Search

It is well known that fully differential signal processing is more advantageous than single-ended signal processing in a noisy environment, and is widely used in audio, video and other signal processing applications. This paper introduces a new fully differential configuration that contains a first-order low-pass (LP) filter, high-pass (HP) filter, and all-pass (AP) filter, all present within the same circuit design. The proposed fully differential configuration is simple and employs only one multiple-output current differencing transconductance amplifier and one grounded capacitor. The circuit has a wide operating frequency range (up to 73 MHz). The additional features offered by the proposed circuit include use of the lowest number of active and passive components, suitability of the integrated circuit chip, support of cascadability, electronic tunability, no passive component-matching restrictions, availability of all first-order responses, i.e., LP, HP, and AP, and low-level operating supply voltages. Non-ideal and parasitic analyses are investigated for the proposed circuit, and PSPICE simulation results are presented to verify the proposed theory. Additionally, the proposed fully differential LP filter circuit is experimentally verified using off-the-shelf ICs. Moreover, the cascading feasibility is demonstrated by realizing a fully differential nth-order LP filter.

Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is an innovative technology with a broad range of applications and highly attractive benefits, such as low cost of implementation and data transmission, unmonitored access to the network, autonomous and long-term operation. With extensive demand for the advancement of related technologies (cloud computing, near-field communications and cellular mobile networks), the Internet of Things (IoT) is becoming a very exciting paradigm. By using communication technologies in sensors and sensing features in web devices, WSNs have begun interaction with the Iot devices. IoT provides access to a large amount of information gathered by WSNs. However, the security of WSN and IoT comes at a cost, mainly due to privacy management issues. Therefore, this paper offers a comprehensive analysis of security threats against WSN and IoT, along with the strategies for preventing, detecting and mitigating those threats. The related defense mechanisms can help in building a safe IoT expansion and widespread understanding by getting familiar with the details of these attacks. The aim of this paper is to address and demonstrate the impact of the security problems on WSNs from the viewpoint of the IoT and its applications. In the analysis carried out for this work, a classification of available attacks and threats against these requirements has also been included.

The current sensorless vector-controlled permanent-magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) drive using a single sensor (i.e., speed sensor) is presented in this work. The current sensors are removed, and the estimated currents are used to close the current loop to minimize the drive cost and make it fault-tolerant against current sensor failure. A classical vector-control PMSM drive requires at least three sensors, i.e., two current sensors and one speed/position sensor. This paper presents a new current estimation technique that is free from inverter switching states, an integrator, and differentiator terms. The drive is suitable for retrofit applications, as it does not require any additional hardware. The reference voltages (vdsandvqs) are used to estimate the rotor reference frame currents (i.e., iqsandids). The presented algorithm depends on the stator resistance (Ɍs). The online Ɍs estimation algorithm is used for compensation to overcome the effect of the Ɍs on the estimated currents. The sensitivity analysis for the currents against the speed is verified and presented. The speed loop is closed with actual speed information, which will try to maintain the reference speed under any circumstances. The proposed current sensorless PMSM drive was validated using MATLAB/Simulink and also verified on a hardware prototype. The presented technique was verified for various operation conditions, and some of the extensive results are presented.

In India, the land of farmers, where agriculture has always been the primary occupation of the people, more than 50% of the population is still engaged in agriculture and its allied sectors. However, over the years, a significant decline has been observed in the contribution by the agriculture sector towards India's GDP. This chapter aimed towards identifying the gap between the ratio of high inputs and low yields by portraying the various limitations in traditional Indian agriculture methods and how hydroponic agriculture is the need of the hour for the growth of Indian agriculture. Hydroponic agriculture or hydroponics, around the world, has proved to be an efficient and more productive method of agriculture than geoponics (i.e., the traditional agriculture practice carried out in the soil). Although bearing a large bouquet of advantages, there are some limitations associated with it as well. This chapter aimed at overcoming these limitations to enhance this novel approach of agriculture even further.

(2020). Analysis of autopilot system, integrated with modelling and comparison of different controllers with the system. Journal of Discrete Mathematical Sciences and Cryptography: Vol. 23, No. 5, pp. 1059-1068.

In this article, a low-profile, compact, quad-port super-wideband (SWB) multiple-input–multiple-output (MIMO) antenna is presented for the internet of things (IoT) applications. The proposed antenna comprises four identical sickle-shaped resonating elements, which are excited by tapered coplanar waveguide (CPW) feed lines. The antenna elements are arranged in rotational symmetry (mutually orthogonal to each other) to achieve high port isolation. A complementary slot, which matches the sickle-shaped radiator, is etched from the ground of the proposed monopole antenna element to achieve massive bandwidth. The MIMO antenna possesses a resonating bandwidth ( $\vert S_{11}\vert \le -10$ dB) of 1.3–40 GHz and a bandwidth ratio of 31:1. In addition, an L-shaped slit and a complementary split-ring resonator (CSRR) are introduced in the sickle-shaped radiator to reject Bluetooth (2.4 GHz), WLAN (5.5 GHz), and downlink of X-band satellite communication (7.5 GHz) signals from the SWB. The proposed MIMO antenna is fabricated and experimental results are found in agreement with the simulated results.

This article presents a novel buck–boost converter-based topology suitable for supercapacitors and grid-connected solar PV system applications. The proposed converter can handle a wide range of voltage variations at the input side, making it ideal for extracting most of the energy from supercapacitors or a solar PV system connected to the input side of the converter. The output voltage of the converter is non-inverting which makes the control easier. The design of passive components, continuous mode operation, and discontinuous mode operation are all thoroughly discussed. A low-power hardware prototype of three hundred watts is developed and tested in the laboratory to validate the theoretical aspects of the converter.

This article has indicated optical coherent differential polarization (DP) 16 quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) transceiver systems with free-space optical (FSO) channel in the presence of differential coding scheme. The optical coherent DP 16-QAM receiver executes the reverse process conversion of the optical signal into an electrical one that is detected to the users. The proposed optical coherent DP-16 QAM transceiver systems based FSO channel model with differential coding has been presented and compared with the previous model. However, the simulation results have confidence realization about the superiority of the proposed simulation model. Hence the proposed optical coherent DP-16 QAM transceiver systems simulation model with differential coding is verified and validated the enhancement performance based on simulation performance parameters.

This work simulate the raised Cosine impulse function with Hamming grating profile based chirp Bragg grating fiber. The transmittivity/reflectivity, the grating ref index of the chirp grating fiber variations, real/imaginary coupling coefficient variations and the cross section monitor of the mesh transmission variations are simulated and clarified versus the length of grating. The transmission/reflection spectrum, input grating pulse width intensity spectrum, and the output grating pulse width intensity against the grating wavelength are demonstrated clearly. All the obtained results are demonstrated with the OptiGrating simulation software version 12. The transmittivity/reflectivity of chirp grating fiber, the grating ref index of chirp grating fiber, the cross section monitor of the mesh transmission and the real/imaginary coupling coefficient variations are simulated and demonstrated against the grating performance parameters.

The event of isolated islands is not planned because it poses a risk to the safety of utility service workers, and the production and electrical power installations are damaged due to the asynchronous shutdown. Detection of islanding in the distributed generation (DG) system is a challenging issue with several security and protection issues. Once the DG is disconnected from the main source, efficient island detection is necessary to effectively detect the island. In this paper, the author examined the different problems related to single-phase photovoltaic (PV) systems connected to the network under island conditions. The chief goal of this paper is to detect and classify all possible islanding scenarios by developing a trained dataset and a feature extraction process. Simulation results from MATLAB/Simulink toolbox are used to determine the islands operating conditions.

This study discusses a methodology for factional-order PID control strategy for blood pressure control using sodium nitroprusside during surgical duration. A complete overview of different models reported in literature, different constraints of control have been discussed. A fractional-order based PID controller is developed which keeps the mean arterial blood pressure around set-point. Stability analysis of the fractional-order PID controller has also been presented in the study.

In the treatment of atherosclerotic vascular disease, angioplasty is widely used and has made a significant progress in the recent years. Drug-eluting stents are effective as well as raising the concerns associated like restenosis. In order to solve the problem of In-stent Restenosis; biodegradable stents are modified in such a way to superfluous permanent stent. Targeted drug delivery has more powerful impact as compared to metallic stents with thin coating of drug. Numerous research groups have investigated biodegradable materials like corrosive metals, polycarbonates, polyesters & bacterial-derived polymers for developing stents. A biodegradable stent is assumed to be ideal if it can be accurately installed under the fluoroscopic regulation and detect the target lesion with a trivial endovascular torment. Likewise, the advantages of bio-absorbable polymeric stents are not correlated with late stent thrombosis and leave no stent behind, they are completely suitable for Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and Multi-Slice Computer Tomography (MSCT) imaging. This survey covers the distinctive stent line-ups and bio-absorbable stents and their potentials.

This paper presents a simple solution for monitoring blood pressure in an economic and user-friendly method. Combining the concepts of Internet of Things with an Arduino microcontroller and a pressure sensor a Blood Pressure Monitoring System using Wireless Technologies are developed. The project aims to setup a network so that concerned people can remotely access patient’s blood pressure readings. Bluetooth and Wi-Fi technology are used to access results on hand held devices like mobiles, tabs, laptops etc. The project also incorporates a prediction algorithm via MATLAB software program. Readings can be recorded overtime manually and when into the program such a data log is passed, it predicts possible blood pressure values for the patient and as well as suggest medical assistance like dosage of medicines

Polar harmonic transforms (PHTs) are superior to Zernike moments and Pseudo-Zernike moments in terms of higher speed and numerical stability. Despite all these advantages, there is still a need for fast computing algorithms for real-world applications. So far, the approaches used in boosting the computational speed of PHTs include recursive relation and symmetric/anti-symmetric properties of kernel functions. Taking advantage of these two approaches, a new class of computational framework has been presented to compute the kernel functions with a minimal number of arithmetic operations. The proposed computational framework reduces the number of additions/subtractions from 56 to 24 and the number of multiplications from 12 to 8 compared to existing fast methods. The experimental results show that the proposed method is around 1.4 times faster than that of the existing fastest algorithm.

The use of antennas in various biomedical applications is increasing day-by-day. The antennas are very much useful in diagnosing and detecting various diseases without much hassle. A lot of research has been done in the designing and use of Wireless Capsule Endoscopy (WCE) which gives clear, high-resolution images of the internal body organs (like the highly convoluted small intestine) and which otherwise was a very difficult task using classic endoscopic techniques. Antennas have also played a key role in the treatment of diseases like cancer using hyperthermia, where the tumor cells can be targeted and burned. This enhances the effectiveness of other therapies like chemotherapy and radiotherapy which are being given to cancer patients.

Effective and accurate diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), as well as early-stage detection, has gained more and more attention in recent years. For AD classification, we propose a new hybrid method for early detection of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) using Polar Harmonic Transforms (PHT) and Self-adaptive Differential Evolution Wavelet Neural Network (SaDE-WNN). The orthogonal moments are used for feature extraction from the grey matter tissues of structural Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) data. Irrelevant features are removed by the feature selection process through evaluating the in-class and among-class variance. In recent years, WNNs have gained attention in classification tasks, however, they suffer from the problem of initial parameter tuning, parameter setting. We proposed a WNN with the self-adaptation technique for controlling the Differential Evolution (DE) parameters, i.e., the mutation scale factor (F) and the cross-over rate (CR). Experimental results on the Alzheimer’s disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) database indicate that the proposed method yields the best overall classification results between AD and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) (93.7% accuracy, 86.0% sensitivity, 98.0% specificity, and 0.97 area under the curve (AUC)), MCI and healthy control (HC) (92.9% accuracy, 95.2% sensitivity, 88.9% specificity, and 0.98 AUC), and AD and HC (94.4% accuracy, 88.7% sensitivity, 98.9% specificity and 0.99 AUC).