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Abstract Ovarian cancer is one of the most prevalent malignancies in women. Harmaline is reported to have powerful anticancer properties. We aimed to investigate the apoptotic and antimetastatic properties of harmaline in A2780 ovarian cancer cells. Cell viability, apoptosis, migration, and invasion were investigated in cells treated with harmaline. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, mRNA expression of apoptosis‐associated genes, MMP‐2, and MMP‐9 were measured. Harmaline attenuated the viability of A2780 ovarian cancer cells in a dose‐ and time‐dependent way. Furthermore, compared to NIH/3T3 mouse normal cell line (IC50 = 417 μM), the malignant A2080 cells were more sensitive to harmaline (IC50 = 300 μM after 24 h). Harmaline increased the production of ROS, raised the mRNA expression of p53 and the Bax/Bcl2 ratio. Harmaline also increased the proportion of cells in the late apoptotic and necrotic phases. MMP‐2 and MMP‐9's mRNA expression, gelatinase activity, and migration of A2780 cells also decreased by harmaline. These findings suggest that harmaline may have the potential to be a therapeutic drug for ovarian cancer by triggering apoptosis and suppressing invasion and migration.

Agriculture remains one of the main sectors that play an important role in both the country’s economic development and strategic security. Therefore, conducting an ongoing study of this component in the country is relevant. The purpose of the study was to determine the competitive opportunities of agricultural holdings in Ukraine. The methods of scientific cognition that were used in the work were abstract and logical, dialectical, general scientific and statistical methods, methods of historical and logical observation, analysis and synthesis. This study analyses the competitiveness of Ukrainian agricultural production, in particular by such indicators as: dynamics of gross harvest, yield and acreage of the main agricultural crops, balance of agricultural production, export of agricultural products and their processed products during 2000-2023. The methods that need to be implemented to make the agro-industrial complex competitive in the global market are also proposed. The results of this research on the competitiveness of Ukrainian agricultural holdings in international markets, and the conclusions drawn on their basis, are of significant importance, as they prove that powerful agricultural holdings operate in Ukraine, characterised by dynamic capabilities, increase their capacities, attract unused arable land, and effectively use the potential of resources and crops. In addition, the development of world markets for agricultural products is promising for agricultural holdings, because Ukraine is geographically located almost in the centre of international trade networks, and exports in some strategic areas will help agricultural enterprises avoid uncertainty and possible large losses. The assessment of agricultural holdings, namely Kernel and Myronivsky Hlibprodukt, showed that even in war conditions, agricultural companies have opportunities to develop and enter international markets. The findings obtained in the framework of the study can be used both by representatives of the public sector to form policies in this area, and by enterprises to create long-term development strategies

مقدمه: کارکنان بهداشتی و درمانی در خط مقدم مبارزه با بیماری قرار دارند و بدون شک بیشترین مسئولیت و بار استرس را بر عهده دارند. آنها تحت فشار شدید جسمی و روحی هستند. این مطالعه اضطراب ناشی از کرونا و تاب‌آوری را در کارکنان مراقبت‌های بهداشتی و غیربهداشتی مقایسه کرد.روش کار: این مطالعه مقطعی با استفاده از پرسشنامه خودگزارشی آنلاین در ایران انجام شد. نمونه شامل 102 کارمند بهداشت و درمان و 123 کارمند غیر بهداشتی بود که پرسشنامه شبکه اجتماعی را از 1 تا 9 مارس 2021 تکمیل کردند. شرکت کنندگان با استفاده از مقیاس تاب آوری Connor-Davidson (CD-RISC) و مقیاس اضطراب بیماری کرونا (CDAS) مورد ارزیابی قرار گرفتند. ). داده‌ها با استفاده از آمار توصیفی، مجذور خی، تی، من ویتنی، آنکووا و SPSS 16 تحلیل شدند.یافته‌ها: کووید-19 منجر به اضطراب به‌طور معنی‌داری در کارکنان مراقبت‌های بهداشتی درعلائم جسمی نسبت به کارکنان غیربهداشتی شده است (037/0= P). همچنین، پرسنل بهداشتی نمره بالاتری در CDAS داشتند (029/0= P). امتیاز کلی CD-RISC نیز در بین کارکنان غیربهداشتی 9/13±6/90 و در بین کارکنان بهداشتی و درمانی 8/19±1/84 بود (036/0=P). پس از تعدیل برای اثر مخدوش‌کننده احتمالی سطح تحصیلات، مجدداً نمرات کل دو مقیاس بین دو گروه تفاوت معنی‌داری داشت (05/0P

The research relevance on Codling moth peculiarities is predefined by it being a main threat to apple culture. The sensitivity of apple cultivars that have been planted so far and continue to be planted to this pest diverges in different cultivars. The research aims to determine the main elements of Cydia Pomonella control using sex pheromones and environmentally friendly insecticides. To achieve the goal, an experiment was conducted in the village of Dvoran in the Korcha region on three apple cultivars: Golden Delicious, Star King, and Granny Smith. On the trees of these varieties, traps with sex pheromones were used and environmentally friendly insecticides were utilised. The study found that using sex pheromone traps to monitor Cydia Pomonella is simple and less expensive for apple growers. The Spinosad medicine is the most effective in terms of protection against the pest, the second being Indoxacarb. Golden Delicious and Granny Smith cultivars had the lowest level of pest infestation, while the Star King cultivar was the most affected by Cydia Pomonella. It has also been established that apple fruits do not contain toxic residues, and the ecosystem remains clean. Additionally, the use of sex pheromones can be part of an integrated pest management approach that combines different control methods to sustainably manage pest populations in gardens. The practical significance of the obtained results is that they provide apple growers with a safe and effective method of controlling Cydia pomonella populations in their orchards. In addition, the scientific basis for the use of sex pheromones as a method of pest control can contribute to the implementation of sustainable control methods in apple production

The environmental situation in the world is only getting worse every year. This is caused by an increase in air pollution, wastewater pollution, wood burning, and others. Since 2013, ammonia emissions by European Union companies have increased significantly. This was facilitated, among other things, using synthetic pesticides. That is why the transition of agriculture to organic farming standards can be considered a good alternative. The aim of the study was to analyse the effectiveness of combining known organic pesticides in one biogeocenosis. A combined treatment of the vegetable crop Brassica oleracea with such biological pesticides as Bacillus thuringiensis and pyrethrin, combined with mass pest trapping, is proposed in the research. When combining these three approaches, the efficiency was 93%. The total crop yield was 27 tons/ha, while the area of the field where pheromone and yellow sticky traps were used had a yield of 34 tons/ha. These methods were effective against the following pests: Ceutorhynchus rapae, Aleyrodes proletella, and Brevicoryne brassicae. Leaf damage was reduced by 93% on average during the study period when using the combined approach. During the two-year research, it was possible to neutralize 1882 insects by mass trapping and find out that the largest number of Ceutorhynchus rapae affect the crop in May and August, but the use of pheromone traps is most effective in October. The combination of individual methods increased the effectiveness of each method due to the synchronized impact on different pests. Increasing vegetable yields in Albania in the future can also solve the problem of hunger in countries with unfavourable climatic conditions by increasing the export of these crops

The VLCKD is a diet recognized to promote rapid fat mobilization and reduce inflammation, hepatic steatosis, and liver fibrosis. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) mediate cell-to-cell communication. The aim of the study is to investigate the role of circulating EVs in cell proliferation, ketone bodies, and ROS production in patients on an 8-week VLCKD regimen. Participants were classified as responders (R) or non-responders (NR) to VLCKD treatment based on their fibroscan results. In vitro experiments with the hepatic cell lines HEPA-RG (normal hepatocytes) and LX-2 (stellate cells) were conducted to investigate the effects of circulating EVs on cell viability, ROS production, and ketone body presence. The findings reveal a notable reduction in cell viability in both cell lines when treated with exosomes (EXOs). In contrast, treatment with microvesicles (MVs) did not appear to affect cell viability, which remained unchanged. Additionally, the levels of ketone bodies measured in urine were not consistently correlated with the reduction of fibrosis in responders (R). Similarly, an increase in ketone bodies was observed in non-responders (NR), which was also not aligned with the expected reduction in fibrosis. This inconsistency stands in stark contrast to the levels of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS), which exhibited a clear and consistent pattern in accordance with the dietary intervention. Finally, in this preliminary study, ROS has been identified as a potential diet adherence marker for VLCKD patients; the ROS levels reliably follow the progression of the fibrosis response, providing a more accurate reflection of the therapeutic effects.

Hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection is typically a self-limiting, acute illness that spreads through the gastrointestinal tract but replicates in the liver. However, chronic infections are possible in immunocompromised individuals. The HEV virion has two shapes: exosome-like membrane-associated quasi-enveloped virions (eHEV) found in circulating blood or in the supernatant of infected cell cultures and non-enveloped virions (“naked”) found in infected hosts’ feces and bile to mediate inter-host transmission. Although HEV is mainly spread via enteric routes, it is unclear how it penetrates the gut wall to reach the portal bloodstream. Both virion types are infectious, but they infect cells in different ways. To develop personalized treatment/prevention strategies and reduce HEV impact on public health, it is necessary to decipher the entry mechanism for both virion types using robust cell culture and animal models. The contemporary knowledge of the cell entry mechanism for these two HEV virions as possible therapeutic target candidates is summarized in this narrative review.

This study is conducted to examine the effect of input enhancement as an implicit and consciousness-raising as an explicit method of instruction on improving grammatical and lexical collocation knowledge of Iranian EFL learners. To reach this aim, a sample of sixty participants at pre-intermediate level of English proficiency in Gorgan, Golestan, Iran was selected. They were randomly assigned to one control and two experimental groups. All of them were given a pre-test to assure that they were homogeneous with regard to their knowledge of collocations. All groups received the same text with different methods of teaching during the six treatment sessions. One week after the last treatment session, a posttest was administered to them. The results of the study revealed that input enhancement had no significant effect on increasing the grammatical collocation knowledge of Iranian EFL learners, while it had a significant effect on the improvement of lexical collocation knowledge. In addition, consciousness-raising instruction had a significant effect on increasing both lexical and grammatical collocation knowledge of Iranian EFL learners. Besides, consciousness raising group outperformed the input enhancement and control group. This study offers some pedagogical implications for syllabus designers, material developers, teachers, and students.

The research relevance is predefined by the need to optimise fruit crop cultivation systems considering weather conditions. The research aims to test the grafting technology of intensive sweet cherry plantations on small and medium-sized rootstocks. The leading method in achieving the research goal was a field experiment. The main results of this study are as follows: the leading technologies for increasing the yield of sweet cherry varieties depending on the impact of environmental stress factors are presented; the use of clone rootstock technology in sweet cherry plantations in temperate climates is substantiated. According to a set of indicators of productivity formation, the yield of plantations of different designs was predicted. Namely, the scheme of variety-rootstock combinations of intercalary placement, its length, and parameters of the growth complex for plants were revealed; indicators of physiological activity, growth, productivity, fruit quality, and economic efficiency in intensive sweet cherry plantations were determined. It has been established that the application of this technology will increase yields and improve the quality parameters of sweet cherry fruits by developing varieties with compact crowns, which will allow to compact the plantations. It has been analysed that climatic conditions are the main factor in the process of harvest formation. A list of stress factors of temperate climate that affect the yield of sweet cherries has been identified. It is proved that the introduction of clonal rootstock technology is the most effective for growing intensive plantations of sweet cherries in a temperate climate. Practically, the research aims to determine and test a set of elements of physiological indicators of the potential yield of sweet cherry plantations of different designs, to introduce them into production and use them in further breeding

Evaluation of the biological characteristics of sunflower hybrids and their potential to improve the qualities of the plant under study that are useful for agricultural development is considered relevant. The research aims to carefully and in-depth evaluate the biological characteristics of sunflower hybrids to obtain information on the possibility of improving the qualities of the plant under study that is useful for agricultural development. During the experiment, the properties of such sunflower hybrids as Ukrainian F1 (control sample), P62LL109 Pioneer (Classic), LG5377 (Limagrain), ES Bella (Euralis Semans) and NK Rocky (Syngenta) were investigated. Each of these plants is listed in the State Register of Plant Varieties of Ukraine. The methods used in this research work include the production method, weighing and measuring, visual, laboratory and chemical, and mathematical. It was determined that the best indicators of productivity and economic characteristics are observed in three hybrid species, namely Ukrainian F1 (the best morphological characteristics, the highest weight of 1000 seeds, and hulling level), NK Rocky (Syngenta) (the highest percentage of fat and oil yield per 1 ha) and P62LL109 (Pioneer) (the highest weight of seeds per basket and bulk weight, the lowest hulling level, the highest yield). This may be useful for agricultural enterprises that may be interested in growing new sunflower hybrids with improved productivity and economic characteristics. The results of the study may become an impetus for further research of existing and creation of new sunflower hybrids that will be most useful for agricultural development

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of strawberry cultivation in the use of PH regulators, synthetic and organic fertilisers, mulching practices, and the use of fungicides, insecticides, and herbicides. The pH of the soil was regulated by applying aluminium sulphate and limestone in the amount of 200 and 900 g per three square metres, respectively. Synthetic preparations with different macro- and microelements, as well as organic compost, were used to test the effect of fertilisers. The growth characteristics of the growing season, including flowering and fruiting indicators, were evaluated. The results showed that a decrease in soil pH has a positive effect on the efficiency of growing the plants under study. The use of fertilisers with a high potassium content increased the growth rate of the growing season, and preparations rich in phosphorus had a positive effect on the characteristics of the flowering period. The use of compost provided an increase in the productivity of strawberries, comparable to the use of synthetic fertilisers. Mulching has been shown to reduce the risk of fungal infections in plants and to increase growth indicators. The use of the herbicide was significantly effective in suppressing the growth of pest plants and improving the growth characteristics of strawberries. It was shown that the use of organic farming methods and reduced concentrations of herbicides and insecticides allows achieving high efficiency of strawberry cultivation

Abstract While trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) is the first-line therapy of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia infections, colistin is one of the therapeutic options in cases of allergy or resistance to TMP-SMX. However, understanding the global status of resistance to colistin amongst S. maltophilia isolates could be helpful for appropriate antibiotic prescription. This study aimed to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis to examine the prevalence of colistin resistance in clinical S. maltophilia isolates worldwide. According to eligibility criteria, a total of 61 studies were included in the analysis. The pooled prevalence for colistin resistance was 42% (95% CI: 35-49%), ranging from 0.1 to 97%. Subgroups analysis indicated that, the pooled prevalence of colistin resistance was 44% (95% CI: 29-60%) in 15 studies during 2000–2010, and it was estimated to be 41% (95% CI: 33-50%) in 46 articles from 2011 to 2021. It was 46% (95% CI: 35-58%) in the studies that used broth microdilution method, and 39% (95% CI: 30-49%) in the studies with other used methods. The resistance rate in Asian countries was 45% (95% CI: 31-60%), in European countries was 45% (95% CI: 34-56%) and in the countries of North and South America was 33% (95% CI: 20-46%). Our review showed notable resistance to colistin in clinical S. maltophilia isolates. Given the estimated resistance rates, alternative antibiotics could be preferred to treat serious infections due to S. maltophilia.

Agriculture has always played a vital role in Ukraine, which is primarily due to the geographical features of the location. Currently, the agricultural sector is the basis of the country’s international specialisation. Thus, finding opportunities to improve this sector efficiency is still relevant. Therefore, the purpose of the study was to find ways to increase efficiency during activities in one of the agriculture branches, namely livestock breeding, within the framework of raising pigs. The main methods during work were analysis, deduction, modelling, forecasting, etc. During the study, a detailed review of the considering possibilities of the efficiency improvement of raising pigs was conducted. They were conventionally divided into two categories: connected with management processes and directly caring for animals. Thus, the author concludes that by using some methods of raising animals, a better quality of meat can be achieved, and therefore receive higher profits from its sale. During the study, possibilities connected with diet regulation, animals living conditions (temperature, enclosures, etc.), genetics and some others were directly considered. As for management tips, they are also analysed and provided by the authors: in particular, it was determined that cost reduction plays a huge role in such enterprises. In addition, the work considers the features of these enterprises work in terms of environmental safety and mentions the state role in the industry development

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between mental well-being – as assessed by the SDQ among children with asthma in Kosovo and SES. Methods and Results: For this cross-sectional observational study, data were collected from five regions of Kosovo, public and private institutions, public hospitals and primary healthcare facilities in each area, a tertiary level hospital, and two private immunology clinics in the capital city. The survey included 161 Kosovar children (mean age of 11.1±2.7 years) with asthma, aged 7-16 years, and their caregivers. The survey questionnaires used were those of the American Academy of Pediatrics: The Children's Health Survey for Asthma (CHSA), the parent and child version (CHSA-C), and the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ). SDQ showed conspicuous (borderline or abnormal) results in 25.1% of children. None of the scales of the SDQ, except prosocial behavior, showed statistically significant differences across SES categories. Prosocial behavior scores increased significantly with increasing SES. Conclusion: Children with asthma from lower SES families in Kosovo have more social contact problems but do not show reduced mental well-being nor more conduct problems.

Background: Chronic endometritis (CE) is highly prevalent in patients with unexplained infertility. This study aimed to determine the associations between CE and infertility. Methods and Results: We performed a prospective study of 197 women with implantation failure and pregnancy loss after undergoing in vitro fertilization (IVF). The endometrium was examined with a hysteroscope, and a sample was taken for biopsy in areas suspected of having inflammation. Immunohistochemistry was performed for CD138 antibodies. Diagnostic criterion was more than 5 plasma cells per 10 high-power fields. Patients who were positive for CE were treated with antibiotics. Among the 197 patients in our study, 115(58.4%) were positive for CE. Regarding the success of CE treatment and pregnancy after treatment, among the 115 CD138-positive patients, 32 became pregnant without IVF after treatment, while another 43 had successful pregnancies and childbirth with IVF. Thus, with treated CE, a successful pregnancy and childbirth was detected in 65.2% of cases, including spontaneous pregnancies and IVF. Conclusion: Patients with infertility and those who have pregnancies lost in IVF have a high rate of CE. Failure to treat CE results in infertility and IVF failure. An efficient diagnosis and treatment of CE are important for a successful pregnancy.

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has led to an increase in drug use among inmates in prisons worldwide, including Kosovo, due to restrictions on visitation and addiction recovery programs. Objectives: This study analyzed drug use among 33,144 inmates in Kosovo prisons over nine years and aimed to identify potential solutions, foster collaboration between relevant institutions, and develop better programs and treatments. Methods and Results: The study is based on data from the medical files of inmates examined over nine years (2014-2022) in 10 Kosovo prison health units. From the total number of inmates, 8.22% were identified as drug users, and the percentage of drug use among inmates steadily increased from 5.8% in 2014 to 15.48% in 2019. In 2020, the first year of the pandemic, there was a decrease of 1.16% (from 15.48% to 14.28%), which was the first decrease in six years. The study also found a disproportional decrease in the number of inmates admitted during the same period. The Medico Psycho Therapeutic Center “Labyrinth” showed a similar trend. Suicide attempts, death under custody, and tobacco use increased linearly, with alcohol use remaining stable. Conclusion: The study highlights the need for effective prevention, treatment, and management strategies for drug use among inmates and the general population in Kosovo. Continuous collaboration between relevant institutions and stakeholders is essential to improve the health and well-being of those affected by drug use and create a brighter future for Kosovo.

Summary: Mitochondrial dysfunction is a hallmark of cellular senescence, with the loss of mitochondrial function identified as a potential causal factor contributing to senescence-associated decline in cellular functions. Our recent findings revealed that ectopic expression of the pluripotency transcription factor NANOG rejuvenates dysfunctional mitochondria of senescent cells by rewiring metabolic pathways. In this study, we report that NANOG restores the expression of key enzymes, PYCR1 and PYCR2, in the proline biosynthesis pathway. Additionally, senescent mesenchymal stem cells manifest severe mitochondrial respiratory impairment, which is alleviated through proline supplementation. Proline induces mitophagy by activating AMP-activated protein kinase α and upregulating Parkin expression, enhancing mitochondrial clearance and ultimately restoring cell metabolism. Notably, proline treatment also mitigates several aging hallmarks, including DNA damage, senescence-associated β-galactosidase, inflammatory cytokine expressions, and impaired myogenic differentiation capacity. Overall, this study highlights the role of proline in mitophagy and its potential in reversing senescence-associated mitochondrial dysfunction and aging hallmarks.

Introduction: Nurses play a crucial role in providing healthcare services in prisons and psychiatric hospitals in Kosovo. In Kosovo, there are ten prison facilities with a capacity of 2500 inmates. At those facilities there are ten Prison Health Units with six Medical Clinics and three medical stationeries. At every PHU, basic healthcare services are offered round-the-clock. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the role of nurses in providing healthcare services in prisons and psychiatric hospitals in Kosovo. The study aims to assess the workload and responsibilities of nurses and the quality of healthcare services they provide. Additionally, the study analyzes the management of health services in these institutions. Methods: This study is based on statistical data from the Prison Health Service in Kosovo from 2013 to 2022. The study calculated statistical coefficients related to the number of nurses and healthcare staff per 1,000 prisoners. Results: The study found that there were 10.09 nurses per 1,000 inmates in the 10 prison facilities in Kosovo, and the total number of medical staff per 1,000 inmates was 15.49. The ratio of physicians per 1,000 inmates was 3.05, indicating a relatively low number of physicians compared to nurses. The study also found a higher ratio of nursing staff to inmates, indicating more individualized attention and care. Conclusions: The study concludes that nurses play a vital role in providing healthcare services in prisons and psychiatric hospitals in Kosovo. The study recommends hiring more physicians to improve the quality of healthcare services in prisons.

Aged myoblasts suffer from impaired glycolysis and insulin resistance, but increase methionine catabolism, possibly to meet energetic demands. Here, authors show that inhibiting methionine metabolism via NANOG reprogramming or MAT2A inhibition restores the function and regeneration capacity of aged muscle.

IntroductionPatients with chronic liver disease are highly prone to acquiring influenza infection diseases and experiencing associated complications. National and international guidelines recommend the influenza vaccine for patients with liver disorders to reduce the risk of influenza complications. Our study aims to evaluate the risk of flu complications faced by patients with liver disease and assess influenza vaccination coverage.MethodsThe archive of hospital discharge forms was used to define the list of Apulian patients with liver disease, considering data from 2017 through 2022. The vaccination status of these patients was assessed via data collected from the Regional Immunization Database. We focused on influenza vaccine shots administered during the 2020/21, 2021/22, and 2022/23 flu seasons.ResultsA declining trend across the flu seasons was observed, with a VC of 49.5% in the 2020/21 flu season, 48.1% in the 2021/22 season, and 45.0% in the 2022/23 season. Subjects with multiple comorbidities have higher vaccination rates. Additionally, the multivariate models demonstrate that vaccination compliance increases with age and is strongly associated with having received a previous influenza vaccine shot.ConclusionThe VC rates reported in our study are unsatisfactory and did not reach the minimum achievable goal (75%) the Italian Ministry of Health set. A multifactorial approach is required to raise the immunization rates and therefore protect the patients from the influenza-associated risk of collateral liver damage; the role of gastroenterologists and hepatologists is crucial, as their responsibilities should extend beyond patient care to the prevention of complications after infectious diseases.

The research relevance is predefined by the need to find ways to increase the profitability of agricultural production in the difficult economic conditions of Ukraine. The research aims to analyse the profitability of agricultural production, influencing factors and determination of directions for its improvement. The methodological approach is based on the analysis of statistical data on changes in production profitability; method of average values – to obtain the average value of indicators; comparison method – to compare data on profitability and productivity between types of products; graphic method – to display the results; method of generalization – for summarizing information about agricultural production. The main results that were obtained within the scope of this study should cover the analysis of the profitability of agricultural production by its types and crop yield and regions of the country in the conditions of the impact of negative factors on the agricultural sector during the period of martial law (in particular, the reduction of land suitable for agriculture, blocking many ways to sell products, complicating the supply of mineral fertilizers and other goods necessary for the functioning of the agrarian sector) and highlight directions for increasing profitability, namely increasing the yield of certain types of crops; reduction of feed costs for feeding animals by growing feed and electricity production efficiency through the use of renewable energy sources (sun, wind, biomass energy); development of pig meat production by increasing their population and quality of nutrition; creation of added value from products obtained by the producer on his own land, which will contribute to increased profitability and successful development of agriculture. Analysis of the supply and demand balance of grain and leguminous crops showed that their production exceeds the need for consumption of all types of grain. The results and conclusions have practical significance for agricultural producers in business management, as well as for the government in developing areas of support for the agricultural sector

Background: The prevalence of the coronavirus has had various psychological effects on families with patients suffering from COVID-19, including depression. Depression can also affect the physical health of family members. This study was conducted with the aim of comparing the level of depression and its relationship with physical health among families with and without COVID-19 patients in comprehensive health centers. Methods: This case-control study was conducted in 2022 in comprehensive health centers in Gorgan (Iran) among 98 families with and without COVID-19 patients, using simple random sampling. The data collection tools included the Beck Depression Inventory and the PHQ physical health questionnaire. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and tests such as the Mann-Whitney U test, Chi-square test, and Spearman's correlation test at a significance level of 0.05. Results: The study revealed that the mean scores of depression and physical health in family members with COVID-19 patients were 11.56±7.50 and 7.60±4.32, respectively, while in families without COVID-19 patients, they were 8.01±4.67 and 3.98±3.43, respectively. The odds of depression (OR=5.11, p=0.001) and physical symptoms (OR=4.68, p=0.002) were higher in families with COVID-19 patients compared to those without. The findings also showed a direct and significant linear correlation between depression and physical health in both groups (p

Corn kernels are characterised by the presence of all the nutrients, macro- and microelements necessary for growth and development in an easily digestible form. Considering the differentiation of soil and climatic zones of cultivation, the breeding process is designed to establish hybrids of different maturity groups. The research purposes to evaluate maize hybrids of different maturity groups for a set of economic and biological traits of productivity, high-yield stability, and further cultivation in production conditions suitable for mechanised harvesting. Methods used in the research include informational, theoretical analysis, synthesis, analogy, comparison and generalisation; research identification, and measurement. During the research, a systematic analysis was applied, considering the uniqueness of technical, productive, and economic conditions for growing hybrid corn. The research results demonstrate that to achieve successful regulation of maize hybrids productivity and improve their quality, it is necessary to select for suitability for specific soils and climatic zones, considering the biological requirements for seeds and developing effective agrotechnical means designed for processes occurring at different stages of growth and development. The seeds of corn hybrids, formed by breeding, were determined by a high nutrient content: In mid-early corn, the content of crude protein was 9.2-9.9%, crude fat – 4.2-4.4%, BER (nitrogen-free extractives) – 82.5-83.3%, starch – 71.4-73.7%; in the medium-late group, the content of crude protein ranged from 9.8-10.4%, crude fat from 4.1-4.6%, BER from 80.6-82.2%, and starch from 70.2-74.1%. The medium-early group of hybrids obtained the optimal height of 245-276 cm, the weight of 1000 seeds – 308-344 g, the ratio of node height to plant height – 0.445; the medium-ripening group respectively 296-351 cm, 318-382 g, 0.455

Despite the fact that gastric syphilis is considered rare, it is reported as a type of organic involvement that is present in a large proportion of secondary syphilis cases, even though gastritis presenting with symptoms is extremely rare. Clinical, radiological, and endoscopic findings are non-specific and frequently mimic the symptoms of gastric adenocarcinoma or lymphoma, making diagnosis difficult. Immunostaining is required for this diagnosis. We would like to emphasize the importance of being suspicious of GS when a gastric mass exhibits the histologic features of an inflammatory pseudotumor (IPT), as previously reported for nodal IPT caused by luetic infection. We described a 56-year-old man who presented to the oncology department with a 3-month history of anorexia, epigastric pain, nausea, vomiting, and weight loss, as well as an initial radiological and endoscopic suspicion of gastric adenocarcinoma, in which immune staining allowed us to diagnose GS. In addition, we conducted an updated scoping review of the scientific literature to show the clinical, laboratory, and therapeutic findings in GS patients over the last 65 years.

The relevance of the subject matter is conditioned by the existing difficulties of operating the wastewater treatment system of large modern cities and the need to make qualitative changes in the structure of their functioning. The main purpose of the study is to investigate the economic effect of restructuring the municipal wastewater treatment system in the city of San Francisco in the context of analysing the promising possibilities of applying this experience in Ukrainian realities. The basis of the methodological approach is a combination of methods of systematic analysis of the experience gained in San Francisco during the restructuring of the wastewater treatment system, with an analytical investigation of the factors influencing the assessment of the economic effect of the implementation of this event. The study revealed the need for comprehensive investment into the restructuring of the wastewater treatment system existing in a large modern city to obtain a sustainable economic effect from the implementation of such programmes and improve the quality of water use services provided to residents of modern Ukrainian cities. The results obtained and the conclusions formulated on their basis are of significant practical importance from the standpoint of prospects for improving the functioning of wastewater treatment facilities in large modern Ukrainian cities and stabilising the overall environmental situation in these cities, as well as obtaining a tangible economic effect from the modernisation of wastewater treatment systems to improve the quality of services provided to city residents

Primary mucinous cystadenocarcinoma (MCA) of the testis is extremely rare, only 10 cases having been reported to date. Metastases of mucinous adenocarcinomas that have originated in different sites can mimic primary MAC and must be included in the differential diagnosis. We report a case of primary MCA of the tunica vaginalis testis in a 28-year-old patient who presented with a painless mass on the left side of the scrotum. We present the clinical and pathological characteristics to contribute to the further understanding of these rare tumors.

Anaplastic pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma (APXA) is a rare and aggressive brain tumor that requires a multidisciplinary approach for proper diagnosis and treatment. This case report presents the case of a 15-year-old male patient diagnosed with APXA in the left temporal region. The patient underwent a combination of imaging studies, including MRI, followed by a biopsy of the tumor tissue and surgery. The patient was then closely monitored for recurrence and progression of the tumor, and further received six cycles of chemotherapy and radiation therapy. This report aims to provide detailed information about the diagnostic process for APXA, which can be challenging due to its similarity to other tumors, such as pilocytic astrocytoma. Additionally, the report highlights the varying treatment options and outcomes for patients with APXA, as well as the importance of close monitoring for the recurrence and progression of the tumor. More research is needed to fully understand the best treatment options for APXA and to improve outcomes for patients diagnosed with this rare and aggressive brain tumor.

The ongoing war between Russia and Ukraine has resulted in widespread damages and loss of lives in highly populated cities, advanced to rural settings as well as sparked massive displacement amongst the population. The two nations are the key exporters of agronomic goods, and they play a huge role in supplying international markets with food products and fertilizers and the ongoing war has led to shortage of supply of these products. The purpose of this study is to present the current aspects related to the use of smart fertilizers as an opportunity to ensure food security and biodiversity. To fulfil this purpose, scientific publications were analysed, and the following groups of methods were employed: dialectical method of scientific cognition, general scientific and special methods. To summarise the scientific and methodological nature, an abstract-logical method of approach to examining the possibilities of using smart fertilizers in agriculture and drawing conclusions was used. Furthermore, the method of logical observation and analysis was used, and based on input data and correlations, conclusions were made that correspond to the object of the study. The generalization method was used to summarise the results of the study. As a result of the study, it was found that the use of smart fertilizers leads to less absorption of resources by agricultural crops, lesser losses in the form of leaching, run-off and denitrification, and a favourable impact on the surrounding natural environment. Moreover, their use is a necessary approach to increase the production of foods, which is necessary to make provision for the population and support economic development. The findings of the current study show that smart fertilizers can serve as a solution for the biodiversity and food security during the Russian invasion in Ukraine

Obesity and metabolic syndrome are linked to steatotic liver disease (SLD), the most common form of chronic liver disease. Lifestyle modifications and dieting are strategies that can prevent metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD). The very low-calorie ketogenic diet (VLCKD) is a helpful treatment for MASLD and has been recommended for people affected by obesity; we evaluated the effect of gender on steatosis and fibrosis in a cohort of 112 overweight or obese patients undergoing an eight-week treatment with a VLCKD. Differences between the genders in terms of anthropometric measures, body composition, and metabolic indicators were examined before, during, and after the nutritional intervention. At baseline, there were significant differences between men and women in terms of anthropometric parameters, blood pressure, Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR), fasting insulin, hepatic markers, and lipid profile. Men had considerably higher levels of liver steatosis (measured by CAP) and liver stiffness (measured by E) under basal conditions than women. After the VLCKD, there were reductions in both genders of controlled attenuation parameter (CAP), body weight, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, insulin resistance, fat mass (FM), free fat mass (FFM), and fasting blood glucose, insulin, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), triglycerides, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, alanine transaminase (ALT), gamma-glutamyl transferase (γGT), and uric acid levels. Only in men, liver stiffness, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), creatinine, and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels significantly decreased. Moreover, men had significantly greater levels of liver steatosis: the male gender featured an increase of 23.96 points of the Fibroscan CAP. Men exhibited higher levels of steatosis and fibrosis than women, and these differences persist despite VLCKD. These gender-specific variations in steatosis and fibrosis levels could be caused by hormonal and metabolic factors, suggesting that different therapeutic strategies might be required depending on the gender.

The most common form of chronic liver disease, recently defined as MASLD, is strongly linked to obesity and metabolic syndrome. Lifestyle changes are part of MASLD prevention. The very low-calorie ketogenic diet (VLCKD) is a useful option for treating MASLD and reducing liver steatosis in patients with obesity. We assessed whether a greater degree of steatosis could have a positive or negative impact on how well 8 weeks of using the VLCKD improve steatosis and fibrosis in a patient population of overweight and obese individuals. Anthropometric parameters, along with changes in hormone and metabolic biomarkers, were also assessed both before and after the dietary change. The study population included 111 overweight (14.41%) or obese subjects (85.59%) aged between 18 and 64 years; the 75 women and 36 men involved were not taking any medicine. In both the raw (0.37 95% CI 0.21; 0.52) and the multivariate models (model a: 0.439 95% CI 0.26; 0.62; model b: 0.437 95% CI 0.25; 0.63), there was a positive and statistically significant correlation between the CAP delta value and the CAP before using the VLCKD. Additionally, the liver stiffness delta was found to be positively and statistically significantly correlated with liver stiffness before the use of the VLCKD in both models: the multivariate model (model a: 0.560 95% CI 0.40; 0.71; model b: 0.498 95% CI 0.34; 0.65) and the raw model (0.52 95% CI 0.39; 0.65). Systolic and diastolic blood pressure, insulin resistance (measured by HOMA-IR), insulin, HbA1c, fasting blood glucose, total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol and triglycerides, BMI, waist circumference, and fat mass, were all decreased (p < 0.001) following the use of the VLCKD. However, following the use of the VLCKD, there was an increase in vitamin D levels. (p < 0.001). We found that using the VLCKD for 8 weeks has a greater effect on improving steatosis and fibrosis in subjects who initially have more severe forms of these conditions.

This qualitative study, using an open interview, set out to investigate the roles six factors, including age, university education, teachers of English Language institutes, teaching English, dictionary, and note-taking, played in improving English speaking fluency of seventeen fluent Iranian EFL speakers. The participants were chosen purposefully based on the speaking scale of Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFRL). The findings indicated that early age had a great impact on the participants' speaking fluency. They mentioned that they could not pick up fluency if they had started learning English at older ages. Moreover, university education had no effect on enhancing their fluency. They stated that not having enough opportunities to speak English in classrooms, being exposed to wrong amounts of input from their classmates or even from some university instructors, having no access to English native speakers in English Language Departments, professors' talking in native language out of classes, in their offices or even sometimes in classes all led to their losing motivation after entering the university. In contrast, teachers in English language institutes had a supportive role in increasing the participants' English learning. Although two participants quit teaching English since it had a negative influence on their speaking, it had a positive impact on improving speaking ability of the rest. And finally, fruitful strategies were suggested on how to use dictionaries and note-takings.

Breast cancer (BC) is the most common malignancy, and the largest cause of cancer death among women. The interactions between tumor cells and tumor micro environmental factors have a major impact on tumor progression. One of the critical pro-inflammatory cytokines present in breast cancer tumor microenvironment is TNF-α. The aim of this study was to evaluate the long-term effect of TNF-α (1 week) along with p38 or TAK1 inhibitors as well as metformin on induction of cellular death, cancer stem cell and expression of metastatic marker CXCR4. MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells were treated with TNF-α for one week and then were treated with combination of Takinib, SB203580 or Metformin; after all treatments were done, cell proliferation, cellular death, surface expression of CXCR4, CD44 and CD24 were determined. The results showed that treatment with TNF-α alone or in combination with Takinib, SB203580 and metformin elevated induction of cellular death in both cell lines compared to the control group. TNF-α also increased CXCR4 expression in MCF-7 cells, but it reduced its expression in the MDA-MB-231 cells. Also, breast cancer stem cells (BCSCs) population decreased in MDA-MB-231 cells treated with TNF-α alone or in combination with SB203580 and metformin. Although, in MCF-7 cells only combination of TNF-α and Takinib reduced BCSCs population in a time dependent manner. Altogether, we showed that TNF-α alone or in combination with other treatments can affect the progression of breast cancer.

Ukraine and Russia are among the leading global agricultural producers, accounting for millions of tons of global foodstuff and the production and exportation of organic fertilizers. With this in mind, the Russia-Ukraine war has caused an immense disruption and great supply shock in organic fertilizer and agricultural production, and food prices across the globe. The authors aimed to analyze the impact of the Russia-Ukraine war on agriculture, in particular organic fertilizers and agricultural production. The research employed a systematic research method to collect data on the extent of the impact of the war on organic fertilizers and food production. The research results indicate that the war has disrupted the supply of organic fertilizers, reducing agricultural products and subsequent rise in the price of agricultural produce. The research indicates that the rising cost of fertilizers directly influences food production and supply. The war has disrupted a viable environment for agricultural and organic production and exportation from these countries, causing the rise in food prices and a threat to food security across the globe. There is a need to ensure that international trade becomes more flexible and open in fertilizers and food production and exports. There is also a need to promote policy dialogues and market scrutiny, and transparency, especially with the uncertain global food market due to the disruptions influenced by the Russia-Ukraine war. The results of the study can be used by scientists, economists and public figures to build further forecasts of the state of agriculture, as well as to build strategies to improve the economy of some countries, including Ukraine

Efficient agriculture provides not only food security but also improves the economy of the country. Despite the existence of different types of agricultural production (traditional or organic), plant protection is currently a necessary component. Copper and sulphur are effective against pests and improve the quality and quantity of crops, but are toxic and harm the environment, biodiversity, and human health. The purpose of the study is to investigate the current situation regarding the use of copper and sulphur in plant protection in the Republic of Albania and other countries of the Balkan Peninsula and Europe. Theoretical and empirical research methods were used in the study. As a result, it was determined that the studied elements were actively used in different European countries, both in traditional and organic agriculture. There is a tendency to reduce the norms of use, and in some countries – the removal of these chemical elements from plant protection programmes. The paper includes a comparative characteristic of the use of copper and sulphur and a survey among Albanian agricultural producers on the use of preparations based on these elements. It is established that in the republic, copper and sulphur are actively used mainly in the form of herbicides and fungicides. They are used on vegetable and fruit crops, as well as grapes and olives. There is a problem of informing producers about the negative impact of copper and sulphur on the environment and human safety, as well as control by the state. The practical significance of the study lies in the analysis of the current situation of copper and sulphur use in Albania and in the identification of ways to change it for the better