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Wild and domestic animal cohabitation may result in parasite cross-transmission. Our objective was to identify the presence and seasonal shedding of gastrointestinal parasites in mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) and cattle (Bos taurus) on the Mapimi Biosphere Reserve, Durango, Mexico. We collected 66 cattle and 222 mule deer fecal samples and analyzed them with McMaster flotation, fecal culture, and Baermann techniques. We identified parasite genera Eimeria, Haemonchus, Bunostonum, Cooperia, and Trichostrongylus in cattle; and Eimeria in mule deer. No common parasites were identified between the two species. Fecal parasite counts increased during periods of higher precipitation and temperature.

In order to document the species richness of mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) and their distributions in the Mexican state of Hidalgo, collecting trips were conducted to all physiographic regions (Coastal Plain of North Gulf, Sierra Madre Oriental, and Neo-volcanic Axis) and subregions of the state. Additionally, mosquito specimens from Hidalgo deposited in the Collection of Arthropods of Medical Importance (CAIM) were reexamined. A total of 3225 specimens were collected and studied and an additional 69 pinned mosquitoes and 15 microscope slides in CAIM were examined. The two Culicidae subfamilies Anophelinae and Culicinae, 8 tribes, 12 genera, 24 subgenera, and 56 species were documented. Of these, 4 tribes, 7 genera, 13 subgenera, and 26 species are new records for the mosquito fauna of Hidalgo. Nine species previously recorded were not found in the collections made during this study. Taxonomic notes, new distribution records, and comments about the medical importance of the species found are included.

The sand fly Lutzomyia cruciata has been associated with the transmission of Leishmania mexicana to humans in Mexico. This species has a wide distribution in Mexico occupying different microhabitats and environments. In this work comparisons of the egg exochorion of Lu. cruciata from different physiographic areas are presented. Study sites are from different states of southern Mexico. Exochorion analysis was carried out using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Results show differences in the exochorionic pattern among samples from Veracruz (AVER), Yucatán (HOYU) and Chiapas (TACH). The morphotype “Chiapas” has a polygonal crest pattern, the morphotype “Veracruz” shows parallel and longitudinal crests with some or few connections, and the morphotype “Yucatán” has weak connections between crest ridges. These morphological differences could be the result of local adaptations or evidence of divergence within the nominal unit Lutzomyia cruciata.

El objetivo del presente estudio fue identificar y caracterizar los estados de desarrollo de la especie de mosca negra mas abundante asociada al cultivo de nochebuena Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd, ex Klotzsch en la zona productora del centro del pais. La recoleccion de material entomologico se realizo en invernaderos de las localidades de Atlacomulco (Mexico), Tenango de las Flores (Puebla), Xochimilco (Distrito Federal) y Zacatepec y Tetela del Monte (Morelos). Se obtuvieron 2,141 especimenes adultos de Diptera, siendo la especie mas abundante (99.5%) Bradysia difformis Frey (Diptera: Sciaridae). El ciclo de vida de esta especie se completo entre 26-28 dias bajo condiciones controladas de temperatura y humedad (25°C y 70% HR). La diferenciacion de los estadios larvales fue realizada mediante la morfometria de la capsula cefalica para los estadios I vs II, cuyas probabilidades de error fueron muy bajas (1:10,000); en cambio, la diferenciacion entre los estadios II vs III, y III vs IV resulto con una probabilidad de error alta, entre 17:100 y 36:100 individuos, respectivamente. Por esta razon se recomienda explorar otras caracteristicas que en adicion a la medida de anchura de sus capsulas cefalicas permitan discriminar los diferentes estadios de desarrollo. Este es el primer registro de B. difformis en Mexico, aun cuando ya se habia reportado este genero afectando las plantas de nochebuena.

The male of Pintomyia (Pifanomyia) bolontikui sp. nov., from the Miocene Mexican amber deposits of Simojovel, Chiapas, is described. This is the second fossil phlebotomine sand fly described from Mexico. Morphological differences between fossil and extant species of American phlebotomine sand flies are discussed.

The fossil record of the Tabanidae is sparse when compared with other families of Diptera. Even in amber they are rare, probably because of their size and specific flight behavior. Horseflies from amber are only known from Cretaceous age New Jersey amber as well as from the Tertiary age Baltic and Dominican amber, but are herein described for the first time, with Stenotabanus oleariorum sp. n., from Mexican amber. The new species is compared to the fossil horseflies of the same genus S. brodzinskyi Lane, Poinar and Fairchild 1988 and S. woodruffi Lane and Fairchild 1989 from Dominican amber.

The egg exochorion, larval instars and pupa of the phlebotomine sand fly Micropygomyia (Coquillettimyia) chiapanensis (Dampf) are described and illustrated based on specimens collected in the locality of Farallón, municipality of Actopan, Veracruz, Mexico. Morphology of fourth instar larval mouthparts, particularly the incisor lobe and molar lobe shape of mandible, could be important for species identification of immature Phlebotominae. In this work is compared the pupal chaetotaxy of Mi. chiapanensis with other species previously described. The fourth instar larva of Mi. chiapanensis is compared with other species of this genus, the most important differentiating characters being the size, shape and position of the abdominal dorsal internal seta.

The present study presents morphological and chaetotaxic descriptions of the immature stages of Lutzomyia (Tricholateralis) cruciata (Coquillett), a probable vector of leishmaniasis in Mexico. The egg exochorion is consistent with the species already known as Lu. (Tricholaterialis), but different from the Lu. cruciata egg of Chiapas, Mexico. The fourth instar larva of Lu. (Tricholateralis) cruciata possesses a novel antenna, combining morphological characteristics of categories 2 and 3 for neotropical sandflies. Differences between the chaetotaxy of first and fourth instar larvae of Lu. cruciata with those of Lu. (Lutzomyia) and Lu. (Tricholaterlis) are compared and discussed. This is the first time in which the chaetotaxy and morphology of pupa of a species belonging to Lutzomyia (Tricholateralis) sensu Galati have been described, and we recorded for the first time the anterior prothorax setae, which was previously only considered for Old World species.

Se informan los resultados de las capturas de tábanos con trampas Malaise en la selva mediana del sur de Yucatán durante 2007. Se registraron ocho especies de la familia Tabanidae (Chrysopsvariegatus, Diachlorus ferrugatus, Leucotabanus canithorax, L. itzarum, Tabanus colombensis, T. commixtus, T. haemagogusy T. oculus) que representan 36% de las especies conocidas para este estado.Tabaninae fue la subfamilia mejor representada (tres géneros y siete especies). Las especies más abundantes fueron Tabanus commixtus y Leucotabanus itzarum.

La malaria o paludismo es una enfermedad humana causada por protozoarios del género Plasmodium y es transmitida por hembras de mosquito de ciertas especies de Anopheles. Se estima queen México el 33.1% de la población vive en áreas donde puede ocurrir la transmisión de la malaria. Veracruz es un estado donde la enfermedad es endémica debido a diversos factores que lo hacen una zona de riesgo para la transmisión, entre ellos las condiciones climáticas y la migración humana. Por lo anterior, en este trabajo se presentan las bases para la reactivación de la vigilancia entomológica del paludismo en el estado de Veracruz, para lo cual se provee la diagnosis ilustrada de la larva, la pupa y los adultos de ambos sexos de las especies de anofelinos del estado, así como las claves taxonómicas que permiten su reconocimiento, con base en el examen de ejemplares recolectados o depositados en coleccionesentomológicas de referencia. También se obtuvieron mapas de distribución conocida y potencial de las especies por medio de GARP. Se mencionan además algunos datos bionómicos y la importanciamédica de cada especie. Se conocen en Veracruz 18 especies de anofelinos, agrupadas en dos géneros, Chagasia con una especie y Anopheles con 17 pertenecientes a los subgéneros An. (Anopheles), An. (Kerteszia) y An. (Nyssorhynchus). Se reconocen cuatro grupos de especies de acuerdo a su capacidad de transmisión de plasmodios y por su amplitud de distribución: el grupo de alto riesgo constituido por 2 especies; el grupo de riesgo moderado o regional, con 8 especies; el de escaso riesgo, con 3 especies y el de riesgo nulo con 5 especies. Prácticamente todo el estado posee vectores potenciales por lo que debe reestablecerse la vigilancia permanente de sus poblaciones. Este trabajo aporta elementos de juicio para que el estado pueda ser, en un futuro cercano, certificado como área libre de paludismo.

To identify the relationship between landscape use and dengue virus (DENV) occurrence in bats, we investigated the presence of DENV from anthropogenically changed and unaltered landscapes in two Biosphere Reserves: Calakmul (Campeche) and Montes Azules (Chiapas) in southern Mexico. Spleen samples of 146 bats, belonging to 16 species, were tested for four DENV serotypes with standard reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) protocols. Six bats (4.1%) tested positive for DENV-2: four bats in Calakmul (two Glossophaga soricina, one Artibeus jamaicensis, and one A. lituratus) and two bats in Montes Azules (both A. lituratus). No effect of anthropogenic disturbance on the occurrence of DENV was detected; however, all three RT-PCR-positive bat species are considered abundant species in the Neotropics and well-adapted to disturbed habitats. To our knowledge, this study is the first study conducted in southeastern Mexico to identify DENV-2 in bats by a widely accepted RT-PCR protocol. The role that bats play on DENV's ecology remains undetermined.

Lepidiella larryi sp. nov., is described and illustrated based on male and female characteristics. Specimens of this new species were captured in Magdalena Province, Colombia, and constitute the first species of this genus recorded in Colombia.

In a recent paper a new subfamily of Psychodidae was inadequately named Protopsychodinae. This nomenclatural act cannot be considered as a valid name under ICZN regulations because the subfamily name is not based on the type genusDatziaStebner et al., 2015, and furthermore the fossil genusProtopsychodaAzar et al., 1999 was originally described under the subfamily Psychodinae. Therefore, the new family-group name Datziinae is herein proposed.

Collections from four localities, two of the High Plateau and two of the Eastern Mountains Municipality of Chiapas, near the border with Guatemala, included 26 species with four new species records for Mexico: Lutzomyia (Helcocyrtomyia) hartmanni (FairchildHertig, 1957), Dampfomyia (Coromyia) disneyi (Williams, 1987), Psychodopygus bispinosus (FairchildHertig, 1951), and Psychodopygus corossoniensis (LePontPajot, 1978). These records represent an updated total of 50 species in Mexico, 48 of which are extant species and the remaining two fossils. The name Xiphopsathyromyia n. n. is proposed in substitution of Xiphomyia Artemiev, 1991, a homonym of Xiphomyia Townsend, 1917, a genus of Tachinidae (Diptera).

En esta segunda contribución a la historia de la Dipterología mexicana, se presentan datos generales de la obra Biologia-Centrali A mericana, de sus autores, colectores y de los viajes efectuados para la obtención del material. Específicamente con respecto a Diptera, se incluyen algunos aspectos de la vida y obra de los contribuidores de este trabajo. A quí se enlistan todos los nombres de especies de los Diptera mexicanos propuestos por Karl Robert Romanovitch Baron von den Osten Sacken (78 especies), Samuel Wendell Williston (200 especies), John Merton A ldrich (47 especies), William Morton Wheeler y A xel Leonard Melander (18 especies), y Frederik Maurits Van Der Wulp (610 especies). Quedan incluidas en total 953 nombres específicos de las siguientes 41 familias vigentes (en orden filogenético): Tipulidae: 16, Bibionidae: 2, Ditomyiidae: 1, Keroplatidae: 2, Mycetophilidae: 1, Culicidae: 1, Ceratopogonidae: 2, Tabanidae: 12, Pantophtalmidae: 1, Rhagionidae: 7, Stratiomyidae: 26, Therevidae: 1, Mydidae: 3, A pioceridae: 1, A silidae: 59, A croceridae: 3, Nemestrinidae: 1, Bombyliidae: 72, Empididae: 20, Dolichopodidae: 48, Platypezidae: 1, Syrphidae: 54, Pipunculidae: 5, Conopidae: 6, Micropezidae: 12, Tanypezidae: 1, Psilidae: 2, Otitidae: 12, Platystomatidae: 8, Tephritidae: 39, Richardiidae: 5, Sciomyzidae: 10, Lauxaniidae: 1, Heleomyzidae: 3, Scatophagidae: 4, A nthomyiidae: 11, Muscidae: 40, Calliphoridae: 1, Sarcophagidae: 44, Tachinidae: 412, Hippoboscidae: 3. La referencia original, la localidad-tipo, el museo o colección donde el material se encuentra depositado, el estado taxonómico actual y referencias adicionales son provistos para cada especie.

Micropygomyia (Coquillettimyia) nahua sp. nov., is described and illustrated based on male and female characteristics. Specimens were collected in the Municipality of Naolinco, state of Veracruz, Mexico. This new species of phlebotomine sand fly has characteristics corresponding to the series vexator Fairchild of Galati, with male similar to Micropygomyia (Coquillettimyia) apache (Young & Perkins), Mi. (Coq.) oppidana (Dampf) and Mi. (Coq.) vexator (Coquillett), but recognized by the male paramere structure and simple apex of aedeagal ducts in the male, the later exception for this species series. Female can be confused with Mi. (Coq.) vexator, Mi. (Coq.) oppidana and Mi. (Coq.) apache, but is distinguishable by the cibarial armature combined with the long and very slender individual spermathecal ducts. Keys for male and female species of Micropygomyia (Coquillettimyia) are provided.

Arboviruses are important zoonotic agents with complex transmission cycles and are not well understood because they may involve many vectors and hosts. We studied sympatric wild mammals and hematophagous mosquitoes having the potential to act as hosts and vectors in two areas of southern Mexico. Mosquitoes, bats, and rodents were captured in Calakmul (Campeche) and Montes Azules (Chiapas), between November 2010 and August 2011. Spleen samples from 146 bats and 14 rodents were tested for molecular evidence of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV), eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV), western equine encephalitis virus (WEEV), and West Nile virus (WNV) using PCR protocols. Bat ( Artibeus lituratus , Carollia sowelli , Glossophaga soricina , and Sturnira parvidens) and rodent ( Sigmodon hispidus and Oryzomys alfaroi ) species were positive for VEEV. No individuals were positive for WNV, EEEV, or WEEV. A total of 1,298 mosquitoes were collected at the same sites, and five of the mosquito species collected were known VEEV vectors (Aedes fulvus, Mansonia indubitans, Psorophora ferox, Psorophora cilipes, and Psorophora confinnis). This survey simultaneously presents the first molecular evidence, to our knowledge, of VEEV in bats and rodents from southern Mexico and the identification of potential sympatric vectors. Studies investigating sympatric nonhuman hosts, vectors, and arboviruses must be expanded to determine arboviral dynamics in complex systems in which outbreaks of emerging and reemerging zoonoses are continuously occurring.

All immature stages of the phlebotomine sandfly Dampfomyia (Coromyia) beltrani (VargasDíaz-Nájera) [= Lutzomyia (Coromyia) beltrani, sensu YoungDuncan 1994] are described and illustrated based on reared specimens from founder females collected from the type-locality in Veracruz, Mexico. These represent the first description of egg, and the third of larva instars and pupa of a species of the subgenus Coromyia, only preceded by Da. vespertilionis (FairchildHertig) and Da. isovespertilionis (FairchildHertig). Some morphological nomenclature clarifications are suggested toward the standardization of immature descriptions, which, in turn, would allow detection of homologies for future integration of these developmental stages characters into a phylogenetic analyses.

Se presenta la vida y obra de aquellos entomólogos quienes describieron especies de Diptera de México antes de la publicación de la obra Biologia Centrali-Americana, incluyendo algunos comentarios respecto a los colectores. Aquí se incluyen las listas de los nombres de especies mexicanas propuestos por Thomas Say (15 especies), Rudolph Wilhelm Wiedemann (35 especies), Pierre Justin Marie Macquart (71 especies), John Obadiah Westwood (5 especies), Bracy Clark (1 especie), Francis Walker (91 especies), Luigi Bellardi (176 especies), Camilo Rondani (5 especies), F. Jaennicke (24 especies) Edward Adolph Gerstaecker (8 especies), Jaques Marie Frangille Bigot (205 especies), Alfred Dugès (1 especie), Friedrich Moritz Brauer (3 especies), F. M. Brauer & J. F. Bergenstamm (13 especies), Ermanno Giglio-Tos (177 especies), and Ewald Rübsaamen (2 especies), esto es, un total de 832 nombres específicos de las siguientes 51 familias actuales (en orden filogenético): Tipulidae, Culicidae, Simuliidae, Anisopodidae, Bibionidae, Ditomyiidae, Mycetophilidae, Sciaridae, Xylomyidae, Stratiomyidae, Tabanidae, Rhagionidae, Pantophtalmidae, Therevidae, Mydidae, Asilidae, Nemestrinidae, Acroceridae, Bombyliidae, Empididae, Dolichopodidae, Syrphidae, Conopidae, Micropezidae, Neriidae, Psilidae, Tanypezidae, Richardiidae, Otitidae, Platystomatidae, Tephritidae, Dryomyzidae, Sepsidae, Sciomyzidae, Lauxaniidae, Lonchaeidae, Ephydridae, Drosophilidae, Chloropidae, Heleomyzidae, Rhinotoridae, Anthomyiidae, Scatophagidae, Muscidae, Hippoboscidae, Streblidae, Nycteribiidae, Calliphoridae, Sarcophagidae, Tachinidae y Cuterebridae. Se presenta la referencia original, la localidad tipo, el museo o colección depositarios, el estado taxonómico actual de cada nombre y referencias adicionales.

Two new Mexican species of aphodiine Scarabaeidae are described: Ataenius paraperforatus new species (Eupariini), based on specimens of both sexes collected in mesophilous cloud-forest of Xilitla, Queretaro State, Jacala, Hidalgo State, and Totutla, State of Veracruz; and Cephalocyclus stebnickae new species (Aphodiini), based on two male specimens captured in a Pinus-Quercus forest near Teopisca, Chiapas State. Ataenius paraperforatus is compared to A. perforatus Harold. Important taxonomic characteristics of both Ataenius as well of the new Cephalocyclus are illustrated. A key for the identification of the seven known species of Cephalocyclus and comments on the species distribution in Mexico is additionally presented.

OBJETIVO: Informar el porcentaje de infeccion natural de las especies de triatominos que habitan con mayor frecuencia el medio domestico y peridomestico en Mexico, asi como dar a conocer las localidades de colecta por estado. MATERIAL Y METODOS: Se recibieron muestras de chinches Triatominae en el Departamento de Entomologia del Instituto de Diagnostico y Referencia Epidemiologicos, para su determinacion taxonomica y la busqueda parasitoscopica de Trypanosoma cruzi, provenientes de 14 estados del pais, de enero de 1993 a diciembre de 1999. Se analizaron en conjunto los resultados obtenidos en esos anos. RESULTADOS: De una muestra de 5 399 ejemplares, fueron 13 las especies de triatominos asociadas a las viviendas. El porcentaje de infeccion natural tuvo una amplia variacion entre las especies. De las estudiadas, nueve se encontraron con infeccion natural; el mayor porcentaje de infeccion corresponde a Triatoma pallidipennis, T. picturata, Rhodnius prolixus y T. longipennis. Los estados con mayor porcentaje de infeccion fueron Nayarit, Morelos y Michoacan. Se presentaron nuevos registros estatales de Triatoma dimidiata, T. gerstaeckeri, T. longipennis, T. mexicana y T. pallidipennis y uno local de Pastrongylus rufotuberculatus. Ademas, se informa por primera vez la infeccion natural en algunas de ellas. CONCLUSIONES: Se debe poner mayor enfasis en el estudio de la biologia y aspectos bionomicos de los triatominos y realizar una vigilancia permanente para tener los registros de distribucion actualizados, asi como para conocer los indices de infeccion natural por T. cruzi, de las especies domiciliarias, peridomiciliarias y de las que estan en proceso de adaptacion a la vivienda humana.

The effect of the introduction of the entomophagous copepod Mesocyclops longisetus (Acuacultura F.C.B. strain) on the survival of Aedes aegypti immature stages in car tyres was evaluated under semi-natural conditions in the municipality of Merida, Yucatan, Mexico. Life tables were constructed for the immature stages of the mosquito in the presence and absence of M. longisetus, and the survival data were compared using log-linear models. The data set was adjusted using the GLIM statistical package and the quality of adjustment was evaluated with a chi-squared test. Survivorship curves were constructed for each treatment. In the absence of M. longisetus, the survivorship of Ae. aegypti immature stages averaged 9%. The highest mortality rate was observed during the fourth larval instar (54%) and the resulting survival pattern corresponded to a type II survivorship curve. The mortality rate of Ae. aegypti first-instar larvae (fifty per tyre) increased more than 200-fold in the presence of M. longisetus (twenty per tyre) and the highest mortality was during the first two larval instars, where it reached 98.9%, with a resulting survivorship of 0.2%. Overall mortality was sixfold greater in the presence of the copepod than in its absence. The survival pattern of immature stages of Ae. aegypti in the presence of the copepod corresponded to a type III survivorship curve. As M. longisetus was so effective against Ae. aegypti immature stages in tyres under seminatural conditions, its long-term effectiveness should be evaluated under socially and ecologically realistic field conditions in Mexico.

The composition and seasonal occurrence of sandflies were investigated in coffee agroecosystems in the Soconusco region of Chiapas, Mexico. Insect sampling was performed on three plantations located at different altitudes: Finca Guadalupe Zajú [1,000 m above sea level (a.s.l.)], Finca Argovia (613 m a.s.l.) and Teotihuacán del Valle (429 m a.s.l.). Sandflies were sampled monthly from August 2007-July 2008 using three sampling methods: Shannon traps, CDC miniature light traps and Disney traps. Sampling was conducted for 3 h during three consecutive nights, beginning at sunset. A total of 4,387 sandflies were collected during the course of the study: 2,718 individuals in Finca Guadalupe Zajú, 605 in Finca Argovia and 1,064 in Teotihuacán del Valle. The Shannon traps captured 94.3% of the total sandflies, while the CDC light traps and Disney traps captured 4.9% and 0.8%, respectively. More females than males were collected at all sites. While the number of sandflies captured was positively correlated with temperature and relative humidity, a negative correlation was observed between sandfly numbers and rainfall. Five species of sandflies were captured: Lutzomyia cruciata , Lutzomyia texana , Lutzomyia ovallesi , Lutzomyia cratifer / undulata and Brumptomyia sp. Lu. cruciata , constituting 98.8% of the total, was the most abundant species. None of the captured sandflies was infected with Leishmania spp.

The phlebotomine sand fly Lutzomyia evansi is recorded in Mexico for the first time. This species is a suspected vector of Leishmania infantum in other parts of its geographical range and was captured in a focus of American visceral leishmaniasis where the principal vector, Lu. longipalpis sensu lato, was also found. The relative public health importance of the two species in the study area (Chiapas state, Southern Mexico) is discussed.

Ecological niche models are useful tools to infer potential spatial and temporal distributions in vector species and to measure epidemiological risk for infectious diseases such as the Leishmaniases. The ecological niche of 28 North and Central American sand fly species, including those with epidemiological relevance, can be used to analyze the vector's ecology and its association with transmission risk, and plan integrated regional vector surveillance and control programs. In this study, we model the environmental requirements of the principal North and Central American phlebotomine species and analyze three niche characteristics over future climate change scenarios: i) potential change in niche breadth, ii) direction and magnitude of niche centroid shifts, iii) shifts in elevation range. Niche identity between confirmed or incriminated Leishmania vector sand flies in Mexico, and human cases were analyzed. Niche models were constructed using sand fly occurrence datapoints from Canada, USA, Mexico, Guatemala and Belize. Nine non-correlated bioclimatic and four topographic data layers were used as niche components using GARP in OpenModeller. Both B2 and A2 climate change scenarios were used with two general circulation models for each scenario (CSIRO and HadCM3), for 2020, 2050 and 2080. There was an increase in niche breadth to 2080 in both scenarios for all species with the exception of Lutzomyia vexator. The principal direction of niche centroid displacement was to the northwest (64%), while the elevation range decreased greatest for tropical, and least for broad-range species. Lutzomyia cruciata is the only epidemiologically important species with high niche identity with that of Leishmania spp. in Mexico. Continued landscape modification in future climate change will provide an increased opportunity for the geographic expansion of NCA sand flys' ENM and human exposure to vectors of Leishmaniases., Author Summary The present study models the niche of the most abundant sand fly species in North and Central America, including all proven and incriminated vectors of Leishmaniases, an important neglected tropical disease of the region. The expansion and elevation or centroid shifts of the species' niche are modeled for extreme (A2) and conservative (B2) climate change scenarios to 2020, 2050 and 2080. In climate change scenarios, models predict significant niche breadth changes in geographic space, principally in temperate sand fly species, while elevation shifts occur principally in tropical, and greatest, in vector species. Niche centroid shifts for individual species were predominately to the northwest, and secondarily to the northeast. The highest proportion of human population at-risk for contact with a vector species was with Lutzomyia diabolica and Lutzomyia shannoni. Despite the fact that Lutzomyia olmeca olmeca is the only confirmed vector species in Mexico, the present study demonstrates a significant niche identity between Leishmania spp. and Lutzomyia cruciata.

The egg exochorion, larval instars and pupa of the phlebotomine sand fly Micropygomyia ( Coquillettimyia ) chiapanensis (Dampf) are described and illustrated based on specimens collected in the locality of Farallon, municipality of Actopan, Veracruz, Mexico. Morphology of fourth instar larval mouthparts, particularly the incisor lobe and molar lobe shape of mandible, could be important for species identification of immature Phlebotominae. In this work is compared the pupal chaetotaxy of Mi. chiapanensis with other species previously described. The fourth instar larva of Mi. chiapanensis is compared with other species of this genus, the most important differentiating characters being the size, shape and position of the abdominal dorsal internal seta.

Didicrum colombensis sp. nov. is described and illustrated based on male and female morphological characters. The discovery of this species in Colombia represents a significant range extension for Didicrum as all previously described species of this genus are distributed in the Australasian region and the southernmost portion of South America. A checklist of the World species of Didicrum is presented.

The low dispersal capacity of sand flies could lead to population isolation due to geographic barriers, climate variation, or to population fragmentation associated with specific local habitats due to landscape modification. The phlebotomine sand fly Lutzomyia cruciata has a wide distribution throughout Mexico and is a vector of Leishmania mexicana in the southeast. The aim of this study was to evaluate the genetic diversity, structure, and divergence within and among populations of Lu. cruciata in the state of Chiapas, and to infer the intra-specific phylogeny using the 3' end of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene. We analyzed 62 sequences from four Lu. cruciata populations and found 26 haplotypes, high genetic differentiation and restricted gene flow among populations (Fst=0.416, Nm=0.701, p

Se informan los resultados de las capturas de tábanos con trampas Malaise en la selva mediana del sur de Yucatán durante 2007. Se registraron ocho especies de la familia Tabanidae (Chrysops variegatus, Diachlorus ferrugatus, Leucotabanus canithorax, L. itzarum, Tabanus colombensis, T. commixtus, T. haemagogusy T. oculus) que representan 36% de las especies conocidas para este estado. Tabaninae fue la subfamilia mejor representada (tres géneros y siete especies). Las especies más abundantes fueron Tabanus commixtus y Leucotabanus itzarum.

Leishmaniases are a group of vector-borne diseases with different clinical manifestations caused by parasites transmitted by sand fly vectors. In Mexico, the sand fly Lutzomyia olmeca olmeca is the only vector proven to transmit the parasite Leishmania mexicana to humans, which causes leishmaniasis. Other vector species with potential medical importance have been obtained, but their geographic distributions and relation to transmission areas have never been assessed. We modeled the ecological niches of nine sand fly species and projected niches to estimate potential distributions by using known occurrences, environmental coverages, and the algorithms GARP and Maxent. All vector species were distributed in areas with known recurrent transmission, except for Lu. diabolica, which appeared to be related only to areas of occasional transmission in northern Mexico. The distribution of Lu. o. olmeca does not overlap with all reported cutaneous leishmaniasis cases, suggesting that Lu. cruciata and Lu. shannoni are likely also involved as primary vectors in those areas. Our study provides useful information of potential risk areas of leishmaniasis transmission in Mexico.

The female of the phlebotomine sand fly Lutzomyia reclusa Fernandez & Rogers 1991 [= Pintomyia (Pifanomyia) reclusa (Fernandez & Rogers) sensu Galati], is described for the first time, based on specimens collected in the Department of Cajamarca, in northern Peru. The female can be recognized from other species of the series pia, species group Verrucarum, by wing venation with beta shorter than half of alpha, labrum just shorter than head width but longer than flagellomere 1, palpomere 5 much longer than palpomere 3, arrangement of cibarial armature, and form of spermathecae and relative size of spermathecal ducts. Diagnostic characters and measurements of the male of Lu. reclusa are provided as well.

RESUMEN. Se presenta un catalogo de los ejemplares de la familia Psychodidae (Diptera) integradosen la Coleccion de Artropodos con Importancia Medica (CAIM) del InDRE, Mexico. La familia estarepresentada en la coleccion por 2,459 ejemplares correspondientes a tres subfamilias, seis generos y 55especies (2287), 28 de Mexico (provenientes de 20 entidades federativas: Chiapas, Coahuila, Colima,Distrito Federal, Estado de Mexico, Guerrero, Jalisco, Michoacan, Morelos, Nayarit, Nuevo Leon,Oaxaca, Puebla, Quintana Roo, San Luis Potosi, Sonora, Tabasco, Tamaulipas, Veracruz y Yucatan) y27 especies (172 ejemplares) de Argentina, Brasil, Costa Rica, Estados Unidos de America, GuayanaFrancesa, Honduras, Islas Virgenes, Panama, Peru, Puerto Rico, Trinidad, Venezuela. Palabras clave: Catalogo, Psychodidae, Diptera, Coleccion, Mexico. Godinez-Alvarez, A. & S. Ibanez-Bernal. 2010. Catalogue of Psychodidae (Diptera) in the MedicalImportance Arthropod Collection (CAIM), InDRE, Secretaria de Salud, Mexico.

Programmes involving mosquito research and surveillance are normally focused on the study of aquatic larval stages, but sampling methods are varied and not systematized, which hinders the comparative analysis of ecological data. A standardized method for assessing the richness and abundance of mosquito larval populations of value for the analysis of mosquito diversity is presented. Based on the study of all the aquatic sites in a one hectare sample area with a proportional number of dips according to the size of the aquatic habitat, comparative data can be obtained on species richness and relative abundance of species found between pairs of sites or in the same area at different times. This technique provides information on the total mosquito fauna at each site, helps recognize species of medical importance and estimates the abundance of each species; parameters that are not estimated by the current entomological indexes used in surveillance programmes. The quality of the inventory is obtained by estimation of the efficiency effort. Procedures for calculating alpha, beta and gamma diversity are presented. The technique was validated in a natural and an urban zone at La Mancha, Veracruz, Mexico, over two years of sampling made during different climatic seasons.

A new name for the Oriental genus Nyssomyia Hull, 1962 (Diptera: Asilidae) is proposed. Homonymy exists between this Oriental robber fly genus and the more senior Neotropical phlebotomine sand fly genus Nyssomyia Barretto, 1962 (sensu Galati 2003) (Diptera: Psychodidae), and the following replacement name is proposed: Ekkentronomyia nom. nov. for Nyssomyia Hull (nec Barretto 1962). Accordingly, a new combination is herein proposed for the only species currently included in this genus: Ekkentronomyia ochracea (Hull, 1962) comb. nov.

Collections from four localities, two of the High Plateau and two of the Eastern Mountains Municipality of Chiapas, near the border with Guatemala, included 26 species with four new species records for Mexico: Lutzomyia (Helcocyrtomyia) hartmanni (Fairchild & Hertig, 1957), Dampfomyia (Coromyia) disneyi (Williams, 1987), Psychodopygus bispinosus (Fairchild & Hertig, 1951), and Psychodopygus corossoniensis (LePont & Pajot, 1978). These records represent an updated total of 50 species in Mexico, 48 of which are extant species and the remaining two fossils. The name Xiphopsathyromyia n. n. is proposed in substitution of Xiphomyia Artemiev, 1991, a homonym of Xiphomyia Townsend, 1917, a genus of Tachinidae (Diptera).

The Americas have a long history of dengue epidemics which present public health problems because of the potential emergence of dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF). Efforts to control Aedes aegypti—the only demonstrated vector of dengue virus in the Americas—were effectively deployed in the 1950s and 1960s when the Pan American Health Organization launched a continental eradication campaign against yellow fever. Aedes aegypti was eliminated in Mexico in 1963. However subsequent social and economic changes in the Americas have permitted the rapid reinfestation of the vector throughout the region. In Mexico population movement from rural areas to urban centers—brought about by intensive industrialization —were notmatched with adequate housing and sufficient water sewage and waste management systems. The introduction and proliferation of nonrecyclable products provided numerous and effective breeding sites for urban mosquitoes. For example from 1960 to 1990 the annual production of bottles in Mexico increased from 500000 to 3.5 million and the annual production of tires increased from 2 to 17 million. Tourism and travel promoted as essential to the national economy have also become important mechanisms for transporting dengue viruses. Additionally surveillance prevention and control programs lack the infrastructure and human resources needed to tackle this neglected health problem. Millions of people living in the tropical and subtropical areas of the region face the reemergence of dengue and DHF. (excerpt)

All immature stages of the phlebotomine sandfly Dampfomyia (Coromyia) beltrani (Vargas & Diaz-Najera) [= Lutzomyia (Coromyia) beltrani, sensu Young & Duncan 1994] are described and illustrated based on reared specimens from founder females collected from the type-locality in Veracruz, Mexico. These represent the first description of egg, and the third of larva instars and pupa of a species of the subgenus Coromyia, only preceded by Da. vespertilionis (Fairchild & Hertig) and Da. isovespertilionis (Fairchild & Hertig). Some morphological nomenclature clarifications are suggested toward the standardization of immature descriptions, which, in turn, would allow detection of homologies for future integration of these developmental stages characters into a phylogenetic analyses.

We report here the reappearence of Aedes aegypti in the Rimac district, and summarize the history of this mosquito species in Peru since its first detection in 1852. On March 17 2000 were found Ae. aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus in Mariscal Castilla town, Flor de Amancaes, San Juan de Amancaes, El Altillo and Santa Rosa in the Rimac district, Lima Province.

Mosquito collections were conducted during a dengue outbreak in Reynosa, Tamaulipas, Mexico, July-December 1995. A total of 6694 adult mosquitoes (four genera and nine species) were captured, of which 2986 (78.3% females and 21.7% males) were Aedes albopictus and 2339 (39.7% females and 60.3% males) were Ae.aegypti. These two species comprised 84.2% of the total collection. Specimens were grouped into pools, nearly 50% of them processed for detection of virus by cythopathic effect in C6-36 and VERO cell cultures and by haemagglutination test. Five pools gave positive haemagglutin-ation reactions and were examined by immunofluorescence using monoclonal antibodies to flavivirus and to dengue virus. One pool of ten Ae.albopictus males was positive for dengue virus: serotypes 2 and 3 were identified by serotype-specific monoclonal antibodies arid confirmed by RT-PCR. This is the first report of Ae.albopictus naturally infected with dengue virus in America. Also, it is the very first time Ae.albopictus males have been found infected with dengue virus in the wild.

The pharate male and the larva of Simulium (Aspathia) sandyi Coscarón, Ibáñez-Bernal & Coscarón-Arias, 1999, are described for the first time, and the female and pupa are redescribed. The most important features of the larva, pupa, male, and female are illustrated, and the previously reported type locality is corrected.

An entomological survey was carried out in the municipalities of Juchique de Ferrer and Colipa in the north-central area of the State of Veracruz, Mexico, where some human cutaneous leishmaniasis cases have been recorded. These sampling efforts were undertaken to identify potential vectors of Leishmania species in that area. A total of 123 specimens were obtained, corresponding to one species of the Bruchomyiinae genus Nemapalpus Macquart, and six species of the Phlebotominae genus Lutzomyia França. Additional morphological characters of the poorly known male of Nemapalpus dampfianus Alexander and a description of Lutzomyia leohidalgoi sp. nov., based on male and female characteristics, are presented with illustrations. This is the first record from Veracruz of Nemapalpus dampfianus Alexander, Lutzomyia serrana (Damasceno & Arouck) (species group Verrucarum), Lutzomyia (Psathyromyia) cratifer (Fairchild & Hertig), and Lutzomyia (Helcocyrtomyia) oppidana (Dampf). Lutzomyia (Lutzomyia) cruciata (Coquillett) and L. (Psathyromyia) shannoni (Dyar) are anthropophilic species already known from Veracruz.

Only three species of Trichomyia Haliday have been recorded in Mexico. Trichomyia cirrata Coquillett, 1902, is recognized by its female characteristics, T. fairchildi Vargas and D az-N jera, 1953, was described based only on the wing and must be considered as species inquirenda, and T. maldonadoi (Vargas, 1953), which was described based on one female specimen. Specimens of Trichomyia collected in the states of Campeche, Yucatan, and Oaxaca, Mexico, allowed this female to be associated with the male of T. brevitarsa (Rapp, 1945), thus providing a first report of this species in Mexico. Consequently, T. maldonadoi is proposed as a synonym of T. brevitarsa. Additionally, a new species of Trichomyia from the state of Veracruz, Mexico, is described and illustrated based on the male and female characteristics.

Feuerborniella veracruzana sp. nov., is described and illustrated based on male and female characteristics. This species belongs to a group of historically troublesome taxa. Formerly the genus Feuerborniella Vaillant, was considered as part of the Threticus genera-group under different tribes, but are now in the tribe Psychodini. The species described here fits well in this genus, and is morphologically similar to F. plaumanni (Duckhouse) described from Brazil.

Two new species of Psychoda from northern Puebla, Mexico, are described and illustrated based on male and female characters. Psychoda capitipenis n. sp. belongs to the Alternata complex or to the genus Tinearia Schellemberg (sensu Jezek), whereas Psychoda plumbea n. sp. is similar to P. cinerea, P. tothastica and P. elegans. Both of them are considerably different from all other species of the genus previously described.

Ibáñez-Bernal, Sergio (2009): First record of the genus Atrichobrunettia Satchell in Mexico, with the description of a new species (Diptera, Psychodidae, Psychodinae). Zootaxa 2306: 59-65, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.275400

The following species are recorded by first time in Mexico: Lepidiella albipeda (Rapp, 1945b), L. matagalpensis (Collantes and Martinez-Ortega, 1998), Australopericoma caudata (Satchell, 1955), Balbagathis sylvatica Quate, 1994, Paramormia furcata (Kincaid, 1899), Psychoda cinerea Banks, 1894, P. lativentris Berden, 1952, P. savaiiensis Edwards, 1928, and P. tothastica Quate, 1955. Aditionally, some state records of Clogmia albipunctata (Williston, 1893), Psychoda alternata Say, 1824, and P. alternicula Quate, 1955, are provided. The female of Lepidiella albipeda (Rapp), the male of Balbagathis sylvatica Quate, 1994, and the male and female of one previously unknown species of the genus Psychoda Latreille, 1796, are described and illustrated by first time. Additionally, Telmatoscopus sobrinus Quate, 1955 and Duckhousiella corniculata Vaillant, 1973 of North America are transferred to the genus Paramormia Enderlein.

Se muestran los resultados de la búsqueda de Leishmania y Wolbachia mediante PCR, en flebotominos recolectados durante 2011 (febrero-marzo) en cafetales de cuatro localidades ubicadas dentro de un transecto altitudinal en la región del Soconusco, Chiapas, México. Las especies Lutzomyia texana y Lu. carpenteri son documentadas por primera vez para el estado de Chiapas. Wolbachia fue detectada en una hembra de Lutzomyia cruciata capturada en la Finca Guadalupe Sajú. Todas las muestras fueron negativas a Leishmania.