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In this paper, based on an analysis of the scope properties of objects in Japanese, I argue that (i) an entire phase is transferred when a higher phase is completed, and (ii) the movement of objects and adjuncts is constrained by anti-locality. I propose that in the potential construction, the movement of accusative objects is more constrained than the movement of nominative objects owing to the interaction between phasal transfer and anti-locality, which leads the accusative and nominative objects to exhibit distinct scope behaviors. This analysis leads us to conclude that negation in Japanese is an adjunct. Furthermore, the analysis correctly predicts the movement of objects in simple transitive sentences and the non-movement of nominative phrases in certain cases.

Abstract Background and Aim To report the scope of optometry practice in Trinidad and Tobago to identify areas that need improvement. Methods A cross‐sectional study of optometrists in Trinidad and Tobago was conducted using a validated self‐structured questionnaire. Data obtained was exported to the Statistical Package for Social Sciences. Descriptive analysis and Pearson χ2 were used to summarize the demographic data and determine associations, respectively. Result A total of 63 optometrists participated in the study. Majority of them were females (69.8%, n = 44), Christians (65.1%), East Indians (47.6%), and 30 years and below (66.7%). Most (87%) of them utilized routine optometric equipment in their clinical practice including autorefractors, retinoscopes, direct ophthalmoscopes, lensometers, phoropters, slit lamp biomicroscopes, trial lens boxes, and visual acuity chart projectors. A few of them have noncontact tonometer (4.8%), Volk lenses (1.6%), and perform color vision tests (1.6%). Fewer (12.7%, n = 8) practitioners provided low‐vision services. The use of pharmaceutical agents was prevalent among the participants (55.6%). Additionally, the provision of contact lenses was the most frequently practiced service among the participants (85.7%, n = 54). A significant association was observed between the provision of low‐vision services and sex (p = 0.03). Conclusion The scope of optometry practice in Trinidad and Tobago is in accordance with the basic guidelines set out by the World Council of Optometry but there is need to get more involved in the provision of low vision and other specialty services.

Evaluation appointment orders provide enforceable scaffolding for conduct of family court parenting plan evaluations, and use of the evaluator's reports, feedback, file, and testimony. Unlike a contract, a stipulated or adjudicated appointment order is directly enforceable by the family court. It unambiguously positions the evaluator as the family court's appointee – answerable directly to the court and, in some jurisdictions, protected by quasi‐judicial immunity from damages claims. A well‐crafted appointment order governs the roles and expectations of the court, the evaluator, the parties, the lawyers, and the collateral witnesses. An appointment order mandates the legal duties, rights, powers, and responsibilities of the professionals, the parties, and the collateral witnesses. At minimum, an appointment order articulates the legal basis for the appointment, the purpose and scope of the evaluation, compensation of evaluator, and the duty of the parties to participate in the process. A written evaluation protocol or procedures statement discloses in advance the methods of investigation and assessment that the evaluator intends to use. Together, the appointment order and written protocol help the evaluator, lawyers, parents, and judge manage the complexity of the evaluation process. Key points for the family court community: Standardized, well‐crafted appointment orders and written protocols can provide:Reduced conflict over the conduct of the evaluation;Positions about terms not linked to beliefs about recommendations;Protection for the parties and the evaluator;Reduced risk that the report or testimony will not be admitted into evidence;Reduced risk of disciplinary complaints. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: To evaluate the scope of practice and role in cancer management for radiation oncologists in Australia, New Zealand, and Singapore (ANZ). Methods: A 27‐question survey was emailed to all practicing radiation oncologists listed on the RANZCR database in mid‐2021. Results: There was a 54% response rate. Respondents reported managing symptoms associated with radiation therapy (96%), cancer‐related symptoms (86%), writing narcotic and analgesic prescriptions (76%), being involved in palliative care (57%), prescribing non‐cytotoxic systemic therapy (45%), and admitting patients (41%). Just over 20% wanted to expand their scope of practice, but for those who were unable to, insufficient time (35%), inter‐specialty political difficulties (14%), and lack of support from the organisation (12%) were the major reasons. Over half of respondents (56.4%) thought they provided an opinion on the overall role of cancer management. Just under 20% provided a radiation therapy opinion only and <1% provided radiation therapy at the request of the referring clinician. The remainder reported a combination of these. Over 80% of respondents thought their ideal role was to be involved in overall cancer management and 20% believed they should be providing an opinion on radiation therapy only. The ideal role matched the actual role in over 87% of respondents and most respondents thought radiation oncology training enabled an opinion on overall cancer management. Over 90% of respondents were satisfied with their current role in cancer management. Radiation oncologists felt they were perceived as independent clinicians and the large majority (87%) thought radiation oncologists should be part of a multidisciplinary team rather than leaders in cancer management. Conclusion: This study has revealed a broad but expected scope of practice for ANZ radiation oncologists with the large majority providing an opinion on overall cancer management or radiation therapy and their ideal role matching their actual role. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main aim of teaching Forensic Medicine in our nation to develop doctors who are knowledgeable and well aware about medico-legal Responsibilities in the practice of medicine. Forensic medicine and toxicology are required to be taught to MBBS undergraduate during their second professional year, which lasts 18 months in India. The study was done among a total of 352 MBBS undergraduates of VCSGGIMS & R Srinagar Pauri Garhwal Uttarakhand after dividing them in to three groups. The Students were asked to express their responses on a scale with grading from 1 to 5 on a questionnaire for survey. 84.9% students strongly or somewhat had agreed that the subject has utility after MBBS course for delivering health services especially in Government Health centre and While 5.1% strongly or somewhat had disagreed with it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An essential characteristic of firm size distribution patterns in developing countries including India, is a bimodal distribution with a "missing middle", which is widely accepted in development economics. We analyse data from the Annual Survey of Industries (ASI), National Sample Survey (NSS) and Economic Census to assess the firm size structure of the whole non-farm sector. The contribution of the paper is that for the first time a comprehensive database is constructed to enable analysis of the size structure of India's non-farm enterprises. The second contribution is that we find a deep distortion in India, with even a "small"-scale sector being very small, relatively. We examine briefly the policy-related causes that make India an outlier even among Asian economies in respect of size structure of enterprises. Finally, we argue that the historically policy-induced informality of enterprises is being entrenched by the current hiatus in state policy in even recognising the true nature of the problem of micro, small & medium enterprises (MSMEs), which holds back both their growth and employment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Addressing climate change requires engaging with the fluid, dynamic, and amorphous narrative of humanature relationships. I view environmental rhetoric as practices of storytelling that structure reality, guide actions, and shape understanding of the environment. Through rhetorical criticism, I analyzed fragments of climate activist discourse related to the narratives' temporal and spatial scopes. I argue that reimagining the scope of our climate narratives' temporal (chronos-kairos) and spatial (chora-topos) dimensions are inventional opportunities to motivate climate action toward more sustainable futures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper draws attention to various environments in Greek which show that imperatives convey possibility and not necessity as widely assumed in the literature. The interaction of imperatives with other operators reveals the presence of an existential operator. At the same time, however, it is shown that imperatives cannot be analysed as invariably conveying possibility. Instead, I suggest an analysis in which imperative verbal mood is semantically contentful, triggering a presupposition that results in a domain restriction for the set of evaluation worlds. Combining insights from both the modal (Schwager 2006; Kaufmann 2012) and the minimal approach (Portner 2004, 2007), I show that we can have a modalized minimal analysis if we take imperative verbal mood to be contentful at a presuppositional level. This twist allows us to capture the variable quantificational force of imperatives depending on the environment they appear in. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Research and researchers are heavily evaluated, and over the past decade it has become apparent that the consequences of evaluating the research enterprise and particularly individual researchers are considerable. This has resulted in the publishing of several guidelines and principles to support moving towards more responsible research assessment (RRA). To ensure that research evaluation is meaningful, responsible, and effective the International Network of Research Management Societies (INORMS) Research Evaluation Group created the SCOPE framework enabling evaluators to deliver on existing principles of RRA. SCOPE bridges the gap between principles and their implementation by providing a structured five-stage framework by which evaluations can be designed and implemented, as well as evaluated. Methods: SCOPE is a step-by-step process designed to help plan, design, and conduct research evaluations as well as check effectiveness of existing evaluations. In this article, four case studies are presented to show how SCOPE has been used in practice to provide value-based research evaluation. Results: This article situates SCOPE within the international work towards more meaningful and robust research evaluation practices and shows through the four case studies how it can be used by different organisations to develop evaluations at different levels of granularity and in different settings. Conclusions: The article demonstrates that the SCOPE framework is rooted firmly in the existing literature. In addition, it is argued that it does not simply translate existing principles of RRA into practice, but provides additional considerations not always addressed in existing RRA principles and practices thus playing a specific role in the delivery of RRA. Furthermore, the use cases show the value of SCOPE across a range of settings, including different institutional types, sizes, and missions.

The continuous monitoring of the terrestrial Earth system by a growing number of optical satellite missions provides valuable insights into vegetation and cropland characteristics. Satellite missions typically provide different levels of data, such as level 1 top-of-atmosphere (TOA) radiance and level 2 bottom-of-atmosphere (BOA) reflectance products. Exploiting TOA radiance data directly offers the advantage of bypassing the complex atmospheric correction step, where errors can propagate and compromise the subsequent retrieval process. Therefore, the objective of our study was to develop models capable of retrieving vegetation traits directly from TOA radiance data from imaging spectroscopy satellite missions. To achieve this, we constructed hybrid models based on radiative transfer model (RTM) simulated data, thereby employing the vegetation SCOPE RTM coupled with the atmosphere LibRadtran RTM in conjunction with Gaussian process regression (GPR). The retrieval evaluation focused on vegetation canopy traits, including the leaf area index (LAI), canopy chlorophyll content (CCC), canopy water content (CWC), the fraction of absorbed photosynthetically active radiation (FAPAR), and the fraction of vegetation cover (FVC). Employing band settings from the upcoming Copernicus Hyperspectral Imaging Mission (CHIME), two types of hybrid GPR models were assessed: (1) one trained at level 1 (L1) using TOA radiance data and (2) one trained at level 2 (L2) using BOA reflectance data. Both the TOA- and BOA-based GPR models were validated against in situ data with corresponding hyperspectral data obtained from field campaigns. The TOA-based hybrid GPR models revealed a range of performance from moderate to optimal results, thus reaching R2 = 0.92 (LAI), R2 = 0.72 (CCC) and 0.68 (CWC), R2 = 0.94 (FAPAR), and R2 = 0.95 (FVC). To demonstrate the models’ applicability, the TOA- and BOA-based GPR models were subsequently applied to imagery from the scientific precursor missions PRISMA and EnMAP. The resulting trait maps showed sufficient consistency between the TOA- and BOA-based models, with relative errors between 4% and 16% (R2 between 0.68 and 0.97). Altogether, these findings illuminate the path for the development and enhancement of machine learning hybrid models for the estimation of vegetation traits directly tailored at the TOA level.

Quantifier-Negation sentences such as all teachers did not use Sandy’s car are known to allow an inverse scope interpretation in English. However, there is a lack of experimental evidence to determine whether this interpretation is allowed in equivalent sentences in Japanese and Chinese. To address this issue, this study conducted a sentence–picture matching truth value judgment experiment in both Japanese and Chinese. The data suggested that Japanese Quantifier-Negation sentences do allow inverse scope readings, which suggests that the subject may be interpreted within the scope of negation. In contrast, Chinese Quantifier-Negation sentences prohibit inverse scope readings, which is in accordance with the strong scope rigidity consistently observed in this language. This paper also discussed how to develop a valid experiment for investigating scope ambiguities.

The scope of plastic reconstructive and aesthetic surgery is often misunderstood amongst both public and professionals, including the general practitioners (GP) who play vital roles in referring patients. Unlike other subspecialties, which are circumscribed by subgroup patients, specific organs, or diseases, the versatility of plastic surgery is driven by the principle of the surgical technique being malleable to each clinical case. This study aimed to demonstrate how well general practitioners in Kupang City acknowledge the scope of plastic surgery. The 30-Question electronic survey was filled out by GPs in several hospitals, PHCs, and clinics whose certificate of registration is based in Kupang City. Respondents should match the given cases to one subspecialist surgeon that the GPs think fits best. In total, 83 GPs participated; 63.9% (n = 53) were female, aged 27.95 (±3.53 years), 77.1% (n = 64) practised in a hospital, and 67.5% (n = 56) graduated from medical school in Java. Only 2.4% (n = 2) chose a plastic surgeon whom they will refer to among three hand cases, 6% (n = 5) in four craniomaxillofacial cases, and 10.8% (n = 9) in five reconstructive cases. The GPs tend to associate cosmetic procedures with plastic surgeons, while reconstructive surgery cases like hand or craniomaxillofacial cases were correlated with non-plastic surgeons. The scope of plastic surgery needs to be further introduced in the medical student curriculum; thus, GP can be more exposed to the field and refer patients accurately. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Russell derived many of his logical symbols from the pioneering notation of Giuseppe Peano. Principia Mathematica (1910-13) made these "Peanese" symbols (and others) famous. Here I focus on one of the more peculiar notational derivatives from Peano, namely, Principia's dual use of a squared dot or dots for both conjunction and scope. As Dirk Schlimm has noted, Peano always had circular dots and only used them to symbolize scope distinctions. In contrast, Principia has squared dots and conventions such that some dots mark scope distinctions while others symbolize conjunction. How did this come to pass? In this paper I trace a genealogy of Principia's square dots back to Russell's appropriation of Peano's use of circular dots. Russell never explicitly justifies appropriating Peano's notations to symbolize two distinct notions, but below I explain why Russell deployed Peano's dot notations in this manner. Further, I argue that it was Cambridge University Press who squared the circular dots. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Causal scope, the number of different effects a cause can pro-duce, is a salient feature of causes. In the present research, weaddress the question whether reasoners use causal scope as adiagnostic cue to infer the strengths of individual causal links.In three experiments, we manipulated the number of effects ofa cause, and asked subjects to assess the causal strengths ofsingle causal links. The results document a clear influence ofcausal scope on perceived link strength. In particular, subjectstended to display a “dilution” effect. They perceived a causallink to be weaker if that link belonged to a cause that is capa-ble of producing additional effects. This dilution effect can beexplained by a dispositional notion of causality according towhich a cause possesses a certain amount of causal power orcapacity that it distributes across its different causal pathways.

Chronic inflammation caused by persistent infections and metabolic disorders is thought to contribute to the increased cancer risk and the accelerated cancer progression. Oppositely, acute inflammation induced by bacteria-based vaccines or that is occurring after cancer selectively inhibits cancer progression and metastasis. However, the interaction between inflammation and cancer may be more complex than the current explanations for the relationship between chronic and acute inflammation and cancer. In this review, we described the impact of inflammation on cancer on the basis of three perspectives, including inflammation with different durations (chronic and acute inflammation), different scopes (systemic and local inflammation) and different occurrence sequences (inflammation occurring after and before cancer). In addition, we also introduced bacteria/virus-based cancer immunotherapies. We perceive that inflammation may be a double-edged sword with cancer-promoting and cancer-suppressing functions in certain cases. We expect to further improve the understanding of the relationship between inflammation and cancer and provide a theoretical basis for further research on their complex interaction.

English coursebooks have been the most basic sources of English teaching in the modern age. There are a number of reasons that make these books so popular. First of all, the processes that start with the determination of the students’ levels continue with the preparation and presentation of materials suitable for their level. In addition, because the methodology and strategy that will be useful to teachers are presented in a certain way in the textbooks, they are very attractive for everyone. However, there are also criticisms of the textbooks. The effect of presenting the same design in all the units of the book “Scope”, which is discussed in this study, on the students is handled. Besides being educational and informative, this design has been found to be boring after a while for the students.

The crisis of human resources in public severely health affects the population's access to quality medical services. Through this paper, the authors attempt make some correlations with the phenomenon manifested on the labor market, namely the migration of medical personnel. The necessary clarifications are provided of the causes and effects of this phenomenon, but the extent of negative manifestations is also described, as well as some trends that have emerged following the implementation of the legislative measures of a high salary in the state health sector (2017). We also refer to the fact that concrete strategies and plans have recently been adopted regarding the development of people in the public health sector, centered on working conditions - the modernization of health facilities, the provision of new/advanced equipment, etc. -, to which it is associated with the granting of facilities for practicing the profession in isolated areas and in deficient specialties.

Numerous studies have reported task shifting and task sharing due to various reasons and with varied scopes of health services, either task-shifted or -shared. However, very few studies have mapped the evidence on task shifting and task sharing. We conducted a scoping review to synthesize evidence on the rationale and scope of task shifting and task sharing in Africa. We identified peer-reviewed papers from PubMed, Scopus, and CINAHL bibliographic databases. Studies that met the eligibility criteria were charted to document data on the rationale for task shifting and task sharing, and the scope of tasks shifted or shared in Africa. The charted data were thematically analyzed. Sixty-one studies met the eligibility criteria, with fifty-three providing insights on the rationale and scope of task shifting and task sharing, and seven on the scope and one on rationale, respectively. The rationales for task shifting and task sharing were health worker shortages, to optimally utilize existing health workers, and to expand access to health services. The scope of health services shifted or shared in 23 countries were HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, hypertension, diabetes, mental health, eyecare, maternal and child health, sexual and reproductive health, surgical care, medicines' management, and emergency care. Task shifting and task sharing are widely implemented in Africa across various health services contexts towards ensuring access to health services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Is it possible to develop a meaningful measure for the complexity of a simulation model? Algorithmic information theory provides concepts that have been applied in other areas of research for the practical measurement of object complexity. This article offers an overview of the complexity from a variety of perspectives and provides a body of knowledge with respect to the complexity of simulation models. The key terms model detail, resolution, and scope are defined. An important concept from algorithmic information theory, Kolmogorov complexity, and an application of this concept, normalized compression distance, are used to indicate the possibility of measuring changes in model detail. Additional research in this area can advance the modeling and simulation body of knowledge toward the practical application of measuring simulation model complexity. Examples show that KC and NCD measurements of simulation models can detect changes in scope and detail. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From whom do people seek what type of support? Although people regularly seek support from close and distant others, little work has systematically investigated when and why people approach different people in their support network for different types of support. The present research introduces a novel distinction of social support and explores its relationship to the scope or range of support providers people would consider asking for support. Based on a recent extension of construal level theory (Trope et al., 2021), five experiments tested the bidirectional relation between levels of support and scope—the latter assessed by the social distance of potential support providers. Experiment 1 demonstrated that people can categorize supportive behaviors into low-level support (i.e., addressing the effect of a problem) and high-level support (i.e., addressing the cause of a problem). Experiments 2 and 4 showed that being prompted to seek low-level (vs. high-level) support-oriented people toward support providers who are socially proximal (vs. distal). In Experiment 3, thinking about interacting with a socially proximal (vs. distal) support provider led to a greater focus on receiving low-level (vs. high-level) support. Testing the implication of the link between levels of support and scope, Experiment 5 demonstrated that support recipients reported they would feel more gratitude when they imagined receiving low-level (vs. high-level) support from socially proximal (vs. distal) support providers. Broader implications for social support, interpersonal relationships, and construal level theory research are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Extant attempts to incorporate intensionality into the grammar either systematically over-generate, or systematically under-generate. In this paper, building on Keshet (Linguist and Philos 33(4):251–283, 2011), we aim to reconcile a scopal account of de re with the possibility of de re readings out of scope islands. By adapting compositional techniques for dealing with exceptionally scoping indefinites (Charlow, in On the semantics of exceptional scope, PhD thesis, Rutgers University, 2014; The scope of alternatives: indefiniteness and islands. Linguist and Philos 43(4):427–472, 2020), we develop an intensional grammar in which exceptional de re is achieved via cyclic scope. World-sensitive expressions are converted into scope-takers via a constrained inventory of type-flexible operators. Type flexibility explains the possibility of apparently island-violating de re by predicting the possibility of cyclic scope-taking. We argue that the resulting theory—which we dub the flexible scope theory—is sufficiently expressive to address the under-generation issues of current accounts, while still capturing constraints on de re in an explanatory fashion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Midwifery vacancies persist in small maternity units in Australian rural and private settings where midwives are expected to also care for general (non-maternity) patients when midwifery activity is low. Recruiting dual registered nurse/midwives over single registered midwives is preferred, as single registered midwives are seen as inflexible to assist with nursing work. Little is known about single registered midwives’ contribution to care of general patients in small maternity units. Objective: This scoping study aimed to consult single registered midwives and managers of single registered midwives to determine perspectives on single registered midwives’ contribution in small maternity units where the workload encompasses both midwifery and care of general patients, to inform further research. Study design and methods: This study used a qualitative description design. Two online focus groups were held, one containing three single registered midwives, the other three managers of single registered midwives. Similar questions were posed to each group about single registered midwives’ contribution to care in small maternity units. Data analysis was conducted collaboratively through coding and thematic categorisation processes. Results: Four major categories were found. Single registered midwives’ scope of practice concerning general patients is undefined; single registered midwives possess transferrable clinical skills applicable to general patients; practical, professional, and emotional barriers exist for single-registered midwives in small maternity units; and future research recommendations include scope of practice and workplace experiences. Discussion: Persistent midwifery vacancies are implicated in the closure of small maternity units to the detriment of childbearing families. Understanding the contribution of single registered midwives in small maternity units will inform future research and midwifery recruitment strategies to improve access to services. Conclusion: The experiences of single registered midwives working in small maternity units warrants further investigation. This scoping study contributes to the literature about single registered midwives’ experiences in small maternity units and suggests considerations for future research. Implications for research, policy and practice: Findings from this study provide information about the contribution of single registered midwives to small maternity units where there is an expectation to contribute to care of general patients in addition to midwifery. Future research into the experiences of single registered midwives working in these settings will generate information to inform recruitment strategies, potentially improving access to maternity care in small maternity units and may be used in the review of midwifery regulation and educational standards. What is already known about the topic? • Midwifery vacancies persist in small maternity units in rural and regional areas where the workload comprises both midwifery and nursing practice, despite strategies to recruit dual registered nurse/ midwives. • Dual registrants face challenges in maintaining both nursing and midwifery professional obligations in small maternity units. • There are increasing numbers of single registered midwives registering each year in Australia and educational opportunities to become a single registered midwife exist in rural settings. What this paper adds: • Single registered midwives make a useful contribution to care in small maternity units, and they assist with the care of general patients. • The scope of practice for single registered midwives in assisting with general patients is not defined. • Recommendations for future research include scope of practice for assisting with general patients and workplace challenges faced by single registered midwives because of their midwife-only qualification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

referential relationships can be communicated through presupposition. The presupposition trigger (also) in Jiayan also bought eggs exerts a pragmatic constraint that besides the object, the verb constrains additional and alternative referents. Our study provided a novel set of evidence that the reader preferred larger- over smaller-sized sets for the scope of presupposition in discourse comprehension. The structural hierarchy in smaller-sized sets and the earlier-mentioned structural details in larger-sized sets drove higher preference. Furthermore, readers' difference in their preference reflected their tendency to attend to discourse structural information. These findings are consistent with the multiple constraints hypothesis/the presupposition maximization principle hypothesis, rather than the local bias hypothesis. The present study enlightened the understanding of structural constraints on processing the number and the identity of presupposed referential information in discourse reading comprehension.

Bone metastases, as one of the common types of metastatic tumors, have a great impact on the survival period and quality of life of patients. Bone metastases are usually characterized by bone destruction. Skeletal related events caused by bone destruction often lead to pain, pathological fractures and even paralysis. In this review, we provide a detailed explanation of bone metastases from the epidemiology, clinical features, pathogenesis, and recently developed clinical treatment viewpoints. We concluded that the incidence of bone metastases is increasing gradually, with serious clinical symptoms, complex pathogenesis and diverse clinical treatment. Tumor cells, immune cells, osteoblasts/osteoclasts and other cells as well as cytokines and enzymes all play a key role in the pathogenesis of bone metastases. We believe that the future treatment of bone metastases will be diversified and comprehensive. Some advanced technologies, such as nanomedicine, could be used for treatment, but this depends on understanding how disease occurs. With the development of treatment, the survival time and quality of life of patients will be improved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article considers certain aspects of the reality and efficacy of IHL. It looks at problems concerning the scope of IHL, including the question of what constitutes an armed conflict, the difficulties of disentangling international and non-international elements in some armed conflicts and debates about the application of IHL in United Nations peacekeeping. The article also examines whether IHL has acquired detail at the expense of practicality and calls for training of military personnel aimed at the development of a humanitarian reflex. It discusses the relationship between IHL and human rights law. Finally, it considers some of the problems in securing compliance with IHL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An investigation into the production of universal quantifiers with negation in the CHILDES database of Dutch shows several scopal properties that have not been discussed before. First, it shows a crucial distinction between child and adult Dutch. A universal quantifier with scope over negation has an isomorphic interpretation in adult Dutch, but an inverse scope interpretation in child Dutch. This raises the question why children do not adopt the surface scope interpretation. Second, it indicates a possible answer to the puzzle why languages often avoid a universal quantifier under the scope of negation. I will discuss the idea that the explanation may lie in the type of reading of a quantifier, collective/distributive and specific/non-specific. It might also explain why no language has a lexicalized negated universal pronoun *neverything. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]