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Pulsatilla patens is a rare and endangered species in Europe and its population resources have significantly decreased over the past decades. Previous genetic studies of this species made it possible to estimate the genetic diversity of the European population and to describe the structure of chloroplast and mitochondrial genomes. The main aim of these studies was to characterize the variability of chloroplast and mitochondrial genomes in more detail at the intra-population and inter-population levels. Our study presents new organelle genome reference sequences that allow the design of novel markers that can be the starting point for testing hypotheses, past and modern biogeography of rare and endangered species P. patens, and adaptive responses of this species to changing environments. The study included sixteen individuals from five populations located in Northeastern Poland. Comparative analysis of 16 P. patens plastomes from 5 populations enabled us to identify 160 point mutations, including 64 substitutions and 96 InDels. The most numerous detected SNPs and Indels (75%) were accumulated in three intergenic spacers: ndhD—ccsA, rps4—rps16, and trnL(UAG)—ndhF. The mitogenome dataset, which was more than twice as large as the plastome (331 kbp vs. 151 kbp), revealed eight times fewer SNPs (8 vs. 64) and six times fewer InDels (16 vs. 96). Both chloroplast and mitochondrial genome identified the same number of haplotypes—11 out of 16 individuals, but both organellar genomes slightly differ in haplotype clustering. Despite the much lower variation, mitogenomic data provide additional resolution in the haplotype detection of P. patens, enabling molecular identification of individuals, which were unrecognizable based on the plastome dataset.

Material culture is often a conscious part of an identity of a given group. However, communities are not static entities. They are formed for shorter (i.e., travelling pilgrims distinguished by badges and staffs) or longer periods (guilds), and are susceptible to change. The paper will focus on how the ‘material expression’ of different urban communities can be related to archaeological finds. I will discuss ways of showing an affiliation: livery badges, probably worn by followers of a lord; lead miniature axes, used by supporters at tournaments or miniature crossbow badges attributed to marksman guilds; as well as other items typical of local fashion and lifestyle.

Additional file 5: TableS1. Chloroplast derived regions in mitochondrial DNA of Pulsatilla patens. Table S2. Comparative analyses of P. alpina, P.patens and P. pratensis protein coding genes. Table S3. Pi diversityof protein coding mitochondrial genes. Table S4. Gene contents of Pulsatillapatens and relatives mitogenomes.

Additional file 5: Figure S2. The likelihood of adaptive pressure occurrence in particular CDS. The plots show the results of the Z-test, carried out for the 15-codon-long fragments. The values shown in the Y-axis (Z-scores) above 2.33 (blue horizontal line) correspond to the reliability level of 99%. Values above 3.09 (red horizontal line) correspond to the reliability of 99.9%.

Additional file 4: Figure S1. Distribution of substitution rates across 11 genes as calculated in HyPhy using the GTR model of evolution.

During excavations in the 1960s at the present castle in Racibórz-Ostróg a unique brooch, made entirely of glass (except an iron pin) was found. We discuss this medieval object’s biography (from the moment and context of its finding to the circumstances how it was lost) and compare it to other glass jewellery from the region. In those territories during the time of the so-called 13th-century revolution much changed in the production and style – new fashions disrupted former traditions. This brooch is an interesting example of a new (western?) style but manufactured by the use of older techniques. Those traditions are also visible on other jewellery from the same period, such as rings. However, at the end of the 13th century jewellery made entirely of glass seems to disappear and glass (and enamel) are mostly found in sockets of metal jewellery, or are even entirely imitated using colour metal alloys., Archäologisches Korrespondenzblatt, Bd. 50 Nr. 1 (2020): Archäologisches Korrespondenzblatt

Die vorliegende Studie stützt sich auf eine 2013 durchgeführte repräsentative Umfrage mit 2.361 Polinnen und Polen. Inspiriert von einer 1997 und 2012 in Nordeuropa durchgeführten Untersuchung, beziehen sich die meisten Fragen auf die Essmuster des Vortages (S. 233). Trotz des Wissens um mangelnde Vergleichbarkeit wurden vom Team um Domański aus dem Institut für Philosophie und Soziologie der Polnischen Akademie der Wissenschaften in Warschau Kontrollfragen nach den üblichen Essgewohnheiten hinzugefügt (235f.) und einige Aspekte der polnischen Lebenswirklichkeit angepasst.

Additional file 2: Table S2. SNP and indel variation within chloroplast genes of Calypogeia species.

Additional file 6: Figure S1. Phylograms based on amino acids and complete plastid genomes of Calypogeia species. The posterior probability value lower than 1 is given at the node.

Additional file 3: Table S3. SNP and indel variation within chloroplast noncoding regions of Calypogeia species.

Additional file 1: Table S1. Species used in this study, sampling data and sequencing results.

Additional file 5: Table S5. Discrimination power of the DNA barcodes recommended for plants.