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51. Winter Vertical Diffusion Rates in the Arctic Ocean, Estimated From 7Be Measurements and Dissipation Rate Profiles.

Author

Schulz, K., Kadko, D., Mohrholz, V., Stephens, M., and Fer, I.

Subjects
THERMAL diffusivity, WATER masses, OCEAN, OCEANIC mixing, ARCTIC climate, TURBULENT mixing, VERTICAL seismic profiling
Abstract

Ocean turbulent mixing is a key process affecting the uptake and redistribution of heat, carbon, nutrients, oxygen and other dissolved gasses. Vertical turbulent diffusivity sets the rates of water mass transformations and ocean mixing, and is intrinsically an average quantity over process time scales. Estimates based on microstructure profiling, however, are typically obtained as averages over individual profiles. How representative such averaged diffusivities are, remains unexplored in the quiescent Arctic Ocean. Here, we compare upper ocean vertical diffusivities in winter, derived from the 7Be tracer‐based approach to those estimated from direct turbulence measurements during the year‐long Multidisciplinary drifting Observatory for the Study of Arctic Climate (MOSAiC) expedition, 2019–2020. We found that diffusivity estimates from both methods agree within their respective measurement uncertainties. Diffusivity estimates obtained from dissipation rate profiles are sensitive to the averaging method applied, and the processing and analysis of similar data sets must take this sensitivity into account. Our findings indicate low characteristic diffusivities around 10−6 m2 s−1 and correspondingly low vertical heat fluxes. Plain Language Summary: Ocean turbulent mixing plays an important role in the uptake and redistribution of heat, carbon, nutrients, oxygen and other properties. For example, this process delivers nutrients to the sunlit surface ocean where they are utilized to produce plants (phytoplankton) for the ecosystem food web. However, strong changes in density within the upper Arctic Ocean hinder vertical transport of nutrients, such that nutrient fluxes are generally smaller than those observed elsewhere in the world ocean. Furthermore, low vertical transport rates isolate the surface ocean from heat input from below which helps protect the ice from melting. Here, we compare the strength of upper ocean mixing, an important parameter for the calculation of vertical transport, derived from two independent methods during the MOSAiC (Multidisciplinary drifting Observatory for the Study of Arctic Climate) ice drift experiment, 2019–2020. This comparison allows us to better quantify the vertical diffusivity, and in turn also the vertical transport of for example, heat and nutrients in the ocean. Key Points: Arctic Ocean vertical diffusivity (Kz) in the upper halocline in winter is O(10−6) m2 s−1Diffusivity estimates from 7Be measurements and ocean microstructure profiling agree within a factor of 2Kz estimates from turbulent dissipation rate profiles are sensitive to the averaging method [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2023
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54. Beeinflussung des Outcomes nach Nerventransplantation bzw. rekonstruktion durch Tubulisation durch systemische Gabe von Erythropoietin

Author

Lohmeyer, Jörn Andreas, Essmann, E., Richersson, S., Egana, J. T., Hagel, C., Condurache, A., Ganske, P., Schulz, K., Mailänder, P., Machens, H. G., Bruch, H. P., editor, Büchler, M. W., editor, Buhr, H. J., editor, Hohenberger, W., editor, Klar, E., editor, Post, S., editor, Schilling, M., editor, Schumpelick, V., editor, Siewert, J. R., editor, Thiede, A., editor, Becker, H., editor, Bittner, R., editor, Függer, R., editor, Köckerling, F., editor, Saeger, H. D., editor, Zornig, C., editor, Hölscher, A., editor, Izbicki, J. R., editor, Jauch, K. W., editor, Senninger, N., editor, Allgayer, H., editor, Bruns, C. J., editor, Celik, I., editor, Fries, H., editor, Kalthoff, H., editor, Schackert, H. K., editor, Brückner, U. B., editor, Ertel, W., editor, Faist, E., editor, Holzheimer, R. G., editor, Holzmann, B., editor, Schade, U. F., editor, Vollmar, B., editor, Heidecke, C. D., editor, Menger, M. D., editor, Neugebauer, E., editor, Spiegel, H. U., editor, Germann, G., editor, Haas, N., editor, Langer, S., editor, Machens, H. G., editor, Stark, G. B., editor, Steinau, H. U., editor, Haverich, A., editor, Heberer, M., editor, Fitze, G., editor, Roth, H., editor, von Schweinitz, D., editor, Waag, K. L., editor, Altendorf-Hofmann, A., editor, Lehnert, T., editor, Lorenz, W., editor, Ohmann, C., editor, Bechstein, W. O., editor, Broelsch, C., editor, Hopt, U., editor, Klempnauer, J., editor, Fändrich, F., editor, Markus, B., editor, Minor, T., editor, Neuhaus, P., editor, Wonigeit, K., editor, Dralle, H., editor, Goretzki, P. E., editor, Rothmund, M., editor, Bühren, V., editor, Josten, C., editor, Muhr, G., editor, Nast-Kolb, D., editor, Stürmer, K. M., editor, Trentz, O., editor, Brunkwall, J., editor, Sandmann, W., editor, Schmitz-Rixen, T., editor, Storck, M., editor, Branscheid, D., editor, Dienemann, H., editor, Hirner, A., editor, Passlick, B., editor, Toomes, H., editor, Beyersdorf, F., editor, Hetzer, R., editor, Schäfers, H. J., editor, Steinsträßer, L., editor, Vogt, P., editor, Arbogast, R., editor, and Bauer, H., editor

Published
2008
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58. Thinking About Causation: A Causal Language with Epistemic Operators

Author

Barbero, F., Schulz, K., Smets, S., Velázquez-Quesada, F.R., Xie, K., Martins, M.A., Sedlár, I., ILLC (FGw), Logic and Language (ILLC, FNWI/FGw), ILLC (FNWI), Quantum Matter and Quantum Information, Martins, Manuel, Sedlar, Igor, and Theoretical Philosophy

Subjects
FOS: Computer and information sciences, Computer Science - Logic in Computer Science, Counterfactual conditional, Relation (database), Computer science, Computer Science - Artificial Intelligence, 02 engineering and technology, 0603 philosophy, ethics and religion, Semantics, 611 Philosophy, Computer Science::Logic in Computer Science, 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, Causation, Causal model, Object language, Representation (systemics), 06 humanities and the arts, 113 Computer and information sciences, Logic in Computer Science (cs.LO), Epistemology, Computer Science::Multiagent Systems, Artificial Intelligence (cs.AI), TheoryofComputation_MATHEMATICALLOGICANDFORMALLANGUAGES, 060302 philosophy, 020201 artificial intelligence & image processing, Causal reasoning
Abstract

This paper proposes a formal framework for modeling the interaction of causal and (qualitative) epistemic reasoning. To this purpose, we extend the notion of a causal model with a representation of the epistemic state of an agent. On the side of the object language, we add operators to express knowledge and the act of observing new information. We provide a sound and complete axiomatization of the logic, and discuss the relation of this framework to causal team semantics., This is the long version of a paper that is to be published in the post-proceedings of the 3rd Dali Workshop on Dynamic Logic: New Trends and Applications. The post-proceedings will be published by Springer as a Lecture Notes in Computer Science volume

Published
2020

59. Schulter-Arm-Morbidität nach radikaler Lymphadenektomie wegen primären Mammakarzinoms. Resultate einer populationsbezogenen Kohortenstudie

Author

Koller, M., Albert, U. -S., Lorenz, W., Schulz, K. -D., Wagner, U., Bruch, H. P., editor, Büchler, M. W., editor, Buhr, H. J., editor, Hohenberger, W., editor, Klar, E., editor, Kremer, B., editor, Post, S., editor, Schilling, M., editor, Schumpelick, V., editor, Siewert, J. R., editor, Thiede, A., editor, Becker, H., editor, Bittner, R., editor, Függer, R., editor, Köckerling, F., editor, Saeger, H. D., editor, Zornig, C., editor, Hölscher, A., editor, Izbicki, J. R., editor, Junginger, T., editor, Senninger, N., editor, Allgayer, H., editor, Broll, R., editor, Bruns, C. J., editor, Fries, H., editor, Kalthoff, H., editor, Schackert, H. K., editor, Ertel, W., editor, Faist, E., editor, Holzheimer, R. G., editor, Holzmann, B., editor, Schade, U. F., editor, Vollmar, B., editor, Brückner, U. B., editor, Heidecke, C. D., editor, Menger, M. D., editor, Neugebauer, E., editor, Spiegel, H. U., editor, Biemer, E., editor, Germann, G., editor, Haas, N., editor, Machens, H. G., editor, Stark, G. B., editor, Steinau, H. U., editor, Haverich, A., editor, Heberer, M., editor, Rogiers, X., editor, Jauch, K. W., editor, Roth, H., editor, von Schweinitz, D., editor, Waag, K. L., editor, Altendorf-Hofmann, A., editor, Celik, I., editor, Lehnert, T., editor, Lorenz, W., editor, Ohmann, C., editor, Bechstein, W. O., editor, Broelsch, C., editor, Hopt, U., editor, Klempnauer, J., editor, Neuhaus, P., editor, Fändrich, F., editor, Markus, B., editor, Minor, T., editor, Wonigeit, K., editor, Dralle, H., editor, Goretzki, P. E., editor, Rothmund, M., editor, Bühren, V., editor, Josten, C., editor, Muhr, G., editor, Nast-Kolb, D., editor, Stürmer, K. M., editor, Trentz, O., editor, Brunkwall, J., editor, Sandmann, W., editor, Schmitz-Rixen, T., editor, Storck, M., editor, Branscheid, D., editor, Dienemann, H., editor, Hirner, A., editor, Passlick, B., editor, Toomes, H., editor, Beyersdorf, F., editor, Hetzer, R., editor, Schäfers, H. J., editor, Zerkowski, H. R., editor, Becker, H. D., editor, Saeger, H. -D., editor, Jauch, K. -W., editor, and Bauer, H., editor

Published
2006
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64. MA07.02 Evaluating Circulating Tumor DNA to Predict Overall Survival Risk in Non-Squamous Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer in IMpower150

Author

Assaf, Z.J., primary, Fine, A., additional, Zou, W., additional, Socinski, M., additional, Young, A., additional, Freidin, J., additional, Kennedy, M., additional, Polisecki, E., additional, Nishio, M., additional, Oxnard, G., additional, Cummings, C., additional, Rode, A., additional, Reck, M., additional, Patil, N., additional, Shames, D., additional, and Schulz, K., additional

Published
2021
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72. LH-RH Agonists in the Treatment of Ovarian Cancer

Author

Emons, G., Ortmann, O., Pahwa, G. S., Oberheuser, F., Schulz, K.-D., Herfarth, Ch., editor, Senn, H.-J., editor, Baum, M., editor, Diehl, V., editor, Gutzwiller, F., editor, Rajewsky, M. F., editor, Wannenmacher, M., editor, and Höffken, K., editor

Published
1992
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80. A logical and empirical study of right-nested counterfactuals

Author

Schulz, K., Smets, S., Velázquez-Quesada, F.R., Xie, K., Blackburn, P., Lorini, E., Guo, M., ILLC (FGw), Logic and Language (ILLC, FNWI/FGw), and ILLC (FNWI)

Subjects
Counterfactual thinking, Counterfactual conditional, Interpretation (logic), Logical conjunction, Computer science, Causal reasoning, Interventionism (medicine), Causality, Causal model, Epistemology
Abstract

The paper focuses on a recent challenge brought forward against the interventionist approach to the meaning of counterfactual conditionals. According to this objection, interventionism cannot in general account for the interpretation of right-nested counterfactuals, the problem being its strict interventionism. We will report on the results of an empirical study supporting the objection, and we will extend the well-known logic of actual causality with a new operator expressing an alternative notion of intervention that does not suffer from the problem (and thus can account for some critical examples). The core idea of the alternative approach is a new notion of intervention, which operates on the evaluation of the variables in a causal model, and not on their functional dependencies. Our result provides new insights into the logical analysis of causal reasoning.

Published
2019

83. The involvement of type IV pili and phytochrome in gliding motility, lateral motility and phototaxis of the cyanobacterium Phormidium lacuna

Author

Spohrer N, Wunsch N, Schulz K, Tilman Lamparter, Zais F, Norbert Krauß, Babian J, Fröhlich K, Marion Mielke, Aschmann, and Weber N

Subjects
biology, Phytochrome, Chemistry, Gliding motility, Pilin, Mutant, biology.protein, Phototaxis, Wild type, Motility, Pilus, Cell biology
Abstract

Phormidium lacuna, a filamentous cyanobacterium without heterocysts, can be transformed by natural transformation. These filaments are motile on agar and other surfaces and display rapid lateral movements in liquid culture. Furthermore, they exhibit phototactic response under vertical illumination in Petri dishes. We generated mutants in which a KanR resistance cassette was integrated in the phytochrome gene cphA and in various genes of the type IV pilin apparatus. pilM, pilN, pilQ and pilT mutants were defective in all three responses, indicating that type IV pili are involved in all three kinds of motility. Rapid movements of wild type in liquid culture requires an extracellular matrix with type IV pili as central player. pilB mutants are only partially blocked in their responses. pilB is the proposed ATPase for expelling of the filament. In the mutant, this function could be overtaken by an alternative protein, like pilT, which regularly mediates retraction of pili. The cphA mutant revealed a significantly reduced phototactic response towards red light. We assume that together with other photoreceptors, CphA regulates the phototactic response by down regulation of surface attachment.

Published
2021

84. Indicative conditionals

Author

van Rooij, R., Schulz, K., Gutzmann, D., Matthewson, L., Meier, C., Rullmann, H., Zimmerman, T.E., ILLC (FNWI), Logic and Language (ILLC, FNWI/FGw), and ILLC (FGw)

Abstract

In this chapter on indicative conditionals, we focus on two central challenges that any analysis of indicative conditionals must meet, instead of writing (yet another) general overview. The first is the challenge of accounting for the non-monotonic inference pattern that conditionals in general display. The second is that of accounting for the interaction with probability claims (and adverbs of quantification in general) and the related triviality results.

Published
2021

94. Accurate Gravimetry at the BIPM Watt Balance Site

Author

Jiang, Z., primary, Pálinkáš, V., additional, Francis, O., additional, Merlet, S., additional, Baumann, H., additional, Becker, M., additional, Jousset, P., additional, Mäkinen, J., additional, Schulz, H. R., additional, Kessler-Schulz, K. U., additional, Svitlov, S., additional, Coulomb, A., additional, Tisserand, L., additional, Hu, H., additional, and Rothleitner, Ch., additional

Published
2013
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