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Establecer y valorar los impactos marginales de la olivicultura ecologica despues de la aplicacion de la condicionalidad, supone una importante herramienta para determinar, en un futuro, posibiles pagos a los agricultores por el caracter multifuncional de este sistema productivo. Por ello, en el presente trabajo se plantea un cuestionario Delphi a una serie de expertos, con el objetivo de conocer su opinion sobre los impactos economicos, ambientales y sociales de explotaciones de olivar tradicional y marginal de secano, con una pendiete media mayor al 10% gestionadas en ecologico y convencional, en zonas de baja productividad -inferior a 1.500 kg aceitunas/ha-. Los resultados muestran la existencia de impactos en todos los aspectos considerados, por lo que, a pesar de la implementacion de la condicionalidad, la agricultura ecologica sigue ofreciendo un amplio conjunto de bienes y servicios ambientales y sociales al margen de la olivacultura convencional. The definition and assessment of organic olive farming's marginal effects after the implementation of Cross Compliance, emerges as an important tool in order to determine future payments to farmers because of the inherent multifunctionality of this production system. For this reason, in this paper a Delphi questionnaire is presented to a group of experts in order to know their opinion about the economic, environmental and social effects of organic and conventional rain fed olive groves, on sloping lands over 10% in low productivity areas (less than 1500 kg/ha). Results show the existence of impacts in every considered issue; so that, despite the implementation of Cross Compliance, organic olive farming continues to offer a wide joint of environmental and social goods and services, beyond conventional olive farming.

Junta Andalucía, Fondos Feder

Producing products of recognised and differentiated quality entails a competitive advantage for agro-food agents since consumers are increasingly demanding high-quality food and control in the production process as a whole in a transparent and verifiable manner. Certification of products and processes through the implementation of Certified Quality Systems (CQS) are voluntary and guarantees standards of quality beyond conventional and mandatory levels. CQS include European, national and regional regulations (such as Protected Designation of Origin – PDO, organic and integrated agriculture), ISO norms (such as 9000, 14001, 19011, and 22000), private protocols (GLOBALGAP, International Food Standard - IFS, Nature’s Choice, etc.), and specific regulations for particular products, among others...., Proceedings in Food System Dynamics, Proceedings in System Dynamics and Innovation in Food Networks 2011

[EN] The aim of this paper is to estimate the recreational use value of a protected area in the south of Spain, Sierra de Maria-Los Vélez Natural Park in Almeria, using the zonal travel cost method. The estimated consumer surplus ranges from € 7.67 to € 13.29 per person, according to the proposed scenario taking into account travel time as a cost or as an enjoyment. Finally, some conclusions are presented, as well as some strategies to promote the recreational use of the Park and to improve its future management., [ES] El objetivo de este artículo es estimar el valor de uso recreativo de un espacio protegido en el sur de España, el Parque Natural Sierra de María-Los Vélez en Almería, mediante el método del coste de viaje zonal. Los resultados obtenidos muestran un excedente del consumidor, entre 7,67-13,29 €/persona, según el escenario propuesto teniendo en cuenta el tiempo de desplazamiento como un coste o como un disfrute. Finalmente, se presentan algunas conclusiones y, a partir de ellas, se perfilan estrategias con el fin de potenciar el uso recreativo del Parque y mejorar su gestión futura.

Competitiveness and sustainability of the olive-oil sector are strongly associated with the satisfaction of customer demand and preferences towards quality, safety, and environmental issues. In product design and development, Quality Function Deployment (QFD) provides a comprehensive, systematic approach to ensure agrifood products meet or exceed customer expectations. QFD can be a powerful tool because it can reduce time to market, improve quality, and enhance customer satisfaction. Although QFD has been used in the food industry since 1987, no application has been found in the case of olive oil. In this study, after identifying customer needs or requirements of different attributes of quality olive oil, by a survey to 439 respondents to determine preference and consumption behaviour, agricultural practices that optimally satisfy these preferences were determined, through a Quality Function Deployment (QFD) model using expert knowledge. The use of the correlation matrix and then the construction of the "House of Quality" (HOQ), the relative contribution of each of these practices that most satisfy customer needs and desires were designed. These matrices are used to translate higher-level “Whats” or needs into lower-level “Hows” – agronomical practices (technical characteristics) to satisfy these needs. The findings are helpful for designing agricultural policies and marketing strategies to improve sustainability and competitiveness of Spanish olive oil.

The definition and assessment of organic olive farming’s marginal effects after the implementation of Cross Compliance, emerges as an important tool in order to determine future payments to farmers because of the inherent multifunctionality of this production system. For this reason this paper aims at comparing, through a Delphi questionnaire, the economic, environmental and social effects of organic and conventional rainfed olive groves, on sloping lands over 10% in low productivity areas (less than 1500 kg/ha). Results show the existence of impacts in every considered issue; so that, despite the implementation of Cross Compliance, organic olive farming continues to offer a wide joint of environmental and social goods and services, outside conventional olive farming. Establecer y valorar los impactos marginales de la olivicultura ecológica después de la aplicación de la condicionalidad, supone una importante herramienta para determinar, en un futuro, posibles pagos a los agricultores por el carácter multifuncional de este sistema productivo. Por ello, en el presente trabajo se plantea un cuestionario Delphi a una serie de expertos, con el objetivo de llevar a cabo un estudio comparativo sobre los impactos económicos, ambientales y sociales de explotaciones de olivar tradicional y marginal de secano, con una pendiente media mayor al 10%, gestionadas en ecológico y convencional, en zonas de baja productividad -inferior a 1.500 kg aceitunas/ha-. Los resultados muestran la existencia de impactos en todos los aspectos considerados, por lo que, a pesar de la implementación de la condicionalidad, la agricultura ecológica sigue ofreciendo un amplio conjunto de bienes y servicios ambientales y sociales al margen de la olivicultura convencional.

Olive agriculture represents one of the most important economic activities in the region of Andalusia, Spain. Additionally to its economic importance the multifunctional character of agriculture and its wide territorial presence entails that it has a high potential incidence in the environmental and social dimensions of the sustainable development of the region. Despite this importance, it is hypothesised and aimed to be contrasted that olive farmers are not implementing the agricultural practices optimal from an economic, environmental and social point of view. Contrasting this hypothesis entails to evaluate with a holistic and systemic approach the multiple impacts of the different technical alternatives to diverse agricultural practices. The use of the Analytic Network Process, a Multiple Criteria Decision Analysis technique, will be illustrated as a useful approach to deal with this kind of problems characterised by complexity, lack of information and risk. The study will focus on the average yield, climatic, environmental, etc., conditions of olive cultivation in Andalusia. The results seem to confirm the initial hypothesis when comparing the current situation with different scenarios of optimal technical alternatives. In particular the technical alternatives implemented nowadays they are far from being environmentally optimal. The multifunctional benefits and the technical costs of a change from the current situation to these optimal scenarios will be analysed.

Résumé. Le secteur caprin laitier andalou produit 50% du lait de l’Espagne et possède des opportunités de développement très claires utilisant des races autochtones et des grandes surfaces de pâturages disponibles. La production de fromages de chèvre en Andalousie peut être considérée comme un modèle de développement rural durable. Différents organismes publics et privés ont créé récemment un réseau de travail multidisciplinaire pour travailler sur la promotion et le développement des fromages artisanaux andalous, en établissant des stratégies de recherche, de développement et de formation destinées à la valorisation de ces fromages, spécialement ceux de chèvre. A partir des résultats d’une analyse stratégique, le présent travail propose des activités de recherche, de développement et de formation consacrées à la caractérisation de la qualité des fromages artisanaux, aux études de marché sur la connaissance et la perception de la qualité, aux activités de formation spécialisée dans la fromagerie et aux activités de promotion. Abstract. The Andalusian dairy goat sector (representing 50% of the national goat milk production) has potential opportunities for development using autochthonous breeds and semi-extensive production systems. Goat cheese production in Andalusia can be considered as a model for a sustainable rural development. Public institutions of research, development, and training as well as private ones have recently created a multidisciplinary and multinstitutional network to perform actions in favour of the marketing and promotion of the andalusian goat cheeses. In this paper, through the results of a strategic analysis, some research, development, and training actions were proposed. These actions are related with the improvement of quality, and the definition of the hand made cheese attributes; studies on the demand side, and consumer perception of quality; and those related to training and promotion.

Agriculture largely shapes the European ecosystems. Today the environmental social interest and the awareness that some farming practices destroy the natural environment is undeniable. Thus, the European decision maker’s emphasis on integrating social demands within the Common Agricultural Policy becomes unquestionable. In this context, this paper analyses: i) the degree of social compliance with soilerosion control from agriculture in Andalusia (southern Spain); ii) the degree of society’s concern about its agriculture; and iii)the respondent’s features that influence both perceptions.

RESUMEN - El objetivo de este artículo es estimar el valor de uso recreativo de un espacio protegido en el sur de España, el Parque Natural Sierra de María-Los Vélez en Almería, mediante el método del coste de viaje zonal. Los resultados obtenidos muestran un excedente del consumidor, entre 7,67-13,29 €/persona, según el escenario propuesto teniendo en cuenta el tiempo de desplazamiento como un coste o como un disfrute. Finalmente, se presentan algunas conclusiones y, a partir de ellas, se perfilan estrategias con el fin de potenciar el uso recreativo del Parque y mejorar su gestión futura.

Progress in Biotechnology (Gene Revolution) tends to be compared with that of the Green Revolution in the sixties and seventies. This process is developing in a context of increasing concern by the consumers for food safety and environmental conservation, stirring controversy in the scientific community and society about the potential benefits and possible risks of genetically modified organisms (GMOs). In this context, the purpose of the present study is to estimate consumer preferences in relation to genetically modified (GM) foods, emphasizing the relative importance of environmental attribute, to develop an understanding of the factors influencing consumer purchasing decisions.

[ENG] This paper reports a survey of how 64 tropical fruit growers from the Granada coast of Spain use and value their water resources. This area produces crops of high added value. The agricultural demand for water is ever increasing and is much greater than the actual supply. This problem is worsened by the infiltration of seawater into the aquifers that provide most of the irrigation water for the area. Moreover, the population increases five-fold in the summer due to tourism, further aggravating the problem of water scarcity. Technical innovations, especially the reuse of urban wastewater, and economic solutions, namely increasing the price of water, have been proposed under the European Union Water Framework Directive. The main questions in the survey are described and the responses analysed. The productive, technological and resource management characteristics that determine the growers’ expressed willingness to pay for the water they use, as well as their attitude towards the use of alternative sources (such as residual water) are examined. Finally, the marginal product value of irrigation water in the area is calculated. [This paper reports a survey of how 64 tropical fruit growers from the Granada coast of Spain use and value their water resources. This area produces crops of high added value. The agricultural demand for water is ever increasing and is much greater than the actual supply. This problem is worsened by the infiltration of seawater into the aquifers that provide most of the irrigation water for the area. Moreover, the population increases five-fold in the summer due to tourism, further aggravating the problem of water scarcity. Technical innovations, especially the reuse of urban wastewater, and economic solutions, namely increasing the price of water, have been proposed under the European Union Water Framework Directive. The main questions in the survey are described and the responses analysed. The productive, technological and resource management characteristics that determine the growers’ expressed willingness to pay for the water they use, as well as their attitude towards the use of alternative sources (such as residual water) are examined. Finally, the marginal product value of irrigation water in the area is calculated. [ESP] El presente artículo expone algunos resultados de una encuesta realizada a 64 explotaciones de fruticultura tropical de la costa tropical de Granada sobre el uso y valoración de los recursos hídricos de que disponen. Se trata de una zona de cultivos con un gran valor añadido, en la que la demanda agrícola de agua es creciente y muy superior a la oferta. Esta situación se ve agravada por problemas de intrusión marina en el acuífero del que se surte principalmente la zona, con la consiguiente degradación de la calidad en el agua de riego. Además, la población se quintuplica en verano por el turismo, lo que agudiza el problema. Se han planteado tanto soluciones técnicas (especialmente el uso de aguas residuales depuradas de origen urbano), como soluciones de naturaleza económica (básicamente incrementos del precio del agua), de acuerdo con lo establecido en la Directiva Marco de la Unión Europea. En primer lugar se presenta un análisis descriptivo de las respuestas más importantes de los agricultores a la encuesta. A continuación se estudia qué características productivas, tecnológicas y de gestión de recursos en las explotaciones determinan una mayor disposición expresada por los agricultores a pagar por el agua actualmente utilizada, así como su actitud ante el uso de fuentes alternativas tales como las aguas residuales. Finalmente se calcula el valor del producto marginal del agua de riego. This work was performed as part of INIA Project SC99-061

El presente trabajo se basa en un seguimiento a un grupo de explotaciones agrarias de la zona montanosa de Las Alpujarras, situada al sureste de Espana, durante dos decadas consecutivas: 1981-1991 y 1991-2001. Tras comentar brevemente los cambios acaecidos, en la primera decada, expuestos ya en trabajos anteriores, se analiza la permanencia o no de la actividad comercial d las explotaciones en el 2001, tratando de identificar los factores que determinan dicha permanencia. para ello, se ha ajustado un modelo Probit binomial analizado la relacion entre la permanencia de las explotaciones agrarias en el 2001 y su nivel de marginalidad, la pratica de la agricultura a tiempo parcial, la dimension de la explotacion y la centa de los productos a traves de cooperativas. El nivel de marginalidad se mide mediante un indice de remuneracion de la mano de obra total empleada en la actividad agraria. Finalmente a modo de conclusiones, se ofrecen algunos comentarios relativos al impacto de los programas europeos de desarrollo rural iniciados en la zona en 1991, sobre las explotaciones agrarias...The present study is based on the folloq-up of a group of farms in the mountain areas of the Alpujarras, located in southeastern Spain, over two consecutive decades: 1981-1991 and 1991-2001. After a brief commentary on the changes that took place during the first decades, and which were presented in earlier studies, the permanence or disappearance of the farms as commercial units for the year 2001 is analysed, and factors determining this permanence are identified, To this end, a Probit binomial model has been adjusted to analyse the relationship between the permanence of the farms in 2001 and their level of marginality, part-time farming, the relative sizes of the farmlands, and the sale of their products through co-ops. The marginality level has been measured by the rate of remuneration from the total hand labour used for the agrarian activity. Fianlly, conclusions are drawn, in which some comments on the impact on these farms of the EU rural development programmes, which began in the area in 1991, are included.

[EN] Among the externalities produced by agrarian activities one must consider its contribution to the shaping of the landscape, an aesthetic externality value of the agrosystems. Recognizing and appraising this contribution is becoming more and more important every day. In this study a Conjoint Analysis and Contingent Valuation methods has been used to estimate, first the relative importance of the agrarian component level in the utility function achieved from enjoying landscapes, and secondly the Willingness To Pay of surveyed for these landscapes existing in the area of The Alpujarras (Granada-Spain). Data has been obtained by a questionnaire performed to a sample of a potential visitor of the area, using three main features of landscape, as follows: Vegetation layer, level of building, and mountain inclines, each of them with different levels. Subsequently, a multiple regression model has been fitted to identify the relationship between the Willingness to Pay for landscapes and its features and the socio-cultural traits of the individuals. According to results concerning both the preferences and the Willingness To Pay of visitors for landscapes, some conclusions have finally been drawn, allowing to derive strategies to maintain the most valued landscape in the area and to make use of it for the sustainable development of the region., [ES] Entre las externalidades producidas por la actividad agraria hay que considerar su aportación a la configuración del paisaje, es decir, la externalidad estética de los agroecosistemas. Su conocimiento y valoración adquiere cada vez más relevancia. En el presente trabajo se han utilizado los métodos de Análisis Conjunto y Valoración Contingente para estudiar, por una parte, la importancia relativa de la componente agraria en la función de utilidad derivada del disfrute de los paisajes de Las Alpujarras (Granada- España) y, por otra, la disposición a pagar de los entrevistados por disfrutar de dichos paisajes. Se ha realizado un test a una muestra de potenciales visitantes a la zona, utilizando tres elementos básicos de los paisajes: cubierta vegetal, pendiente y nivel de edificación. Dentro de cada uno de estos componentes del paisaje, se han considerado distintos niveles, algunos relacionados con la actividad agraria. Posteriormente, se ha ajustado un modelo de regresión múltiple con el fin de identificar la relación entre la Disposición a Pagar por disfrutar de cada uno de los paisajes considerados y los atributos del mismo y las características sociodemográficas de los entrevistados. Los resultados de los análisis de preferencias y de la Disposición a Pagar han permitido identificar líneas estratégicas para potenciar la función paisajística de los sistemas agrarios de la zona con vistas a su desarrollo endógeno, integral y sostenible.

RESUMEN: Entre las externalidades producidas por la actividad agraria hay que considerar su aportación a la configuración del paisaje, es decir, la externalidad estética de los agroecosistemas. Su conocimiento y valoración adquiere cada vez más relevancia. En el presente trabajo se han utilizado los métodos de Análisis Conjunto y Valoración Contingente para estudiar, por una parte, la importancia relativa de la componente agraria en la función de utilidad derivada del disfrute de los paisajes de Las Alpujarras (Granada-España) y, por otra, la disposición a pagar de los entrevistados por disfrutar de dichos paisajes. Se ha realizado un test a una muestra de potenciales visitantes a la zona, utilizando tres elementos básicos de los paisajes: cubierta vegetal, pendiente y nivel de edificación. Dentro de cada uno de estos componentes del paisaje, se han considerado distintos niveles, algunos relacionados con la actividad agraria. Posteriormente, se ha ajustado un modelo de regresión múltiple con el fin de identificar la relación entre la Disposición a Pagar por disfrutar de cada uno de los paisajes considerados y los atributos del mismo y las características sociodemográficas de los entrevistados. Los resultados de los análisis de preferencias y de la Disposición a Pagar han permitido identificar líneas estratégicas para potenciar la función paisajística de los sistemas agrarios de la zona con vistas a su desarrollo endógeno, integral y sostenible. PALABRAS CLAVE: Análisis Conjunto; Valoración Contingente; Paisaje Agrario; Desarrollo Rural Sostenible. SUMMARY: Among the externalities produced by agrarian activities one must consider its contribution to the shaping of the landscape, an aesthetic externality value of the agrosystems. Recognizing and appraising this contribution is becoming more and more important every day. In this study a Conjoint Analysis and Contingent Valuation methods has been used to estimate, first the relative importance of the agrarian component level in the utility function achieved from enjoying landscapes, and secondly the Willingness To Pay of surveyed for these landscapes existing in the area of The Alpujarras (Granada-Spain). Data has been obtained by a questionnaire performed to a sample of a potential visitor of the area, using three main features of landscape, as follows: Vegetation layer, level of building, and mountain inclines, each of them with different levels. Subsequently, a multiple regression model has been fitted to identify the relationship between the Willingness to Pay for landscapes and its features and the socio-cultural traits of the individuals. According to results concerning both the preferences and the Willingness To Pay of visitors for landscapes, some conclusions have finally been drawn, allowing to derive strategies to maintain the most valued landscape in the area and to make use of it for the sustainable development of the region.

El presente trabajo expone algunos resultados de una encuesta realizada a 64 explotaciones de fruticultura tropical del municipio granadino de Almuñecar sobre su uso y valoración de los recursos hídricos de que disponen. Se trata de una zona de cultivos con un gran valor añadido, en la que la demanda agrícola de agua es creciente y muy superior a la oferta, situación que se ve agravada por problemas de intrusión marina en el acuífero del que se surte la zona regable, con los consiguientes problemas de calidad en el agua de riego. Además, el municipio de Almuñecar quintuplica en verano su población por el turismo, lo que agudiza el problema. Se han planteado tanto soluciones técnicas, especialmente el uso de aguas residuales depuradas de origen urbano, como soluciones de naturaleza económica, básicamente incrementos del precio del agua, de acuerdo con lo establecido en la Directiva Marco de la Unión Europea. El objetivo de la investigación, de la que se presentan resultados preliminares, es estudiar qué características productivas, tecnológicas y de gestión del recurso en las explotaciones, determinan una mayor disposición expresada por los agricultores a pagar por el agua actualmente utilizada, así como su actitud ante el uso de fuentes alternativas tales como las aguas residuales. Finalmente se analiza el valor del ingreso marginal teórico del agua para los regantes.

Agriculture is called on to fulfil a multifunction role in the sustainable development of rural areas. While this objective is widely recognised, its implementation poses a number of problems. The results of a 10-year study to monitor the evolution of a sample of 83 farms in the High Alpujarras mountains of Spain are presented in this article. They show the existence of resistance mechanisms to marginalisation in which 3 factors play a central role: 1) farm size increase to the extreme limits permitted by available workforce; 2) change in production orientations and in forms of product marketing and processing to increase product value, and most importantly 3) part-time farming with off-farm activities in the tourism and building sectors. Farms described as « rural » resist better than the purely agricultural ones. Based on the results of this and prior work, the authors propose action pathways to help foster a balanced integration of farming in the development of the region. Besides the indispensable provision of subsidies, the authors stress the need for an educational strategy and social sensitisation on the roIe ofagriculture in rural·areas.; L'agriculture a aujourd'hui un rôle multifonctionnel à jouer dans le développement durable des espaces ruraux. Si cet objectif est aujourd'hui bien établi, sa mise en œuvre pose des problèmes multiples. Cet article rend compte de l'évolution sur 10 ans d'un échantillon de 83 exploitations agricoles de la région de montagne des Hautes Alpujarras. Les résultats montrent qu'il existe, dans cette région, des mécanismes de résistance à la marginalisation dans lesquels trois facteurs jouent un rôle clé: 1) l'augmentation de la taille des exploitations jusqu'à la limite possible selon la disponibilité de la main d’œuvre, 2) le changement de l'orientation productive et des formes de commercialisation et de transformation pour valoriser les produits, et 3) surtout la pratique de l'agriculture à temps partiel, grâce aux activités liées au secteur des services touristiques et de la construction. Les exploitations que l'on peut qualifier de « rurales » résistent mieux que les exploitations purement agricoles. A partir de ce travail et d'études antérieures, les auteurs proposent des lignes d'actions pour favoriser l'intégration équilibrée de l'agriculture dans le processus de développement de la région. Outre les nécessaires subventions, les auteurs insistent ici sur la mise en œuvre d'une stratégie d'éducation et de sensibilisation sociale concernant le rôle de l'agriculture dans les espaces ruraux.

Andalusia, due to its size and climate conditions, is the Spanish Autonomous Community with the most potential for generating energy from biomass. The use of biomass from short-rotation woody crops that contribute to energy supply seems to be more sustainable environmentally and appears as an opportunity to develop a sector of enormous potential in many rural areas. However, this is still a relatively new industry in the region, whose development is conditioned by many limitations and barriers. In context, a PESTLE (Political, Economic, Social, Technological, Legal, and Environmental) analysis of Short-rotation woody crops (SRP) sector was carried out, based on expert knowledge, in order to identify and evaluate the main factors that are conditioning the production and use of biomass from SRP in Andalusia (S Spain)., Proceedings of the 22nd European Biomass Conference and Exhibition, 23-26 June 2014, Hamburg, Germany, pp. 1640-1643