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These notes attempt to describe some aspects of the spectral theory of modular surfaces. They are by no means a complete survey.

Materials science and the study of the electronic properties of solids are a major field of interest in both physics and engineering. The starting point for all such calculations is single-electron, or non-interacting, band structure calculations, and in the limit of strong on-site confinement this can be reduced to graph-like tight-binding models. In this context, both mathematicians and physicists have developed largely independent methods for solving these models. In this paper we will combine and present results from both fields. In particular, we will discuss a class of lattices which can be realized as line graphs of other lattices, both in Euclidean and hyperbolic space. These lattices display highly unusual features including flat bands and localized eigenstates of compact support. We will use the methods of both fields to show how these properties arise and systems for classifying the phenomenology of these lattices, as well as criteria for maximizing the gaps. Furthermore, we will present a particular hardware implementation using superconducting coplanar waveguide resonators that can realize a wide variety of these lattices in both non-interacting and interacting form. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is dedicated to the study of the topologies and nesting configurations of the components of the zero set of monochromatic random waves. We prove that the probability of observing any diffeomorphism type and any nesting arrangement among the zero set components is strictly positive for waves of large enough frequencies. Our results are a consequence of building Laplace eigenfunctions in euclidean space whose zero sets have a component with prescribed topological type or an arrangement of components with prescribed nesting configuration. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]