеоперационного неврологического дефицита, снизить риск инвалидности. Фактор, обеспечивающий успешность ИОНМ –конструктивное взаимодействие нейрохирургов, нейрофизиологов и анестезиологов., The presented clinical observation of surgical treatment of cavernous malformation of the left dorsal part of pons using the intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring (IONM) is of scientific and applied interest. IONM is a relatively new diagnostic and at the same time the least studied direction in the system of neurophysiological support in high-tech neurosurgical care in Ukraine. The clinical manifestations, the results of clinical and instrumental methods of examination, and the course of the operation are analyzed in detail. The ISIS IONM system (Inomed, Germany) was used for monitoring. This case demonstrates that the use of multimodal IONM allows you to identify in real time most of the structures of the central nervous system that are at risk of surgery and prevent their damage. This makes it possible to prevent the development of postoperative neurological deficits and reduce the risk of disability in patients. The factor that ensures the success of IONM is the constructive interaction of neurosurgeons, neurophysiologists, and anesthesiologist.

To predict species responses to anthropogenic disturbances and climate change, it is reasonable to use species with high sensitivity to such factors. Snow sheep (Ovis nivicola) could represent a good candidate for this; as the only large herbivore species adapted to the cold and alpine habitats of northeastern Siberia, it plays a crucial role in its ecosystem. Despite having an extensive geographical distribution among all ovine species, it is one of the least studied. In this study, we sequenced and analysed six genomes of snow sheep in combination with all other wild sheep species to infer key aspects of their evolutionary history and unveil the genetic basis of their adaptation to subarctic environments. Despite their large census population size, snow sheep genomes showed remarkably low heterozygosity, which could reflect the effect of isolation and historical bottlenecks that we inferred using the pairwise sequential Markovian coalescent and runs of homozygosity. F4 -statistics indicated instances of introgression involving snow sheep with argali (Ovis ammon) and Dall (Ovis dalli) sheep, suggesting that these species might have been more widespread during the Pleistocene. Furthermore, the introgressed segments, which were identified using mainly minimum relative node depth, covered genes associated with immunity, adipogenesis and morphology-related traits, representing potential targets of adaptive introgression. Genes related to mitochondrial functions and thermogenesis associated with adipose tissue were identified to be under selection. Overall, our data suggest introgression as a mechanism facilitating adaptation in wild sheep species and provide insights into the genetic mechanisms underlying cold adaptation in snow sheep.

Conservation of local cattle genetic resources is an important strategy for achieving Russia’s food security. During last decades, in the Russian Federation, local livestock populations were either crossbred or replaced by highly productive imported breeds, which led to a loss of the major part of original breeds identities. The objective of our study was to identify genetic differences between the populations of Kholmogor and Black-and-white cattle with varying degrees of admixture with the Holstein breed. The aforementioned breeds were studied using their whole-genome single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotypes. The Kholmogor breed was subdivided into three groups: purebred (KHLM, n = 3), admixed with Holsteins (KHLM-HLST, n = 4) and representatives of old-type breed (KHLM-INTA, n = 15). Blackand-white was subdivided into four groups: purebred (BLWT, n = 9), with a low (BLWT-75, n = 8) and a high (BLWT-HLST, n = 10) level of admixture with Holstein, and represented by archival samples from the 1970s and 1980s (BLWT-OLD, n = 15). The Holsteins genetic profiles (HLST, n = 27) were taken as a comparison group. PLINK 1.07, Admixture 1.3, SplitsTree 4.14.6 and R package StAMPP were used to infer genetic relationship between the studied groups. After quality control, 29 688 SNPs were selected for analysis. Multidimensional scaling (MDS), Admixture analysis and a dendrogram constructed using the Neighbor-Net method, revealed the presence of three clusters belonging to the Kholmogor, Black-and-white and Holstein breeds. The first one included KHLM and KHLM-INTA, the second – BLWT and BLWT-OLD, and the third – HLST, KHLM-HLST and BLWT-HLST. The BLWT-75 samples were placed between HLST and BLWT. Thus, our results showed that currently the populations of native cattle breeds with valuable genotypes still exist. The populations with a high level of admixture with Holsteins could be considered neither as the Kholmogor nor as Blackand-white breeds, and would rather be referred as the Holstein breed of local breeding.

Poaching is one of the major types of wildlife crime in Russia. Remnants of goats (presumably the wild endemic species, the Caucasian tur) were found in an area of the Caucasian mountains. The case study involves a suspected poacher whose vehicle was found to have two duffel bags containing pieces of a carcass, which he claimed was that of a goat from his flock. The aim of the forensic genetic analysis for this case was to (i) establish individual identity and (ii) perform species identification. DNA typing based on fourteen microsatellites revealed that STR-genotypes generated from pieces of evidence found at crime scene fully matched those obtained from the evidence seized from the suspect. The results of genome-wide SNP-genotyping, using Illumina Goat SNP50 BeadChip, provided evidence that the poached animal was a wild Caucasian tur (Capra caucasica). Thus, based on comprehensive molecular genetic analysis, evidence of poaching was obtained and sent to local authorities. To our knowledge, this case study is the first to attempt to use DNA chips in wildlife forensics of ungulates.

We present a 4-year-old female diagnosed with very-early onset inflammatory bowel disease (VEO-IBD), ulcerative colitis type, and overlap syndrome based on clinical presentation, blood and stool studies, diagnostic endoscopies and liver biopsy. Her clinical course was complicated by pervasive psychological stressors, non-compliance with medical therapy, and frequent provider changes. Initial treatment included Prednisone, 6-mercaptopurine and Ursodiol. Treatment was escalated to include multiple biological agents which were stopped prematurely due to non-adherence. She developed weight loss and growth stunting, necessitating exclusive enteral nutrition and then parenteral nutrition. Due to medically refractory disease, she underwent a total colectomy with end ileostomy at the age of 13. Pathology revealed stage III colorectal adenocarcinoma (CRC) with lymph node involvement and transmural inflammation diagnostic of Crohn’s disease (CD). Genetic testing of the resected colon noted a missense mutation of TP53. Our patient completed 6 cycles of extensive and targeted chemotherapy with no evidence of disease reccurrence. She recently underwent ileal pouch-anal anastomosis and creation of a diverting ileostomy. CRC is exceedingly rare in pediatric IBD (PIBD) patients, with less than 30 reported cases in the available literature1. Most cases occurred in males and patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) and primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC), where the risk of developing CRC is four times greater2. The risk of CRC increases with disease duration, with most PIBD patients developing CRC at 25 years of age1. Interestingly, mutations in TP53, a tumour suppressor gene, have been found to occur more frequently in patients with IBD-CRC compared to those with sporadic-CRC or IBD without dysplasia3. Mutations in TP53 may not only increase a patients general susceptibility to CRC but may also accelerate its development by contributing to excessive inflammation4. Our patient’s treatment refractory clinical course and transition in IBD diagnosis from UC to CD highlights the complexity of VEO-IBD management. While rare in pediatric patients, the development of CRC is a life-threatening risk and it should be considered in patients with prolonged and severely refractory IBD with concomitant autoimmune liver disease. Our patient’s young age at the time of CRC diagnosis emphasizes the need for vigilant yearly endoscopic screening and development of pediatric guidelines for dysplasia monitoring in this high risk population. Further research is needed to evaluate the role of genetic variant screening in CRC risk stratification. References: 1. Aardoom MA, et al. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2018;24(4):732–741. 2. Soetikno RM, et al. Gastrointest Endosc. 2002;56(1):48–54. 3. Yaeger R, et al. Gastroenterology. 2016;151(2):278–287. 4. Cooks T, et al. Cancer Cell. 2013;23(5):634–46.

Karachaev goat (Capra hircus) is a local breed from North-Caucasus region, Russia. Here we present complete mitochondrial genome of Karachaev goat from the republic of Karachaevo-Cherkessia, Russia. The length of the studied sequence was 16,624 bp in size. It was shown that the studied specimen belonged to haplogroup A.

The article is devoted to the problem of calculating the stability of compressed rods taking into account their own weight. A resolving differential equation of the second and fourth order with respect to the dimensionless deflection is obtained. A technique for numerically analytical and numerical solution of the obtained equation using the finite difference method is proposed. As a result, the problem was reduced to a generalized eigenvalue problem. Comparison with the solution of other authors is given. The problem of determining the critical values for the rods is posed as the problem of finding the domain of these values depending on the boundary conditions and the coefficients α and .. The objective function is a converging power series with unknown coefficients. The solution of the prismatic rod stability problem is carried out in the MatLab environment. The values of α and ., for which the critical load takes a minimum value, are found. To test the methodology, a number of problems were solved and compared with known solutions. The proposed technique, in contrast to analytical solutions, allows solving the problem with arbitrary fixation of the ends of the rod. It is also suggested to take into account the length-varying stiffness and heterogeneity of the rod. Test problems showed good agreement with literature data. In the future, it is planned to develop a calculation method taking creep into account. The higher quality of the analytical solution is shown in comparison with the existing methods.

Small bowel obstruction in a pediatric patient following liver transplant often results from adhesions, hernias, or post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease. Here, we present an unusual and previously unreported entity - Roux-en-Y intussusception in an eight-yr-old female several years after liver transplantation. Although a rare complication, Roux-en-Y intussusception should be considered as a potential etiology in the patient presenting with bowel obstruction, with specific attention to acute presentation accompanying jaundice.

In this study, we present the first complete mitochondrial genomes of two species of the genus Ovis – snow sheep (Ovis nivicola) and thinhorn sheep (Ovis dalli). The mitochondrial genomes h...