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Surveys of the multimedia and digital visual effects industry in southern California reveal that its workers are predominantly young, white, highly educated, and well paid. Most of them originated from outside the region, but their labor market activities are characterized by complex social networks. (Author)

To purchase or authenticate to the full-text of this article, please visit this link: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2427.2008.00795.x Byline: ALLEN J. SCOTT (1) Keywords: cognitive-cultural economy; globalization; intra-urban space; urbanization; urban governance; urban theory Abstract: Abstract An urban problematic is identified by reference to the essential characteristics of cities as spatially polarized ensembles of human activity marked by high levels of internal symbiosis. The roots of the crisis of the classical industrial metropolis of the twentieth century are pinpointed, and the emergence of a new kind of urban economic dynamic over the 1980s and 1990s is discussed. I argue that this new dynamic is based in high degree upon the growth and spread of cognitive-cultural production systems. Along with these developments have come radical transformations of urban space and social life, as well as major efforts on the part of many cities to assert a role for themselves as national and international cultural centers. This argument is the basis of what we might call the resurgent metropolis hypothesis. The effects of globalization are shown to play a critical role in the genesis and geography of urban resurgence. Three major policy dilemmas of resurgent cities are highlighted, namely, their internal institutional fragmentation, their increasing character as economic agents on the world stage and the concomitant importance of collective approaches to the construction of localized competitive advantage, and their deepening social disintegration and segmentation. Resume Une problematique urbaine est degagee a propos des caracteristiques essentielles des villes definies comme des ensembles d'activite humaine polarises dans l'espace et marques par une symbiose interne poussee. Les racines de la crise qu'a subie la metropole industrielle classique au xx.sup.e siecle sont mises en evidence. Est aussi etudie un nouveau type de dynamique economique urbaine apparu au cours des annees 1980-1990, cette dynamique etant largement fondee sur la croissance et la diffusion des systemes de production cognitifs culturels. Parallelement a ces evolutions, l'espace urbain et la vie sociale ont connu des transformations radicales, et nombre de villes ont entrepris de revendiquer un role de centre culturel national et international. Cet argument est a la base de ce qu'on pourrait appeler l'hypothese d'une resurgence des metropoles. Il est montre que les effets de la mondialisation ont compte de facon cruciale dans la genese et la geographie de la resurgence urbaine. Trois grands dilemmes politiques des 'villes resurgentes' sont soulignes: leur fragmentation institutionnelle interne; l'accentuation de leur place d'agents economiques sur la scene mondiale et l'importance concomitante des approches collectives pour construire des avantages concurrentiels localises; ainsi que l'intensification de leur desintegration et de leur segmentation sociales. Author Affiliation: (1)Department of Public Policy and Department of Geography, University of California - Los Angeles, USA Article note: Allen J. Scott (ajscott@ucla.edu), Department of Public Policy and Department of Geography, University of California - Los Angeles, 1255 Bunche Hall, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.

Linear discriminant analysis was used to determine the spatial distribution and economic growth of Thailand's furniture industry. Analysis and dynamics of economic development are discussed in relation to globalization of labor-intensive industries.

To link to full-text access for this article, visit this link: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2006.01.003 Byline: Allen J. Scott Keywords: economic development; globalization; industrial agglomeration; international trade; outsourcing; value chains Abstract: A basic approach to the geographic investigation of low-technology, labor-intensive industries is sketched out by invoking notions of industrial organization, locational agglomeration, and spatial divisions of labor. The distribution of the clothing, footwear, and furniture industries across the contemporary world is described on the basis of detailed published statistics. Special emphasis is accorded to similarities and contrasts in the geography of production between more developed and less developed countries. I show that no matter what the level of development, agglomeration tends to be a pervasive (though not universal) feature of these three industries. Global trading patterns in the three industries are subjected to extended investigation. I examine international flows of finished products as well as production-sharing activities involving various kinds of subcontracting arrangements between high-wage and low-wage countries. I then attempt to demonstrate in theory how spatial agglomeration and international commodity flows function as mutually reinforcing phenomena via the play of increasing returns effects. The significance of low-wage, low-technology industries for processes of economic development is also stressed. In the conclusion I suggest that the global geography of production is tending more and more to assume the form of a far-flung mosaic of competing and collaborating agglomerations at various levels of productive capability and development. Author Affiliation: University of California, Los Angeles, USA Article History: Accepted 20 January 2006

The article begins with a brief definition of the cultural economy. A first generation of local economic development policy approaches based on place marketing and associated initiatives is described. The possibilities of a more powerful second-generation approach are then sketched out with special emphasis on localized complexes of cultural-products industries. An extensive review and classification of these complexes is laid out, and their inward and outward relations to global markets are considered. On this basis, a critical discussion of local economic policy options focused on cultural-products industries is offered. Contrasting examples of development initiatives in major global cities, in selected old manufacturing towns, and in the Multimedia Super Corridor of Malaysia are briefly presented. It is suggested that the growth and spread of localized production agglomerations based on cultural-products industries are leading not to cultural uniformity but to greatly increased diversity at the global level. Keywords: agglomeration; cultural economy; globalization; industrial districts; local economic development; place marketing

Regional economies are synergy-laden systems of physical and relational assets, and intensifying globalization is making this situation more and not less the case. As such, regions are an essential dimension of the development process, not just in the more advanced countries but also in less-developed parts of the world. Development theorists have hitherto largely tended to overlook this critical issue in favour of an emphasis on macroeconomic considerations. At the same time, conventional theories of the relationship between urbanization and economic development have favoured the view that the former is simply an effect of the latter. To be fully general, the theory of development must incorporate the role of cities and regions as active and causal elements in the economic growth process. This argument has consequences for development policy, especially in regard to the promotion of positive agglomeration economies and the initiation of growth in poorer regions. A related policy problem concerns ways of dealing with the increase in interregional inequalities associated with contemporary globalization. Issues of economic geography are thus of major significance to development theory and practice. Economic development Agglomeration World economy Development policy Income inequalities Regional dynamics Les economies regionales sont des systemes d'atouts physiques et relationnels bourres de synergies, et l'intensification de la mondialisation renforce cet etat des choses. En tant que telles, les regions constituent un element cle du processus de developpement, non seulement dans les pays plus avances, mais aussi dans les zones moins developpees du monde. Jusqu'ici, les theoriciens du developpement ont eu tendance a ignorer en grande partie cette question primordiale, favorisant plutot des considerations macroeconomiques. En meme temps, des theories traditionnelles du rapport entre l'urbanisation et le developpement economique ont affirme que celle-la s'explique par celui-ci. En principe, la theorie du developpement doit embrasser le role des grandes villes et des regions comme elements essentiels et cansaux dans le processus de croissance economique. Cette affirmation a de l'importance pour la politique de developpement, surtout pour ce qui est de la promotion des economies d'agglomeration positives et de l'amorcage de la croissance dans les regions defavorisees. Un probleme de politique connexe concerne les facons d'aborder la question du creusement des inegalites interregionales liees a la mondialisation contemporaine. Par la suite, les questions de geographie economique sont d'une importance majeure pour ce qui concerne la theorie du developpement, en principe et en pratique. Developpement economqiue Agglomeration Economie mondiale Politique du developpement Inegalites des revenus Dynamique regionale Regionalwirtschaften sind Synergie-geladene Systeme mit physischen und relationalen Vermogenswerten, welche die immer intensiver werdende Globalisierung nicht entiastet, sondern welter verstarkt. Regionen als solche stellen eine wesenthche Dimension des Entwicklungsprozesses dar, in den hoher entwickeken Landern wie auch in den weniger entwickelten Teilen der Welt. Entwicklungstheoretiker haben dies kritische Problem meist ubersehen, und stattdessen makro-okonomische Uberlegungen betont. Gleichzeitig haben konventionelle Theorien die Beziehung zwischen Verstadterung und wirtschaftlicher Entwicklung die Ansicht vertreten, dass erstere einfach eine Auswirkung der letzteren ist. Um allumfassend zu sein, muss die Theorie der Entwicklung die Rolle der Stadte und Regionen als aktive und kansale Elemente in den wirtschaftlichen Wachstumsprozess einbinden. Dieses Argument hat Folgen fur die Entwicklungspolitik, besonders ira Hinblick auf die Forderung der positiven Ballungswirtschaften und der Einleitung eines Wachstumsprozesses in minder bemitteken Regionen. Ein damit verbundenes Problem der Bestrebungen betrifft Arten der Handhabung der zunehmenden interregionalen Ungleichheiten in Verbindung mit der derzeitigen Globalisierung. Fragen der Wirtschaftsgeographie sind damit von grosser Bedeutung fur Theorie und Praxis der Entwiklung. Wirtschafliche Entwicldung Ballung Weltwirtschaft Entwicklungspolitik Einkommensungleichheiten Regionale Dynamik

A theoretical account of the genesis and internal spatial structure of cities is given. The essence of the urbanisation process is described in terms of the following main developmental phases: (a) the emergence of relationships based on specialisation and interdependence in society; (b) the pre-eminent role of the division of labour within these relationships and its recomposition in dense spatial nodes of human activity; and (c) the concomitant formation of the networked intra-urban spaces of the city. These phases are then contextualised within three intertwined dimensions of urban materiality, namely, an internal dimension (the internal organisation and spatial dynamics of the city), a socially ambient dimension (the relational structure of society at large) and an exogenous dimension (the geographic outside of the city). In light of this account, an evaluative review of what I designate 'the new critical urban theory' is carried out, with special reference to planetary urbanisation, postcolonial urban theory and comparativist methodologies. I argue that while every individual city represents a uniquely complex combination of social conjunctures, there are nonetheless definite senses in which urban phenomena are susceptible to investigation at the highest levels of theoretical generality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SCOTT A. J. (2002) A new map of Hollywood: the production and distribution of American motion pictures, Reg. Studies 36, 957-975. In this paper, I offer a reinterpretation of the economic geography of the so-called new Hollywood. The argument proceeds in six main stages. First, I briefly examine the debate on industrial organization in Hollywood that has gone on in the literature since the mid-1980s, and I conclude that the debate has become unnecessarily polarized. Second, I attempt to show how an approach that invokes both flexible specialization and systems-house forms of production is necessary to any reasonably complete analysis of the organization of production in the new Hollywood. Third, and on this basis, I argue that the Hollywood production system is deeply bifurcated into two segments comprising: (1) the majors and their cohorts of allied firms on the one hand; and (2) the mass of independent production companies on the other. Fourth, 1 reaffirm the continuing tremendous agglomerative attraction o f Hollywood as a locale for motion-picture production, but I also describe in analytical and empirical terms how selected kinds of activities seek out satellite production locations in other parts of the world. Fifth, I show how the majors continue to extend their global reach by means of their ever more aggressive marketing and distribution divisions, and I discuss how this state of affairs depends on and amplifies the competitive advantages of Hollywood. Sixth and finally, I reflect upon some of the challenges that Hollywood must face up to as new cultural-products agglomerations arise all over the globe, offering potential challenges to its hegemony. Motion-picture industry Globalization Cultural economy Hollywood Agglomeration Regional development SCOTT A. J. (2002) Une nouvelle carte de Hollywood: Ia production et la distribution des films americains, Reg. Studies 36, 957-975. Cet article cherche a remettre en question la geographie economique du soi-disant nouvel Hollywood. Le raisonnement se deroule en six etapes. Premierement, on examine le debat sur l'organisation industrielle a Hollywood qui a eu lieu dans la literature depuis le milieu des annees 80, et on affirme que le debat s'est polarise inutilement. Deuxiemement, on essaie de demontrer comment une approche qui invoque a la fois la specialisation flexible et des formes de production dites 'system houses' est necessaire a l'analyse de l'organisation de la production dans le nouvel Hollywood. Troisiemement, on affirme que le systeme de production a Hollywood se divise nettement en deux parties; a savoir, (1) d'un cote les 'majors' et leurs cohortes d'entreprises alliees et (2) de l'autre cote la masse de firmes independantes. Quatriemement, on affirme de nouveau la grande tendance continuelle a l'agglomeration de Hollywood comme un endroit ou on product des films. On decrit aussi, en termes analytiques et empiriques, comment certaines activites recherchent des lieux de production delocalises sur le plan mondial. Cinquiemement, on montre comment les 'majors' continuent d'etendre leur portee mondiale par moyen de leurs services de marketing et de distribution de plus en plus aggressifs. On examine aussi comment cette situation depend de et amplifie les avantages competitifs de Hollywood. Sixiemement, on reflechit a quelques-uns des defis auxquels Hollywood devra faire face au fur et A mesure que de nouvelles agglomerations de produits culturels se multiplient partout dans le monde, ce qui represente un defi a son hegemonie. Industrie cinematographique Economic culturelle Hollywood Agglomeration Amenagement du territoire Mondialisation SCOTT A. J. (2002) Eine neue Hollywoodkarte: Herstellung und Verteilung amerikanischer Spielfilme, Reg. Studies 36, 957-975. Dieser Aufsatz stellt eine Neuinterpretation der Wirtschaftsgeographie des sogenannten neuen Hollywood vor. Zuerst wird die Debatte um die industrielle Organisation, die die Literatur seit Mitte der achtzigerJahre beschaf tigt, kurz untersucht, mit der Schlu[ss]folgerung, da[ss] sie un notig polarisiert worden ist. Danach wird versucht, zu zeigen, inwiefern eine einigerma[ss]en vollstandige Analyse der Produktionsorganisation im neuen Hollywood eine Emstellung verlangt, die sowohl an flexible Spezialisierung als auch an 'Systems-house' Produktionsformen appelliert. Drittens, und aufdieser Basis, wird der Standpunkt vertreten, da[ss] das Produktionssystem von Hollywood stark gegabelt ist, wobei die beiden Zinken a) einerseits 'die Gro[ss]en' und ihre Kohorten verbundeter Firmen, und b) andrerseits die breite Masse unabhangiger Produktionsgesellschaften in sich vereinigen. Vierrens wird bestatigt, da[ss] die enorme agglomerative Anziehungskraft Hollywoods als Ort for Spielfilmproduktion weiter anhalt, aber auch beschrieben, wie, analytisch und empirisch gesehen, bestimmte Arten von Titigkeiten Satellitenproduktionsorte in anderen Teilen der Welt aufsuchen. Funftens wird gezeight, wie 'die Gro[ss]en' ihren globalen Einflu[ss]bereich dutch immer aggressiveres Marketing und Verteiler abteilungen weiterausdehnen, und erortert, inwiefern diese Zustande zugleich von den Wertbewerbsvorteilen Hollywoods abhangen und sie vetstarken. Sechstens, schlie[ss]lich, folgen Uberlegungen zu Herausforderungen, mit denen Hollywood konfrontiert wird, da auf der ganzen Welt neue Kulturproduktballungen entstehen, und seine Vorherrschaft durchaus herausfordern konnren. Spielfilmindustrie Kulturwirtschaft Hollywood Ballung Regionale Entwicklung Globalisierung