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Highlights: [•] We classify artesian waters from the Amu Darya Delta. [•] We infer their hydrochemical evolution. [•] With mass balances we quantify the contributions of different solute components. [•] We present a chemical SiO2-geothermometer for the Aral Sea Basin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A series of synthetic apatite crystals along the fluorapatite-chlorapatite Ca5(PO4)3(F,Cl) join have been synthesized at 1220 to 1375 °C from Ca3(PO4)2 dissolved in a CaF2-CaCl2 melt. The solid solutions have then been characterized both chemically and structurally. Because of well-known difficulties in measuring the chemical composition of apatites containing F and Cl by electron microprobe a new semi-micro wet chemical method has been developed. Apatite is relatively well dissolved in mineral acids including HNO3. Nitric acid digestion of apatite for analysis of F and Cl has not been applied in the past to our knowledge. One reason is the potential risk of losing gaseous HF and HCl during acid decomposition. We present an analytical procedure that enables the analyses of F, Cl, Ca, P, and trace elements after digestion of 10 mg apatite with a small amount of 1 N HNO3 in gas-tight PTFE tubes at 80 °C. Analytical results from three independent closed acid digestions of 20 synthetic fluorchlorapatites are presented. The reliability of this method was tested on the basis of charge balance, the Ca/P, Ca/(F+Cl), and P/(F+Cl) ratios, and the total cation sum. Independently derived Cl/F ratios by XRD using Rietveld refinement of apatite crystals from the same synthesis experiments are additionally presented. The apatite solid solutions were characterized by IR spectroscopy, X-ray powder diffraction using Rietveld refinements (XRD), and single-crystal diffraction (SCXRD) structure determinations. IR spectra indicate no or only a very minor hydroxylapatite component in the solid solutions. Lattice parameters of the apatite solid solutions vary systematically with composition. The a-lattice parameter varies linearly. In contrast to F- , which occupies a special position at (0,0, 1/4;) in the unit cell, Cl- occupies split positions ranging from 0.346(4) to 0.4428(2) in the z-coordinate because of the larger ionic Cl- radius. Single-crystal structure determinations reveal that the Ca2 site is also split into Ca2A and Ca2B sites for F- and Cl- as nearest neighbors, respectively. In comparison to the Ca2A-F- arrangements, the larger Cl- ion presses the triangular arrangement of Ca-ions outward to facilitate an energetic more favorable constellation resulting in the formation of Ca2B-Cl- arrangements. The occupancies of the Ca2A and Ca2B sites, as determined by SCXRD, correlate strictly with the F-Cl content. Apatites rich in Cl (xCl > 0.5) show a deficiency in halogens, which is probably charge balanced by oxygen (Cl-- ↔ O² + □) forming an oxyapatite component. The oxyapatite component prevents the F-absent, Cl-rich apatite from crystallizing with a monoclinic symmetry and stabilizes the observed hexagonal symmetry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Sr isotope and Ca/Mg/Sr chemical compositions of freshwater ostracode tests separated from a sediment core represent the last 16 ka of sedimentation in Lake Constance, Central Europe. The chemical evolution of the paleowater''s dissolved load of Lake Constance was estimated by correcting the ostracode data for Ca/Mg/Sr fractionation due to biogenic calcification. Since the Late Pleistocene deglaciation, the Ca/Sr molar ratios of paleowaters increased systematically from about 100 (a near marine signature) to about 200. Ca/Mg molar ratios varied in the range of 1–25. The 87Sr/86Sr ratios indicate Late Pleistocene paleowater compositions of 0.7086–0.7091, significantly more radiogenic than present day waters (0.7085). Sr isotopes and Ca/Mg/Sr chemical data together show that weathering of Mesozoic evaporites consistently dominated the dissolved Sr load (80–90%). Carbonate and silicate weathering were less important (1–10%). Trends of Sr dissolved loads were therefore not related to Mg which was mainly mobilized by carbonate weathering. Biotite weathering was an important source of radiogenic Sr in the paleowaters. The short-term release (duration about 600–800 years) of radiogenic Sr during glacier retreat started 15.2 ka ago and was due to enhanced biotite weathering at the glacier base. Long-term release of radiogenic Sr was due to biotite weathering in glacial soils and silicate rocks, and has gradually declined since the Late Pleistocene/Holocene transition. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]