Search

Böğülerin keliser yapılarında hangi patojen mikroorganizmaları bulundurdukları henüz bilinmemektedir. Son yıllarda halk arasında ve medyada böğülerin zehirli oldukları ile ilgili haberlerin artması, bu canlılara olan korku ve olumsuz önyargıları arttırmakta ve bu konunun araştırılması gerekliliğini zorunlu kılmaktadır. Bu çalışmanın amacı; böğülerin keliserlerinde mikroorganizmaların var olup olmadığını araştırmak, eğer varsa bu mikroorganizmaların tıbbi öneme sahip patojen mikroorganizmalar olup olmadıklarını belirlemektir. Bu amaçla 14 farklı böğü üzerinde çalışma yapılarak keliserlerinden sürüntü yöntemiyle örnekler alınmıştır. Bakteri üremesi görülen mikrobiyolojik kültürlerden bakteri izolasyonu yapılarak Matriks Destekli Lazer Dezorpsiyon İyonlaştırma Uçuş Zamanı Kütle Spektrometrisi (MALDI-TOF MS) yöntemi kullanılarak bu bakteriler tanımlanmıştır. Tanımlama işleme sonucunda 13 farklı bakterinin böğülerin keliserlerinde olduğu tespit edilmiş olup bunlardan 10 tanesinin patojen bakteri olduğu belirlenmiştir. Tanımlanan bu patojen bakterilerden Enterobacter hormaechei/E. cloacae, Enterobacter asburiae ve Bacillus cereus ölümcül bir enfeksiyon olan Nekrotizan Fasiit'e yol açabilecek bakterilerdendir. Bu çalışma böğülerin keliserlerinde patojen bakterilerin varlığını ortaya koyan ilk çalışmadır., The pathogenic microorganisms on the surface of chelicerae of solpugids are not known yet. In recent years, because of the increase in the news about the idea that is be poisonous of the soliphugids among the public and the media increases the fear and negative preconceived opinion against these creatures have to investigate this issue. The aim of this study is to investigate the presence of microorganisms on the surface of chelicerae of solpugids, to determine whether these microorganisms are medically important pathogenic microorganisms. For this purpose, 14 of live solpugid specimens were investigated and were taken from swab samples from their chelicerae. Isolation of microorganisms by microbiological culture, identification of microorganisms with Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization-Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) system. As a result of the identification process, it was determined that 13 different bacteria were found in the chelicerae, and 10 of them were determined to be pathogenic bacteria. From identified bacteriai Enterobacter hormaechei/E. cloacae, Enterobacter asburiae ve Bacillus cereus that can cause Necrotizing Fasciitis, a deadly infection. This study is the first to reveal the presence of pathogenic bacteria in the chelicerae of solfugids.

Ali Dağı'ndan 2017- 2019 yılları arasında iki yıl süreyle toplanan örümcek örnekleri sistematik bakımından değerlendirilmiştir. Bu değerlendirme sonucunda Araneae takımına ait 21 familya ait 68 tür tespit edilmiştir. Araştırma alanından tespit edilen bütün örümcek türleri araştırma alanı yeni kayıt olarak belirlenmiştir. Örnekler araziden aspiratör, atrap ve çukur tuzak kullanılarak toplanmıştır. Toplanan örümceklerin sinonimleri, lokaliteleri ve dünya yayılışları verilmiştir. Örnekler etiketlenerek müze materyali olarak Niğde Ömer Halisdemir Üniversitesi Araknoloji Müzesi'nde muhafaza altına alınmıştır., Spiders collected from Ali Mountain during 2017-2019 years, were evaluated from systematic point of view. Totally 68 species belonging to 21 families were determined. All determined species are new records for the study area. All specimens were collected from field by using aspirator, sweep net and pitfall traps. Synonyms, localities and world distributions of all species were given. The specimens which were labelled and preserved as museum materials in Arachnology Museum of Niğde Ömer Halisdemir University.

Mevcut çalışmada, Chaetopelma olivaceum'dan kitin izole edilerek FTIR, SEM, TGA ve XRD cihazları kullanılarak kitin karakterize edilmiştir. Elde edilen kitinin TGA değerlerine göre termal kararlılığının yüksek olduğu, XRD değerine göre Crl değerinin %70,1 olduğu, FTIR analizi sonucuna göre kitinin alfa formunda olduğu gözlemlenmiştir. Ayrıca kitinin yüzey morfolojisi SEM ile incelendiğinde porlar içeren iç içe geçmiş karmaşık liflerden oluştuğu görülmüştür. Tüm bu fizikokimyasal özelliklerden dolayı daha önce çalışılmamış olan bu örümcek türünün alternatif bir kitin kaynağı olabileceği düşünülmektedir. In the present study, chitin was isolated from Chaetopelma olivaceum and characterized by using FTIR, SEM, TGA and XRD devices. It was observed that the thermal stability of the obtained kit according to the TGA values are high, the Cr1 value according to XRD value is 70.1%, and the kit is in alpha form according to FTIR analysis. In addition, when the surface morphology of the kit was examined by SEM, it was seen that it consisted of intertwined complex fibers containing pores. Because of all these physicochemical properties, this spider species, which has not been studied before, may be the source of an alternative chitin. 38

Adana ile bağlı Aladağ ilçesinden, 2017 yılının Nisan ayından başlayarak 2019 yılının Temmuz ayına kadar üç yıl süre ile toplanan örümcek örnekleri sistematik bakımından değerlendirilmiştir. Bu değerlendirme sonucunda ait 24 familyadan 68 cinse ait 91 tür tespit edilmiştir. Tespit edilen türler içerisinde Gnaphosidae familyasına ait Lasophorus (Chatzaki, 2018) ve Lasophorus zografae (Chatzaki, 2018) taksonları Türkiye örümcek faunası için yeni kayıt olarak belirlenmiştir. Örnekler araziden atrap, çukur tuzak ve aspiratör kullanılarak toplanmıştır. Toplanan örümceklerin sinonimleri, lokaliteleri ve dünya yayılışları verilmiştir. Türkiye faunası için yeni kayıt olarak tespit edilen taksonların fotoğraflama işlemleri yapılmıştır. Örnekler etiketlenerek müze materyali olarak Niğde Ömer Halisdemir Üniversitesi Araknoloji Müzesi'nde muhafaza altına alınmıştır., Spiders collected from Aladağ district during three years, beginning from April 2017 to August 2019 were evaluated from systematic point of view. Totally 91 species belonging to 68 genera in 24 families determined. Of these, Lasophorus (Chatzaki, 2018) from Lasophorus zografae (Chatzaki, 2018) from Gnaphosidae are new records for the Turkish spider fauna. All specimens were collected from field by using aspirator, sweep net and pitfall traps. Synonyms, localities and world distributions of all species were given. The species of the new records for the Turkish spider fauna were photographed. The specimens which were labelled and preserved as museum materials in Arachnology Museum of Niğde Ömer Halisdemir University.

Son zamanlarda kitin yenilenebilir bir kaynak ve biyopolimer olma özelliğinden dolayı dünya genelinde tıptan gıdaya, ziraatten kozmetiğe, eczacılıktan atık su arıtımına ve tekstil sektörüne kadar birçok alanda kullanılabilmektedir. Bundan dolayı oldukça dikkat çekmektedir. Kitin doğada selülozdan sonra en yaygın olarak bulunan ikinci biyopolimer olup çoğunlukla deniz kabuklularından elde edilmektedir. Bunun yanı sıra eklembacaklıların dış iskeletleri ve mantarların hücre duvarında bol miktarda bulunmaktadır. Bu çalışmada Haziran böceği (Polyphylla fullo)'nin dış iskeletinden yararlanılarak kitin elde edilmiştir ve Ultraviyole Görünür Bölge Spektrofotometre cihazı kullanılarak 592 nm dalga boyunda kitinin boyar maddeyle giderimi yapılmıştır., Recently, since the chitin is a renewable source and biopolymer, it can be used in many fields from medicine to food, agriculture, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, wastewater treatment and textile sector. Therefore, it attracts attention. Chitin is the second most common biopolymer found in nature after cellulose and is mostly obtained from shellfish. In addition, the exoskeleton of arthropods and fungi are abundant in the cell wall. In this study, chitin was obtained by using the exoskeleton of June beetle (Polyphylla fullo) and the chitin was removed with dyestuff at 592 nm wavelength using Ultraviolet Visible Spectrophotometer.

Kitin ve kitosan son zamanlarda endüstri alanında oldukça dikkat çekmektedir ve ilaç endüstrisi, eczacılık, gıda mühendisliği, biyokatalizör, atık su temizliği gibi pek çok alanlarda kullanılmaktadır. Kitin endüstriyel olarak yengeç, karides ve istakoz gibi deniz ürünlerinden yan sanayi olarak üretilmektedir. Kitosan kitinin deasetilasyonundan yüksek sıcaklıkta sodyum hidroksit konsantrasyonun da üretilmektedir. Son yıllarda böcekler, mantarlar, mercan ve kabukluların yumurtaları kitin kaynağı olarak önerilebilmektedir. Bu amaçla yeni kitin kaynakları önerebilmek için bir örümcek türü olan Aculepeira ceropegia (Walckenaer, 1802)’nın SEM, FTIR, TGA ve XRD değerleri çalışılmıştır. Bu çalışma sonunda bu türde bulunan kitinin alfa formda olduğu, yüzeyinin nanofiber ve nanoporlardan oluştuğu, termal karalılığının yüksek olduğu ve alternatif kitin kaynağı olarak önerilebileceği görülmüştür., Chitin and chitosan are currently receiving a great deal of interest industry areas which are medical and pharmaceutical, food applications, biocatalysis, waste water treatment, and new applicaitons for chitin and chitosan. Chitin is industrially extracted from crab and shrimp shells obtained as a byproduct in the sea food industry. Chitosan is produced by deacetylation of chitin with hot concentrated sodium hydroxide. In recent years, some studies have emphasized that insects, mushrooms, coral and crustacean resting eggs can be alternative sources of chitin. In order to purpose a new chitin and its derivatives resource, we studied Aculepeira ceropegia (Walckenaer, 1802) which has common distribution in Turkey. These chitins characterized with SEM, FTIR, XRD and TGA. The dry weight of the chitin content of this species determined and compare with the chitin content of other groups of organisms, and we found that it has alpha form and nonofibers/nanopors, also TGA higher than some chitin specimens and and may purpose a new chitin resource for using commercially.

WOS: 000334092900073, PubMed: 24530368, Spiders are a huge group which includes more than 44,000 species. But there has been no study of the chitin structure of spiders. In this study we physicochemically characterized chitin structure of two common spider species (Geolycosa vultuosa and Hogna radiata). Chitin content was determined as 8-8.5% for G. vultuosa and 6.5-7% for H. radiata. FTIR, TGA and XRD results showed that the chitin structures are in a-form. Environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM) revealed that the surface morphology of each species is different. Chitin yielded from G. vultuosa has two different pore structures. The type one pore is rarely sequenced and its size ranges between 190 and 240 nm, while the type two pore is tightly sequenced and its size ranges between 11 and 32 nm. There is no information in previous studies about the chitin structure with two different pore morphologies. A new chitin surface morphology has been determined in G. vultuosa. The chitin isolated from H. radiata, has classic morphology: nanofibre structures (10-17 nm) and 195-260 nm sized pores. Acetylation degree of the chitin samples was calculated as 97% for G. vultuosa and 99% for H. radiata in accordance with elemental analysis results. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

WOS: 000369326900002, Chitin specimens from 16 arthropod species (13 of Insecta and 3 of Arachnida) were isolated for the first time using the same method. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometry (FTIR), Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and elemental analysis have been applied to determine how physicochemical properties of chitin specimens are affected by taxonomic relationship. The characterisation studies revealed that physicochemical nature of the chitin specimens differed greatly and were found partially specific to taxa. Significant differences in the surface morphologies of chitin specimens were observed even in the same order. However, the chitin contents were recorded to be specific to the order in the class Insecta. The highest chitin content was observed in Coleoptera (18.2-25.2 %) followed by Hemiptera (10.6-14.5 %), Odonata (9.5-10.1 %), Hymenoptera (7.8-9.3 %), Diptera (8.1 %), Blattodea (4.7 %). In addition, the crystalline index (CrI) values of chitin specimens from Coleoptera were found to be higher than the other orders in Insecta. This study revealed that the chitin contents and CrI values can be related to taxonomical relationships.

Afyonkarahisar ilinden, 2015 yılının Nisan ayından başlayarak 2016 yılının Ekim ayına kadar iki yıl süre ile toplanan örümcek örnekleri sistematik bakımından değerlendirilmiştir. Bu değerlendirme sonucunda Araneae takımına ait 25 familya içerisinde yer alan 89 cinse ait 118 tür tespit edilmiştir. Tespit edilen türler içerisinde Gnaphosidae familyasına ait Setaphis parvula (Lucas, 1846) ve Liocranidae familyasına ait Arabelia pheidoleicomes Bosselaers, 2009 türleri Türkiye örümcek faunası için yeni kayıt olarak belirlenmiştir. Örnekler araziden aspiratör, atrap ve çukur tuzak kullanılarak toplanmıştır. Toplanan örümceklerin sinonimleri, lokaliteleri ve dünya yayılışları verilmiştir. Türkiye faunası için yeni kayıt olarak tespit edilen türlerin fotoğraflama işlemleri yapılmıştır. Örnekler etiketlenerek müze materyali olarak Ömer Halisdemir Üniversitesi Araknoloji Müzesi'nde muhafaza altına alınmıştır. Spiders collected from Afyonkarahisar province during two years, beginning from April 2015 to October 2016 were evaluated from systematic point of view. Totally 118 species belonging to 89 genera in 25 families determined. Of these, Setaphis parvula ( Lucas, 1846) from Gnaphosidae and Arabelia pheidoleicomes Bosselaers, 2009 from Liocranidae are new records for the Turkish spider fauna. All specimens were collected from field by using aspirator, sweep net and pitfall traps. Synonyms, localities and world distributions of all species were given. The species of the new records for the Turkish spider fauna were photographed. The specimens which were labelled and preserved as museum materials in Arachnology Museum of Ömer Halisdemir University. 138

Bu tez çalışmasında 1 (bir) adet uluslar arası makale üretilmiştir. Bu üretilen çalışma aşağıda sunulmuştur. Seyyar, O., Oba, A., Demir, H. & Türkeş, T. (2016). “Arabelia Bosselaers, 2009 and Arabelia pheidoleicomes Bosselaers, 2009 (Araneae: Liocranidae) are new records for the Turkish spider fauna”, Serket vol. 15(1), 30-32, 2016, Afyonkarahisar ilinden, 2015 yılının Nisan ayından başlayarak 2016 yılının Ekim ayına kadar iki yıl süre ile toplanan örümcek örnekleri sistematik bakımından değerlendirilmiştir. Bu değerlendirme sonucunda Araneae takımına ait 25 familya içerisinde yer alan 89 cinse ait 118 tür tespit edilmiştir. Tespit edilen türler içerisinde Gnaphosidae familyasına ait Setaphis parvula (Lucas, 1846) ve Liocranidae familyasına ait Arabelia pheidoleicomes Bosselaers, 2009 türleri Türkiye örümcek faunası için yeni kayıt olarak belirlenmiştir. Örnekler araziden aspiratör, atrap ve çukur tuzak kullanılarak toplanmıştır. Toplanan örümceklerin sinonimleri, lokaliteleri ve dünya yayılışları verilmiştir. Türkiye faunası için yeni kayıt olarak tespit edilen türlerin fotoğraflama işlemleri yapılmıştır. Örnekler etiketlenerek müze materyali olarak Ömer Halisdemir Üniversitesi Araknoloji Müzesi’nde muhafaza altına alınmıştır., Spiders collected from Afyonkarahisar province during two years, beginning from April 2015 to October 2016 were evaluated from systematic point of view. Totally 118 species belonging to 89 genera in 25 families determined. Of these, Setaphis parvula ( Lucas, 1846) from Gnaphosidae and Arabelia pheidoleicomes Bosselaers, 2009 from Liocranidae are new records for the Turkish spider fauna. All specimens were collected from field by using aspirator, sweep net and pitfall traps. Synonyms, localities and world distributions of all species were given. The species of the new records for the Turkish spider fauna were photographed. The specimens which were labelled and preserved as museum materials in Arachnology Museum of Ömer Halisdemir University. …, ÖZET ............................................................................................................................. iv SUMMARY .................................................................................................................... v ÖN SÖZ ......................................................................................................................... vi İÇİNDEKİLER DİZİNİ…………………………………………………...………….vii ÇİZELGE DİZİNİ ....................................................................................................... xvii ŞEKİLLER DİZİNİ ................................................................................................... xviii SİMGE VE KISALTMALAR ..................................................................................... xix BÖLÜM I GİRİŞ ............................................................................................................ 1 1.1Örümceklerin Genel Özellikleri ................................................................................. 2 1.1.1.Arachnida sınıfının genel özellikleri…...……………………………………...3 BÖLÜM II MATERYAL VE YÖNTEM ....................................................................... 6 2.1 Çalışma Alanı ile İlgili Genel Bilgiler ...................................................................... 6 2.2 Afyonkarahisar İlinin İklimsel Özellikleri ................................................................ 6 2.3 Örümcek Örneklerinin Araziden Toplanması ........................................................... 7 2.4 Örümcek Örneklerinin İncelenmesi, Preparasyonu ve Saklanması .......................... 8 2.5 Örümcek Örneklerinin Toplandığı Lokaliteler ......................................................... 9 BÖLÜM III BULGULAR ............................................................................................ 14 3.1 AGELENIDAE ....................................................................................................... 14 3.1.1 Agelena Walckenaer, 1805 ........................................................................... 14 3.1.1.1 Agelena labyrinthica (Clerck, 1757) ................................................ 14 3.1.1.2 Agelena orientalis C.L.Koch, 1837 .................................................. 14 3.1.2 Agelescape Levy, 1996 ................................................................................. 15 3.1.2.1 Agelescape gideoni Levy, 1996 ....................................................... 15 3.1.3 Maimuna Lehtinen,1967 ............................................................................... 15 3.1.3.1 Maimuna vestita (C.L.Koch,1841) ................................................... 15 viii 3.1.4 Tegeneria Latreille, 1804 .............................................................................. 16 3.1.4.1 Tegeneria argaeica Nosek, 1905 ..................................................... 16 3.2 ARANEIDAE ......................................................................................................... 16 3.2.1 Aculepeira (Chamberlin & Ivie, 1942) ......................................................... 16 3.2.1.1 Aculepeira armida (Savigny, 1825) ................................................. 16 3.2.1.2 Aculepeira ceropegia (Walckenaer,1802) ........................................ 17 3.2.2 Araniella (Chamberlin & Ivie, 1942) ........................................................... 17 3.2.2.1 Araniella cucurbitina (Clerck, 1757) ............................................... 17 3.2.3 Argiope (Audouin, 1826) .............................................................................. 18 3.2.3.1 Argiope lobata (Pallas, 1772)........................................................... 18 3.2.4 Gibberanea Archer, 1951 ............................................................................. 19 3.2.4.1 Gibberanea bituberculata (Walckenaer,1802) ................................ 19 3.2.5 Larinioides (Caporiacco, 1934) .................................................................... 20 3.2.5.1 Larinioides cornutus (Clerck, 1757) ................................................ 20 3.2.6 Mangora O. P.-Cambridge, 1889 ................................................................. 21 3.2.6.1 Mangora acalypha (Walckenaer, 1802) ........................................... 21 3.2.7 Neoscona Simon, 1864 ................................................................................. 22 3.2.7.1 Neoscona adianta (Walckenaer, 1802) ............................................ 22 3.3 DYSDERIDAE ....................................................................................................... 23 3.3.1 Dysdera Latreille,1804 ................................................................................. 23 3.3.1.1 Dysdera crocata C.L.Koch, 1838 .................................................... 23 3.4 EUTICHURIDAE ................................................................................................... 24 3.4.1 Cheiracanthium C. L. Koch, 1839................................................................ 24 3.4.1.1 Cheiracanthium erraticum (Walckkenaer, 1802) ............................ 24 3.4.1.2 Cheiracanthium pennyi O. P.-Cambridge, 1873 .............................. 24 3.5 GNAPHOSIDAE .................................................................................................... 25 3.5.1 Anagraphis Simon 1893 ............................................................................... 25 ix 3.5.1.1.Anapgraphis pallens Simon 1893 .................................................... 25 3.5.2 Callilepis (Westring, 1874) .......................................................................... 26 3.5.2.1 Callilepis nocturna (Linnaeus, 1758) ............................................... 26 3.5.3 Cesonia Simon 1893 ..................................................................................... 26 3.5.3.1 Cesonia aspida Chatzaki, 2002 ........................................................ 26 3.5.4 Civizelotes Senglet, 2012 .............................................................................. 27 3.5.4.1 Civizelotes caucasius (L.Koch, 1866) .............................................. 27 3.5.5 Drassodes Westring, 1851 ............................................................................ 27 3.5.5.1 Drassodes lacertosus (O. P.-Cambridge, 1872) ............................... 27 3.5.5.2 Drassodes lapidosus (Walckenaer, 1802) ........................................ 28 3.5.6 Ganphosa Latreille 1804 .............................................................................. 29 3.5.6.1 Gnaphosa dolosa Herman, 1879 ...................................................... 29 3.5.6.2 Gnaphosa opaca Herman, 1879 ....................................................... 29 3.5.7 Haplodrassus Chamberlin.1922 ................................................................... 30 3.5.7.1 Haplodrassus invalidus (O.P.-Cambridge, 1872) ............................ 30 3.5.7.2 Haplodrassus morosus (O. P.-Cambridge, 1872) ............................ 30 3.5.7.3 Haplodrassus signifer (C.L.Koch, 1839) ......................................... 30 3.5.8 Micaria Westring, 1851 ................................................................................ 32 3.5.8.1 Micaria coarctata (Lucas, 1846) ..................................................... 32 3.5.9 Nomisia Dalmas 1921 ................................................................................... 32 3.5.9.1 Nomisia aussereri (L.Koch, 1872) ................................................... 32 3.5.9.2 Nomisia conigera (Spassky, 1941) ................................................... 33 3.5.9.3 Nomisia exornata (C.L.Koch, 1839) ................................................ 33 3.5.9.4 Nomisia ripariensis (O.P.-Cambridge, 1872) .................................. 34 3.5.10 Phaeocedus Simon 1893 ............................................................................. 34 3.5.10.1 Phaeocedus braccatus (L.Koch, 1866) ........................................ 34 3.5.11 Pterotricha Kulczyn'ski, 1903 .................................................................... 35 x 3.5.11.1 Pterotricha kochi (O.P.-Cambridge, 1872) .................................. 35 3.5.12 Setaphis Simon, 1893 ................................................................................. 35 3.5.12.1 Setaphis parvula (Lucas, 1846) ................................................... 35 3.5.13 Trachyzelotes Lohmander, 1944 ................................................................. 36 3.5.13.1 Trachyzelotes malkini Platnick & Murphy, 1984 ........................ 36 3.5.14 Zelotes Gistel, 1848 .................................................................................... 36 3.5.14.1 Zelotes cingarus (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1874) ......................... 36 3.5.14.2 Zelotes longipes (L.Koch, 1866) .................................................. 37 3.5.14.3 Zelotes metellus Roewer,1928 ..................................................... 37 3.5.14.4 Zelotes subterraneus (C.L.Koch, 1833) ....................................... 37 3.6 LIOCRANIDAE ..................................................................................................... 38 3.6.1 Arabelia Bosselears, 2009 ............................................................................ 38 3.6.1.1 Arabelia pheidoleicomes Bosselaers, 2009 ...................................... 38 3.6.2 Mesiotelus Simon, 1897................................................................................ 39 3.6.2.1 Mesiotelus scopensis Drensky, 1935 ................................................ 39 3.7 LINYPHIIDAE ....................................................................................................... 39 3.7.1 Frontinellina Van Helsdingen, 1969 ............................................................ 39 3.7.1.1 Frontinellina frutetorum (C.L.Koch, 1834) ..................................... 39 3.7.2 Lepthyphantes Menge, 1866 ......................................................................... 40 3.7.2.1 Lepthyphantes leprosus (Ohlert, 1865) ............................................ 40 3.7.3 Lnyphia Latreille, 1804 ................................................................................. 40 3.7.3.1 Linyphia triangularis (Clerck, 1757) .............................................. 41 3.7.4 Megalepthyphantes Wunderlich, 1994 ......................................................... 41 3.7.4.1 Megalepthyphantes nebulosus (Sundevall, 1830) ............................ 41 3.7.5 Neriene Blackwall, 1833 .............................................................................. 42 3.7.5.1 Neriene peltata (Wider, 1834) ......................................................... 42 3.8 LYCOSIDAE .......................................................................................................... 43 xi 3.8.1 Alopecosa Simon, 1885 ................................................................................ 43 3.8.1.1 Alopecosa accentuata (Latreille, 1817) ........................................... 43 3.8.1.2 Alopecosa pulverulenta (Clerck, 1757) ........................................... 43 3.8.2 Arctosa C. L. Koch, 1847 ............................................................................. 44 3.8.2.1 Arctosa cinerea (Fabricius, 1777) .................................................... 44 3.8.3 Hogna Simon, 1885 ...................................................................................... 45 3.8.3.1 Hogna radiata (Latreille, 1817) ....................................................... 45 3.8.4 Pardosa C. L. Koch, 1847 ............................................................................ 45 3.8.4.1 Pardosa agrestis (Westring, 1861) ................................................. 46 3.8.4.2 Pardosa monticola (Clerck, 1757) ................................................... 46 3.8.4.3 Pardosa proxima (C.L.Koch, 1847) ................................................. 47 3.8.5 Wadicosa Zyuzin, 1985 ................................................................................ 47 3.8.5.1 Wadicosa fidelis (O. P.-Cambridge,1895) ....................................... 47 3.9 MITURGIDAE ....................................................................................................... 48 3.9.1 Zora C. L. Koch, 1847 .................................................................................. 48 3.9.1.1 Zora spinnimana (Sundevall, 1833) ................................................. 48 3.10 OECOBIDAE ....................................................................................................... 49 3.10.1 Oecobius Lucas, 1846 .............................................................................. 49 3.10.1.1 Oecobius rhodiensis Kritscher 1966 ......................................... 49 3.10.2 Uroctea Dufour, 1820 .............................................................................. 49 3.10.2.1 Uroctea durandi (Latreille, 1809) ............................................. 49 3.11 OXYOPIDAE ....................................................................................................... 50 3.11.1 Oxyopes Latreille, 1804 ............................................................................ 50 3.11.1.1 Oxyopes heteropthalmus (Latreille,1804) ................................. 50 3.11.1.2 Oxyopes lineatus Latreille, 1806 ............................................... 50 3.11.1.3 Oxyopes ramosus (Martini & Goeze, 1778) .............................. 51 3.12 PALPIMANIDAE ................................................................................................ 51 xii 3.12.1 Palpimanus Dufour, 1820 ........................................................................ 51 3.12.1.1 Palpimanus gibbulus Dufour, 1820 ........................................... 51 3.12.1.2 Palpimanus uncatus Kulczyński, 1909 ..................................... 52 3.13 PHILODROMIDAE ............................................................................................. 52 3.13.1 Philodromus Walckenaer, 1826 ............................................................... 52 3.13.1.1 Philodromus cespitum (Walckenaer, 1802)............................... 52 3.13.2 Pulchellodromus Wunderlich, 2012 ......................................................... 53 3.13.2.1 Pulchellodromus pulchellus (Lucas, 1846) ............................... 53 3.13.3 Thanatus C. L. Koch, 1837 ...................................................................... 54 3.13.3.1 Thanatus atratus Simon, 1875 .................................................. 54 3.13.3.2 Thanatus formicinus (Clerck, 1757) .......................................... 55 3.13.3.3 Thanatus oblongiusculus (Lucas, 1846) .................................... 56 3.14 PHOLCIDAE ........................................................................................................ 56 3.14.1 Pholcus Walkenaer, 1805 ......................................................................... 56 3.14.1.1 Pholcus phalangioides (Fuesslin, 1775) .................................... 56 3.15 PISAURIDAE ....................................................................................................... 57 3.15.1 Pisaura Simon, 1885 ................................................................................ 57 3.15.1.1 Pisaura mirabilis (Clerck, 1757) ............................................... 57 3.16 SALTICIDAE ....................................................................................................... 58 3.16.1 Aelurillus Simon, 1884 ............................................................................. 58 3.16.1.1 Aelurillus luctuosus (Lucas, 1846) ............................................ 58 3.16.2 Ballus C. L. Koch, 1850 ........................................................................... 58 3.16.2.1 Ballus chalybeius (Walckenaer, 1802) ...................................... 58 3.16.3 Chalcoscirtus Bertkau, 1880 .................................................................... 59 3.16.3.1 Chalcoscirtus nigritus (Thorell, 1875) ...................................... 59 3.16.4 Cyrba Simon, 1876 ................................................................................... 59 3.16.4.1 Cyrba algerina (Lucas, 1846) ................................................... 59 xiii 3.16.5 Evarcha Simon, 1902 ............................................................................... 60 3.16.5.1 Evarcha falcata (Clerck, 1757) ................................................. 60 3.16.6 Heliophanus C. L. Koch, 1833 ................................................................. 60 3.16.6.1 Heliophanus cupresus (Walckenaer, 1802) ............................... 60 3.16.6.2 Heliophanus edentulus Simon, 1871 ......................................... 61 3.16.7 Leptorchestes Thorell, 1870 ..................................................................... 61 3.16.7.1 Leptorchestes sikorskii Prószyński, 2000 .................................. 61 3.16.8 Pellenes Simon, 1876 ............................................................................... 62 3.16.8.1 Pellenes geniculatus (Simon, 1868) .......................................... 62 3.16.9 Philaeus Thorell, 1869 ............................................................................. 63 3.16.9.1 Philaeus chrysops (Poda, 1761) ................................................ 63 3.16.10 Phlegra Simon, 1876 .............................................................................. 64 3.16.10.1 Phelegra bresnieri (Lucas, 1846) ............................................ 64 3.16.10.2 Phlegra fasciata (Hahn, 1826) ................................................ 64 3.16.11 Plexippus C. L. Koch, 1846 ................................................................... 66 3.16.11.1 Plexippus paykulli (Audouin, 1826) ....................................... 66 3.16.12 Salticus Latreille, 1804 ........................................................................... 66 3.16.12.1 Salticus scenicus (Clerck, 1757) .............................................. 66 3.16.13 Talevera Peckham & Peckham, 1909 .................................................... 67 3.16.13.1 Talavera aequipes (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1871) .................. 67 3.17 SCYTOTIDAE ..................................................................................................... 67 3.17.1 Scytodes Latreille, 1804 ........................................................................... 67 3.17.1.1 Scytodes thoracica (Latreille, 1802) .......................................... 67 3.18 SICARIIDAE ........................................................................................................ 69 3.18.1 Loxosceles Heineken & Lowe, 1832 ....................................................... 69 3.18.1.1 Loxosceles rufescens (Dufour, 1820) ....................................... 69 3.19 SPARISIDAE ....................................................................................................... 70 xiv 3.19.1 Eusparassus Simon, 1903 ........................................................................ 70 3.19.1.1 Eusparassus walckenaeri (Audouin, 1826) .............................. 70 3.20 TETRAGNATHIDAE .......................................................................................... 70 3.20.1 Tetragnatha Latreille, 1804 ...................................................................... 70 3.20.1.1 Tetragnatha obtusa C.L.Koch, 1837 ......................................... 70 3.21 THERIDIIDAE ..................................................................................................... 71 3.21.1 Asagena Sundevall, 1833 ......................................................................... 71 3.21.1.1 Asagena phalera (Panzer, 1801) ............................................... 71 3.21.2 Cryptachaea Archer, 1946 ....................................................................... 72 3.21.2.1 Cryptachaea riparia (Blackwall, 1834) .................................... 72 3.21.3 Enoplognatha Pavesi, 1880 ...................................................................... 72 3.21.3.1 Enoplognatha mandibularis (Lucas, 1846) ............................... 72 3.21.3.2 Enoplognatha oelandica (Thorell, 1875) .................................. 73 3.21.3.3 Enoplognatha thoracica (Hahn, 1833) ...................................... 74 3.21.4 Episinus Walckenaer, in Latreille, 1809 .................................................. 74 3.21.4.1 Episinus truncatus Latreille, 1809 ............................................. 74 3.21.5 Euryopis Menge, 1868 ............................................................................. 75 3.21.5.1 Euryopis laeta (Westring 1861) ................................................ 75 3.21.6 Neottiura Menge, 1868 ............................................................................. 76 3.21.6.1 Neottiura herbigrada (Simon, 1873) ........................................ 76 3.21.7 Steatoda Sundevall, 1833 ......................................................................... 76 3.21.7.1 Steatoda albomaculata (De Geer, 1778) ................................... 76 3.21.7.2 Steatoda paykulliana (Walckenaer, 1805)................................. 78 3.22 THOMISIDAE ...................................................................................................... 79 3.22.1 Heriaeus Simon, 1875 .............................................................................. 79 3.22.1.1 Heriaeus graminicola (Doleschall, 1852) ................................. 79 3.22.2 Ozyptilla Simon, 1864 .............................................................................. 79 xv 3.22.2.1 Ozyptilla atomaria (Panzer, 1801) ........................................... 79 3.22.3 Synema Simon, 1864 ................................................................................ 80 3.22.3.1 Synema globosum (Fabricius, 1775) .......................................... 80 3.22.4 Thomisus Walckenaer, 1805 ..................................................................... 81 3.22.4.1 Thomisus onustus Walckenaer, 1805......................................... 81 3.22.5 Tmarus Simon, 1875 ................................................................................ 82 3.22.5.1 Tmarus stellio Simon, 1875 ....................................................... 82 3.22.6 Xyticus C. L. Koch, 1835 ......................................................................... 82 3.22.6.1 Xysticus caperatus Simon, 1875 ................................................ 82 3.22.6.2 Xysticus edax (O. P.-Cambridge, 1872) .................................... 83 3.22.6.3 Xyticus kaznakovi Utochkin, 1968............................................. 83 3.22.6.4 Xyticus kochi Thorell, 1872 ....................................................... 84 3.22.6.5 Xysticus laetus Thorell, 1875..................................................... 84 3.22.6.6 Xysticus pseudorectilineus (Wunderlich, 1995) ........................ 84 3.22.6.7 Xysticus thessalicus Simon, 1916 .............................................. 85 3.22.6.8 Xysticus tristrami (O.P.-Cambridge, 1872) ............................... 85 3.23 TITANOECIDAE ................................................................................................. 86 3.23.1 Nurscia Simon, 1874 ................................................................................ 86 3.23.1.1 Nurscia albomaculata (Lucas 1846) ......................................... 86 3.23.2 Titanoeca Thorell, 1870 ........................................................................... 86 3.23.2.1 Titanoeca quadriguttata (Hahn, 1833) ....................................... 86 3.24 ULOBORIDAE .................................................................................................... 87 3.24.1 Uloborus Latreille, 1806 .......................................................................... 87 3.24.1.1 Uloborus walckenaerius Latreille, 1806 ................................... 87 3.25 ZODARIDAE ....................................................................................................... 88 3.25.1 Pax Levy, 1990 ......................................................................................... 88 3.25.1.1 Pax islamita (Simon, 1873) ...................................................... 88 xvi 3.25.2 Zodarion Walckenaer, 1826 ..................................................................... 88 3.25.2.1 Zodorion kossamos Bosmans, 2009 .......................................... 88 3.25.2.2 Zodarion thoni Nosek, 1905 ...................................................... 88 BÖLÜM IV TARTIŞMA VE SONUÇ ........................................................................ 90 KAYNAKLAR……………………………………………………………………....104 ÖZ GEÇMİŞ ............................................................................................................... 116 TEZ ÇALIŞMASINDAN ÜRETİLEN ESERLER .................................................... 117

WOS: 000263326400005, Nomisia anatolica sp.n. is described and illustrated from Turkey. Morphological features and detailed description based on collected material of Nomisia orientalis Dalmas, 1921 are presented. Nomisia negebensis Levy, 1995 is recorded for the first time from Turkey., Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK) [106T133]; Erciyes University Scientific Research Project Unit [FBT-07-81], We are very grateful to Dr. Francesca Di Franco (Italy) for the valuable comments on this paper. The authors acknowledge the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK) (Project No. 106T133) and Erciyes University Scientific Research Project Unit (Project No. FBT-07-81) for financial support of this work. This paper includes data extracted from the doctoral thesis of the first author. We also thank Mr. Hakan Demir (Gazi University, Turkey), who collected some of the material presented in this paper.

WOS: 000267273800012, This faunistic list of ground spider fauna from Turkey includes published records and original data. Eleven species are new to Turkish araneofauna. With this Study, a total of 107 species belonging to 26 genera of Gnaphosidae have been recorded from Turkey until the present time. For each species zoogeographical distribution is given. A zoogeographical classification is constructed according to the Current distribution of species. The largest groups are those of the widely distributed Palearctic and Europian-Asian., Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK) [106T133]; Erciyes University Scientific Research Project Unit [FBT-07-81], The authors acknowledge the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK) (Project No. 106T133) and Erciyes University Scientific Research Project Unit (Project No. FBT-07-81) for Financial support of this work. This paper includes sonic data of the doctoral thesis of the first author. We also thank Mr. Hakan Demir (Gazi University, Turkey), who collected some of the material presented in this paper. Maps Courtesy of www.theodora.com/maps, used with permission.

WOS: 000254249400006, A new species of Palliduphantes Saaristo and Tanasevitch in 2001 is described from Turkey. Differences between the new species and related species are discussed.

Bu çalışmada, Gnaphosidae familyasına ait Drassodes lapidosus (Walckenaer, 1802) ve Haplodrassus signifer (C.L. Koch, 1839) türleri ile Thomisidae familyasından Xysticus ulmi (Hahn, 1831) türünün karyolojik analizleri yapılmıştır. Bu türlerden Drassodes lapidosus (Walckenaer, 1802) türü hariç diğer iki türün karyolojik çalışmaları ülkemiz popülasyonlarından ilk kez yapılmıştır. Çalışmalar sonucunda Drassodes lapidosus (Walckenaer, 1802) ve Haplodrassus signifer (C.L. Koch, 1839) türlerinin diploid kromozom sayıları 2n♂=22 (20+X1X2) şeklinde, Xysticus ulmi (Hahn, 1831) türünün ise 2n♂=23 (21+X1) şeklinde bulunmuştur. Xysticus ulmi (Hahn, 1831) türünde diploid kromozom sayısı türün bilinen kromozom sayılarından farklı bulunmuştur., In this study the karyotype and sex chromosome system features of Drassodes lapidosus (Walckenaer, 1802) and Haplodrassus signifer (C.L. Koch, 1839) belonging to family of Gnaphosidae and Xysticus ulmi (Hahn, 1831) from Thomisidae were investigated. The karyological studies of all species except Drassodes lapidosus (Walckenaer, 1802) were studied for the first time in Turkish spider populations. As a result of this study, diploid choromosome numbers were found 2n♂=22 (20+X1X2) in Drassodes lapidosus (Walckenaer, 1802) and Haplodrassus signifer (C.L. Koch, 1839), 2n♂=23 (21+X1) in Xysticus ulmi (Hahn, 1831). Also, diploid chromosome number of Xysticus ulmi (Hahn, 1831) was different from the known.

WOS: 000357587200003, Abacoproeces topcui sp. nov. (Araneae: Linyphiidae) is described based on male specimens from Mersin Province in Turkey. Four species, namely Araeoncus tauricus Gnelitsa, 2005; Erigonoplus globipes (L. Koch, 1872); Megalepthyphantes pseudocollinus Saaristo, 1997; and Styloctetor romanus (O.P.-Cambridge, 1872), belonging to this family are new records for the spider fauna of Turkey. Styloctetor Simon, 1884 has been recorded as a new genus for Turkey. Data on collected localities, distribution throughout the world, and genitalia figures of each species are presented., Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK) [TBAK: 106T133], We are very grateful to the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK) for its financial support of this work (Project No. TBAK: 106T133).

Niğde ili sınırları içerisinde yer alan Melendiz Dağları'ndan 2012-2013 yıllarının Temmuz-Haziran ayları arasında yapılan arazi çalışmalarında Gnaphosidae familyasına ait örümcek örnekleri toplanmıştır. İncelenen toplam 970 adet ergin birey ile Melendiz Dağları'ndan Gnaphosidae familyasına ait 16 cins ve 33 örümcek türü kayıt edilmiştir. Tespit edilen türlerden daha önce yalnız erkek bireyler üzerinden tanımlanmış olan Drassodes bifidus Kovblyuk & Seyyar, 2009 türünün dişi eşeyi ilk kez bu çalışma ile tespit edilmiştir. 14 tür İç Anadolu Bölgesi için ilk kez kaydedilmiştir. Ayrıca, Micaria bosmansi Kovblyuk & Nadolny, 2008 türü Türkiye faunası için yeni kayıttır. Ground spider specimens were collected by field studies from Melendiz Mountains located in the province of Niğde between July-June in 2012-2013. A total of 970 adults specimens were studied, 33 spider species belong to 16 genera in Gnaphosidae were recorded from Melendiz Mountains. Drassodes bifidus Kovblyuk & Seyyar, 2009 belonging to family Gnaphosidae was described male specimens. In the study, female specimens of this species was described only first time in the science world. 14 species have been recorded for the first time from Central Anatolian Region. Also, the species of Micaria bosmansi Kovblyuk & Nadolny, 2008 is a new record for Turkish spider fauna. 129

Niğde ili sınırları içerisinde yer alan Melendiz Dağları’ndan 2012-2013 yıllarının Temmuz-Haziran ayları arasında yapılan arazi çalışmalarında Gnaphosidae familyasına ait örümcek örnekleri toplanmıştır. İncelenen toplam 970 adet ergin birey ile Melendiz Dağları’ndan Gnaphosidae familyasına ait 16 cins ve 33 örümcek türü kayıt edilmiştir. Tespit edilen türlerden daha önce yalnız erkek bireyler üzerinden tanımlanmış olan Drassodes bifidus Kovblyuk & Seyyar, 2009 türünün dişi eşeyi ilk kez bu çalışma ile tespit edilmiştir. 14 tür İç Anadolu Bölgesi için ilk kez kaydedilmiştir. Ayrıca, Micaria bosmansi Kovblyuk & Nadolny, 2008 türü Türkiye faunası için yeni kayıttır., Ground spider specimens were collected by field studies from Melendiz Mountains located in the province of Niğde between July-June in 2012-2013. A total of 970 adults specimens were studied, 33 spider species belong to 16 genera in Gnaphosidae were recorded from Melendiz Mountains. Drassodes bifidus Kovblyuk & Seyyar, 2009 belonging to family Gnaphosidae was described male specimens. In the study, female specimens of this species was described only first time in the science world. 14 species have been recorded for the first time from Central Anatolian Region. Also, the species of Micaria bosmansi Kovblyuk & Nadolny, 2008 is a new record for Turkish spider fauna