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Objective: This article explains different approaches for pricing life settlements in the secondary market to adopt them for pricing the same product in Iran’s insurance industry. Methods: This is a quantitative study with a focus on life settlements pricing in Iran’s secondary market. It uses deterministic, probabilistic, and stochastic approaches. For this purpose, the Iranian life table, applicable since March 21, 2021, and the French life table, which was previously used by Iran’s insurance companies, were used to calculate the mortality and survival probabilities. Also, these probabilities were adjusted based on the insured's health status and lifestyle. Furthermore, the research findings were compared with the surrender value of the life insurance policy. Results: The results showed the insurance policy's surrender value to be lower than the price calculated based on the probabilistic and stochastic approaches. It was found to be higher than the price calculated based on the deterministic approach. Therefore, based on probabilistic and stochastic approaches, the exchange of life settlements in the secondary market will benefit the insured. In addition, the price of life insurance policies, based on deterministic and stochastic approaches using the Iranian life table, was lower than the French life table. This was even though the price of these life settlements using the probability approach for the Iranian life table was obtained more than the French life table. Therefore, using the Iranian life table in the pricing of life settlements, based on a probability approach, will benefit the policyholders, and based on a deterministic and stochastic approach; it will be detrimental to them. Furthermore, the life settlements price for Spain is higher than for Iran due to different assumptions. Conclusion: To increase the penetration of life insurance, insurance companies need to enter new fields, such as secondary markets. The life settlement in the secondary market means the sale of ownership or the transfer of benefits from the insured to the investor. In general, life settlement pricing requires the development of regulations to determine the necessary assumptions, such as the internal rate of return and the adjustment multiplier of the mortality probability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Problem definition: For grocery retailers, managing perishable food that is nearing expiry is a major challenge. Donating food to food banks is socially responsible, as it improves local communities and reduces waste generation. It also diverts food to a secondary, quality-differentiated market. Academic/practical relevance: In this paper, we quantify the economic impacts of this secondary market for food by examining donation and pricing behaviors for competing retailers. Methodology: We use a structural model of price-discriminating oligopoly retailers to study the effect of food donations on store and category-level demand and equilibrium prices. Empirically, we estimate the food donation effect using a unique data set of food donations and sales for several categories of perishable foods across two major retail chains that compete in the same market. Results: The competitive effects of food donations follow from the price-discrimination logic. First, food donations create a direct demand effect. Donations raise the average quality of products on display, shifting demand curves inward and rotating them clockwise (e.g., more inelastic). Second, food donations create a market enhancement effect, softening price competition and raising equilibrium prices among competing retailers. Managerial implications: Food donations increase food prices and store profits, tying the socially responsible option to an economic benefit. This study contributes a new type of reuse operation to the literature on closed-loop supply chains. Funding: Funding from the Agriculture and Food Research Initiative (National Institute for Food and Agriculture, U.S. Department of Agriculture) [Grant 2020-67021-31377] is acknowledged. Supplemental Material: The online supplement is available at https://doi.org/10.1287/msom.2022.1185. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Problem definition: We study the economic rationale for certified pre-owned (CPO) programs and characterize the mechanism through which they influence secondary markets to create value for durable goods firms and consumers. Academic/practical relevance: Our study on understanding the market impact of CPO programs is highly relevant for industry given their prevalence in practice. Our work also contributes to the adverse selection literature in the context of the "lemons problem" by uncovering the mechanism underpinning CPO programs and how they improve market efficiency. Methodology: We use a game-theoretic durable goods model that captures CPO program features to identify how CPO programs improve market efficiency. We further investigate how CPO program size, as determined by program qualification criteria, plays a role in improving market efficiency. Results: We show that the mechanism underpinning CPO programs consists of two mutually reinforcing effects: a more effective segmentation of used product buyers through high- and low-quality product differentiation and a higher trade-in discount to used product owners. The former effect generates a higher revenue, which, in turn, allows for a higher trade-in discount. This translates to more high-quality products being traded in, more new products being purchased, and more used products being sold in the secondary market (i.e., increased market efficiency). We also show that these two effects are strengthened as the CPO program size increases. Finally, we test hypotheses deriving from our theoretical results in the context of the U.S. automotive industry. Our empirical findings are consistent with the conclusions of our theoretical work. Managerial implications: Durable goods firms can proactively manage their CPO programs by appropriately setting trade-in discounts and managing price discrimination between CPO and non-CPO products. CPO program qualification criteria can be used to alter CPO program size and, hence, the level of market efficiency improvement induced by these choices. Supplemental Material: The online appendix is available at https://doi.org/10.1287/msom.2022.1176. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this article is to list the legal, jurisprudential and executive obstacles and challenges of securitization of bank facility assets, and by using the normative and descriptive-analytical methods, some solutions will be proposed to extend the use of this tool. The findings show that despite the serious need of banks to increase their ability to provide facilities, there are some challenges such as the high cost of issuing securities, the pricing of claims regardless of market conditions (financial repression) and the higher profits of other parallel markets compared to the earnings of these securities, prolonged examination process and complex structure of securitization, the suspension of the use of this tool due to the 2008 financial crisis, the high credit risk of borrowers and the low quality of bank assets, the existence of six jurisprudential theories about sale and the lack of consensus among jurists in this context, legal and regulatory gap in the establishment of corporate governance in banks, and the non-applicability of the tax laws of partnership bonds to securities resulting from bank claims, which all lead to a decrease in investors’ motivation to buy these bonds on the one hand and a decrease in the willingness of banks to securitize claims, on the other. The consequences of not paying attention to this matter will appear in the reduction of banks' financing power, which will in turn decrease their capital adequacy ratio.

This paper proposes an approach to determine efficient release prices on the Bordeaux en primeur (primary) market. The model exploits information from the secondary market to estimate efficient release prices. We apply the model to a representative sample of wines from the 2021 vintage. The results show that most chateaux released their wines at prices that were too high. The median overpricing is 5.2% but exceeds 30% for some wines. This situation may be partially attributed to excessively uniform pricing caused by the tendency of chateaux with similar status to release their wines at similar price levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For generation products characterized by frequent releases of new versions, when a new version is introduced to the market, the current version usually still has a remaining useful life. This creates a challenge for a firm to manage used product collection and upgraded product introductions at the same time, especially with the presence of a secondary market. This paper develops an analytical model to study the design and evaluation of two widely adopted collection policies for used products. Specifically, depending on whether a monetary reward for returning used products is associated with further purchases, we examine both unconditional (buyback) and conditional (trade‐in) collection policies that take place in practice. We find that, in the absence of a secondary market, a conditional collection policy can outperform an unconditional one when the base product is durable and the residual value that the manufacturer can obtain after collection is intermediate. However, when an independent secondary market exists, allowing customers to trade used products with each other, any conditional policy cannot outperform the optimal unconditional policy. In particular, the two policies generate the same profit when the residual value is low; otherwise, the unconditional policy dominates as it effectively mitigates the cannibalization of the upgraded product sales by collecting more used products and reducing the supply to the secondary market. We also discuss the environmental impacts of these two collection policies. Our study helps to understand the impact of strategic customer behavior and the secondary market on the choice of used product collection policies, and provides manufacturers with guidance on the design of the optimal collection policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We focus on the timely issue of Content Delivery Network (CDN) resource management. We introduce a multi-stage scheme that leverages solutions from the capital market. The mechanism of Stock Options (SOs) is used to address a potential scarcity of resources, not adequately addressed by other predictive mechanisms previously introduced by the authors. Using a Predictive Reservation Scheme (PRS), network resources offered by a CDN are monitored through established techniques (Kernel Regression Estimators) in a given time frame. Next, a Secondary Market (SM) significantly reduces resource waste by allowing the fast exchange of unused (remaining) resources granted to Origin Servers (OSs). This exchange occurs either by implementing socially optimal practices or by allowing automatic electronic auctions at the end of the day (EoD) or shorter time intervals. Finally, we further enhance our Load Prediction Mechanism (LPM); SOs are purchased and exercised, depending on the lack of resources at the EoD. As a result, OSs may acquire resources (if required) at a standard price. The effectiveness of the proposed stock market-based CDN resource management framework further improves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the emergence of the online C2C (consumer-to-consumer) marketplace, the new consumer behavior of temporary ownership is gaining popularity. Temporary ownership is defined as consumer behavior of selling products that they own temporarily, which were purchased for self-use. In this paper, the author envisions, explicates, and delineates temporary ownership behavior. Then, the paper highlights the similarities and differences with concepts such as liquid consumption, access-based consumption, collaborative consumption, and sharing economy. Finally, the paper debates the future research directions regarding temporary ownership relating to consumer decision making and psychological ownership, and discusses the managerial implications.

Limited partners (LPs) of private equity funds commit to invest with extreme levels of illiquidity and significant uncertainty regarding the timing of capital flows, often exacerbated by the LPs' spending requirements and portfolio rebalancing needs. Secondary markets have emerged that alleviate some of the associated cost. This paper develops a valuation model incorporating these institutional features. Model‐implied breakeven returns match empirically observed average fund returns for moderately risk‐tolerant LPs with private equity allocations up to 40%. In contrast, when earning average returns in private equity, highly risk‐averse LPs optimally allocate only a few percent to the asset class. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article captures the effects of secondary markets on the durable goods with game theory technology. Firstly, under monopoly in production, secondary markets both improve the producer’s profits and extend the market size. Secondly, to improve the profits, the producer launches the secondary markets although he/she undertakes a loss in the secondary markets. Thirdly, under large preference (wealth) difference, the producer prices as a type of luxury. Finally, the conditions about the producer pricing are identified. In summary, this article establishes the general framework of durable goods. The wealth difference is considered to analyze the effects of wealth on the demand of both the new product market and the secondary markets. The producer’s optimal decisions depend on the number of all types of consumers. Both the wealth difference and the number of all types of consumers jointly determine the price of new and used goods.

Due to the emergence of online flea market apps, consumers have begun to shop in retail shops with the intention of reselling in the future. In this paper, the author examines the effect of secondary market options on the shopping behavior in the primary market. More specifically, the paper examined the attractiveness of resale conditions, such as resale price and duration until settlement, at the secondary market using conjoint analysis. The analysis results indicate that although price and product attributes are important in decision-making at the primary market, the conditions at the secondary market also have positive utility. Moreover, the sellers on the online flea market app have relatively low price sensitivity at the primary market, and marginal willingness-to-pay of the conditions in the secondary market is higher compared with other user segments. The presence of a secondary market has the potential to raise consumer’s willingness-to-pay at the primary market.