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The development of chitin-based materials with favorable mechanical properties and biocompatibility is an important research goal owing to the wide-ranging practical applications. In this study, a composite film was prepared using chitin nanofibers and gelatin. The CNF/gelatin composite film was highly viscous and had a fine nanofiber structure. The transmittances indicated high transparency, regardless of nanofiber content. The water content of the CNF/gelatin composite film increased linearly as the gelatin content increased. Although the CNF/gelatin composite film did not induce severe inflammation, it strongly induced fibroblast proliferation, indicating high biocompatibility. Based on these results, the films are suitable for biological applications, e.g., tissue engineering, medicines, and cosmetics.

Colloids and surfaces / B 159, 97-107 (2017). doi:10.1016/j.colsurfb.2017.07.072, Published by Elsevier Science, Amsterdam [u.a.]

Background/purpose: Langerhans cells (LCs) are antigen-presenting cells. This study mainly evaluated the LC counts in 60 odontogenic keratocysts (OKCs). Materials and methods: The CD1a-positive LC numbers in the lining epithelia and subepithelial connective tissues were counted at 60 OKC sites without inflammation, 39 OKC sites with mild/moderate inflammation, and 13 OKC sites with severe inflammation from 60 OKC specimens. Results: The mean CD1a-positive LC counts in the lining epithelia and subepithelial connective tissues increased significantly from no inflammation (0.5 ± 0.4 and 0.2 ± 0.3 cell/high-power field or HPF, respectively) through mild/moderate inflammation (5.3 ± 2.5 and 2.5 ± 2.7 cells/HPF, respectively) to severe inflammation OKC sites (12.7 ± 5.6 and 9.3 ± 7.2 cells/HPF, respectively; all P-values 100 μm) group (6.8 ± 5.1 and 3.7 ± 4.9 cells/HPF, respectively) than in the thinner lining epithelium (≦100 μm) group (1.0 ± 1.7 and 0.8 ± 2.5 cell/HPF, respectively; both P-values

Snake envenoming is a partly solved threat that constitutes a major concern for the public health of tropical and subtropical countries. Antisera based in polyclonal heterologous antibodies save the victims’ life, but often are not efficient enough to avoid the amputation of the affected limbs. In this strategic approach we propose to complement the site-specific activity of the antisera by co administering special nanovesicles capable of adsorbing and thereby reducing the enzymatic activities responsible for neurotoxicity, pain, haemolysis, and fundamentally severe inflammation and myonecrosis, that end up in limbs ‘amputation.

Inflammation has been reported as a facilitator in cervical oncogenesis, but the correlation between inflammation and cytology abnormality including Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia (CIN) remains uncertain. The aim of this study was to investigate the correlation between them with ThinPrep cytological test (TCT) as a screening tool for cervical cancer and CIN, which can identify abnormal morphology of cervical mucosa epithelium and inflammation degrees. A retrospective analysis of clinical data from 48101 women undergoing TCT in the affiliated hospitals of Sun Yat-Sen University (SYSU) revealed that among the 8.87% (4102 cases) total positive rate of ASC, LSIL and HSIL, 67.7% (2777/4102) of TCT positive samples had inflammatory infection. The rate of severe inflammation was significantly higher in cytological abnormality group than the control group (15.1% vs. 2%, P=0.000). Our results showed that severe inflammation significantly increased incidence of cytological abnormality by 12.59 times and elevated the risk of HSIL by 756.47 times. In conclusion, severe inflammation increased the risk of cytological abnormality, and should be viewed as an important risk of HISL. These results of our study remind clinicians to be more watchful for women with severe cervical inflammation in TCT reports for earlier prevention of the HSIL.

Infrared beak treatment has less of a negative impact on laying hen welfare compared to other methods of beak treatment, however, it is still not fully understood how infrared beak treatment affects the beak tissue during the first few days post treatment. The objective of this study was to examine the histology of infrared beak treated vs. untreated beaks of 2 strains of layer chicks during early life. One-hundred Lohmann Brown-Lite (LB) and 100 Lohmann LSL-Lite (LW) chicks were obtained, 50 chicks per strain were infrared beak treated post hatch (IR) with the remainder being sham untreated controls (C). Data collected included presence of beak sloughing, length, and histology. Histology slides were analyzed and scored on a scale of 0 to 4, with 0 indicating no lesions and 4 indicating severe inflammation. Sloughing of the treated beak tissue began at 10 days and was complete by 20 days. IR pullets had shorter beak lengths once sloughing was initiated and less overall beak growth. No differences in healing scores were found between treated LB and LW beaks, all treated LB beaks were healed by 21 days while some LW beaks still showed inflammation. Overall, infrared beak treatment was effective at reducing beak growth post treatment. Healing occurred post treatment in both strains as evident by complete regeneration of the epithelium and a reduction in inflammation.

A 6-year-old child with an episodic history of ulcerations over buccal mucosa was found to have severe inflammation on the palatal aspect of permanent first molars with grade 2 mobility bilaterally. Radiographical features were suggestive of bone loss around permanent molars extending to the distal aspect of the deciduous first molars. The clinical and radiographical findings were indicative of periodontal degeneration without any apparent cause visible intraorally. Further biopsy was done from the rashes present on the malar prominences, which showed nodular aggregates of atypical cells in superficial dermis. These large histiocytic cells with vesicular nuclei and nuclear grooves were immunopositive for CD1a and S100, concluding the diagnosis of Langerhans cell histiocytosis. For treatment, patient was referred to Department of Haemato-oncology and chemotherapy was suggested as per protocol.

BACKGROUND Discrepancy between prescribed and administered enteral nutrition (EN) is a common problem during intensive care. The aim of this study was to find out the success rate and factors associated with inadequacy of enteral nutrition in a mixed general intensive care unit (ICU). METHODS This was a retrospective single-center study of 892 patients with ICU length of stay (LOS) ≥4 days. The factors associated with adequacy of enteral nutrition on day 4 were analyzed. These included disease-specific factors, patient-related factors, severity of illness, and procedural factors. RESULTS Of the 892 patients, 349 (39.1%) had an EN success rate of ≥70%, which was associated with a lower amount of prescribed enteral energy (500 kcal [500-800] vs. 800 kcal [500-1200], p

Take home messages To understand the main interplay between coagulation system and inflammation and to recognize the key invasive infectious agents causing typical abnormalities in activation of blood platelets, coagulation and fibrinolysis. To capture, monitor and follow-up the clinical and laboratory phenotype and the management related to the pathophysiology of inflammation.

The extensive growth of world population is a global issue, which has increased consumption of the existing resources as well as drugs. Therefore, there is a strong need for the search of new resources to develop safe and effective pharmaceuticals to fulfill increasing demand of the world population in order to combat various health ailments. Marine environments have diverse resources for the discovery of new drugs. Since a long time, various biological active compounds have been discovered from marine sources to prevent a wide range of diseases and disorders. Marine microbes represent a huge reservoir for exploration of novel bioactive compounds to provide future drugs as arsenal against cancer, microbial and protozoal infection, severe inflammation, and other major diseases.

Rectal stump dehiscence is common in patients with severe ulcerative colitis undergoing total colectomy. Securing the rectal stump in the subcutaneous tissue or placement of a rectal tube can reduce the complications related to rectal stump dehiscence.

Background Neutrophils are one of the key players in the human innate immune system (HIIS). In the event of an insult where the body is exposed to inflammation triggering moieties (ITMs), neutrophils are mobilized towards the site of insult and antagonize the inflammation. If the inflammation is cleared, neutrophils go into a programmed death called apoptosis. However, if the insult is intense or persistent, neutrophils take on a violent death pathway called necrosis, which involves the rupture of their cytoplasmic content into the surrounding tissue that causes local tissue damage, thus further aggravating inflammation. This seemingly paradoxical phenomenon fuels the inflammatory process by triggering the recruitment of additional neutrophils to the site of inflammation, aimed to contribute to the complete neutralization of severe inflammation. This delicate balance between the cost and benefit of the neutrophils’ choice of death pathway has been optimized during the evolution of the innate immune system. The goal of our work is to understand how the tradeoff between the cost and benefit of the different death pathways of neutrophils, in response to various levels of insults, has been optimized over evolutionary time by using the concepts of evolutionary game theory. Results We show that by using evolutionary game theory, we are able to formulate a game that predicts the percentage of necrosis and apoptosis when exposed to various levels of insults. Conclusion By adopting an evolutionary perspective, we identify the driving mechanisms leading to the delicate balance between apoptosis and necrosis in neutrophils’ cell death in response to different insults. Using our simple model, we verify that indeed, the global cost of remaining ITMs is the driving mechanism that reproduces the percentage of necrosis and apoptosis observed in data and neutrophils need sufficient information of the overall inflammation to be able to pick a death pathway that presumably increases the survival of the organism.

Because bronchogenic cysts can result in infection, further complications due to compression of adjacent organs or malignant transformation, symptomatic and complicated bronchogenic cysts are usually surgically removed. However, surgical excision can be hazardous or incomplete because of dense adhesion to surrounding vital organs as a consequence of severe inflammation. Herein, we report a rare case of infected bronchogenic cyst caused by mediastinitis and we describe how a surgical approach using video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) should be considered for treatment, even among patients with complicated bronchogenic cysts.

Background. The Mirizzi syndrome (MS) is a rare complication of cholecystolithiasis that is often accompanied by severe inflammation and fibrosis around Calot’s triangle. It is difficult to treat Type 2 MS surgically, and the treatment for this condition has not yet been standardized. The data on operative management are limited. The study aimed to review our institutional clinical experience regarding surgery and provide recommendations for treating Type 2 MS. Methods: We conducted a retrospective study on 6 patients with MS who were surgically treated at our institution between January 2010 and December 2019. The classification of MS by McSherry CK, Ferstenberg H, Virshup M. The Mirizzi syndrome: Suggested classification and surgical therapy. Surg Gastroenterol. 1982;1:219-225 was used. Mucosal approach was used to treat Type 2 MS. The parameters for comparison included patient demographics, operative procedures, operation time, blood loss, length of hospital stay, complications, and follow-up. Results: There were 23 patients with MS among 10 386 cholecystectomies in our area. Six patients with Type 2 MS had successful surgery, and the mucosal approach was used. The average operative time was 253.3 ± 32.5 minutes. The average blood loss was 70.0 ± 14.1 mL. The mean postoperative hospital stay was 9.5 ± 3.9 days. There was no postoperative mortality. The most frequent postoperative complications were bile leakage (16.7%), and postoperative intra-abdominal collection (16.7%). The mean postoperative follow-up was 10 months, and all patients are asymptomatic. The mucosal approach may decrease the risk of bile duct injury, biliary tract infection, and blood loss more than other surgical approaches. Conclusion: This study demonstrates that the mucosal approach is an effective surgical procedure for Type 2 MS.

Zusammenfassung. Während H. pylori (HP) weltweit rückläufig ist, steigt die Häufigkeit der Refluxerkrankung und der Anteil nicht-steroidaler Antirheumatika(NSAR)-bedingter Ulzera relativ zur HP-Infektion. Die Eradikation heilt die HP-Ulkuskrankheit, kann die Karzinomentstehung verhindern und dyspeptische Beschwerden bessern. Unter Protonenpumpenhemmern (PPI) heilen NSAR-Ulzera ab, bei Reexposition kommt es aber zu Rezidiven. Antikoagulanzien und Thrombozytenaggregationshemmer erhöhen das Risiko zusätzlich. PPI vermindern Rezidive und Komplikationen. Schwere und komplizierte Refluxformen benötigen oft eine PPI-Dauertherapie. Beim Barrett-Ösophagus ist das Risiko für die Entstehung eines Adenokarzinoms erhöht.

We evaluated functional and morphological changes after trans-tympanic laser application using several different powers of photobiomodulation (PBM). The left (L) ears of 17 rats were irradiated for 30 min daily over 14 days using a power density of 909.1 (group A, 5040 J), 1136.4 (group B, 6300 J), and 1363.6 (group C, 7560 J) mW/cm(2). The right (N) ears served as controls. The safety of PBM was determined by endoscopic findings, auditory brainstem response (ABR) thresholds, and histological images of hair cells using confocal microscopy, and light microscopic images of the external auditory canal (EAC) and tympanic membrane (TM). Endoscopic findings revealed severe inflammation in the TM of C group; no other group showed damage in the TM. No significant difference in ABR threshold was found in the PBM-treated groups (excluding the group with TM damage). Confocal microscopy showed no histological difference between the AL and AN, or BL and BN groups. However, light microscopy showed more prominent edema, inflammation, and vascular congestion in the TM of BL ears. This study found a dose-response relationship between laser power parameters and TM changes. These results will be useful for defining future allowance criteria for trans-tympanic laser therapies.

Despite the remarkable progress recently made to enhance the resolution of white-light endoscopy, detection, and diagnosis of premalignant lesions, such as adenomas and subtle early-stage cancers, remains a great challenge. As for example, although chromoendoscopy, such as endoscopy using indigo carmine, is useful for the early diagnosis of subtle lesions, the technique presents various disadvantages ranging from the time required for spray application of the dye and suctioning of excess dye to the increased difficulty in identifying lesions in the presence of severe inflammation and obstruction of visual field due to the pooling of solution in depressed-type lesions. To overcome these diagnostic problems associated with chromoendoscopy, research has focused on the development of endoscopes based on new optical technologies. Several types of image-enhanced endoscopy methods have recently been presented. In particular, image-enhanced endoscopy has emerged as a new paradigm for the diagnosis of gastrointestinal disorders. Image-enhanced endoscopes provide high-contrast images of lesions by means of optical or electronic technologies, including the contrast enhancement of the mucosal surface and of blood vessels. Chromoendoscopy, narrow-band imaging, i-SCAN, and flexible spectral imaging color enhancement are representative examples of image-enhanced endoscopy discussed in this paper.

Objective: Chronic Pancreatitis (CP) is a multifactorial disease. It was characterized by severe inflammation and acinar cell destruction. Thus, the present study was initiated to evaluating the ability of bone marrow-based mesenchymal stem cell (MSCs) combined with Icariin to restore and regenerate acinar cells in the pancreas of rats suffering chronic pancreatitis. Methods: Chronic pancreatitis was induced in rats via both L-arginine plus radiation, repeated L-arginine injection (2.5g/Kg body-weight, 1, 4,7,10,13,16,19 days), then, on day 21, rats were exposed to a single dose of gamma-radiation (6 Gy), which exacerbate injury of pancreatic acinar cells. One day after irradiation, rats were treated with either MSCs (1 × 107 /rat, once, tail vein injection) labeled PKH26 fluorescent linker dye and/or Icariin (100 mg/Kg, daily, orally) for 8 weeks. Results: Icariin promotes MSCs proliferation boosting its productivity in vitro. MSCs, and/or icariin treatments has regulated molecular factors TGF-β/PDGF and promoted the regeneration of pancreatic tissues by releasing PDX-1 and MafA involved in the recruitment of stem/progenitor cell in the tissue, and confirmed by histopathological examination. Moreover, a significant decrease in IL-8 and TNF-α cytokines with significant amelioration of myeloperoxidase activity were noted. As well as, reduction in MCP-1 and collagen type-1 levels along with Hedgehog signaling down-regulating expression in such cells, Patched-1, Smoothened, and GLi-1. Conclusion: The potent bioactive therapeutic Icariin combined with MSCs induces a significantly greater improvement, compared to each therapy alone.

Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) remain one of the leading causes of mortality worldwide, especially in developing countries. It is widely known that severe inflammation can lead to atherosclerosis, which can cause various downstream pathologies, including myocardial injury and viral myocarditis. To date, several strategies have been proposed to prevent and cure CVD. The use of targeting macrophages has emerged as one of the most effective therapeutic approaches. Macrophages play a crucial role in eliminating senescent and dead cells while maintaining myocardial electrical activity and repairing myocardial injury. They also contribute to tissue repair and remodeling and plaque stabilization. Targeting macrophage pathways can, therefore, be advantageous in CVD care since it can lead to decreased aggregation of mononuclear cells at the injured site in the heart. Furthermore, it inhibits the development of pro-inflammatory factors, facilitates cholesterol outflow, and reduces the lipid concentration. More in-depth studies are still needed to formulate a comprehensive classification of phenotypes for different macrophages and determine their roles in the pathogenesis of CVD. In this review, we summarize the recent advances in the understanding of the role of macrophages in the prevention and cure of CVD.

Pars plana vitrectomy for acute infectious endophthalmitis can be challenging due to severe inflammation in the anterior chamber creating significant media opacity. We describe a surgical technique combining limbal based vitrectomy and pars plana vitrectomy to manage acute infectious endophthalmitis. Limbal based vitrectomy facilitates removal of anterior chamber fibrin and inflammatory membranes for safe and optimal posterior pars plana vitrectomy.

Neutrophils are main players in the effector phase of the host defense against micro-organisms and have a major role in the innate immune response. Neutrophils show phenotypic heterogeneity and functional flexibility, which highlight their importance in regulation of immune function. However, neutrophils can play a dual role and besides their antimicrobial function, deregulation of neutrophils and their hyperactivity can lead to tissue damage in severe inflammation or trauma. Neutrophils also have an important role in the modulation of the immune system in response to severe injury and trauma. In this review we will provide an overview of the current understanding of neutrophil subpopulations and their function during and post-infection and discuss the possible mechanisms of immune modulation by neutrophils in severe inflammation.

A previously healthy 22-year-old woman presented with acute, unilateral facial and neck swelling, associated with fever and malaise. She was initially treated with intravenous antibiotics; however, CT imaging showed unilateral, synchronous swelling and inflammation of the parotid and submandibular glands, and a PCR swab from the parotid duct was positive for mumps. She was fully immunised and had no contact in the preceding period with anyone diagnosed with mumps. She responded to supportive management and her symptoms resolved over the course of her admission. Unilateral, synchronous swelling and severe inflammation of both the parotid and submandibular glands in mumps is a very unusual presentation, and not one previously reported in the literature.

Use of transponders, small electronic identification devices, in experimental swine is expected to be more reliable than the current common use of ear tags. However, it is necessary to determine the optimal implantation site for transponders with high readability, retentionability (i.e., long-term retention in tissues without detachment or loss), and biocompatibility, as this has not yet been investigated. Thus, we aimed to determine the optimal implantation site. Two types of transponders were subcutaneously implanted into four different sites (ear base, ear auricle, ventral neck, and back) in 3 domestic swine each. The transponders were scanned at 1, 2, 3, and 84 days after implantation. The location of the transponders was examined by X-ray and echography at 84 days. Histopathological examinations were performed at 84 days. The transponders in the back were successfully scanned in a shorter time than those in other implantation sites, without any re-scanning procedures. X-ray examination revealed one transponder in the ventral neck was lost, whereas those in the other sites were retained in their original location for 84 days. Echography indicated that the transponders in the back were retained more deeply than those in other implantation sites, suggesting better retentionability. Acceptable biocompatibility was confirmed in all implantation sites, as evidenced by the finding that all transponders were covered by a connective tissue capsule without severe inflammation. In conclusion, the present results demonstrated that the back is the optimal implantation site for transponders in experimental swine.

Background: Gastrointestinal (GI) diseases are a major cause of emergency department visits requiring hospitalizations leading to considerable burden on global economy. Several factors contribute to the onset of gastrointestinal diseases such as pathogens (parasites, bacteria, virus, toxins etc.), autoimmune disorders and severe inflammation of intestine. Objective: One common feature among all these diseases is the dysentery and alteration of gut microbiota composition (gut dysbiosis). Apart from conventional therapies such as antibiotics and ORS supplementation, gut microbiota modulation with probiotic supplementation has emerged as a successful and healthy alternative in mitigating GI diseases. In this review our goal is to discuss the causes of gastrointestinal diseases and the present state of various therapeutic strategies such as probiotics as live biotherapeutics and Fecal Microbial Transplants (FMT’s). Conclusion: Several reports and clinical trials point out to the beneficial effects of probiotics in modulating the gut microbiota and improving the side effects of gastrointestinal diseases. Live biotherapeutics and FMT’s could be suitable and successful alternatives to conventional therapies in mitigating the gastrointestinal pathogens.

A 5-month-old bearded dragon (Pogona vitticeps) presented with panepidermal necrosis and exudation on the left foreleg. Serous exudate was seen underneath dry and hardened skin. Swab and microscopic examination revealed severe inflammation and septate hyphae. On radiography, moderate osteolysis was found on distal part of left humerus. Fungal culture produced white fungal colonies with irregular margins. Analysis of the ITS region indicated the isolated fungus as Nannizziopsis chlamydospora. This is the first case of N. chlamydospora-associated necrotizing dermatomycosis reported in the Republic of Korea.

We investigated patterns of prevalence and intensity of gastrointestinal nematode infections in a tropical natricine snake, the keelback (Tropidonophis mairii). Ninety-eight per cent of keelbacks were infected with Tanqua anomala (Gnathostomidae), with infection intensities of up to 243 worms per snake. Infection with T. anomala caused severe inflammation of stomach mucosa and submucosa at the sites of parasite attachment and encystment. Nonetheless, we did not detect detrimental effects of nematode infection on measures of fitness among wild or captive snakes. Snakes with heavier nematode infections had higher body condition scores than less-infected individuals. Deworming captive snakes had no measurable effect on their growth rate, body condition or locomotor performance. In combination with an earlier study on blood-dwelling hepatozoons, our work suggests that keelbacks have a high tolerance to parasites. The ‘fast-pace’ life history and short lifespan of these snakes may make it beneficial for them to tolerate infection, rather than expend energy on resisting parasite attack.

Pyometra is one of the most common diseases of the reproductive system in bitches. The inflammatory processes occurring in the uterus result in changes in concentrations of numerous serum biomarkers, which are used for monitoring the postoperative period. The aim of the present report was to study the evolution of serum levels of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and C-reactive protein (CRP) in bitches suffered from pyometra and after ovariohysterectomy in comparison with the control group of healthy dogs submitted to the surgery. Our results indicate that the serum level of IGF-1 is decreased (101.6 ng/mL [73.8-177.8 ng/mL]), whereas CRP is increased (114.6 μg/mL [95.3-131.6 μg/mL]) during severe inflammation. When inflammation caused by pyometra and surgery is resolved, the level of IGF-1 is increased (186.0 ng/mL [94.6-344.3 ng/mL], P 0.05) and CRP decreased (23.3 μg/mL [9.9-77.0 μg/mL], P 0.01), suggesting that these markers could be useful for assessment of the postoperative period in bitches.

Postoperative fungal endophthalmitis is a significant cause of visual loss due to the rapid progress and severe inflammation. Management is dictated by the precise identification of fungus subspecies, choice of antifungal agent, and associated systemic features. We report a rare case caused by Basidiobolusranarum, never known to have caused endophthalmitis or any form of ocular infection or inflammation. A 59-year-old, Asian, immunocompetent, agriculturist presented with endophthalmitis on the 3 rd postoperative day. Smear and culture from the aqueous and vitreous samples detected a species of fungus called Basidiobolusranarum. Fungal endophthalmitis should be suspected even in patients who present in the early postoperative period and rare species considered even in immunocompetent individuals. Early detection and aggressive treatment is necessary for preventing morbidity or mortality due to these infections.

Streptococcus gordonii is one of the first colonizing bacteria on tooth or dental implant materials forming so-called biofilm. These biofilms cause severe inflammation that, as a consequence, lead to tooth or implant failure. A promising way to study the S. gordonii biofilm formation is by combining experimental investigations and numerical simulation. Our previous research has shown the potential to model the growth process of the S. gordonii biofilm in a mimic human oral environment by using a mathematical model developed by Alpkvist and Klapper (the A-K model). The parameters used for the simulation were calibrated by the experimental results. However, what are the crucial parameters that have a strong influence on the biofilm growth behavior and thus need to be determined accurately is an open question. In this paper, parameter studies on four independent parameters are carried out.

Langerhans cells (LCs) are antigen-presenting cells. This study assessed the LC counts in 80 dentigerous cysts (DCs). Methods: The CD1a-positive LC numbers in the lining epithelia and subepithelial connective tissues were counted at 80 DC sites without inflammation, 33 DC sites with mild/moderate inflammation, and 9 DC sites with severe inflammation from 80 DC specimens. Results: The mean LC counts in the lining epithelia and subepithelial connective tissues increased significantly from no inflammation (0.5 ± 0.5 and 0.2 ± 0.3 cell/high-power field or HPF, respectively) through mild/moderate inflammation (6.8 ± 1.8 and 2.4 ± 2.0 cells/HPF, respectively) to severe inflammation DC sites (18.9 ± 7.0 and 6.7 ± 5.8 cells/HPF, respectively; all P-values 50 μm) group (7.4 ± 6.5 and 2.6 ± 3.4 cells/HPF, respectively) than in the thinner lining epithelium (≦ 50 μm) group (0.5 ± 0.5 and 0.2 ± 0.3 cells/HPF, respectively; both P-values

Purpose: To realize a morphological examination of the musculoskeletal tissue, assessing the effect of a contusion method for the production in rat gastrocnemius, comparing the inflammatory responses generated by different impacts. Methods: For the analysis of a contusion method, twelve female Wistar rats were distributed into four groups. The lesion was generated by 324 g of mass that was dropped from different predetermined heights for each group (30, 45, 60 and 70 cm). Results: In the analysis of musculoskeletal tissue, the response to injury varied according to the mass of the height drop onto the muscle. Only the group that was injured from 70 cm responded with uniform and severe inflammation, whereas the groups 30, 45 and 60 cm showed inflammation in some regions of the tissue with mild and moderate infiltrates. Conclusion: The method with the 324-gram mass dropped from a 70-cm height onto the gastrocnemius muscle of rats seems to be the most suitable for the production of muscle injury in these animals after 72 hours, showing an important inflammatory infiltrate.

Background Gallbladders (GBs) with severe inflammation have longer operative times and an increased risk for complications. We propose a grading system using intraoperative images to better stratify GB inflammation. Methods After reviewing the intraoperative images of GBs obtained during several hundred laparoscopic cholecystectomies, we developed a five-tiered grading system based on anatomy and inflammatory changes. Fifty intraoperative photographs were taken prior to dissection and then distributed to 11 surgeons who rated each GB's severity per the grading system. The two-way random effects Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) was used to assess the reliability among the raters. Results The ICC among the raters of GB severity was 0.804 (95% CI: 0.733 to 0.867; p = 0.0001). Nineteen GB images had greater than 82% agreement and 16 were clustered around GBs with severe inflammation (grades 3–5). Conclusion This study proposes a simple, reliable grading system that characterizes GB complexity based on inflammation and anatomy.

Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is a rare and often deadly syndrome characterized by severe inflammation and cytokine dysregulation. The disease is defined by the HLH-2004 criteria, requiring five of eight findings, and is further differentiated into either primary or secondary causes. Primary HLH tends to be of genetic etiology, while secondary HLH results from other insults such as infection. Secondary HLH is most commonly associated with viral infections in immunocompromised patients. Acute cytomegalovirus (CMV) associated HLH in the immunocompetent host is exceedingly rare and only documented in four case reports to date. We describe the fifth documented case of CMV-associated HLH in an immunocompetent patient, and furthermore, we demonstrate that this patient is the first published case of its type to satisfy all eight of HLH-2004 criteria.

Tuberculosis (TB) is an important cause of infectious uveitis causing significant morbidity and mortality especially in endemic countries. Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTb) may infect any tissue or organ in the body, lungs being the most commonly affected. Ocular TB occurs due to hematogenous dissemination of MTb or due to a hypersensitivity reaction to the bacteria. It may lead to a very severe inflammation and destruction of ocular tissues leading to an irreversible loss of vision. Infection of the eye by MTb most commonly involves the uveal tissue causing anterior, intermediate, and posterior or panuveitis. Awareness of the varied clinical manifestations is important to suspect the ocular TB which may often be difficult to confirm by diagnostic tests available. A timely diagnosis and management may help in preventing severe loss of vision and the eye.

Oral mucositis (OM) is the severe inflammation, lesioning and ulceration of the epithelia, accompanied by bleeding and intensive pain. OM is a common complication of dental implantation. Low-level laser therapy (LLLT) has been found to enhance the repair and healing of epithelia. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of preventive and treatment use of LLLT (B-Cure Laser Dental Pro technology in original author’s techniques) in the patients who have undergone dental implantation. Simple blind randomized prospective one-center comparative placebo-controlled clinical trial is carried out on the group of 30 partially edentulous patients. It is proved that the use of LLLT before and after installation of dental implants provides: 1) reliable reduction (by 3.5 times) of the frequency of implication and intensity of pain in the first days after operation; 2) reduction (by 3.3–3.7 times) of frequency, duration and intensity of local edematous and inflammatory processes in peri-implant zone and f...

Pullorum disease and fowl typhoid are septicemic avian diseases transmitting through egg by trans-ovarian infections. A series of tests has been performing in breeding flocks of chickens and test plans for proper inspection have been modified by government veterinary institute to control of such diseases. To improve inspection plans, different test methods were compared using fowl typhoid positive samples from a poultry farm located in Jeonbuk state in 2012. Based on first inspection, 11 samples among total 200 samples were positive by rapid slide agglutination (RSA) test and 7 samples among RSA positive samples were finally diagnosed as Salmonella Gallinarum infection by ELISA, bacterial isolation, PCR, and histopathologic examination. In the second inspection, 20 samples among total 100 samples were positive by RSA test. Among RSA positive ones, 19 samples were positive by ELISA, S. Gallinarm were successfully isolated in 3 samples, and 16 samples were positive by PCR in the cecal tonsils where were not successful for bacterial isolation. Based on histopathologic examination, severe inflammation in the 13 cecal tonsils and infiltration of lymphocytes and heterophils in the 11 livers were observed. Therefore, we suggest that bacterial isolation, PCR, and histopathologic examination methods in the third inspection need to be further used in various tissues for correct diagnosis and for final eradication of pullorum disease and fowl typhoid in breeding flocks of chickens.

Severe inflammation in an immunosuppressed patient following cardiac transplantation is important to investigate. A broad differential should be utilized in the diagnostic workup. A 17 year old male with complex congenital heart disease and failing Fontan physiology with hepatic fibrosis presented

Although hemorrhoids are one of the most common diseases in the world, the exact etiology underlying the development of hemorrhoids is not clear. Many different ointments are currently used to treat hemorrhoids; however, there is little evidence of the efficacy of these treatments to support their use. The aim of this study was to compare different herbal creams used for the treatment of hemorrhoids. Twenty-eight male Wistar albino rats, 6-8 weeks old and weighing 160-180 g, were used in this study as 1-control, 2-croton oil, 3-croton oil+fig leaves+artichoke leaves+walnut husks and 4-croton oil+fig leaves+artichoke leaves+walnut husks+horse chestnut fruit. After 3 days of croton oil application, rats were treated with 0.1 ml of cream or saline twice a day for 15 days by syringe. Tissue and blood samples were collected for histological, immunohistochemical and biochemical studies. Statistical significance was determined using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey-s multiple comparison tests. Croton oil administration resulted in severe inflammation. The third group showed partial improvement in inflammation; however, the greatest degree of improvement was seen in the fourth group, and some recovered areas were observed. Myeloperoxidase immunoreactivity was found to be decreased in the third and fourth groups compared to the second group. Additionally, biochemical analyses (Myeloperoxidase, Malondyaldehyde, nitrate/nitrite and nitrotyrosine levels and Superoxide Dismutase activity) were in agreement with the histological and immunohistochemical results. In conclusion, croton oil causes inflammation in the anal area and results in hemorrhoids. Treatment with our herbal hemorrhoid creams demonstrated anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant effects in this model.

The hypermetabolic response to severe thermal injury is unlike any physiologic response seen in medicine. While some parallels can be drawn to shock and sepsis states, this response is typified by its intensity and duration. Our group has been interested in the myriad effects of estrogens after injury, specifically the ability of estrogens to reduce inflammatory responses. Given this, and the known link between severe inflammation and the hypermetabolic response, we examined the effects of a single dose of 17β estradiol administered after a severe thermal injury in rats.Twelve male Sprague-Dawley rats were subject to either a sham burn or a 40% total body surface area burn, followed by fluid resuscitation. Burned animals were divided into a vehicle and treatment group, with injections given 15 min after the injury. Animals were monitored for a period of 45 d, with markers of hypermetabolism (weight, fecal output, food intake, and serum insulin and glucose) measured daily.We identified a significant difference in daily measured weights between the burned groups. We observed a sparing of body mass during the acute phase lasting 2 wk after the injury and an improved recovery phase during the remainder of the study. Glucose and insulin levels during the first week of the study did not differ between the treatment groups.Estrogen may have a role in preserving body mass after severe thermal injury. Further studies are required to determine if this spared body mass composition.

Cholecystectomy is the most common digestive tract surgery performed worldwide and injury to the bile duct leads to both acute and chronic sequelae. The incidence of bile duct injury is increased in the presence of severe inflammation and is compounded by congenital abnormalities of the biliary tract. Congenitally absent cystic duct is one such rare anomaly with significant surgical implications. So far only nine clear cases of congenitally absent cystic duct have been reported. In this report we describe two additional cases of a congenitally absent cystic duct and provide a comprehensive discussion of the clinical significance, and appropriate surgical management of this anomaly.

РЕЗЮМЕ. Актуальною проблемою стоматології на сьогодні є захворювання слизової оболонки порожнинирота. Проведені дослідження свідчать, що при захворюваннях шлунково-кишкового тракту виникають різноманітнізапальні та дистрофічні зміни у СОПР, що є наслідком морфофункціональної та нервово-рефлекторної єдностівсього травного каналу.Метою нашого дослідження було дослідити стан тканин пародонта до та після комплексного лікування звикористанням індексів PMA та CPITN в поєднанні з вивченням біохімічних показників сироватки крові.У всіх груп пацієнтів згідно з індексною оцінкою стану тканин пародонта рівень ЦІК, ЕІ, МДА, ДК бувпідвищеним, а система АОЗ розбалансована, що свідчило про наявність у хворих ушкоджень тканин. При цьомубільш значні зміни показників, а значить і більш значні ушкодження тканин були у хворих з середнім та тяжкимступенями запальних явищ у СОПР та у пацієнтів, які «потребували курсу професійної гігієни», кому «показанамісцева протизапальна терапія» і у тих, кому «показане комплексне лікування».Застосування комплексної терапії дало найкращий позитивний ефект у тих хворих, у яких пародонтальнийстатус за індексом CPITN відповідав рівню «слід покращити гігієну» та «потребує курсу професійної гігієни».Показники сироватки крові у них фактично не відрізнялися від показників групи пацієнтів, які «лікування непотребують».КЛЮЧОВІ СЛОВА: ушкодження слизової оболонки порожнини рота, гастродуоденіт, пародонтальні індекси,біохімічні показники, сироватка крові.

A juvenile black-backed gull (Larus dominicanus) from the Manawatu region of New Zealand was found to have chronic airsacculitis due to Aspergillus spp. Histologically, there was moderately severe inflammation in the bursa of Fabricius associated with large, basophilic, intracytoplasmic inclusions, which ultrastructurally had an appearance typical of circovirus inclusions. This finding suggests that circoviruses may be more widespread in avian species than previously recognized and may be responsible for diseases associated with immunosuppression in free-living birds.

Cystic fibrosis (CF), a genetic disease caused by mutations in the CFTR gene, is a life-limiting disease characterized by chronic bacterial airway infection and severe inflammation. Some CFTR mutants have reduced responsiveness to cAMP/PKA signaling; hence, pharmacological agents that elevate intracellular cAMP are potentially useful for the treatment of CF. By inhibiting cAMP breakdown, phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitors stimulate CFTR in vitro and in vivo. Here, we demonstrate that PDE inhibition by RPL554, a drug that has been shown to cause bronchodilation in asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients, stimulates CFTR-dependent ion secretion across bronchial epithelial cells isolated from patients carrying the R117H/ F508del CF genotype. RPL554-induced CFTR activity was further increased by the potentiator VX-770, suggesting an additional benefit by the drug combination. RPL554 also increased cilia beat frequency in primary human bronchial epithelial cells. The results indicate RPL554 may increase mucociliary clearance through stimulation of CFTR and increasing ciliary beat frequency and thus could provide a novel therapeutic option for CF.

This study investigated the effects of 5-fluorouracil in a slow-release biodegradable gelatin system on tendon healing. Gelatin blocks prepared in a size of 10 × 20 × 1 mm were loaded with 10, 20, and 30 mg of 5–fluorouracil, and 30 adult white Leghorn chickens were used. The tendons to the third and fourth toes were severed and repaired. The extremities were casted for three weeks. After sacrifice, the tendons were examined histologically and biomechanically for adhesion formation. The 10 mg-loaded gelatin group showed a decrease in adhesion formation when compared with the operative control group; the 20 and 30 mg groups showed signs of severe inflammation. Low doses of 5-fluorouracil applied via a slow-release gelatin system reduced adhesion formation in flexor tendon healing.