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Background: Saraca asoca (Ashoka, family; Caesalpiniaceae) is an indigenous sacred tree, native to India. It has been used in various traditional medicinal systems and is one such plant that is highly therapeutic but its use in disease management is underrated in today’s era and has lost its importance. Objective: This narrative review is written to provide the information on medicinal importance of S. asoca and the significance of S. asoca in various traditional medicinal systems. Methods: Different databases were searched to gather information. Research articles, abstracts, and reviews are included in this review. Results: Saraca asoca is known for its unique pharmacological role in treating various uterine complications, menstrual disorders, and bacterial infections, bleeding hemorrhoids, urinary and dermatological problems. The stem bark of the tree is the principal constituent for treating menorrhagia and genito-urinary disorders. The stem bark, leaves, and seeds of S. asoca are known to contain flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids, glycosides, polyphenolics, fatty acids, and saponins. The reported major phytoconstituents responsible for its therapeutic uses are epicatechin, procyanidin B2, lyoniside, nudiposide, catechin, leucocyanidin, and leucopelargonidin. Various pharmacological activities of this plant are discussed in this review. Conclusion: It has been proved that Saraca asoca possesses several pharmacological properties and is useful in treating various diseases. More studies on quality control, standardization, and clinical trials on S. asoca should be performed, so that this plant could be utilized as an effective anti-cancer drug which could be a promising source for the herbal and pharmaceutical industry.

Abstract: In addition to the classical functions of the musculoskeletal system and calcium homeostasis, the function of vitamin D as an immune modulator is well established. The vitamin D receptors and enzymes that metabolize vitamin D are ubiquitously expressed in most cells in the body, including T and B lymphocytes, antigen-presenting cells, monocytes, macrophages and natural killer cells that trigger immune and antimicrobial responses. Many in vitro and in vivo studies revealed that vitamin D promotes tolerogenic immunological action and immune modulation. Vitamin D adequacy positively influences the expression and release of antimicrobial peptides, such as cathelicidin, defensin, and anti-inflammatory cytokines, and reduces the expression of proinflammatory cytokines. Evidence suggestss that vitamin D's protective immunogenic actions reduce the risk, complications, and death from COVID-19. On the contrary, vitamin D deficiency worsened the clinical outcomes of viral respiratory diseases and the COVID-19-related cytokine storm, acute respiratory distress syndrome, and death. The study revealed the need for more preclinical studies and focused on well-designed clinical trials with adequate sizes to understand the role of vitamin D on the pathophysiology of immune disorders and mechanisms of subduing microbial infections, including COVID-19.

Background: Mental disorder account for 13% global burden of disease which has affected more than 970 million people worldwide in 2017. About 1 in 17 suffers from serious mental illness in worldwide. Therefore, the affected person is dependent on caregiver and their wellbeing is directly related to nature and quality of care provided by caregiver. Caregiver are especially vulnerable as they face complex, high burden care situation resulting in higher caregiver stress. The aim of this study is to determine the level of stress and coping of caregivers of Psychiatric patients. Materials and Methods: This cross sectional study was conducted among 171 caregivers, aged more than 18 years in National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) Shyamoli, Dhaka. Study period was from 1 January to 31 December 2020. The research participants were selected following the convenient sampling method based on defined selection criteria. A semi-structured questionnaire was developed and the respondents were interviewed face to face individually while maintaining privacy and confidentiality. Result: Distribution of the socio demographic status of the study participants were females74% and male 26%. Their mean age was 40.09(±13.31) years. In educational level 33.9 % of the participants were illiterate, secondary level education up to 21.1%. In occupation housewife 57.9%, service holder 18.7%. Caregiver having 76.6% moderate stress, low stress 21.6% and 1.8% having high perceived stress. Association between stress and coping average, good coping 74.8% and 88.2% had moderate stress respectively. Their significant P value .009(p

Concentration of pharmaceutical especially antibiotics in different ecosystems of environment is incredibly challenging. To enable quick, sensitive, and targeted determination at trace levels, designing of appropriate analytical methods is becoming important. Different techniques like liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) have been used widely. One of the environment friendly technique, Liquid- liquid extraction (LLE) was used for the extraction of some commonly used antibiotics in different samples of river Yumana, because of its cheap and easy extraction procedure. To achieve the goal of extraction, variety of operational parameters were optimised, that are responsible for increasing the chromatographic resolution, sensitivity, and accuracy. LC-MS and LLE methodologies can be used as an essential tool for researchers for their efforts to quantitatively analyse antibiotics and other related emerging contaminants in the selected environmental samples.

Background Sugreen-120 is one of the famous Indian polyherbal formulations used for the treatment of diabetes. Due to a lack of scientific evidence, the present study is aimed at investigating the phytopharmacology of Sugreen-120 concerning its antioxidant and antidiabetic characteristics. Materials and Methods Total phenols and flavonoid content followed by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging activity was estimated in Sugreen-120. α-Amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory action of Sugreen-120 was estimated to evaluate its antidiabetic potential. Thin layer chromatography (TLC)-bioautography-MS analysis was performed to determine DPPH free radical, α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory phytoconstituents in Sugreen-120. High performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC)-based quantitative analysis of Sugreen-120 was performed for the simultaneous separation of caffeic acid and kaempferol. In silico docking analysis was performed to determine the effect of Sugreen-120 metabolites against α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzymes. Results The results showed that Sugreen-120 is enriched in total phenols and flavonoids and even has good potential to scavenge DPPH free radicals with an inhibitory concentration (IC50) value of 414.59 ± 4.925 µg/mL. In α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory assays, the efficacy of Sugreen-120 was found in a dose-dependent manner and the IC50 values were found as 220.106 ± 1.375 and 441.44 ± 1.992 µg/mL, respectively. TLC-bioautographic analysis showed that 06 constituents were found active against DPPH free radical, 04 constituents active against α-amylase and 03 constituents active against α-glucosidase. A HPTLC quantitative study revealed the content of caffeic acid and kaempferol to be 5.233 ± 0.026 and 16.959 ± 0.036 µg/mg, respectively. In silico docking analysis showed that out of 5 identified metabolites, myricetin, ellagic acid, and kaempferol were found with significant interaction with α-amylase and α-glucosidase proteins. Hence, it can be concluded that Sugreen-120 exhibits not only an antidiabetic effect but also antioxidant potential. It can be a palliative choice and an alternative that can be used for the treatment of diabetes.

Abstract: The use of herbal medicines and supplements in the last thirty years has increased enormously. Herbal medication has demonstrated promising and effective potential against vari-ous diseases. Herbal and phytoconstituent medications are gaining popularity globally and many people are adopting herbal remedies to deal with different health issues. The indiscriminate use of antibiotics, due to the development of antimicrobial resistance, poses an unprecedented prob-lem for human civilization. Bacterial infections are difficult to cure because of the propensity of microbes to acquire resistance to a wide range of antimicrobial drugs. New compounds are being explored and quantified for possible antibacterial activity with little or no side effects. Research-ers are investigating the range of therapeutic plants mentioned in Unani, Ayurveda, and Siddha around the globe. Known and commonly acclaimed global databases such as PubMed, Research Gate, Science Direct, Google Scholar were searched using different search strings such as Indian medicinal plants, multidrug resistance (MDR), thin layer chromatography (TLC), antimicrobials, and Synergism were used in diverse combinations to reclaim numerous citations associated with this area. Thus, the current review aims to shed a light on the information of medicinal plants as a potential foundation of herbal drugs and elucidate how synergism and TLC bioautography play a crucial role in finding antimicrobial compounds.

Didymocarpous pedicellata R.Br. (Gesneriaceae), also known as stone flower, is a valuable medicinal plant growing in the subtropical Himalayas (India). It is traditionally used for treating kidney and bladder stones and is the main ingredient of herbal formulations used to treat kidney stones, such as Cystone and Safoof-e-Pathr Phori (SPP). The present study explored the antiurolithiatic effect of Didymocarpous pedicellata leaves (DPL) in urolithiasis caused by ethylene glycol in Wistar male rats. The EG-induced urolithiasis group exhibited significantly higher (P

Background: In the past decade, a rising trend has seen in the use of plant-based medicines because of fewer/no side effects. Plants are always the major source of traditional medicines in every culture. The main objective of this review is to shed a light on phytochemical composition and pharmacological research of Valeriana wallichii. Methods: Electronic databases like Google Scholar, PubMed, Scopus, etc., were searched for traditional uses, extraction of phytoconstituents, therapeutical uses and pharmacology of V. wallichii. Results: V. wallichii has been used as a sleep remedy since ancient times in the Indian traditional system of medicines. It is also used as diuretic, spasmolytic and pain relieving agent. It is used for the treatment of epilepsy, dyspeptic symptoms, failing reflexes, habitual constipation, insanity, nervous debility, obesity, spastic disorders, and in snake poisoning, and also reported to have cytotoxic potential. The pharmacological activity of the plant is due to presence of different types of secondary metabolites, including valerianic acid, valerosidatum glycoside, valepotriates, dihydrovaltrate, 6-methylapigenin, hesperidin, sesquiterpenoids, bornylisovalerianate, isovalerenic acid, 1-camphene, 1-pinene, terpineol, valerianine, bornylisovalerianate, valerianine and so on. This review focuses on detailed phytochemistry of the plant and its therapeutic indication. The main emphasis is given on anticancer potential of V. wallichii, with in vitro cytotoxic as well as in vivo antitumor description. Conclusion: The review reveals that further research, as well as clinical trials, are needed to know this plant as an effective drug for the treatment of cancer in future with exact molecular mechanisms.

Object detection is essential in a video surveillance system. To recognize an item in a movie, we first examine each picture pixel by pixel. The Secure Data Deduplication system in segmentation is the process of separating distinct picture components into pixels in digital image processing. The performance of segmentation is influenced by irregular and/or poor lighting. These characteristics have a significant impact on the video surveillance system’s real-time object detection process. A multikey management system based on a modified ResNet model is presented in this research (M-ResNet). Cyber security is a suggested algorithm application that is used to improve images that are influenced by a lack of light. The experimental findings reveal a significant improvement in detecting objects in the video stream as compared to the present technique output and modification architecture of the ResNet model. The suggested model achieves superior results in measures like precision, recall, and pixel accuracy, as well as a decent increase in object recognition.

Background Arq-e-Keora is a liquid formulation of the Unani system of medicine and used since long for the management of weakness of heart, palpitations, etc. Objective The study was carried out to generate a scientific data for its metabolite profiling, stability testing, pharmacokinetics, and pattern recognition analysis of Arq-e-Keora. Method Arq-e-Keora has been prepared as water distillate of male wpadix of Pandanus odoratissimus L.f. TLC profiling of Arq-e-Keora was performed using hexane and acetone (7:3, v/v) as a solvent system. The metabolic profiling of volatile compounds was carried out using GC-MS. Pharmacokinetic analysis was performed through GC-MS to evaluate how quickly it absorbs and distributes in plasma. The pattern recognition analysis was performed in order to recognize the pattern and fate of metabolites in rat plasma up to 24 h after single oral administration of Arq-e-Keora. Results TLC and GC-MS analysis resulted in profiling of 11 and 21 metabolites, respectively. GC-MS analysis revealed that phenethyl alcohol, alpha-terpinolene, beta terpinene, alpha terpinene, beta fenchyl alcohol, hexadecanoic acid, and octadecanoic acid are the major metabolites found in Arq-e-Keora. The stability analysis showed that most of the compounds are stable at refrigerator temperature during their consumption. Pharmacokinetics data of phenethyl alcohol showed its absorption was rapid, with Tmax occurring within 1 h after oral administration of Arq-e-Keora. In vivo pattern recognition analysis suggests that some metabolite expression was altered after its oral administration. Conclusions As a result, our model could be used for quality, stability, and pharmacokinetic evaluation of various Unani formulations mentioned in Unani Pharmacopoeia of India. Highlights This is the first study of pharmacokinetic analysis and metabolite pattern of traditional Unani formulation after its oral administration in Wistar rats.

Abstract: Nanoparticles have gained prominence in many areas and domains worldwide, such as metallic NP, carbon dots, quantum dots, polymeric NP, nano-suspension, nanocrystals, solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN), etc. and have been applied in the field of medicine as nanomedicine with promising results. Rise in cancer mortality rate has been an issue for a long time with female breast cancer as one of the most detected cancers. No permanent treatment has been developed till date could combat breast cancer with minimum side effects that are not long-lasting as there is no proper technique through which the anticancer drugs can recognize benign or malignant or normal cells that causes systematic toxicity. Advancement in technology has led to the discovery of many biological pathways and mechanisms. Tumor cells or cancer cells overexpress some high-affinity receptors that can be targeted to deliver the anticancer drugs at specific site using these pathways and mechanisms. Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) are among some of the excellent drug delivery systems, especially stealth SLN (sSLN). SLN, when conjugated with a ligand (called as sSLN), has affinity and specificity towards a specific receptor, and can deliver the drug in breast cancer cells overexpressing the receptors. Using this technique, various investigations have reported better anti-breast cancer activity than simple SLN (non-conjugated to ligand or no receptor targeting). This review includes the investigations and data on receptor-mediated targeting in breast cancer from 2010 to 2021 by searching different databases. Overall, information on SLN in different cancers is reviewed. In vivo investigations, pharmacokinetics, biodistribution, and stability are discussed to describe the efficacy of sSLN. Investigations included in this review demonstrate that sSLN delivers the drug by overcoming the biological barriers and shows enhanced and better activity than non-conjugated SLN which also verifies that a lesser concentration of drug can show anti-breast cancer activity. The efficacy of medicines could be increased with lower cancer deaths through stealth-SLN. Due to the low cost of synthesis, biocompatibility and easy to formulate, more study is needed in vitro and in vivo so that this novel technique could be utilized in the treatment of human breast cancer.

Background: Bioautography is a technique for the detection of biological activity that combines the elements of planar chromatography. Its hyphenated variants are widely used in the screening of natural products possessing biological activity. It can be used in the activity-based screening of phytochemical ingredients by employing various enzyme processes and reactions and facilitates the rapid determination of bioactive compounds in pant samples. Objective: To give a comprehensive overview of effect-directed assays and biological detection approaches used in conjugation with thin layer chromatography technique. The present review article attempts to throw light on the various aspects of bioautography, including its types and applications, thereby giving its concise overview and its relevance in the field of natural product screening. Methods: Various search engines were used for the literature survey, including Google Scholar, Semantic Scholar, PubMed, ResearchGate and Scopus. Results: Bioautography has wide-ranging uses in the screening of compounds such as antioxidants, antifungals, antimicrobials, estrogenic, antitumors, and various enzyme inhibitors compounds like α and β-glucosidase inhibitors and α-amylase inhibitors. Conclusion: Bioautography serves to be an effective tool for the isolation of bioactive phytochemicals, thereby allowing us to scientifically validate the biological activities of various compounds, which can then be utilized for making potent medications for various diseases.

Abstract: Vitex negundo is a traditional herb known for its medicinal properties in Unani, Ayurveda, Siddha, Chinese, Roman, and other traditional systems of medicine. Traditionally, it is used as anthelminthic, antitoxin, aphrodisiac, contraceptive, antimalarial, analgesic, antiinflamatory, antiasthmatic, vermifuge, etc. All parts of V. negundo contain a number of phytoconstituents like alkaloids, fatty acids, flavonoids, glycosidic irridoids, lignans, phenols, steroids, tannins and di- and sesquiterpenes. Due to the presence of a variety of secondary metabolites, V. negundo is used in different types of diseases or disorders by traditional practitioners for the treatment of spermatorrhoea, stomachache, asthma, cold, diarrhoea, indigestion, gallstone, hernia, eye disorders, rheumatism, irritable bladder and dysmenorrhea, headache, migraine, kwashiorkor, neck gland sores, tubercular neck swelling, reddened, arthritis, jaundice, urticaria, eczema and liver disorders. It is most widely used for curing disorders of the reproductive system like vital power, depression, frail erection without libido, self-contempt for sexual abuse, stool containing prostatic fluid, and testicle pain. Facts were gathered from databases such as PubMed, Google Scholar, Springer, Scopus, and ScienceDirect, as well as literature found in books on medicinal plants. It has recently been reported to have cytotoxic properties against various types of cancer cells. It works by inducing apoptosis via the mitochondrial and TRIAL pathways and stopping the cell cycle. This review sheds light upon the ethnomedicinal uses, phytochemistry, different extraction procedures, and pharmacology of V. negundo. In conclusion, it was found that this traditional herb had an emerging past, exciting present and promising future for the treatment of several diseases.

The virtual network which is regarded as a bridge between real-world applications and computerized systems is termed Internet of Things (IoT). Internet of Things can access the real-world application by considering the wireless sensor network and internet facility as its main technology. The Internet o Things (IoT) comprises a global network that connects sensors, electronic devices, and software. Fog computing requires managing services among the various fog nodes. Fog computing plays a major role in the reduction in latency and energy consumption. Traces of fog nodes help to identify the location awareness to the IoT destination. As the fog nodes are geographically distributed, they can support high availability and scalability factors in large amounts of data provided by various sensors in industries. The heterogeneity issues can be handled by the proposed cognitive fog of things system by supporting interoperability and flexibility in sensors connected to machinery. The proposed work comprises of reduction in energy efficiency and latency reduction in the industrial sector with the fault analysis from the data received from sensors in machinery. The proposed system consists of the newly developed cognitive fog of things with optimization techniques. This work determines the impact of data transmission in cloud computing with the fog computing layer to improve the energy efficiency, delay time, and throughput.