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El monitoreo de variables biofísicas de cambio lento de vegetación y suelos se hace a escalas regionales y en períodos que se cuentan en décadas. Requiere colaboración de equipos científicos, de instituciones en diversas biozonas que deben acordar métodos comunes y compartir información georreferenciada. Se presenta en este trabajo la base de datos de la red MARAS (monitores ambientales para regiones áridas y semiáridas) de 366 monitores en Patagonia argentina y chilena que se desarrolló desde 2008 e incluye sitios del Observatorio Nacional de Tierras y Desertificación. La base está disponible para desarrolladores como Software Libre, bajo la Licencia Pública General de GNU (GPL). Incluye información del establecimiento y características del paisaje. Monitoring biophysical aspects of desertification requires the description of slow changing variables at regional scales and time lapses of decades, and cooperation of scientific teams working in different institutions and biozones. Common sampling methods and storing and sharing georeferenced information is also needed. We present a data base MARAS (environmental monitors for arid and semiarid regions) that has 366 monitors in Chilean and Argentinean Patagonia region since 2008 and includes sites of the Observatorio Nacional de Tierras y Desertificación. The database was developed with open software tools and is available for the programming community with a Public General License GNU (GPL). Information for each monitor includes location and general characteristics of landscape. In each reassessment at a lapse of approximately 5 years, 7 high resolution field photographs, 500 point intercepts for biodiversity and cover, and 50-m canfield lines for patch –interpatch analysis and 11 estimations of plots of landscape function analysis and soil sample analysis including pH, conductivity, organic matter, N and texture are included. An external access to this database is under development, and it will reports of change at monitor and regional scale for producers, scientists and decision makers in order to make this information usable. Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Bariloche Fil: Oliva, Gabriel Esteban. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Santa Cruz; Argentina Fil: Osiris, Sofia. Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia Austral; Argentina Fil: Dos Santos, Eder. Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia Austral; Argentina Fil: Umaña, Fernando. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Bariloche. Laboratorio de Teledetección; Argentina Fil: Massara Paletto; Virginia. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estacion Experimental Agropecuaria Chubut; Argentina Fil: García Martinez, Guillermo Carlos. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Esquel; Argentina Fil: Gariac, German. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estacion Experimental Agropecuaria Valle Inferior Rio Negro; Argentina Fil: Fantozzi, Anabella Giselle. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Bariloche; Argentina Fil: Butti, Lucas Ramiro. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Anguil; Argentina Fil: Bran, Donaldo Eduardo. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Bariloche. Laboratorio de Teledetección; Argentina Fil: Gaitán, Juan José. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Centro de Investigación de Recursos Naturales. Instituto de Investigación Suelos; Argentina Fil: Dominguez, Erwin. Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias; Chile

Balanced fertilization is an important factor in optimizing the growth and productivity of crops. This study aimed to evaluate biomass flow and rain use efficiency in cactus pear cv. Gigante fertilized with combinations of nitrogen (10; 70; 100; 130 and 190 kg ha-1 year-1 N) and phosphorus (10; 70; 100; 130 and 190 kg ha-1 year-1 P2O5), in two harvest frequencies (annual and biennal), in the regions of Quixadá and Tejuçuoca, in Ceará. This was a split-plot randomized block design, with four replicates. In Quixadá and Tejuçuoca, the N and P combinations and harvest frequencies influenced the productions rates of different cladode orders and rain use efficiency in cactus pear. In Quixadá, in the annual harvest, the forage production rate (FPR) was 10.3 kg ha-1 day-1 in the N/P2O5 combination at 190.0/190.0 kg ha-1 year-1 and in the biennal harvest, the maximum FPR was 4.6 kg ha-1 day-1 in the N/P2O5 combination at 114.6/136.8 kg ha-1 year-1. In relation to the annual harvest in the municipality of Tejuçuoca, the maximum FPR was 30.0 kg ha-1 day-1 in the N/P2O5 combination at 137.5/190.0 kg ha-1 year-1 and in the biennal harvest, the maximum FPR observed was 38.0 kg ha-1 day-1 with the N/P2O5 combination of 190.0/33.4 kg ha-1 year-1. The biomass productions rate and rain use efficiency are optimized with the balance of combined levels of nitrogen and phosphorus. [Fluxo de biomassa e eficiência hídrica da palma forrageira sob diferentes manejos no Semiárido Brasileiro]. Resumo: A adubação balanceada é fator de importância comprovada na otimização do crescimento e produtividade das culturas. Objetivou-se avaliar o fluxo de biomassa e a eficiência de uso da chuva na palma forrageira cv. Gigante, adubada com combinações de doses de nitrogênio (10; 70; 100; 130 e 190 kg ha-1 ano-1 de N) e fósforo (10; 70; 100; 130 e 190 kg ha-1 ano-1 de P2O5), nas frequências de colheita anual e bianual, nas regiões de Quixadá e Tejuçuoca, no Ceará. Utilizou-se delineamento em blocos casualizados, em arranjo de parcelas subdivididas, com quatro repetições. Em Quixadá e Tejuçuoca, as combinações de N e P e frequências de colheita influenciaram as taxas de produções de diferentes ordens de cladódios e a eficiência de uso da chuva na palma forrageira. Em Quixadá, na colheita anual, verificou-se taxa de produção de forragem (TPF) de 10,3 kg ha-1 dia-1 na combinação N/P2O5 de 190,0/190,0 kg ha-1 ano-1 e na colheita bianual, observou-se máxima TPF de 4,6 kg ha-1 dia-1 na combinação N/P2O5 de 114,6/136,8 kg ha-1 ano-1. Em Tejuçuoca, na colheita anual, constatou-se máxima TPF de 30,0 kg ha-1 dia-1 na combinação N/P2O5 de 137,5/190,0 kg ha-1 ano-1 e na colheita bianual, registrou-se maior TPF de 38,0 kg ha-1 dia-1 na combinação N/P2O5 de 190,0/33,4 kg ha-1 ano-1. As taxas de produções de biomassa e eficiência de uso da chuva são otimizadas com o balanço de doses combinadas de nitrogênio e fósforo Made available in DSpace on 2018-03-17T00:33:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 CNPC2018Biomassflow.pdf: 171779 bytes, checksum: 8322dfd41a73540bd61603c961c408fb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-03-16

Small ruminant lentiviruses, caprine arthritis encephalitis virus, and Maedi-Visna virus cause diseases that result in significant productive losses, mostly in dairy animals. These viruses belong to the Retroviridae family, Lentivirus genus, and constitute a heterogeneous group, which may generate implications for the diagnosis and control of small ruminant lentiviruses. Losses caused by them are associated with reproductive failure, short productive life, and decreased milk production by the infected animals. In addition, these viruses may reduce milk quality, affecting the production of dairy products such as cheese. Small ruminant lentiviruses lead to indirect losses, decreasing herd value and forcing the development of epidemiological trade barriers for animal germplasm. Control of small ruminant lentiviruses is important to promote optimal milk production and to reduce costs with medicine and technical assistance. This control may vary in caprine and ovine populations of each country, according to seroprevalence, variety of breeds, and peculiarities of the practiced management. [Lentiviroses de pequenos ruminantes: perdas produtivas e econômicas, consequências da doença]. Resumo: Os lentivírus de pequenos ruminantes, o vírus da artrite encefalite caprina e o vírus Maedi-Visna causam enfermidades que ocasionam perdas produtivas significativas, principalmente em animais com aptidão leiteira. Esses vírus pertencem à família Retroviridae e ao gênero Lentivirus e formam um grupo genético heterogêneo, o que pode ocasionar implicações para o diagnóstico e o controle dos lentivírus de pequenos ruminantes. As perdas causadas pelos lentivírus de pequenos ruminantes estão relacionadas com falhas reprodutivas, vida produtiva curta e diminuição da produção leiteira dos animais infectados. Além disso, esses vírus podem promover a redução da qualidade do leite, afetando a produção de laticínios, tal como o queijo. Os lentivírus de pequenos ruminantes levam a perdas indiretas, reduzindo o valor dos rebanhos e forçando o desenvolvimento de barreiras comerciais epidemiológicas para germoplasma animal. O controle dos lentivírus de pequenos ruminantes é importante para promover uma maior produção de leite e reduzir os custos com medicamentos e assistência técnica. Esse controle pode variar de acordo com a população caprina e ovina de cada país em termos de soroprevalência, variedade de raças e particularidades do manejo adotado Made available in DSpace on 2017-12-13T23:28:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 CNPC2017Small.pdf: 1670203 bytes, checksum: 5d9c7dcc05716a34e4a1afee7e3668d5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-12-13 [ALICE ANDRIOLI PINHEIRO].

No Nordeste brasileiro ovinos são criados quase sempre extensivamente tendo como principal base alimentar a pastagem natural da Caatinga, que pode representar até 90% da dieta consumida por estes animais. No entanto, embora o alto potencial produtivo, ressalta-se que nem toda a forragem fica disponível ao animal, evidenciando que a capacidade de suporte da Caatinga é variável, sendo influenciada por fatores como: disponibilidade de água, localização, tipo, entre outros. Nestas condições, é recomendável o estabelecimento de manejos nutricionais para manutenção da produção animal. Para tal recomendação faz-se necessário o conhecimento da seleção realizada por estes animais. Assim, objetivou-se determinar a composição botânica e o valor nutritivo da pastagem selecionada por ovinos na Caatinga a partir da técnica micro-histológica fecal. Para este estudo, foram utilizadas 40 ovelhas SPRD com média de 38,8 kg, em diferentes níveis de suplementação concentrada (0; 200; 350 e 500g cab-1 dia-1), durante três estações (Chuva; Transição e Seca). Foram identificadas 26 espécies vegetais formando um dossel forrageiro com Amburana (Amburana cearensis Allemão), Amendoim forrageiro (Arachis dardani), Barba de bode (Aristida longiseta), Cabeça branca (Alternanthera tenella), Capa-bode (Melochia tomentosa L.), Capim Panasco (Aristida adscensionis), Centrosema (Centrosema sp.), Ervanço (Alternanthera brasiliana), Estilosantes (Stylosanthes humilis), Feijão de rola (Rhynchosia edulis), Grama touceira (Paspalum paniculatum), Grama seda (Cynodon dactylon), Jurema branca (Piptadenia Stipulacea), Jurema preta (Mimosa tenuiflora), Marianinha (Commelina diffusa), Mata Pasto (Senna obtusifolia), Malva (Sida cordifolia), Malva branca (Herissanta tiubae), Marmeleiro (Croton sonderianus), Mofumbo (Combretum leprosum), Pau Branco (Auxemma oncocalix), Paco paco (Wissadula rostrata), Sabiá (Mimosa caesalpinifolia), Tiririca (Cyperus rotundus). Mesmo considerando a alta flexibilidade na seleção de espécies vegetais por ovinos, foi possível detectar a preferência por 12 espécies ao longo de todo período experimental: Amendoim forrageiro (Arachis dardani), Barba de bode (Aristida longiseta), Cabeça branca (Alternanthera tenella), Capim Panasco (Aristida adscensionis), Ervanço (Alternanthera brasiliana), Estilosantes (Stylosanthes humilis), Grama touceira (Paspalum paniculatum), Grama seda (Cynodon dactylon), Malva branca (Herissanta tiubae), Marmeleiro (Croton sonderianus), Mofumbo (Combretum leprosum), Sabiá (Mimosa caesalpinifolia). Abstract: In the Brazilian Northeast, sheep are almost always raised extensively with the Caatinga natural pasture, which can represent up to 90% of the diet consumed by these animals. However, although the high productive potential, it is emphasized that not all the fodder is available to the animal, evidencing that the Caatinga support capacity is variable, being influenced by factors such as water availability, location, type, among others. Under these conditions, the establishment of nutritional management for the maintenance of animal production is recommended. For this recommendation it is necessary to know the selection made by these animals. The objective of this study was to determine the botanical composition and nutritive value of the pasture selected by sheep in the Caatinga from the fecal microhistological technique. For this study, 40 SPRD ewes with a mean of 38.8 kg were used at different levels of concentrated supplementation (0, 200, 350 and 500g cab-1 day-1) during three seasons (Rain, Transition and Dry). The total of 26 plant species were identified, forming a forage canopy with Amburana (Amburana cearensis Allemão), Amendoim forrageiro (Arachis dardani), Barba de bode (Aristida longiseta), Cabeça branca (Alternanthera tenella), Capa-bode (Melochia tomentosa L.), Capim Panasco (Aristida adscensionis), Centrosema (Centrosema sp.), Ervanço (Alternanthera brasiliana), Estilosantes (Stylosanthes humilis), Feijão de rola (Rhynchosia edulis), Grama touceira (Paspalum paniculatum), Grama seda (Cynodon dactylon), Jurema branca (Piptadenia Stipulacea), Jurema preta (Mimosa tenuiflora), Marianinha (Commelina diffusa), Mata Pasto (Senna obtusifolia), Malva (Sida cordifolia), Malva branca (Herissanta tiubae), Marmeleiro (Croton sonderianus), Mofumbo (Combretum leprosum), Pau Branco (Auxemma oncocalix), Paco paco (Wissadula rostrata), Sabiá (Mimosa caesalpinifolia), Tiririca (Cyperus rotundus). Even considering the high flexibility in the selection of plant species by sheep, it was possible to detect the preference for 12 species throughout the experimental period: Amendoim forrageiro (Arachis dardani), Barba de bode (Aristida longiseta), Cabeça branca (Alternanthera tenella), Capim Panasco (Aristida adscensionis), Ervanço (Alternanthera brasiliana), Estilosantes (Stylosanthes humilis), Grama touceira (Paspalum paniculatum), Grama seda (Cynodon dactylon), Malva branca (Herissanta tiubae), Marmeleiro (Croton sonderianus), Mofumbo (Combretum leprosum), Sabiá (Mimosa caesalpinifolia). Made available in DSpace on 2018-10-12T00:47:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 cnpc2018Composicao.pdf: 754763 bytes, checksum: a8b9d0bc4cbd32c09fb412e647efab37 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-10-11 Dissertação (Mestrado em Zootecnia) - Universidade Estadual Vale Do Acaraú, Sobral. Orientador: Marcos Cláudio Pinheiro Rogério (CNPC).

Strategies that strengthen and use biodiversity are crucial for sustained food production and livelihoods in semiarid West Africa. The objective of this paper was to examine the role of biodiversity in sustaining diverse forms of multifunctional farming practices while at the same time providing ecological services to subsistence-oriented farming families in the region of study through mechanisms as (a) crop species diversification, (b) management of spatial heterogeneity, and (c) diversification of nutrition-sensitive landscapes. Our analysis shows that crop associations between cereals and legumes or between perennials and annuals, have overall positive effects on soil characteristics and often improve crop yields. Soil heterogeneity is produced by woody perennials and termites. Local management provides opportunities to collect a diversity of nutrition-rich species year-round and sustain household nutrition. Fil: Félix, Georges F. Wageningen University. Farming Systems Ecology; Holanda Fil: Diedhiou, Ibrahima. University of Thiès. ENSA; Senegal Fil: Le Garff, Marie. Wageningen University. Farming Systems Ecology; Holanda Fil: Timmermmann, Cristian. Universidad de Chile. Instituto de Estudios Internacionales; Chile Fil: Clermont-Dauphin, Cathy. Institute of Research for Development. Functional Ecology and Biochemistry of Soils and Agroecosystems; Francia Fil: Cournac, Laurent. Institute of Research for Development. Functional Ecology and Biochemistry of Soils and Agroecosystems; Francia Fil: Groot, Jeroen C.J. Wageningen University. Farming Systems Ecology; Holanda Fil: Tittonell, Pablo. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Bariloche; Argentina

Resumo: No Semiárido brasileiro, a pecuária extensiva baseada na vegetação nativa da floresta estacional seca como pasto é uma tradição herdada da colonização. O artigo objetivou compreender a importância da criação de animais para a economia da agricultura familiar do Sítio Areias, estabelecendo relações com o Território e o Município de Sobral, Ceará, por meio de pesquisa documental, bibliográfica e entrevista semiestruturada. No Território cabe destaque aos gados bovino, ovino e caprino. No município, ocorre retração da avicultura industrial. Em contrapartida, as aves de quintal estão em expansão. A agricultura no Sítio Areias é praticada em minifúndios, onde a maioria das famílias cria animais associados a cultivos tradicionais. Espécies de pequenos animais, como caprinos, aves e suínos, vêm substituindo os bovinos, em virtude da sua capacidade de adaptação às condições ambientais e socioeconômicas desses agricultores. Nesse contexto, a pecuária exibe uma relação entre a área disponível e a diversidade de criações: quanto maior a área, maior a diversidade. Há uma hierarquia de importância nos propósitos dos agricultores, partindo do autoconsumo, seguido pela comercialização e pela doação. Tais feições, que podem ser traduzidas em utilização de elevada biodiversidade e uma economia de autorreprodução sociocultural e de partilha solidária, têm sido consideradas próprias das formas de produção da agricultura familiar. [Animal production in the economy of family farming: a case study in the Brazilian Semiarid Region]. Abstract: Extensive livestock farming based on native vegetation of seasonal dry forests as pasture is a tradition inherited from colonization in the Brazilian semiarid region. The article aimed to understand the importance of livestock farming for the economy of family farming in the Sítio Areias community, establishing relationships with the Territory and the municipality of Sobral, state of Ceará, Brazil, through documentary and bibliographic research and semi-structured interviews. Cattle, sheep and goats are highlighted in the Territory. In the municipality there is a retraction of the industrial poultry farming; in contrast, backyard poultry are expanding. Agriculture in the community of Sítio Areias is practiced on small farms, where most families raise animals associated with traditional crops. Species of small animals such as goats, poultry and pigs have replaced cattle due to its ability to adapt to environmental and socioeconomic conditions of these farmers. In this context, livestock shows a relationship between the available area and the diversity of livestock species: the larger the area, the greater the diversification. Purposes of farmers are hierarchically structured, based on the self-consumption, followed by marketing and donation. Such features, which can be translated into use of high biodiversity and an economy of socio-cultural self-reproduction and solidary sharing, have been found to fit family farming peasant production mode Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-07T00:43:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 CNPC2018Aproducao.pdf: 344275 bytes, checksum: fdd25c404a62a544f14f2f96602def5e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-09-06

Well adapted animals are characterized by maintain homeostasis under natural conditions. The present study aimed to evaluate physiological and morphological responses, as well as identify the relationship between these parameters in order to maintain homoeothermic status, in the dry and rainy season. Measurements were taken from 383 Morada Nova hair ewes, under dry and rainy season. The studied variables included rectal temperature (RT), respiratory rate (RR), coat thickness (CT), hair length (HL), hair diameter (HD) and hair density (D). Blood samples were collected for determining biochemical, erythrogam and hormone concentration. The evaluated blood parameters from the Morada Nova breed did not demonstrate any variation from the reference interval established for sheep, confirming its adaptability profile even under high radiation and air temperatures. Multivariate analyses were performed in order to determine relationship between morphological, biochemical, erythrocyte and hormonal traits in each season. Differences correlations were observed according to season of the year. In the dry season, the correlations were significant among RT, RR, Packed cell volume (PCV), thyroxine (T4), Glucose (GLU), CT, HL, Globulin (GLO) and Total Protein (TP), whereas in dry season the characteristics that showed greater correlation were Mean corpuscular volume (MCV), thyroid hormones, Creatinine, GLO, TP, PCV and GLU. In conclusion, Morada Nova ewes was able to maintain homeothermy, even in the most stressful environmental conditions. Their hematological, biochemical and hormonal profile were within the normal range for sheep, confirming the adaptability of this local breed to the Brazilian semiarid environment. [Ovelha brasileira localmente adaptada: um modelo de adaptação para o semiárido]. Resumo: Os animais bem adaptados são caracterizados por manter a homeostase em condições naturais. O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar as respostas fisiológicas e morfológicas, bem como identificar a relação entre esses parâmetros a fim de, manter o estado homeotérmico, na estação seca e chuvosa. As medições foram tomadas em 383 ovelhas da raça Morada Nova, na época seca e chuvosa. As variáveis estudadas incluíram temperatura retal (TR), frequência respiratória (FR), espessura do pelame (EP), comprimento do pelo (CP), diâmetro do pelo (D) e densidade numérica (DN). Foram coletadas amostras de sangue para determinar a concentração bioquímica, eritrogama e hormonal. Os parâmetros de sangue avaliados da raça Morada Nova não demonstraram variação do intervalo de referência estabelecido para ovinos, confirmando que seu perfil de adaptabilidade, mesmo sob alta radiação e temperaturas do ar. Foram realizadas análises multivariadas para determinar a relação entre características morfológicas, bioquímicas, eritrocitárias e hormonais em cada estação. As correlações de diferenças foram observadas de acordo com a estação do ano. Na estação seca, as correlações foram significativas entre TR, FR, PCV, T4, GLU, CT, HL, GLO e TP, enquanto que na estação seca as características que apresentaram maior correlação foram MCV, T4, T3, CRE, GLO, TP PCV e GLU. Em conclusão, as ovelhas Morada Nova conseguem manter a homeotermia, mesmo nas condições ambientais mais estressantes. Seu perfil hematológico, bioquímico e hormonal permanecem dentro da faixa de normalidade para ovinos, confirmando a adaptabilidade dessa raça local ao ambiente semiárido brasileiro. Made available in DSpace on 2018-10-30T01:04:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 CNPC2018Locally.pdf: 369292 bytes, checksum: 512abd1e1b4e107a2d0fd9e18bb87849 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-10-29

[Departement_IRSTEA]Territoires [TR1_IRSTEA]SYNERGIE [Axe_IRSTEA]TETIS-ATTOS [ADD1_IRSTEA]Dynamiques spatiales d'anthropisation; International audience; This paper presents a technique for the mapping of soil moisture and irrigation, at the scale of agricultural fields, based on the synergistic interpretation of multi-temporal optical and Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data (Sentinel-2 and Sentinel-1). The Kairouan plain, a semi-arid region in central Tunisia (North Africa), was selected as a test area for this study. Firstly, an algorithm for the direct inversion of the Water Cloud Model (WCM) was developed for the spatialization of the soil water content between 2015 and 2017. The soil moisture retrieved from these observations was first validated using ground measurements, recorded over 20 reference fields of cereal crops. A second method, based on the use of neural networks, was also used to confirm the initial validation. The results reported here show that the soil moisture products retrieved from remotely sensed data are accurate, with a Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) of less than 5% between the two moisture products. In addition, the analysis of soil moisture and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) products over cultivated fields, as a function of time, led to the classification of irrigated and rainfed areas on the Kairouan plain, and to the production of irrigation maps at the scale of individual fields. This classification is based on a decision tree approach, using a combination of various statistical indices of soil moisture and NDVI time series. The resulting irrigation maps were validated using reference fields within the study site. The best results were obtained with classifications based on soil moisture indices only, with an accuracy of 77%. This article belongs to the Special Issue soil moisture retrieval using radar remote sensing sensors.

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of different planting densities and phosphorus fertilization on yield, chemical and mineral composition of Pornunça (Manihot sp.) cultivated under rainfed system, from May 2010 to October 2011. It was adopted the randomized blocks design in a factorial 4 x 4 with three replications, 4 spacing (1.5 x 1.5, 1.5 x 2.0, 2.0 x 2.0 and 2, 5 x 2.0 meters) and 4 phosphorus levels (0.0, 56.66, 113.32 and 169.98 g plant-1 superphosphate). For the total dry mass (TDM) of Pornunça there was effect (P=0.023) isolated from different plant spacing used, and the spacing 1.5 m x 2.0 m provided greater TDM. The planting spacing and phosphorus fertilization showed interaction effect (P

Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a redução de níveis proteicos e energéticos em dietas para cordeiros mestiços deslanados do semiárido brasileiro em terminação e seus efeitos sobre o consumo e digestibilidade de nutrientes, bem como sobre o desempenho animal e avaliação econômica. O Experimento foi conduzido no laboratório de Respirometria da Embrapa Caprinos e Ovinos. Foram utilizados 20 cordeiros provenientes de um rebanho comercial, sem padrão racial definido, com quatro meses de idade e peso corporal de 14,8 ± 3,52 kg. Os tratamentos experimentais consistiram de um fatorial constituído de duas formulações dietéticas para diferentes maturidades (precoce e tardia), conforme o NRC (2007), e dois níveis de reduções destas formulações (0 e 10% de redução dos valores de PB e NDT indicados pelo referido sistema internacional. Observou-se maiores consumos das frações fibrosas para os animais alimentados com dietas para maturidade tardia. Houve um aumento no consumo de matéria seca para os animais de maturidade tardia, esse aumento pode ter sido a estratégia dos animais para atender as exigências nutricionais de proteína bruta e nutrientes digestíveis totais. Os maiores valores de digestibilidade da matéria seca observado para maturidade precoce, podem relacionar-se com maiores concentrações energéticas nas dietas. No que diz respeito ao balanço de nitrogênio (%) foi positivo para os níveis de redução e maturidades, o que indica que houve retenção de proteína no corpo dos animais. Houve efeito de interação (P

Resumo: Elaborou-se esta revisão para apresentar as principais tecnologias disponíveis para a produção animal sustentável em pastagens tropicais cultivadas, especialmente no Nordeste do Brasil. A implementação de tecnologias como irrigação, adubação, metas de manejo do pastejo, integração com agricultura, consorciação e diferimento de pastagens, são promissoras para o aumento da eficiência de uso do fator terra, buscando sempre um equilíbrio entre o custo e o benefício na adoção de cada tecnologia, para cada sistema de produção. A correta definição da lâmina de água a ser aplicada, seu intervalo de aplicação e o sistema adotado, constituem aspectos relevantes na neutralização dos efeitos negativos da distribuição irregular das chuvas. A busca por produtividades crescentes de biomassa de forragem demandam o uso de corretivos e fertilizantes em quantidades balanceadas, de forma a atender a exigência nutricional da forrageira e equilibrar resultado econômico positivo com a preservação dos recursos naturais. O período de descanso do pasto pode ser definido por critérios como: restauração das reservas orgânicas, início da senescência, número de novas folhas produzidas por perfilho, interceptação da radiação fotossinteticamente ativa, índice de área foliar (IAF) e altura do dossel. A intensidade de pastejo pode balizar-se na altura residual e no IAF residual. As pesquisas desenvolvidas no Nordeste mostram uma evolução no manejo da pastagem e do pastejo, refletindo na elevação dos índices técnicos e econômicos, proporcionando sustentabilidade dos sistemas de produção. O manejo adequado das pastagens possibilita ampliar benefícios e diminuir impactos ambientais negativos, atuando positivamente na provisão de serviços ambientais e conservação da biodiversidade. [Potential and challenges for sustainable animal production in cultivated pastures of Northeast]. Abstract: To present the main technologies available for sustainable animal production in tropical cultivated pastures, especially in Northeast Brazil this review was carried out. The implementation of technologies such as irrigation, fertilization, grazing management goals, integration with agriculture, consortium and deferment of pastures, are promising for increasing the efficiency of land use, always seeking a balance between cost and benefit on adoption of each technology, for each production system. The correct definition of water depth applied, its range of application and the adopted system, are relevant aspects in neutralizing the negative effects of irregular rainfall distribution. The search for increasing productivity of forage biomass requires the use of correctives and fertilizers in balanced quantities, in order to meet the plant nutritional requirement and to balance positive economic results with the preservation of natural resources. The rest period of the herbage can be defined by criteria such as: restoration of organic reserves, beginning of senescence, number of new leaves produced by tiller, interception of photosynthetically active radiation, leaf area index (LAI) and canopy height. The grazing intensity can be verified at residual height and residual LAI. The researches developed in Northeast Brazil show an evolution in pasture and grazing management, reflecting the increment of technical and economic indexes, providing sustainability of the production systems. The suitable management of pastures makes it possible to increase benefits and reduce negative environmental impacts by acting positively on the provision of environmental services and conservation of biodiversity. Made available in DSpace on 2018-12-11T00:08:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 CNPC2018Potencial.pdf: 337795 bytes, checksum: 9cf45c9a6bd5eaba82bcc00916306a11 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-12-10

Resumo: O diferimento da pastagem consiste em vedar determinada área existente na propriedade para que a mesma possa ser utilizada posteriormente. Com isso é possível garantir acúmulo de forragem para as épocas com escassez de forragem e com isso minimizar os efeitos da sazonalidade na produção. Objetivou-se com este estudo avaliar as trocas gasosas, as características morfogênicas, estruturais e a composição química de duas gramíneas forrageiras, cultivares BRS Paiaguás e Piatã durante o diferimento da pastagem, mantida sob duas épocas de diferimento (período chuvoso e período de transição) e três idades de utilização após a vedação do pasto (40, 80 e 120 dias). Durante o período de diferimento da pastagem, o delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos completos casualizados em arranjo fatorial 2x2x3, com 4 repetições (blocos). As avaliações das características morfogênicas eram registradas a cada 3 dias, a avaliação das características estruturais e trocas gasosas seguiam o mesmo desenvolvimento, ocorriam ao final do período de vedação do pasto. Para as épocas de diferimento foi observada redução nas taxas de produção de forragem (56,12 kg/ha) e acúmulo de forragem (47,35 Kg/ha). Quanto às características estruturais foi observada maior densidade populacional de perfilhos para a cv. BRS Piatã (399 perf./m2 ). O período chuvoso favoreceu as características estruturais e a composição química das gramíneas. No entanto para o pasto utilizado após 120 dias de vedado, houve redução na densidade populacional de perfilhos (252,75 perf./m2 ) e biomassa de forragem total (1998,14 kg MS/ha). O período chuvoso e a idade de utilização de 40 dias após o início do diferimento proporcionaram os melhores valores e teores para as características morfofisiológicas, estruturais e composição química das cultivares BRS Paiaguás e BRS Piatã. Abstract: Pasture deferral consists of sealing a certain area on the property so that it can be used later. Thus, it is possible to guarantee the accumulation of forage during times of forage shortage and thus minimize the effects of seasonality on production. The objective of this study was to evaluate the gas exchange, morphogenetic, structural and chemical composition of two forage grasses, BRS Paiaguás and Piatã cultivars during pasture deferment, maintained under two periods of deferment (rainy season and transition period) and three ages of use after pasture sealing (40, 80 and 120 days). During the period of pasture deferment, the experimental design was a randomized complete block in factorial arrangement 2x2x3, with 4 replicates (blocks). The evaluations of the morphogenic characteristics were registered every 3 days, the evaluation of the structural characteristics and gas exchanges followed the same development, they occurred at the end of the period of grass fence. For the periods of deferment, there was a reduction in forage production rates (56.12 kg / ha) and forage accumulation (47.35 kg / ha). Regarding the structural characteristics, there was a higher population density of tillers for cv. BRS Piatã (399 perf./m2). The rainy season favored the structural characteristics and the chemical composition of grasses. However, for the pasture used after 120 days of sealing, there was a reduction in the population density of tillers (252.75 perf./m2) and total forage biomass (1998.14 kg DM / ha). The rainy season and the age of use of 40 days after the beginning of the deferment provided the best values and contents for the morphophysiological, structural and chemical composition of BRS Paiaguás and BRS Piatã cultivars. Made available in DSpace on 2020-01-10T00:37:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 CNPC2018UPA9.pdf: 1590820 bytes, checksum: adffac5bb909f9f405a5f147803265ab (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018 Dissertação (Mestrado em Zootecnia) - Universidade Estadual Vale do Acaraú. Orientador: Roberto Cláudio Fernandes Franco Pompeu (CNPC); Coorientador: Magno José Duarte Cândido.

La intercepción de lluvia es un proceso escasamente estudiado en ambientes áridos y semiáridos. El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar comparativamente dos técnicas de campo para evaluar la capacidad de retención de agua en Chuquiraga erinacea Don., especie arbustiva característica de la región del ecotono CaldenalMonte Occidental, Argentina. El estudio se realizó en el Campo Anexo de INTA en Chacharramendi, La Pampa, Argentina. Se midió capacidad de retención de agua sobre plantas enteras a partir de dos técnicas: simulación de lluvia e inmersión. La capacidad de retención de agua, expresado en porcentaje respecto de la biomasa verde, se determinó por diferencia peso mojado – peso fresco. A partir de un análisis de ANCOVA se determinó la igualdad de resultados de ambas técnicas, justificando la aplicación de inmersión por ser más expeditiva y económica en términos de tiempo y costos. Rainfall interception is a process scarcely studied in arid and semiarid environments. The aim of this study was comparatively analyze two field techniques to evaluate the water storage capacity in Chuquiraga erinacea Don., characteristic shrub species of the CaldenalMonte Occidental ecotone region, Argentina The study was conducted in the annexed field of INTA in Chacharramendi, La Pampa. Water storage capacity was measured on whole plants from two techniques on field: rainfall simulation and immersion. Water storage capacity, expressed in percentage of biomass was determined by difference wet weight fresh weight. Equality of results from field techniques for whole plants of Chuquiraga erinacea justified the application of immersion method in the study to be more expeditious implementation and more economical in terms of time and costs. EEA Anguil Fil: Alvarez Redondo, Mónica. Universidad Nacional de La Pampa. Facultad de Agronomía; Argentina Fil: Avecilla, Fernando. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Ciencias de la Tierra y Ambientales de La Pampa. Universidad Nacional de La Pampa. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Ciencias de la Tierra y Ambientales de La Pampa; Argentina Fil: Adema, Edgardo Osvaldo. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Anguil; Argentina Fil: Butti, Lucas Ramiro. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Anguil; Argentina

Resumo: A caprinocultura na região Nordeste do Brasil desempenha importante função socioeconômica e estratégica. A rusticidade desta atividade nesta região, aliada a sua rápida expansão em outros estados, tem gerado perdas na sua cadeia produtiva a nível regional e nacional, causadas por doenças infecciosas, destacando-se a Linfadenite Caseosa (LC), afecção amplamente difundida nos rebanhos caprinos, acarretando sérios prejuízos econômicos à atividade. Embora LC tenha sido detectada como um problema endêmico no nordeste brasileiro, uma análise abrangente e mais recente desta prevalência nos rebanhos caprinos brasileiros se faz necessária. O objetivo desse estudo foi determinar a frequência de anticorpos anti-Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis em cinco dos nove estados que compõem a região Nordeste do Brasil. Foram processadas amostras de soro de 2571 caprinos provenientes de 218 propriedades rurais oriundas de cinco estados da região Nordeste do Brasil, coletadas entre os anos de 2010 a 2012. O diagnóstico da infecção por C. pseudotuberculosis foi realizado pela técnica de ELISA-indireto. Em 88,5% (193/218) das propriedades investigadas, pelo menos um caprino foi soropositivo para C. pseudotuberculosis, sugerindo que o agente se encontra disseminado nos rebanhos do Nordeste, com a maior prevalência encontrada no Rio Grande do Norte (94,5%) e a menor no estado de Sergipe (70,3%). Foram identificados 783 (30,4%; IC 95%=28,7-32,2%) caprinos soropositivos, com a maior prevalência entre animais encontrada no Piauí (41,4%) e a menor no estado de Sergipe (22,5%). De um total de 279 reprodutores avaliados, 106 (37,9%) resultaram soropositivos, destacando-se o Rio Grande do Norte, com 45,30%, e Piauí com 46,8% dos reprodutores positivos para LC. Das 1420 matrizes testadas, 599(42,1%) apresentaram sorologia positiva para C. pseudotuberculosis. Entre os estados esta distribuição também se manteve semelhante, destacando-se o Rio Grande do Norte, com 47,5% e Piauí com 59,5% das matrizes positivos para LC. Entre os 872 caprinos jovens avaliados, 78 (8,9%) foram soropositivos para LC, observando-se uma diferença estatística na frequência de sopositividade obtidas entre os adultos e os jovens (P

Monitoring of aboveground net primary production (ANPP) is critical for effective management of rangeland ecosystems but is problematic due to the vast extent of rangelands globally, and the high costs of ground-based measurements. Remote sensing of absorbed photosynthetically active radiation (APAR) can be used to predict ANPP, potentially offering an alternative means of quantifying ANPP at both high temporal and spatial resolution across broad spatial extents. The relationship between ANPP and APAR has often been quantified based on either spatial variation across a broad region or temporal variation at a location over time, but rarely both. Here we assess: (i) if the relationship between ANPP and APAR is consistent when evaluated across time and space; (ii) potential factors driving differences between temporal versus spatial models, and (iii) the magnitude of potential errors relating to space for time transformations in quantifying productivity. Using two complimentary ANPP datasets and remotely sensed data derived from MODIS and a Landsat/MODIS fusion data product, we find that slopes of spatial models are generally greater than slopes of temporal models. The abundance of plant species with different structural attributes, specifically the abundance of C4 shortgrasses with prostrate canopies versus taller, more productive C3 species with more vertically complex canopies, tended to vary more dramatically in space than over time. This difference in spatial versus temporal variation in these key plant functional groups appears to be the primary driver of differences in slopes among regression models. While the individual models revealed strong relationships between ANPP to APAR, the use of temporal models to predict variation in space (or vice versa) can increase error in remotely sensed predictions of ANPP. Fil: Gaffney, Rowan. United States Department of Agriculture. Agricultural Research Service; Argentina Fil: Porensky, Lauren. United States Department of Agriculture. Agricultural Research Service; Argentina Fil: Gao, Feng. United States Department of Agriculture. Agricultural Research Service; Argentina Fil: Irisarri, Jorge Gonzalo Nicolás. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiológicas y Ecológicas Vinculadas a la Agricultura. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronomía. Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiológicas y Ecológicas Vinculadas a la Agricultura; Argentina Fil: Durante, Martín. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiológicas y Ecológicas Vinculadas a la Agricultura. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronomía. Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiológicas y Ecológicas Vinculadas a la Agricultura; Argentina. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro Regional Entre Ríos. Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Concepción del Uruguay; Argentina Fil: Derner, Justin. United States Department of Agriculture. Agricultural Research Service; Argentina Fil: Augustine, David. United States Department of Agriculture. Agricultural Research Service; Argentina

Resumo: A criação de caprinos no Nordeste se destaca principalmente pelo tamanho do efetivo. Considerada uma importante alternativa de trabalho e renda para a agricultura familiar, pode ser uma forte aliada à fixação do homem no campo. No entanto, problemas de ordem sanitária têm comprometido a produtividade e o sucesso da atividade. Nesse contexto, objetivou-se com esse estudo determinar os aspectos epidemiológicos de agentes virais causadores da Língua Azul e da Artrite Encefalite Caprina, em caprinos de diferentes mesorregiões fisiográficas do Nordeste Brasileiro. Para a pesquisa de anticorpos contra Língua Azul foram analisados através do Elisa de competição 1460 amostras de soros de 110 unidades produtoras dos estados do Maranhão, Piauí, Alagoas e Sergipe. A soroprevalência encontrada no Sertão de Alagoas foi de 1,8% (03/168), Sergipe (Agreste 20,0% (31/155); Sertão 12,9% (20/155); Piauí (Sudoeste 72,2% (234/324); Centro Norte 56,9% (147/258) e Maranhão (Leste 65,7% (100/152); Norte 43,1% (107/248). Na pesquisa de anticorpos anti-CAEV, através do Western Blotting, foram examinadas em média dois reprodutores por criatório, totalizando 513 amostras de soros e 251 propriedades. A prevalência encontrada foi de 6,2% (32/513). Em cada estado participante do estudo foram encontradas as prevalências descritas a seguir: Piauí 5,8% (7/119), Maranhão 2,0% (01/48), Sergipe 7,1% (03/42), Alagoas 17,6% (03/17), Rio Grande do Norte 4,7% (05/105), Paraíba 2,1% (02/94) e Ceará 12,5% (11/34). Portanto, os resultados obtidos permitem concluir que as duas enfermidades estudadas estão presentes nos rebanhos do Nordeste, sendo necessário implementar medidas de controle e profilaxia que visem reduzir a disseminação das mesmas. [Epidemiological aspects of viral agents in goats from different physiographic mesoregions of Northeast Brazil]. Abstract: Goat breeding in the Northeast is mainly due to the size of the herd. Considered an important alternative of work and income for family agriculture, it can be a strong allied to the fixation of the man in the field. However, sanitary order trouble compromise the productivity and success of the activity. In this context, the aim of this study was to determine the epidemiological aspects of viral agents causing Bluetongue Virus and Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis, in goats of different physiographic mesoregions of Northeast Brazil. For the research of antibodies against Blue Language, 1460 serum samples from 110 producing units from the states of Maranhão, Piauí, Alagoas and Sergipe were analyzed through the Elisa of competition. The prevalence found in the Sertão de Alagoas was 1.8% (03/168), Sergipe (Agreste 20.0% (31/155), Sertão 12.9% (20/155), Piauí (Southwest 72.2% (234/324), North Center 56.9% (147/258) and Maranhão (East 65.7% (100/152), North 43.1% (107/248). In the research for anti-CAEV antibodies, through Western Blotting, on average two breeder by nurser were examined, totaling 513 serum samples and 251 properties. The prevalence found was 6.2% (32/513). In each participating state of the study, the following prevalences were found: Piauí 5.8% (7/119), Maranhão 2.0% (01/48), Sergipe 7.1% (03/42), Alagoas 17, 6% (03/17), Rio Grande do Norte 4.7% (05/105), Paraíba 2.1% (02/94) and Ceará 12.5% (11/34). Therefore, the results obtained allow us to conclude that the two diseases studied are present in the herds of the Northeast, being necessary to implement measures of control and prophylaxis aimed at reducing their of dissemination. Made available in DSpace on 2018-11-15T23:32:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 CNPC2018UPA4.pdf: 1496050 bytes, checksum: f9753f8d47e0371087b8fa5a706702f3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-11-14 Tese (Doutorado em Ciência Animal) - Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido, Mossoró. Orientador: Luiz da Silva Vieira (CNPC); Coorientadora: Alice Andrioli (CNPC).

El banco de semillas del suelo es la principal reserva de propágulos con que cuenta una comunidad vegetal para su mantenimiento, regeneración y perpetuación. Las quemas controladas pueden producir cambios en su composición y distribución. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue evaluar y comparar el comportamiento del banco de semillas germinable de gramíneas en una región del caldenal antes y después de producida una quema controlada. Se delimitaron 5 parches de vegetación dominados por gramíneas de porte bajo (parches forrajeros), 5 parches dominados por gramíneas de porte intermedio (parches no forrajeros) y otros 5 por arbustos (parches arbustivos). A su vez mediante muestreos al azar se tomaron 5 muestras de suelo por parche, las que fueron extraídas por medio de un cilindro metálico de 7 cm de diámetro y 4 cm de profundidad, permitiendo dividir a la muestra en estratos: broza, 0-2 y 2-4 cm de profundidad. Los estratos se colocaron en bandejas de plástico sobre una cama de siembra esterilizada y se regaron periódicamente en invernáculo. Una vez germinadas las semillas se identificaron, contabilizaron y extrajeron las plántulas, reconociéndose para todas las profundidades 8 gramíneas. Luego de la quema Piptochaetium napostaense mostró un aumento en su germinación en 0-2 cm en los parches forrajeros y no forrajeros (p

Breeding of goats and sheep is an important activity in northeast Brazil, contributing to economic and social development of this region. Thus, the objective of this study was to characterize goat and sheep rearing and breeding in the central-western region of the State of Paraíba, northeast Brazil. The study area included Borborema and mesoregions of the backlands of the state, represented by 127 municipalities in an area of 38.293 km2, with density of goats and sheep at 12.9 and 8.27 head/km2, respectively. A total of 62 farms belonging to five municipalities of the Borborema mesoregion and four municipalities of the Sertão mesoregion were surveyed. Epidemiological surveys were conducted in the farms, and questionnaires sought information on the economic, productive, and social aspects of the farm owners and the farms. The results allowed the classification of goat and sheep production systems in the semi-arid Paraíba as a family system and of subsistence, for farmers? own consumption and for local trade, with low technology use and herds with up to 100 animals. The farmers? level of education was low, and the investments and technical assistance for the development of breeding activity in the region were insufficient and/or inadequate. Thus, it was essential to conduct an economic study on the farms to assess the actual economic and financial status of breeding activity and the subsequent returns. It is suggested that these aspects be taken into account when planning livestock development policies, especially in terms of finance and technical assistance, as well as in the implementation of strategies to control commonly occurring diseases in the region, aimed at combating agents, environmental control, and protection of susceptible livestock. Resumo: A criação de caprinos e ovinos é uma atividade de grande importância para o Nordeste, contribuindo para o desenvolvimento econômico e social da região. Diante disso, objetivou-se caracterizar a caprinovinocultura na região Centro-Oeste do Estado da Paraíba, Nordeste do Brasil. A pesquisa abrangeu as mesorregiões da Borborema e Sertão do Estado, representadas por 127 municípios e uma área de 38.293 km2 , que apresentam uma densidade de caprinos e ovinos de 12,9 e 8,27 cabeças/km2 , respectivamente. No total foram visitadas 62 propriedades pertencentes a cinco municípios da Mesorregião da Borborema e quatro da Mesorregião do Sertão. Nas propriedades foram aplicados questionários epidemiológicos, os quais buscavam informações sobre aspectos econômicos, produtivos e sociais dos proprietários/propriedades. Os resultados obtidos permitem classificar o sistema de produção de caprinos e ovinos no semiárido paraibano como familiar e de subsistência, para consumo doméstico e comércio local, com baixo uso de tecnologia e rebanhos com até 100 animais. O nível de escolaridade dos criadores foi considerado baixo, bem como os investimentos e assistência técnica insuficientes e/ou inadequados para o desenvolvimento da atividade na região. Dessa forma, um estudo econômico nas propriedades para conhecimento da real situação econômico-financeira da atividade e o retorno que as mesmas poderão proporcionar a partir da sua organização se torna necessário. Sugere-se que tais aspectos sejam levados em consideração quanto ao planejamento de políticas de desenvolvimento pecuário, especialmente quando relacionados a financiamento e assistência técnica, bem como na implementação de ações no controle das doenças mais frequentes na região, direcionadas ao combate aos agentes, controle ambiental e proteção dos susceptíveis Made available in DSpace on 2017-09-24T00:12:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 CNPC2017Characterizationandtypology.pdf: 410393 bytes, checksum: 29b3b41b9d382af390ad20c929fba0ce (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-09-22

The mesquite (Prosopis juliflora (Sw) DC) was established as a successful action of xerophilous introduction in Brazilian Northeast dry region. Its fruits are used in animal feed and the wood may be used as piles, firewood and charcoal. The species was introduced in 1942, spreading in “low areas” in Rio Grande do Norte, Paraiba, Pernambuco, Bahia and Piauí States. This article aims to elucidate how mesquite was introduced in Rio Grande do Norte State and to understand how it was spread. It was first introduced in Rio Grande do Norte State by the introduction experiments installed at São Miguel farm in the municipality of Angicos. The enthusiasm of technicians and researchers promoted the distribution of pods and seedlings on farms and cities in the state. In addition, there were government incentives to production, distribution and planting the species. This work aims to establish considerations to be used as historical basis on studies about this species and to consider aspects regarding current situation of this culture in Brazilian Northeast. A algaroba (Prosopis juliflora (Sw) D.C.) constituiu-se como uma ação bem sucedida de introdução de xerófilas na região seca do Nordeste, sendo seus frutos usados na alimentação animal e a madeira em estacas, lenha e carvão. A espécie foi introduzida na região em 1942, se alastrando em “baixios” no Rio Grande do Norte, Paraíba, Pernambuco, Bahia e Piauí. Esta revisão tem como objetivo elucidar como a algaroba foi introduzida no Rio Grande do Norte e entender como foi sua disseminação. Sua introdução no Estado ocorreu a partir da instalação de experimentos na Fazenda São Miguel, no município de Angicos. O entusiasmo de técnicos e pesquisadores facilitou a distribuição de vagens e mudas nas propriedades rurais e cidades do Estado, contando também com incentivos governamentais para produção, distribuição e plantio da espécie. Pretende-se com esse trabalho estabelecer considerações que sirvam de base histórica para estudos sobre essa espécie exótica e abordar aspectos sobre a condição atual da cultura no Nordeste brasileiro.

Rainwater harvesting (RWH) is an ancient traditional technology practised in many parts of the world, especially in arid and semi-arid regions (ASARs). ASARs represent 40% of the earth’s land surface and are characterised by low average annual rainfall and uneven temporal and spatial distributions of that rainfall. In these regions an efficient use of the limited amount of rainfall available is important, e.g. by collecting and using surface runoff (water harvesting). Lately, access to water for agriculture and domestic use has become worse because of increasing population, higher levels of human activity and the impacts of climate change. The inhabitants of ASARs have developed several RWH techniques to increase the water availability, thus coping with water shortages. RWH is an important mitigation strategy to the impact of climate change on water availability in ASARs. Four main methodologies of site selection were categorised, ranging from those based only on biophysical criteria to more integrated approaches that include socioeconomic criteria. Our analysis suggests that the integration of multi-criteria analysis (MCA) with a geographic information system (GIS) is the most advanced approach. It offers high potential in data-poor regions; GIS-based hydrological modelling is always recommended for data-rich regions. The potential for RWH in wadi Horan (western desert of Iraq) was identified using a GIS-based suitability model. The method for selecting suitable sites for RWH was then further developed into an evaluation and decision support tool for assessing the overall performance of existing RWH systems by integrating engineering, biophysical and socioeconomic criteria using MCA supported by GIS. It was tested in the wadi Oum Zessar in southeastern Tunisia. A simple but generally applicable water harvesting model (WHCatch) was developed to investigate and optimise the performance of the RWH systems under various scenarios of design and management, It was tested in wadi Oum Zessar. The advantages of simulating long-term water balances at the sub-catchment level for improving our understanding of hydrological processes in an RWH system are emphasised. Several solutions for optimising RWH performance in various scenarios are provided. Finally, the impact of climate change on existing RWH systems in the Oum Zessar watershed under current and future scenarios of climate was investigated. The downscaled maximum and minimum temperatures clearly indicated an increasing trend in the mean monthly temperature and the generated precipitation tended to decrease in the future. It was shown that the combination of changing the flow direction and the spillway height had a large impact on the performance of the RWH systems under current and future conditions. Water management and structural design at the sub-catchment level plays a more important role than climate change in the performance of RWH.

The study was conducted in the semi-arid northern Ethiopia aimed at selecting appropriate water harvesting techniques (WHTs) for implementation. A plot-scale experiment was set up, in the Gule catchment, on a farmland to monitor the effect of in-situ WHTs such as tied ridges and straw mulch mainly on event-based runoff, soil-moisture, and soil and nutrient losses. The off-site effect of WHTs such as check dams and percolation ponds on catchment-scale event-based runoff and sediment yield was also monitored in the Gule catchment (~12 km2) and Misbar sub-catchment (~2.4 km2), northern Ethiopia. First, a decision support approach was developed to aid the selection of WHTs in arid and semi-arid areas. The decision support approach was validated with a case study for WHTs in the upper Geba watershed in northern Ethiopia. Using the decision support methodology, eight potential WHTs were pre-selected for implementation in the watershed. Next, using suitability indicators for WHTs and a GIS-based multi-criteria analysis, suitable areas were identified for three of these WHTs, namely check dams, percolation ponds and bench terraces and suitability maps were generated. The multi-criteria analysis was validated by comparing the predicted suitable areas with the already existing locations of WHTs in the watershed. The result was that 90% of the existing check dams and 93% of the percolation ponds in the upper Geba watershed were correctly identified by the approach. The field study showed runoff reduction by WHTs from farmland between 40 to 88% and soil loss between 60 to 90%. Nutrient loss reduction from farmland by WHTs also ranged between 52 and 86%. Soil-moisture also improved due to the use of the in-situ WHTs. Model-based simulation at the Gule and Misbar outlets using LISEM showed that the current WHTs applied in the catchment are able to decrease event-based runoff by 41 and 45%, respectively. Similarly, sediment yield was reduced at both the Gule outlet and Misbar sub-outlet, by 67 and 55%, respectively. This study has verified that in semi-arid areas, such as the northern Ethiopian highlands, in-situ and catchment-scale WHTs can be used to improve the efficiency of rainwater harvesting and water availability for agricultural uses. Furthermore, these WHTs help to mitigate land degradation by decreasing soil and nutrient losses from farmland and sediment yield from catchments.

O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar a influência da suplementação de selênio orgânico adicionado a dietas de cabras leiteiras criadas em ambiente quente e suas possíveis alterações na saúde da glândula mamária e indicadores do estresse térmico durante a lactação. Foram utilizadas 16 cabras mestiças de Saanen e Toggenburg lactantes, em delineamento inteiramente casualizados. As cabras foram distribuídas em dois tratamentos com e sem adição de selênio no concentrado. Durante o período experimental, os animais permaneceram em sistema semi-intensivo; onde, pela manhã se alimentavam de pastagem nativa disponível na Caatinga, 500g/animal/dia de concentrado padrão (manhã e tarde) e 500g/animal/dia de capim elefante e cana-de-açúcar, picado no cocho após a ordenha e água à vontade. Foram coletadas amostras do pasto nativo, volumoso fornecido no cocho e concentrado para avaliação da composição química-bromatológica da dieta e amostras de solo, para determinação de selênio. Foi realizada a coleta de sangue por venipunção da jugular com sistema de coleta a vácuo com heparina e EDTA, cinco dias após o parto e a cada 21 dias após o início da suplementação, para determinar os teores de selênio e hormônios tireoidianos no sangue. Foram coletadas amostras de leite a cada 20 dias de cada metade mamária, para determinação de contagem de células somáticas pelo método eletrônico, teor de cloretos, pH, condutividade elétrica, testes microbiológicos, composição e teores de selênio. As variáveis meteorológicas foram registradas semanalmente a cada 30 minutos. Nos mesmos dias foram aferidas as respostas fisiológicas de frequência respiratória, temperatura retal, temperatura da superfície e da pele, nos turnos da manhã e tarde. Para composição do leite, não houve diferença (P>0,05) entre os tratamentos testados, e entre os tetos avaliados e coletas realizadas. Na terceira coleta para os testes de CCS, cloretos e pH observou-se diferença significativa (P 0.05) among the treatments tested, teats and collects. In the third collection for the SCC tests, chlorides and pH there was difference (P

Resumo: Este estudo foi conduzido na Fazenda Experimental Vale do Curu- FEVEC, pertencente a Universidade Federal do Ceará, localizada no município de Pentecoste-CE. Objetivou-se avaliar as características estruturais do dossel e o comportamento de ovinos mestiços da raça Morada Nova pastejando capim-tanzânia e suplementados com diferentes concentrados proteicos a base de torta de algodão; torta de babaçu; torta de mamona destoxificada com hidróxido de cálcio e farelo de soja, oriundos da cadeia produtiva do biodiesel. O método de pastejo foi o de lotação rotativa com taxa de lotação variável, com período de ocupação de 3 dias e período de descanso de 18 dias. A condição residual adotada consistiu em um índice de área foliar residual de 1,4. O delineamento experimental para as características estruturais pré e pós pastejo foi o inteiramente casualizado em arranjo de parcelas subdivididas com as áreas pastejadas por ovinos recebendo quatro tipos de suplementos sendo as parcelas e os ciclos de pastejo (6 ciclos) as subparcelas, com quatro repetições (piquetes). O delineamento utilizado para os aspectos comportamentais foi o inteiramente casualizado em arranjo de parcelas subdivididas, sendo as parcelas compostas pelos animais pastejando e recebendo os suplementos e as subparcelas os períodos (seco/irrigado e período chuvoso) com seis animais por tratamentos (repetições). Para o consumo e digestibilidade de matéria seca o delineamento utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado com seis repetições (animais). Não houve efeito entre os tipos de suplementos para nenhuma variável pré e pós pastejo. Quanto aos ciclos de pastejo, verificou-se diferença no pré-pastejo para todas as variáveis analisadas. No pós-pastejo para efeitos de ciclos, houve diferença apenas para as variáveis Altura do dossel; biomassa de forragem total; de forragem morta; de colmo vivo; relação material vivo/material morto e relação folha colmo. O consumo de matéria seca foi menor nos animais que receberam suplemento a base de torta de babaçu. A digestibilidade da matéria seca diferiu apenas o suplemento a base de farelo de soja, sendo menor do que os demais. O maior tempo de pastejo foi verificado nos animais que receberam suplementos a base de torta de algodão e farelo de soja, sendo menor nos animais do tratamento torta de babaçu e torta de mamona. A atividade tempo de ruminação não apresentou diferença tanto entre os tipos suplementos quanto entre os períodos. O tempo em ócio foi maior nos animais suplementados com torta de babaçu, não diferindo entre os períodos. A variável outra atividade apresentou interação tratamentos x períodos, diferindo o período seco/irrigado do chuvoso para os tratamentos torta de algodão e farelo de soja. A frequência de defecação não diferiu entre os períodos. Os animais que receberam suplementos a base de torta de babaçu apresentaram menor frequência de defecação em relação aos demais. Para a frequência de micção, não houve diferença entre os períodos. Entre os tratamentos, os animais que receberam suplemento a base de torta de mamona apresentaram maior frequência de micção. A visita dos ovinos ao saleiro e ao bebedouro apresentaram interação tratamentos x períodos. Para a variável tempo de ingestão de suplementos, não foi observada diferença entre o fator períodos. As variáveis tempo sob tela de sombreamento e taxa de bocado apresentaram interação tratamentos x períodos. Os animais suplementados com babaçu, mamona e soja passaram mais tempo na sombra durante o período seco/irrigado, enquanto que os animais do algodão não diferiram entre os períodos. As características estruturais do pasto não foram afetadas pelos tipos de suplementos. Os tipos de suplementos interferiram em algumas atividades comportamentais dos ovinos tanto no período seco/irrigado e chuvoso. Abstract: This study was conducted at the Vale do Curu- FEVEC Experimental Farm, belonging to the Federal University of Ceará, located in the municipality of Pentecoste-CE. The objective of this study was to evaluate the structural characteristics of the canopy and the behavior of crossbred sheep of the Morada Nova breed grazing Tanzania grass and supplemented with different protein concentrates based on cotton pie; babassu pie; Detoxified castor oil cake with calcium hydroxide and soybean meal from the biodiesel production chain. The grazing method was that of rotational stocking with variable stocking rate, with occupation period of 3 days and rest period of 18 days. The residual condition adopted consisted of a residual leaf area index of 1.4. The experimental design for the pre and post grazing structural characteristics was completely randomized in arrangement of subdivided plots with areas grazed by sheep receiving four types of supplements. The plots and grazing cycles (6 cycles) were the subplots, with four replications (Pickets). The design was completely randomized in arrangement of subdivided plots, with the plots composed by the animals grazing and receiving the supplements and the subplots the periods (dry / irrigated and rainy season) with six animals per treatments (repetitions). For the consumption and digestibility of dry matter the design was completely randomized with six replicates (animals). There was no effect among supplement types for any pre and post grazing variables. Regarding the grazing cycles, there was a difference in pre-grazing for all variables analyzed. In post-grazing for cycles, there was difference only for the variables Canopy Height; Total forage biomass; Of dead forage; Of living high; Relation living material / dead material and leaf full relation. Dry matter intake was lower in animals receiving a babassu pie supplement. Dry matter digestibility differed only from the soybean meal supplement, being lower than the others. The highest grazing time was observed in the animals that received supplements based on cotton pie and soybean meal, being smaller in the animals of the treatment of babaçu and castor cake. The rumination time activity did not present difference between the supplements types and between the periods. Idling time was higher in animals supplemented with babassu pie, not differing between periods. The other activity variable presented treatments x periods interaction, differing the dry / irrigated period from the rainy season to the cotton and soybean meal treatments. The frequency of defecation did not differ between periods. Animals that received supplements based on babassu pie presented a lower frequency of defecation in relation to the others. For frequency of urination, there was no difference between periods. Among the treatments, the animals that received castor-oil pie supplement had a higher frequency of urination. The visit of the sheep to the salt shaker and the drinker showed treatments x periods interaction. For the variable intake time of supplements, no difference between the period factor was observed. The time variables under shade screen and bit rate presented interaction treatments x periods. Animals supplemented with babassu, castor bean and soybeans spent more time in the shade during the dry / irrigated period, while cotton animals did not differ between periods. The structural characteristics of the pasture were not affected by the types of supplements. The types of supplements interfered in some behavioral activities of the sheep both in the dry / irrigated and rainy season. Made available in DSpace on 2017-12-27T23:18:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 CNPCUPA5.pdf: 1217314 bytes, checksum: e0559fdbaebb7d336f53a4dd0ff945d8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-12-27 Dissertação (Mestrado em Zootecnia) - Universidade Estadual Vale do Acaraú, Sobral. Orientador: Roberto Cláudio Fernandes Franco Pompeu (CNPC); Coorientador: Magno José Duarte Cândido.

Resumo: Objetivou-se, neste trabalho, propor níveis críticos para atributos químicos do solo utilizando-se a distribuição normal reduzida em áreas de agricultura familiar de subsistência cultivadas com milho e feijão-caupi, no semiárido brasileiro. Amostras de solo foram coletadas em propriedades de agricultores familiares do Sertão dos Inhamuns-Crateús. Para a obtenção de níveis críticos foi utilizada a distribuição normal reduzida que utiliza os dados de produtividade e a relação entre produtividade e o atributo químico do solo atribuindo o nível crítico para 90% da produtividade máxima. Os níveis críticos obtidos para as áreas cultivadas com milho e feijão caupi em região semiárida são: MO (g kg-1): 7,3 e 7,5; pH: 6,6 e 6,5; P (mg dm-3): 8,6 e 8,2; K: 2,8 e 2,7; Ca (mmolc dm-3): 33,3 e 22,4; Mg (mmolc dm-3): 11,2 e 9,9 e saturação por base (%): 73 e 71, respectivamente. O nível crítico pela distribuição normal reduzida pode ser utilizado com vista à obtenção de níveis críticos para atributos químicos do solo. Os atributos com maior frequência para o índice negativo em relação ao nível crítico estimado (NCRIz) são Ca > V > pH > Mg > K = MO > P e V > pH > P > MO > Mg > K > Ca para as áreas de milho e feijão, respectivamente. [Critical levels for soil attributes by reduced normal distribution in annual crops of subsistence]. Abstract: This study aimed to propose critical levels for soil chemical properties using the reduced normal distribution in areas of family subsistence farming under maize and cowpea crops in the Brazilian semiarid. Soil samples were collected on family farms in the region of Inhamuns-Cratéus. To obtain the critical levels the reduced normal distribution was used which uses the productivity data and the relationship between productivity and soil chemical attributes and assigning the critical level for 90% of the maximum. Critical levels obtained for areas cultivated with maize and cowpea in the semiarid region are: OM (g kg-1): 7.3 and 7.5; pH: 6.6 and 6.5; P (mg dm-3): 8.6 and 8.2; K (mmolc dm-3): 2.8 and 2.7; Ca (mmolc dm-3): 33.3 and 22.4; Mg (mmolc dm-3): 11.2 and 9.9; and base saturation (%): 73 and 71, respectively. The critical level for reduced normal distribution can be used to obtain critical levels for soil chemical properties. The attributes most frequently for negative index over estimated critical level (NCRIz) are Ca > V > pH > Mg > K = OM > P and V > pH > P > OM > Mg > K > Ca areas for corn and cowpea, respectively.

This study is motivated by the problem of erosivity (R), exacervated in semiarid zones by intense seasonal storms. The purpose was to estimate the spatial variation of R in a coastal area covering 37500 km2 which is one of the most important agricultural areas in northwestern Mexico. Four methods were used. Rainfall data from 11 SMNCONAGUA weather stations (from 1966 to 2013) were used to calculate R. The annual average R1 was 1181.08, and R2 was 1084.51 MJ mm ha–1 h–1 with ranges of 2.35–5220.55 and 2.93–4711.38 MJ mm ha–1 h–1. Statistical tests showed that a transformation of the data of the form y = log (x), was appropriate for an ANOVA analysis of the data. The value of the test statistic was F = 1.77 with p = 0.149, showing interdependence between the indicators P (α = 0.05). The values of the correlation coefficients for the data were P vs. R1 = 0.96, P vs. R2 = 0.99, P vs. AIm = 0.98, P vs. MFI = 0.99. The classification of risk in this region showed that 2017.5 km2 of the study area was at a very high risk of rain erosion, 2407.5 km2 under high risk, 5662.5 km2 under medium to high risk, and 14250 km2 under low risk. The results are shown on 1:10,000 maps. Results are a set of useful information for soil management programs and for cultivation planning that takes the seasonal variation of R into account in this region where large volumes of extensive crops are grown.

Durante la última década se incrementó la superficie agrícola, que incluyó el uso de suelos poco aptos y su consecuente degradación en la Región Semiárida Pampeana. Los cultivos de cobertura son una herramienta que puede minimizar tal degradación y compensar el balance de carbono. Nuestro objetivo fue evaluar el efecto de tres momentos de quemado de un cultivo de cobertura (CC) como el centeno, sobre el aporte de biomasa del CC, el contenido hídrico y el nitrato del suelo, la presencia de malezas en el cultivo sucesor y rendimiento del cultivo de maíz. La experiencia se llevó a cabo en la Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Anguil, INTA. Se realizaron determinaciones de agua útil y nitrato en el perfil del suelo, eficiencia del uso del agua (EUA) y producción de biomasa aérea del CC, recuento de malezas y rendimiento de grano en el cultivo maíz (sucesor) para tres momentos de quemado de los CC. Los resultados mostraron una mayor producción de biomasa aérea del CC y una mayor EUA en agosto y septiembre que en julio. El contenido de agua y nitrato en el perfil del suelo disminuyó cuanto más se demoró el momento de quemado (MQ), afectando negativamente el rendimiento de maíz. No hubo diferencias en la cantidad malezas presentes en el cultivo, entre los estados v6 y v8, ni en el rendimiento de maíz por la aplicación o no de herbicidas. During the last decade, the Pampean Semarid Region showed an increase in cropping area by including soils of low aptitude which, in consequence, became degraded. Cover crops are a tool that can minimize such edaphic degradation and offset the carbon balance. This work's objective was to evaluate the effect of three drying dates (DD) of rye, as cover crop (CC), on water use efficiency (WUE) and biomass production of the CC, soil content of available water and nitrate, and the presence of weeds in and grain yield of a maize successor crop. The field trial was conducted at the Experimental Station INTA Anguil, La Pampa, and the DD assayed for the CC were july, august and september. Results showed that CC biomass production and WUE were higher for drying in August and September as compared to that done in july. Contents of available water and nitrate in the soil profile, as well as maize grain yield, were significantly reduced with the delay of CC drying. There was no difference in the amount of weeds present in maize crop among v6 and v8 phenological stages, and neither in maize grain yield, whether or not herbicides were applied. EEA Anguil Fil: Servera, Martín. Universidad Nacional de La Pampa. Facultad de Agronomía; Argentina Fil: Zamora, Carlos Damián. Universidad Nacional de La Pampa. Facultad de Agronomía; Argentina Fil: Quiroga, Alberto Raul. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Anguil; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de La Pampa. Facultad de Agronomía; Argentina Fil: Frigerio, Félix Roberto. Universidad Nacional de La Pampa. Facultad de Agronomía; Argentina Fil: Aimar, Darío César. Universidad Nacional de La Pampa. Facultad de Agronomía; Argentina Fil: Abascal, Sergio Alberto. Universidad Nacional de La Pampa. Facultad de Agronomía; Argentina

Made available in DSpace on 2018-03-22T00:33:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 CNPC2016UPA6.pdf: 10378777 bytes, checksum: c1a457877012ebb4b76028937cefb353 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-03-21 Tese (Doutorado em Zootecnia) - Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Areia. Orientação: Ariosvaldo Nunes de Medeiros; Coorientação: Marco Aurélio Delmondes Bomfim (Embrapa), Ângela Maria Vieira Batista.

Resumo: O entendimento do fluxo de produção e do aporte de nutrientes via decomposição da serrapilheira e as interações do processo com parâmetros edáficos e ciclagem de nutrientes de espécies nativas da Caatinga têm sido pouco estudados. O conhecimento sobre ciclagem de nutrientes em florestas manejadas também permite inferências sobre as espécies com maior capacidade de reciclagem de nutrientes e seu potencial para recuperação de áreas degradadas. Objetivou-se com isso avaliar a produção e a degradação da serrapilheira de oito espécies lenhosas da Caatinga e mensurar os efeitos de sua aplicação sobre a fertilidade do solo e sobre a produção de sorgo em solo degradado. Para isso realizou-se três ensaios: para o ensaio I quantificou-se a produção de serrapilheira em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado com 6 repetições, por meio da instalação de coletores sob a projeção da copa das espécies (tratamentos): mofumbo, sabiá, jurema-preta, jucá, catingueira, pereiro, pau-branco e marmeleiro, sendo o material coletado mensalmente; foram quantificadas a produção das frações folhas, caule, material reprodutivo, miscelânea e total, bem como o aporte de nutrientes no período chuvoso e seco. Para o ensaio II avaliou-se a taxa de degradação da fração folhas de cada espécie citada por meio da utilização de litter bags, em delineamento inteiramente casualizado com 4 repetições, as coletas foram aos 0, 30, 60, 90, 120 e 150 dias, em seguida quantificou-se os macro e micronutrientes, celulose, lignina e carbono em cada tempo de amostragem. Para o ensaio III, realizou-se experimento em casa de vegetação para mensurar os efeitos da aplicação dos resíduos da serrapilheira das mesmas espécies mencionadas nos ensaios anteriores (I e II) sobre a fertilidade do solo e a produção de sorgo em solo degradado, neste experimento adotou-se o delineamento em blocos casualizados com 5 tratamentos e 5 repetições, sendo avaliadas doses equivalentes a: 0, 15, 30, 60 e 120 kg ha-1 de N dos resíduos de cada espécie e um tratamento adicional com adubação mineral, totalizando 30 unidades experimentais para cada espécie. As variáveis mensuradas foram biométricas, biomassa, teor relativo de clorofila e nitrogênio total, além de análises de fertilidade do solo. Com a análise dos dados verificou-se que a época de maior produção de serrapilheira ocorreu no final do período chuvoso para o início do período seco. A espécie jucá apresentou maior produção de serrapilheira, comparado às outras espécies. O nutriente cálcio apresentou maior acúmulo na serrapilheira para as espécies mofumbo, sabiá, catingueira, pereiro e marmeleiro e o nitrogênio foi superior para as espécies jurema-preta, jucá e pau-branco. Para todas as espécies avaliadas no ensaio de degradação houve redução significativa na sua biomassa em relação ao tempo zero, apresentando a seguinte ordem de velocidade de decomposição: jurema-preta > catingueira > pau-branco > jucá > marmeleiro > mofumbo > pereiro > sabiá. No ensaio de fertilização com os resíduos verificou-se que o marmeleiro promoveu efeitos negativos no solo, como acidificação. Porém, a aplicação dos resíduos da espécie pau-branco foi a que promoveu aumento nos valores de K, SB e CEC do solo e na produção do sorgo os resíduos de jurema-preta e pau-branco foram as que promoveram aumento na massa seca das plantas. Enquanto a adubação mineral proporcionou aumento na produção de massa seca do sorgo, demonstrando que a associação entre adubo mineral e o uso da serrapilheira de espécies da Caatinga pode ser uma opção viável para acelerar a recuperação de solos degradados. Abstract: The understanding of the production flow and nutrient supply via decomposition of litter and process interactions with edaphic parameters and nutrient cycling of native species of the Caatinga has been little studied. The knowledge of nutrient cycling in managed forests also allow inferences about species with capacity greater nutrient recycling capacity and its potential for recovery of degraded areas. This study aimed to evaluate the production and litter degradation 8 woody species of Caatinga and measure the effects of its application on soil fertility and production of sorghum in degraded soil. To this was carried out three tests: for the test I quantified the production of litter in a completely randomized design with 6 replications, by installing collectors under the canopy projection in the species (treatments): mofumbo, sabiá, jurema-preta, jucá, catingueira, pereiro, pau-branco and marmeleiro for each species, and the material collected monthly, were quantified the production of fractions leaves, stem, reproductive material, miscellany and total nutrient intake in the rainy and dry season. For II test evaluated the degradation rate of the fraction leaves through the use of litter bags, in a completely randomized design with 4 replications, the collected was 0, 30, 60, 90, 120 and 150 days and quantitated nutrients, cellulose, lignin and carbon at each evaluation time. For the III test, there was the experiment in a greenhouse to measure the effects of the application of litter waste of the same species of previous tests (I and II) on soil fertility and production of sorghum in degraded soil, was adopted the randomized block design with 5 treatments and 5 replications and evaluated doses equivalent to: 0, 15, 30, 60 and 120 kg ha-1 N of waste each species and an additional treatment with mineral fertilizer, totaling 30 experimental units for each species. Biometric analysis and biomass, relative chlorophyll content and total nitrogen were proceeded. In addition to soil fertility analysis. With the data analysis it was found that the time of greatest litterfall occurred at the end of the rainy season to the beginning of the dry season. The jucá species showed higher production compared to other species. The nutrient calcium had higher accumulation for the species mofumbo, sabiá, catingueira, pereiro and marmeleiro and nitrogen was higher for species jurema-preta, jucá and pau-branco. All species evaluated in degradation test had a significant reduction in biomass over time zero. They presented the following order of decomposition rate: jurema-preta > catingueira > pau-branco > jucá > marmeleiro > mofumbo > pereiro > sabiá. For fertility test it was found that marmeleiro promoted negative effects on soil, such as acidification. However, pau-branco was the specie that promoted further improvements in the K values, SB and CEC to the soil and for the production of sorghum, the waste jurema-preta and pau-branco promoted increase in dry matter plants. While the mineral fertilization provided an increase in dry matter production of sorghum, demonstrating that the combination of mineral fertilizer and the use of litter of Caatinga species may be a viable option to speed up the recovery of degraded soils. Dissertação ( Mestrado em Zootecnia) - Centro de Ciências Agrárias e Biológicas, Universidade Estadual Vale do Acaraú, Sobral. Orientador: Henrique Antunes de Souza; Coorientador: Roberto Cláudio Fernandes Franco Pompeu

Los objetivos del trabajo fueron evaluar los efectos de variaciones en los contenidos de materia orgánica sobre propiedades edáficas e identificar indicadores simples y de fácil determinación que sirvan para caracterizar el efecto del uso en Molisoles de la Región Semiárida Pampeana. El estudio se desarrolló en Paleustoles petrocálcicos y Haplustoles énticos de la planicie con tosca de la Región Semiárida Pampeana Central. Se seleccionaron sitios en planteos agrícolas (A) y en situaciones de vegetación nativa de Prosopis caldenia (VN). Con el fin de caracterizar los indicadores de calidad de suelo se determinó: arcilla+limo (a+l), distribución de tamaño de agregados, inestabilidad estructural (IIE), peso volumétrico de los agregados (PVA), densidad aparente máxima (DAM), susceptibilidad a la compactación (SC), humedad crítica (HC), materia orgánica total (MO) y sus fracciones, pH, cationes intercambiables y capacidad de intercambio catiónico (CIC). Las relaciones entre MO y sus fracciones con las variables físicas fueron más estrechas en suelos A que en VN. Un umbral cercano a 30 g kg-1 de MO fue determinado, por encima del cual los suelos no serían susceptibles a compactarse. Los suelos A presentaron mayor proporción de macroagregados (> 8 mm), pero también valores más elevados de PVA que en suelos VN. Los indicadores DAM, SC tuvieron estrechas relaciones con MO en suelos A, y fueron indicadores significativos de calidad de uso de los suelos. El PVA que mostró estrecha relación con la MO y a+l se podría proponer como indicador de calidad física debido a su sensibilidad para discriminar suelos bajo distintas prácticas de uso. Es importante destacar que la determinación de este indicador es sencilla, rápida y económica. The objective of the present study was evaluate the effects of variations in the organic matter contents on soil properties and identify simple y easily determinable indicators that could be useful to monitor soil quality in the semiarid Pampa. The work was carried out in petrocalcic Paleustolls and entic Haplustolls of the Calcic Plain of the semiarid central Pampas. Sites under agricultural use (A) versus native «Caldenal» vegetation (NV) were chosen. In order to characterize soil quality indicators; soil texture (c+l), aggregate size distribution, structural instability (IIE), volumetric aggregate weight (VAW), maximum bulk density (MBD), compaction susceptibility (CS), critical moisture (CM), total organic matter (OM) and its fractions, pH, exchangeable cations, and cation exchange capacity (CEC) were determined. The relationships between OM and its fractions with the physical variables were more significant in soils under A than under NV. A threshold value of approximately 30 g kg-1 OM was determined above which soils were not susceptible to compaction. Agricultural soils had higher proportions of macroaggregates (> 8mm) and higher VAW than soils under NV. Although MBD, CS, and CM showed good relationships with OM in soils under A and were meaningful indicators of soil physical quality, their use is limited since the Proctor test is not a simple method. Instead, VAW could be proposed as a soil physical quality indicator since its determination is simple, economical, fast, sensitive, and its values were highly correlated with differences in OM. EEA Anguil Fil: Fernandez, Romina. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Anguil; Argentina Fil: Quiroga, Alberto Raul. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Anguil; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de La Pampa. Facultad de Agronomía; Argentina Fil: Alvarez, Cristian. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Anguil; Argentina Fil: Lobartini, Juan Carlos. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Departamento de Agronomía; Argentina Fil: Noellemeyer, Elke. Universidad Nacional de La Pampa. Facultad de Agronomía; Argentina

Background: The rock cavy Kerodon rupestris (Wied-Neuwied, 1820) is a rodent species endemic to northeastern Brazil. Earlier studies have associated the argasid tick Ornithodoros talaje (Guérin-Méneville, 1849) with rocky cavy; however, a recent study proposed that O. talaje is not established in Brazil, where previous reports of this species were possibly misidentifications of closely related species, yet to be properly determined. Here, we describe a new species of Ornithodoros Koch, 1844 associated with rock cavies in northeastern Brazil. Methods: During 2012–2013, Ornithodoros ticks were collected from K. rupestris resting places in Paraíba State (PB) and Piauí State (PI), northeastern Brazil. These ticks were brought alive to the laboratory, and used to form two laboratory colonies (PB and PI ticks). Field-collected adults and laboratory-reared larvae were used for morphological description through light and scanning electron microscopy. DNA sequences of the mitochondrial 16S rRNA gene were generated from nymphal ticks and used to conduct phylogenetic analyses along with other Ornithodoros spp. sequences from GenBank. Reproductive compatibility of crosses between PB and PI adult ticks was evaluated, as well as analyses of hybrid ticks through larval morphology by a principal components analysis (PCA) and DNA sequences of the second internal transcribed spacer (ITS2) region from adult ticks. Results: Morphological analysis allowed recognizing these ticks as a new species, Ornithodoros rietcorreai n. sp. The larva of O. rietcorreai is distinct from those of other Ornithodoros spp. by the combination of the following character states: 14 pairs of dorsal setae, dorsal plate pyriform, hypostome with pointed apex and dental formula 3/3 anteriorly, 2/2 posteriorly, and anal valves with long and pointed leaf-shaped ends. There were a few larval morphological differences between PB and PI ticks, and their mitochondrial 16S rDNA sequences diverged by 3.3 %. On the other hand, cross-mating experiments showed that PB and PI ticks were reproductive compatible, indicating that they represent a single species. Analyses of ITS2 sequences and PCA corroborated this assumption. Conclusion: Ornithodoros rietcorreai is described as a new species associated with K. rupestris in Brazil, increasing the Brazilian tick fauna to 70 species. EEA Rafaela Fil: Labruna, Marcelo B. Universidade de São Paulo. Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia. Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal; Brasil Fil: Nava, Santiago. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Rafaela; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina Fil: Marcili, Arlei. Universidade Federal do ABC. Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas; Brasil. Universidade de Santo Amaro. Medicina Veterinária e Bem estar animal; Brasil Fil: Barbieri, Amália Regina Mar. Universidade de São Paulo. Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia. Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal; Brasil Fil: Nunes, Pablo Henrique. Universidade Federal da Integração Latino-Americana. Instituto Latino-Americano de Ciências da Vida e da Natureza; Brasil Fil: Horta, Mauricio Claudio. Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco. Campus de Ciências Agrárias; Brasil Fil: Venzal, José Manuel. Universidad de la República. Facultad de Veterinaria. Laboratorio de Vectores y Enfermedades Transmitidas; Uruguay

This study evaluated the effect of different cutting intensities and years of harvesting on the morphological characteristics and production of fresh (FMP) and dry matter (DMP) of cactus pear cv. Gigante (Opuntia ficus-indica Mill) under conditions of irrigation, high planting density and fertilization, with 12 months of regrowth. The experimental was completely randomized in a factorial design (3 × 2) with 12 replicates. The treatments were three cutting intensities (preserving the mother cladode (PMC), primary cladodes (PPC), or secondary cladodes (PSC)), and two years of harvesting. The soil was classified as Cambisol Haplicum and the irrigation water was classified as C4S1 (EC 5.25 dS.m-1) density of 50,000 plants ha-1. The research evaluated plant height, number of cladodes per plant (NCP), length, width, perimeter and thickness of the cladodes, cladode area (CA), cladode area index (CAI), FMP and DMP. There was no significant interaction between treatments (P > 0.05) for the variables plant height, NCP, CAI and FMP. The variables related to cladode morphology showed a significant interaction (P < 0.05). The treatment PSC resulted in a greater DMP (P < 0.05) with a mean of 27.17 Mg ha-1 yr-1, compared to PPC (18.58 Mg ha-1 yr-1) or PMC (11.78 Mg ha-1 yr-1). The treatment PSC promoted greater NCP and forage productivity at harvest and can be considered as a management practice for the sustainability of cactus pear cv. Gigante under irrigation. The more important morphological characteristics were also influenced by the lower cutting intensities. [Características morfológicas e produtividade da palma forrageira irrigada submetida a diferentes intensidades de corte]. Resumo: A pesquisa objetivou avaliar o efeito de diferentes intensidades de corte e anos de colheita, sobre características morfológicas e produções de matéria verde (PMV) e seca (PMS) da palma forrageira cv. Gigante (Opuntia ficus-indica Mill) sob condições de irrigação, adensamento e adubação, com 12 meses de rebrota. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial (3 x 2) com 12 repetições. Os tratamentos constaram de três intensidades de corte (preservando o cladódio mãe (PCM), os cladódios primários (PCP) e os secundários (PCS) e dois anos de colheita. Período experimental 24 meses e duas colheitas com intervalos de 12 meses. O solo foi classificado como Cambissolo Háplico e a água de irrigação C4S1 (CE 5,25 dS.m-1) e densidade de 50.000 plantas ha-1. Foram avaliados: altura e número de cladódios por planta (NCP), comprimento, largura, perímetro, espessura e área dos cladódios (AC), índice de área dos cladódios (IAC), PMV e PMS. Não foi observada interação significativa (P>0,05) dos tratamentos para as variáveis altura, NCP, IAC e PMV. Variáveis relacionadas à morfologia dos cladódios apresentaram interação significativa (P

tThe regular water supply during life cycle is essential to determine the yield in the legumes. In semiaridenvironments, the irregular rainfall and high temperature influence the phenology of crops impairing theyield. Peanut is an oleaginous crop with broad adaptation to tropical and semiarid climates, but yield isoften harmed when plants face water irregularities during reproductive phase. The recommendation ofcultivars tolerant to environments with water?limitation is indispensable to farmers in order to ensurereasonable production when drought settles down. Here, we evaluating peanut bred lines in order toassess drought tolerance based on physiological and yield traits, in greenhouse and field assays. In green-house experiment, 2 genotypes (BR 1, drought tolerant and the sensible LViPE-06) and 2 descendant bredlines (earliness-LBM Branco and a mid-runner, LBR Branco) were submitted to 21 days of total watersupression. Diffusive resistance, transpiration and leaf water potential were measured by porometer (LI1600), from fully expanded leaves at mid canopy. Root length was also measured at final period of waterstress. Further, in a 2-year field experiment carried out in semiarid environment (Barbalha, CE, Brazil),the genotypes were evaluated under rainfed and irrigation, aiming to estimating the yield trait and theefficiency of drought tolerance. Physiological and yield traits of all genotypes were altered under waterstress and significant responses were observed. Both top lines showed physiological ability to toleranceto drought, but LBM Branco, an earliness and upright line, was classified as drought tolerant showingbehavior near to BR 1. The losses in pod and seed yield were low, comparing to runner parent (LViPE-06).LBR Branco showed an intermediary performance between parents and was classified as moderately tol-erant. Based on physiological and agronomic performances, LBM Branco can later be recommended formanagement in semiarid environment.

El uso de leguminosas como abonos verdes, puede proveer una cantidad importante de nitrógeno para el cultivo posterior, dependiendo de la velocidad de descomposición de los residuos. La necesidad de siembra directa (SD) en los suelos frágiles no permite el enterramiento de los residuos, dificultando su descomposición y la liberación de nitrógeno inorgánico (Ni). En este trabajo se estudió la relación entre descomposición de abonos verdes de vicia con y sin adición de estiércol, la liberación de Ni y la dinámica de las poblaciones microbianas asociadas a estos procesos en el semiárido de la provincia de San Luis, Argentina. En macetas con suelo de la región se incubó suelo solo, dos dosis de vicia y dos dosis de vicia+estiércol durante un año en condiciones reales de temperatura y humedad. Bolsas conteniendo residuos de planta entera de vicia con y sin estiércol fueron ubicadas en superficie (simulando SD) y a 10 cm de profundidad (simulando una labranza mínima) en el suelo de las macetas. Se tomaron muestras de suelo para medir Ni (Nitratos y Amonio) y grupos funcionales microbianos (amonificantes, nitrificantes y celulolíticos). Al mismo tiempo, se retiraron bolsas para medir la velocidad de descomposición del residuo. El contenido de amonio en el suelo aumentó en 6,7 (D1), 28 (D2), 7,3 (D3) y 26 (D4) mg/Kg en un año; por otra parte, el contenido de nitratos aumentó 17 (D1), 32 (D2), 23 (D3) y 41 (D4) mg/Kg. El aumento en el contenido de Ni coincidió con la evolución de las poblaciones de microorganismos amonificantes y nitrificantes. La descomposición en los residuos enterrados (p

Rice–wheat rotation is the most important cropping system of the Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP) and is responsible for the food security of the region. The effect of different integrated nutrient management practices on soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks and its fractions, SOC sequestration potential as well as the sustainability of the rice–wheat system were evaluated in long term experiments at different agro-climatic zones of IGP. Application of NPK either through inorganic fertilizers or through combination of inorganic fertilizer and organics such as farm yard manure (FYM) or crop residue or green manure improved the SOC, particulate organic carbon (POC), microbial biomass carbon (MBC) concentration and their sequestration rate. Application of 50% NPK + 50% N through FYM in rice and 100% NPK in wheat, sequestered 0.39, 0.50, 0.51 and 0.62 Mg C ha−1 yr−1 over control (no N–P–K fertilizers or organics), respectively at Ludhiana, Kanpur, Sabour and Kalyani using the mass of SOC in the control treatment as reference point. Soil carbon sequestration with response to application of fertilizer partially substituted (50% on N basis) with organics were higher in Kalyani and Sabour lying in humid climate than Ludhiana and Kanpur lying in semiarid climate. The rice yield recorded a significant declining trend in Ludhiana and Kanpur where as the yield trend was stable at Sabour and Kalyani under unfertilized control. The system productivity in N–P–K fertilized plots and NPK along with organics showed either an increasing trend or remained stable at all locations during last two and half decades of the experiment.

Conservation agriculture (CA) is currently promoted in sub-humid and semi-arid areas of sub-Saharan Africa as a means to increase crop water use efficiency and stabilize yields. In this study, conducted during three consecutive seasons in a semi-arid area of Zimbabwe, the short-term performance of CA and current farming practices (CP) were compared in two multi-locational experiments: (1) unfertilised on-farm trials with a cotton-sorghum rotation during three consecutive seasons, and (2) farmers’ cotton fields receiving fertiliser provided on credit by cotton companies during two consecutive seasons. In both cases, residues for mulch were produced in situ . In addition to biophysical measurements, farmers’ perceptions of the technology were appraised. CA did not affect cotton productivity during the first 2 years of the experiments, which received average or above average rainfall. During the drier 2009–2010 season CA had a negative effect on crop yield both in the on-farm trials (average yield of 730 and 820 kg ha −1 under CA and CP, respectively) and in the farmers’ cotton fields (average yield of 1220 and 1440 kg ha −1 under CA and CP, respectively). There was no difference in water runoff between CA and CP on a relatively fine-textured soil, but significantly more runoff with CA on a coarser-textured soil (14 mm during the wetter 2008–2009 season), due to soil surface crusting and soil compaction. Most soils in the study area fall into this latter category. For this reason, farmers perceived ploughing as necessary during drier years to maximize water infiltration, but perceived CA as beneficial during wetter years as a means to ‘shed water’ and avoid water-logging. This is rather counterintuitive vis-a-vis the common description of CA as a water-harvesting technology. Soil crusting and compaction may be avoided by the production and retention of quantities of biomass greater than what was realised in this study (on average, only 770 kg ha −1 of residues were retained as mulch in the on-farm trials). This may be achieved through better crop management (e.g. adequate fertilisation, timely planting, crop protection) in combination with intercropping. Increasing crop primary productivity (e.g. through adequate fertilisation, timely planting and crop protection) is a pre-requisite for the principles of CA to benefit smallholders under semi-arid conditions. Our results indicate that certain legume intercropping combinations may contribute to such an end.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of replacing soybean meal (SM) with castor bean cake (DCC), detoxified using two alkaline products, on the feeding behavior and physiological parameters of Saanen and Anglo-Nubian goat breeds with an initial body weight of 16.22 ± 0.67 kg. The treatments consisted of three diets that were isoproteic and isoenergetic: the first with a standard formulation based on corn and SM, the second with DCC detoxified using calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2 DCC), and the third with DCC detoxified using sodium hydroxide (NaOH DCC). A completely randomized design with a 3 × 2 (diets and breeds) factorial arrangement and four replicates per combination was used. A dietary effect on the intake of dry matter (DM) and NDFap (P = 0.02 and 0.01) was observed, with lower values for goats fed NaOH DCC than the other diets. The diets influenced feeding and rumination times (P = 0.04 and 0.03). An interaction (P = 0.04 and 0.01) between the breeds and the SM-based diet was found for time variables (other activity and idle time). Increased feeding and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) rumination efficiencies were observed for goats fed SM and Ca(OH)2 DCC (P = 0.03 and 0.01). Goats fed the NaOH DCC diet consumed large amounts of water, while Saanen goats urinated more times than did Anglo-Nubian goats. The diets had an effect on the heart rate and rectal temperature (P = 0.01 and 0.02), while the body surface temperature was influenced by the breed. Thus, Ca(OH)2 or NaOH DCC has a great potential to replace SM in the feeding of dairy goats. When used as diet for goats in the growth phase, NaOH DCC causes a reduction of DM and NDF intakes. Neither DCC negatively affected the physiological parameters of goats. [Comportamento alimentar e parâmetros fisiológicos de cabritas recriadas consumindo dietas contendo torta de mamona destoxificada]. Resumo: Objetivou-se avaliar a influência da substituição do farelo de soja (FS) pela torta de mamona destoxificada (TMD) por dois produtos alcalinos sobre o comportamento alimentar e parâmetros fisiológicos de cabritas das raças Saanen e Anglo-nubiana, com peso corporal inicial de 16,22 ± 0,67 kg. Os tratamentos consistiram de três dietas, uma com formulação padrão à base de milho e FS e as demais foram formuladas com torta de mamona destoxificada por hidróxido de cálcio (TMD Ca(OH)2 ) e outra por hidróxido de sódio (TMD NaOH), as quais foram isoproteicas e isoenergéticas. Utilizouse um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com arranjo fatorial 3 x 2 (dieta e raça) com quatro repetições por combinação. Houve efeito das dietas sobre o consumo de MS e FDNcp (P= 0,02 e 0,01), com menores valores para as cabras alimentadas com TMD NaOH. As dietas influenciaram os tempos de alimentação e ruminação (P= 0,04 e 0,03). Houve interação (P= 0,04 e 0,01) entre as raças e dieta à base de FS para as variáveis tempo com outras atividade e ócio. Observou-se maiores eficiências de alimentação e ruminação da FDN para as cabras que consumiram FS e TMD Ca(OH)2 (P= 0,03 e 0,01). As cabras da dieta TMD NaOH consumiram maiores quantidades de água e as Saanen urinaram mais vezes que as Anglo-nubiana. Houve efeito das dietas sobre a frequência cardíaca e temperatura retal (P= 0,01 e 0,02), já a temperatura corporal foi influenciada pelas raças. A torta de mamona destoxificada pelo hidróxido de cálcio e/ou hidróxido de sódio tem grande potencial para substituir o farelo de soja na alimentação de cabras leiteiras. Quando usado na composição de dietas para caprinos em fase de crescimento, a torta de mamona destoxificada pelo hidróxido de sódio leva à redução do CMS, bem como da FDN. Ambas as tortas não alteram negativamente os parâmetros fisiológicos das cabras.. Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-22T00:31:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 cnpc2018Feeding.pdf: 469813 bytes, checksum: 5b8b0ed35a3215691efaf1a9178831ba (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-09-21

Metadata only record In the Sahel region of West Africa, the traditional organization of the population and the grazing land avoided overexploitation of pastures. Since independence in the 1960s, grazing lands have been opened to all without specific guidance, and the vulnerability of the pastures to degradation has increased. Rotational grazing is postulated as a possible solution to provide higher pasture productivity, higher animal loads per unit land, and perhaps improved soil carbon storage. The objective of this study was to conduct a simulation-based assessment of the impact of rotational grazing management on pasture biomass production, grazing efficiency, animal grazing requirement satisfaction, and soil carbon storage in the Madiama Commune, Mali. The results showed that grazing intensity is the primary factor influencing the productivity of annual pastures and their capacity to provide for animal grazing requirements. Rotating the animals in paddocks is a positive practice for pasture protection that showed advantage as the grazing pressure increased. Increasing the size of the reserve biomass not available for grazing, which triggers the decision of taking the animals off the field, provided better pasture protection but reduced animal grazing requirements satisfaction. In terms of soil carbon storage, all management scenarios led to reduction of soil carbon at the end of the 50-year simulation periods, ranging between 4% and 5% of the initial storage. The differences in reduction as a function of grazing intensity were of no practical significance in these soils with very low organic matter content, mostly resistant to decomposition. SysCoor-2 (Farm/Enterprise)

Carbon sequestration in soils has been presented as a potential mechanism to enhance productivity in semi-arid lands in Africa while contributing to the mitigation of greenhouse emissions. Most of the literature, however, focuses on assessing the capacity of existing technology to sequester carbon in soils. There is much less discussion in the literature on the social and institutional elements that need to be in place to realize the potential benefits of carbon sequestration. This paper contributes insights in this direction by analyzing a case of community-based pasture management in north-central Mali. The case study challenges common assumptions in carbon sequestration efforts, namely that land resources are devoted to a single use by resident users; have distinct boundaries and fall within identifiable territorial and administrative jurisdictions, and are subject to widely recognized claims and free of conflict. We suggest that this is not always the case. Findings indicate that carbon sequestration projects centered on rangelands need to allow for flexibility in livestock movements and resource availability and to account for the diverging interest of multiple stakeholders, including different types of pastoralists and farmers. We conclude that social capital formation and conflict management are key elements of a carbon sequestration strategy in supports of sustainable and equitable development in the Sahelian region.

W6. Pathways for sustainable intensification of African agriculture?; International audience; Cropping system simulation can address the complex and interactive nature of resilience and allows for biological (crop growth and development), physical (soil-water dynamics), chemical (soil carbon and N turnover), and management related (e.g. crop choice, applications of nitrogen fertilizer, timing of sowing) aspects of resilience to be quantified. Soltani & Sinclair (2012) recently presented a non-calibrated, mechanistic, simple model, called Simple Simulation Model (SSM), which uses a generic approach for simulating the growth and yield of cereal and legume crops. The robustness of the legume and cereal versions of SSM has been demonstrated for a wide range of environments and various species including wheat (Soltani et al., 2013) and chickpea (Vadez et al. 2013). In cropping systems of the semi-arid Mediterranean region, variable and deficient rainfall and drought episodes are primary constraints to productivity. Under these conditions, maximizing water-use efficiency (WUE, defined as the ratio of yield per unit evapotranspiration) is critical. Hence the accurate prediction of soil-water dynamics and crop–water relations is required to identify management strategies that increase the use of scarce rainfall and its conversion into grain yield. We applied SSM to examine rotations including wheat and chickpea that are representative of rainfed environments of the southern and eastern Mediterranean.

Resumo: A pesquisa realizada neste pretendeu caracterizar a criação de pequenos ruminantes na Região Nordeste do Brasil. Para tanto, inicialmente, teve como objetivo analisar a importância da análise de clusters para caracterização de sistemas de produção de pequenos ruminantes, utilizando-se como ferramenta metodológica a pesquisa bibliográfica. Dessa forma, observou- se que a metodologia de análise de clusters, visando à caracterização dos sistemas de produção animal, é uma técnica utilizada no mundo todo, visando identificar os casos exitosos, aspectos vantajosos e impedimentos, de forma a subsidiar ações que propiciem a alavancagem da atividade agropecuária. Posteriormente, a partir de dados coletados de uma pesquisa de campo, por meio de entrevistas com 224 produtores de quatro estados nordestinos, utilizou-se a técnica de análise de agrupamento denominada de análise de clusters, visando, especificamente, identificar os grupos homogêneos existentes e verificar os fatores alavancadores e restritores dos grupos em relação às características gerais do produtor e de sua propriedade, à composição dos rebanhos, aos aspectos socioeconômicos dos produtores e às práticas relativas ao manejo reprodutivo, alimentar e sanitário. Dessa forma, foram identificados cinco grupos homogêneos (ou clusters) de produtores de pequenos ruminantes na Região Nordeste do Brasil. O grupo I representa 25% dos produtores analisados, onde as fazendas têm pouca área, no entanto, elevada densidade animal, destacando-se a presença do rebanho bovino com maior quantitativo nesse agrupamento, caracterizando-se como ?pequenas fazendas centradas na produção de leite?. O grupo II contém 20% dos produtores analisados, apresentando os menores quantitativos de rebanhos dentre os grupos, menor adoção de práticas de manejo e a maior frequência de criatórios exclusivos de caprinos e ovinos, sendo definido como ?pequenos rebanhos não tecnificados?. O grupo III é o maior grupo, contendo 28% dos criadores entrevistados, onde o rebanho caprino supera sensivelmente o rebanho ovino, sendo nomeado como ?caprinocultores tradicionais?. O grupo IV absorve 16% dos produtores mais experientes, com as maiores áreas de propriedades observadas, apresentando, também, um maior quantitativo de animais e um maior percentual de adoção de práticas de manejo, sendo definidos como ?grandes fazendas tecnificadas?. O grupo V abrange 11% dos produtores mais jovens, sendo o menor grupo analisado, onde os criatórios mistos de ovinos, caprinos e bovinos são de maior frequência, representando 33% dos produtores desse grupo, nomeado de ?criatórios mistos emergentes?. Verificou-se, em geral, uma evolução em todos os grupos no tocante ao manejo alimentar utilizado pelos produtores nordestinos, provocada por políticas de promoção do desenvolvimento do setor rural. Identificaram-se alguns entraves a serem superados, em especial no tocante ao manejo reprodutivo e sanitário dos rebanhos. [Characterization of sheep and goat farming production systems in the brazilian northeasth]. Abstract: The research aims to characterize this the creation of small ruminants in northeastern Brazil. To this end, initially we aimed to analyze the importance of cluster analysis for characterization of small ruminant production systems, using as a methodological tool to literature. Thus, it was observed that the cluster analysis methodology to characterize the animal production systems, is a technique used worldwide to identify the successful cases, advantageous aspects and obstacles in order to support programs that facilitate the leverage of farming. Subsequently, based on data collected from field research through interviews with 224 farmers in four northeastern states, it used the cluster analysis technique called cluster analysis, aimed specifically identify the homogeneous groups and check leveraging factors and restrictors groups in relation to the general characteristics of the producer and his property, the composition of herds, the socioeconomic aspects of producer and practices related to reproductive management, food and health. Thus, five homogeneous groups have been identified (or clusters) of small ruminant producers in northeastern Brazil. Group I represents 25% of the producers examined, where farms have little area, however, high stocking density, highlighting the presence of cattle more quantitative in that group, characterized as "small farms focused on milk production ". Group II contains 20% of analyzed producers, with the quantitative smaller herds among the groups, lower adoption of management practices and a higher frequency of exclusive breeders of goats and sheep, being defined as "small flocks not technified". Group III is the largest group, comprising 28% of respondents creators, where the goat herd significantly exceeds the sheep flock, being named as "traditional goat farmers". Group IV absorbs 16% of the most experienced producers, with the largest areas of observed properties, showing also a larger quantity of animals and a higher percentage of adoption of management practices, which are defined as "large farms technicality". Group V covers 11% of the youngest producers, the lowest group analyzed where mixed farms of sheep, goats and cattle are most frequent, representing 33% of producers in that group, named "emerging mixed farms." There was generally an increase in all groups regarding the feeding management used by Northeastern producers caused by the promotion of the development of the rural sector policies. They identified some obstacles to be overcome, especially with regard to reproductive health and herd management. Tese (Doutorado em Zootecnia. Área de Concnetração: Produção e Nutrição Animal) - Universidade Federal do Ceará, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Fortaleza. Orientação: Elzânia Sales Pereira; Coorientação: Evandro Vasconcelos Holanda Júnior (Embrapa Caprinos e Ovinos).

International audience; Knowledge and monitoring of the grapevine phenology during the season are important requirements for characterization of productive regions, climate change studies and for planning of various production activities at the vine field level. This work aims at studying the spatial variability of grapevine phenology at within field scale. It was conducted on two fields, one of cv Cabernet Sauvignon of 1.56 ha and the other of cv Chardonnay of 1.66 ha, both located in Maule Valley, Chile. Within each vine field a regular sampling grid was designed, to carried out weekly measurements of phenology and maturation. The main results shows that there is a significant spatial variability in the phenological development and maturation at the within field level for both vine fields. This variability is spatially organised and temporaly stable from the beginning of the season (post-budbreak) to harvest and over the years. A cluster analysis allowed us to define two clearly contrasted zones in terms of phenology and maturation in both fields. The magnitude of difference (in days) between zones varied from 4 to 9 days depending on phenological stages and from 5 to 43 days for maturation. These differences are similar and comparable to that observed at larger scales or under scenarios of climate change. These results highlight the necessity to better take into account this variability to improve sampling and to base decisions of production activities (spraying, harvest, pruning, etc.) application on more relevant infomation. Further investigations should determine the environmental factors that determine the observed spatial variability

Chemical composition of some potential forages species, natives from Caatinga region, were evaluated. Samples of Macroptilium heterophyllum, Stylosanthes humilis, Rhynchosia mínima, Desmodium tortuosum Sw. Dc, Merremia aegyptia, Mimosa tenuiflora Wild, Bauhinia cheilantha and as well Macroptilium lathyroides, Caesalpinia pyramidalis and Mimosa tenuiflora hays were collected in Rio Grande do Norte Stated, during 2011 rainy season. The analyses: dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP) mineral matter (MM) ether extract (EE) neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), lignin (LIG), insoluble neutral detergent nitrogen, (INDN) insoluble acid detergent nitrogen, (ADIN), total phenol (TF) and total tannin (TT) were done at Embrapa Caprinos e Ovinos in Ceará State. Plants analyzed, as expected, for tropical species, exhibited high level of cell wall constituents, high lignifications rate and revealed substantial presence of anti nutritional compounds. However, regardless of this data, the main problem, for grazing animals, is due to its xerophytes characteristics. Most of the shrubs and trees are deciduous, losing its leaves during the dry season. In addition, herbaceous presents a very rapid lifetime cycle, germinating and senescing during the brief wet season. [Composición química y potencial forrajero de especies de la región de Caatinga]. Resumen: Se evaluó la composición química de algunas especies forrajeras potenciales nativas de la región de Caatinga. Muestras de Macroptilium heterophyllum, Stylosanthes humilis, Rhynchosia minima, Desmodium tortuosum Sw. Dc, Merremia aegyptia, Mimosa tenuiflora Wild, Bauhinia cheilantha y así como de heno de Macroptilium lathyroides, Caesalpinia pyramidalis y Mimosa tenuiflora se colectaron en Rio Grande do Norte durante la temporada de lluvias de 2011. Las muestras fueron analizadas para determinar su contenido de materia seca (MS), proteína cruda (PC), minerales (MM), extracto etéreo (EE), fibra neutro detergente (FND), fibra detergente ácido (FDA), lignina (LIG), nitrógeno insoluble detergente neutro (INDN), nitrógeno insoluble detergente ácido (ADIN), fenoles totales (FT) y taninos totales (TT). Como se esperaba, para las especies tropicales, las plantas exhibieron alto nivel de componentes de la pared celular, alta tasa de lignificación y reveló la presencia sustancial de compuestos antinutricionales. Sin embargo, el principal problema para los animales de pastoreo se debe a sus características Xerófitas. La mayoría de los arbustos y los árboles son de hoja caduca, perdiendo sus hojas durante la estación seca. Además, las herbáceas presentan un ciclo de vida muy rápido, germinando y llegando a senescencia durante la breve temporada de lluvias Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-14T00:40:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 cnpc2015Chemical.pdf: 229858 bytes, checksum: 6100f4518739edff4dea9333fb2dd81d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-09-13

Using data from field studies in the Kalahari rangelands of Southern Africa, the relationships between ‘scientific’ and ‘land user’ interpretations of land degradation and change in nonequilibrium savanna ecosystems are explored. Scientific and land-user views are often regarded as distinct, and even opposed, knowledges. We contest that a more constructive view can be taken through the concept of hybrid knowledge, whereby value is attached to both approaches and through which a more useful and meaningful assessment of environmental change, and its implications for development and natural resource use, can be made. We find that in both the southwestern and northwestern Kalahari, pastoralists have a complex understanding of the patchiness of ecosystem variability, and that they utilise elements of this patchiness of change, notably dimensions of bush encroachment and grass species change that have commonly been regarded as degradation in scientific understandings, within livestock management strategies, especially at times of environmental stress. We urge caution in the application of the term degradation, and a more widespread recognition of the multifaceted dimensions, including benefits, of change within the scientifically recognized variability of nonequilibrium rangelands. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Community Based Conservation (CBC) has become the catch-all solution to the social and ecological problems plaguing traditional top-down, protectionist conservation approaches. CBC has been particularly popular throughout Africa as a way to gain local support for wildlife conservation measures that have previously excluded local people and their development needs. This article shows that, despite the rhetoric of devolution and participation associated with new CBC models, conservation planning in Tanzania remains a top-down endeavour, with communities and their specialized socio-ecological knowledge delegated to the margins. In addition to the difficulties associated with the transfer of power from state to community hands, CBC also poses complex challenges to the culture or institution of conservation. Using the example of the Tarangire-Manyara ecosystem, the author shows how local knowledge and the complexities of ecological processes challenge the conventional zone-based conservation models, and argues that the insights of local Maasai knowledge claims could better reflect the ecological and social goals of the new CBC rhetoric.

Characterization of forest attributes at fine scales is necessary to manage terrestrial resources in a manner that replicates, as closely as possible, natural ecological conditions. In forested ecosystems, management decisions are driven by variables such as forest composition, forest structure (both vertical and horizontal), and other ancillary data (i.e., topography, soils, slope, aspect, and disturbance regime dynamics). Vertical forest structure is difficult to quantify and yet is an important component in the decision-making process. This study investigated the use of light detection and ranging (LiDAR) data for classifying this attribute at landscape scales for inclusion into decision-support systems. Analysis of field-derived tree height variance demonstrated that this metric could distinguish between two classes of vertical forest structure. Analysis of LiDAR-derived tree height variance demonstrated that differences between single-story and multistory vertical structural classes could be detected. Landscape-scale classification of the two structure classes was 97% accurate. This study suggested that within forest types of the Intermountain West region of the United States, LiDAR-derived tree heights could be useful in the detection of differences in the continuous, nonthematic nature of vertical structure forest with acceptable accuracies.

Trees play a critical role in the development of sustainable land use systems in the southern Africa region, but access to tree germplasm is limited. It was hypothesized that facilitating the establishment of farmer nurseries would promote decentralized tree seedling production in an efficient way, while at the same time provide opportunities for building natural, human and social capital. A study was conducted in Malawi, Zambia and Tanzania over 2 years to analyze the productivity of farmer nurseries and their functions in sustainable development. With limited outside support, farmers produced an estimated 6.2 million tree seedlings from 1901 nurseries across the three study areas over two years. Productivity of nurseries depended greatly on access to scarce water sources during the dry season. Farmers located the majority of nurseries therefore in ecologically sensitive dambo locations and along riverbanks, both posing possible land use conflicts in the future due to increasing human populations. Farmers organized two types of nurseries, with group nurseries producing significantly fewer tree seedlings compared to individual nurseries. This was attributed to larger transaction costs associated with organization and capacity building of group nurseries. On the other hand, the success of individual nurseries appeared to depend on human and social "start-up" capital being provided by group nurseries through previous training. In the absence of rigorous valuation of the longer-term effects of both types of nurseries in building natural, human and social capital, it appears that both have a role to play in meeting local demand for tree seedlings. Results generally suggest that smallholder farmers can play a pivotal role in providing tree germplasm for the development of sustainable land use systems.