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51. Demonstration of background rejection using deep convolutional neural networks in the NEXT experiment

Author: NEXT Collaboration, Kekic, M., Adams, C., Woodruff, K., Renner, J., Church, E., Del Tutto, M., Morata, J. A. Hernando, Gomez-Cadenas, J. J., Alvarez, V., Arazi, L., Arnquist, I. J., Azevedo, C. D. R, Bailey, K., Ballester, F., Benlloch-Rodriguez, J. M., Borges, F. I. G. M., Byrnes, N., Carcel, S., Carrion, J. V., Cebrian, S., Conde, C. A. N., Contreras, T., Diaz, G., Diaz, J., Diesburg, M., Escada, J., Esteve, R., Felkai, R., Fernandes, A. F. M., Fernandes, L. M. P., Ferrario, P., Ferreira, A. L., Freitas, E. D. C., Generowicz, J., Ghosh, S., Goldschmidt, A., Gonzalez-Diaz, D., Guenette, R., Gutierrez, R. M., Haefner, J., Hafidi, K., Hauptman, J., Henriques, C. A. O., Herrero, P., Herrero, V., Ifergan, Y., Jones, B. J. P., Labarga, L., Laing, A., Lebrun, P., Lopez-March, N., Losada, M., Mano, R. D. P., Martin-Albo, J., Martinez, A., Martinez-Lema, G., Martinez-Vara, M., McDonald, A. D., Meziani, Z. E., Monrabal, F., Monteiro, C. M. B., Mora, F. J., Vidal, J. Muñoz, Novella, P., Nygren, D. R., Palmeiro, B., Para, A., Perez, J., Querol, M., Redwine, A. B., Ripoll, L., Garcia, Y. Rodriguez, Rodriguez, J., Rogers, L., Romeo, B., Romo-Luque, C., Santos, F. P., Santos, J. M. F. dos, Simon, A., Sofka, C., Sorel, M., Stiegler, T., Toledo, J. F., Torrent, J., Uson, A., Veloso, J. F. C. A., Webb, R., Weiss-Babai, R., White, J. T., and Yahlali, N.
Subjects: Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, High Energy Physics - Experiment
Abstract: Convolutional neural networks (CNNs) are widely used state-of-the-art computer vision tools that are becoming increasingly popular in high energy physics. In this paper, we attempt to understand the potential of CNNs for event classification in the NEXT experiment, which will search for neutrinoless double-beta decay in $^{136}$Xe. To do so, we demonstrate the usage of CNNs for the identification of electron-positron pair production events, which exhibit a topology similar to that of a neutrinoless double-beta decay event. These events were produced in the NEXT-White high-pressure xenon TPC using 2.6-MeV gamma rays from a $^{228}$Th calibration source. We train a network on Monte Carlo-simulated events and show that, by applying on-the-fly data augmentation, the network can be made robust against differences between simulation and data. The use of CNNs offer significant improvement in signal efficiency/background rejection when compared to previous non-CNN-based analyses., Comment: 19 pages, 10 figures; version matches published JHEP version
Published: 2020
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52. Projected WIMP Sensitivity of the XENONnT Dark Matter Experiment

Author: The XENON collaboration, Aprile, E., Aalbers, J., Agostini, F., Alfonsi, M., Althueser, L., Amaro, F. D., Antochi, V. C., Angelino, E., Angevaare, J. R., Arneodo, F., Barge, D., Baudis, L., Bauermeister, B., Bellagamba, L., Benabderrahmane, M. L., Berger, T., Brown, A., Brown, E., Bruenner, S., Bruno, G., Budnik, R., Capelli, C., Cardoso, J. M. R., Cichon, D., Cimmino, B., Clark, M., Coderre, D., Colijn, A. P., Conrad, J., Cussonneau, J. P., Decowski, M. P., Depoian, A., Di Gangi, P., Di Giovanni, A., Di Stefano, R., Diglio, S., Elykov, A., Eurin, G., Ferella, A. D., Fulgione, W., Gaemers, P., Gaior, R., Galloway, M., Gao, F., Grandi, L., Hasterok, C., Hils, C., Hiraide, K., Hoetzsch, L., Howlett, J., Iacovacci, M., Itow, Y., Joerg, F., Kato, N., Kazama, S., Kobayashi, M., Koltman, G., Kopec, A., Landsman, H., Lang, R. F., Levinson, L., Lin, Q., Lindemann, S., Lindner, M., Lombardi, F., Long, J., Lopes, J. A. M., Fune, E. López, Macolino, C., Mahlstedt, J., Mancuso, A., Manenti, L., Manfredini, A., Marignetti, F., Undagoitia, T. Marrodán, Martens, K., Masbou, J., Masson, D., Mastroianni, S., Messina, M., Miuchi, K., Mizukoshi, K., Molinario, A., Morå, K., Moriyama, S., Mosbacher, Y., Murra, M., Naganoma, J., Ni, K., Oberlack, U., Odgers, K., Palacio, J., Pelssers, B., Peres, R., Pienaar, J., Pizzella, V., Plante, G., Qin, J., Qiu, H., García, D. Ramírez, Reichard, S., Rocchetti, A., Rupp, N., Santos, J. M. F. dos, Sartorelli, G., Šarčević, N., Scheibelhut, M., Schreiner, J., Schulte, D., Schumann, M., Lavina, L. Scotto, Selvi, M., Semeria, F., Shagin, P., Shockley, E., Silva, M., Simgen, H., Takeda, A., Therreau, C., Thers, D., Toschi, F., Trinchero, G., Tunnell, C., Valerius, K., Vargas, M., Volta, G., Wang, H., Wei, Y., Weinheimer, C., Weiss, M., Wenz, D., Wittweg, C., Xu, Z., Yamashita, M., Ye, J., Zavattini, G., Zhang, Y., Zhu, T., and Zopounidis, J. P.
Subjects: Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics, High Energy Physics - Experiment
Abstract: XENONnT is a dark matter direct detection experiment, utilizing 5.9 t of instrumented liquid xenon, located at the INFN Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso. In this work, we predict the experimental background and project the sensitivity of XENONnT to the detection of weakly interacting massive particles (WIMPs). The expected average differential background rate in the energy region of interest, corresponding to (1, 13) keV and (4, 50) keV for electronic and nuclear recoils, amounts to $12.3 \pm 0.6$ (keV t y)$^{-1}$ and $(2.2\pm 0.5)\times 10^{-3}$ (keV t y)$^{-1}$, respectively, in a 4 t fiducial mass. We compute unified confidence intervals using the profile construction method, in order to ensure proper coverage. With the exposure goal of 20 t$\,$y, the expected sensitivity to spin-independent WIMP-nucleon interactions reaches a cross-section of $1.4\times10^{-48}$ cm$^2$ for a 50 GeV/c$^2$ mass WIMP at 90% confidence level, more than one order of magnitude beyond the current best limit, set by XENON1T. In addition, we show that for a 50 GeV/c$^2$ WIMP with cross-sections above $2.6\times10^{-48}$ cm$^2$ ($5.0\times10^{-48}$ cm$^2$) the median XENONnT discovery significance exceeds 3$\sigma$ (5$\sigma$). The expected sensitivity to the spin-dependent WIMP coupling to neutrons (protons) reaches $2.2\times10^{-43}$ cm$^2$ ($6.0\times10^{-42}$ cm$^2$).
Published: 2020
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53. Dependence of polytetrafluoroethylene reflectance on thickness at visible and ultraviolet wavelengths in air

Author: Ghosh, S., Haefner, J., Martín-Albo, J., Guenette, R., Li, X., Villalpando, A. A. Loya, Burch, C., Adams, C., Álvarez, V., Arazi, L., Arnquist, I. J., Azevedo, C. D. R, Bailey, K., Ballester, F., Benlloch-Rodríguez, J. M., Borges, F. I. G. M., Byrnes, N., Cárcel, S., Carrión, J. V., Cebrián, S., Church, E., Conde, C. A. N., Contreras, T., Díaz, G., Díaz, J., Diesburg, M., Escada, J., Esteve, R., Felkai, R., Fernandes, A. F. M., Fernandes, L. M. P., Ferrario, P., Ferreira, A. L., Freitas, E. D. C., Goldschmidt, A., Gómez-Cadenas, J. J., González-Díaz, D., Gutiérrez, R. M., Hafidi, K., Hauptman, J., Henriques, C. A. O., Morata, J. A. Hernando, Herrero, P., Herrero, V., Ifergan, Y., Jones, B. J. P., Kekic, M., Labarga, L., Laing, A., Lebrun, P., López-March, N., Losada, M., Mano, R. D. P., Martínez, A., Martínez-Vara, M., Martínez-Lema, G., McDonald, A. D., Monrabal, F., Monteiro, C. M. B., Mora, F. J., Vidal, J. Muñoz, Novella, P., Nygren, D. R., Palmeiro, B., Para, A., Pérez, J., Querol, M., Redwine, A., Renner, J., Repond, J., Riordan, S., Ripoll, L., García, Y. Rodríguez, Rodríguez, J., Rogers, L., Romeo, B., Romo-Luque, C., Santos, F. P., Santos, J. M. F. dos, Simón, A., Sorel, M., Stiegler, T., Toledo, J. F., Torrent, J., Usón, A., Veloso, J. F. C. A., Webb, R., Weiss-Babai, R., White, J. T., Woodruff, K., and Yahlali, N.
Subjects: Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors
Abstract: Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) is an excellent diffuse reflector widely used in light collection systems for particle physics experiments. However, the reflectance of PTFE is a function of its thickness. In this work, we investigate this dependence in air for light of wavelengths 260 nm and 450 nm using two complementary methods. We find that PTFE reflectance for thicknesses from 5 mm to 10 mm ranges from 92.5% to 94.5% at 450 nm, and from 90.0% to 92.0% at 260 nm. We also see that the reflectance of PTFE of a given thickness can vary by as much as 2.7% within the same piece of material. Finally, we show that placing a specular reflector behind the PTFE can recover the loss of reflectance in the visible without introducing a specular component in the reflectance., Comment: 17 pages, 10 figures
Published: 2020
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54. Excess Electronic Recoil Events in XENON1T

Author: Aprile, E., Aalbers, J., Agostini, F., Alfonsi, M., Althueser, L., Amaro, F. D., Antochi, V. C., Angelino, E., Angevaare, J. R., Arneodo, F., Barge, D., Baudis, L., Bauermeister, B., Bellagamba, L., Benabderrahmane, M. L., Berger, T., Brown, A., Brown, E., Bruenner, S., Bruno, G., Budnik, R., Capelli, C., Cardoso, J. M. R., Cichon, D., Cimmino, B., Clark, M., Coderre, D., Colijn, A. P., Conrad, J., Cussonneau, J. P., Decowski, M. P., Depoian, A., Di Gangi, P., Di Giovanni, A., Di Stefano, R., Diglio, S., Elykov, A., Eurin, G., Ferella, A. D., Fulgione, W., Gaemers, P., Gaior, R., Galloway, M., Gao, F., Grandi, L., Hasterok, C., Hils, C., Hiraide, K., Hoetzsch, L., Howlett, J., Iacovacci, M., Itow, Y., Joerg, F., Kato, N., Kazama, S., Kobayashi, M., Koltman, G., Kopec, A., Landsman, H., Lang, R. F., Levinson, L., Lin, Q., Lindemann, S., Lindner, M., Lombardi, F., Long, J., Lopes, J. A. M., Fune, E. López, Macolino, C., Mahlstedt, J., Mancuso, A., Manenti, L., Manfredini, A., Marignetti, F., Undagoitia, T. Marrodán, Martens, K., Masbou, J., Masson, D., Mastroianni, S., Messina, M., Miuchi, K., Mizukoshi, K., Molinario, A., Morå, K., Moriyama, S., Mosbacher, Y., Murra, M., Naganoma, J., Ni, K., Oberlack, U., Odgers, K., Palacio, J., Pelssers, B., Peres, R., Pienaar, J., Pizzella, V., Plante, G., Qin, J., Qiu, H., García, D. Ramírez, Reichard, S., Rocchetti, A., Rupp, N., Santos, J. M. F. dos, Sartorelli, G., Šarčević, N., Scheibelhut, M., Schreiner, J., Schulte, D., Schumann, M., Lavina, L. Scotto, Selvi, M., Semeria, F., Shagin, P., Shockley, E., Silva, M., Simgen, H., Takeda, A., Therreau, C., Thers, D., Toschi, F., Trinchero, G., Tunnell, C., Vargas, M., Volta, G., Wang, H., Wei, Y., Weinheimer, C., Weiss, M., Wenz, D., Wittweg, C., Xu, Z., Yamashita, M., Ye, J., Zavattini, G., Zhang, Y., Zhu, T., Zopounidis, J. P., and Mougeot, X.
Subjects: High Energy Physics - Experiment, Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics, High Energy Physics - Phenomenology
Abstract: We report results from searches for new physics with low-energy electronic recoil data recorded with the XENON1T detector. With an exposure of 0.65 t-y and an unprecedentedly low background rate of $76\pm2$ events/(t y keV) between 1 and 30 keV, the data enables sensitive searches for solar axions, an enhanced neutrino magnetic moment, and bosonic dark matter. An excess over known backgrounds is observed at low energies and most prominent between 2 and 3 keV. The solar axion model has a 3.4$\sigma$ significance, and a 3D 90% confidence surface is reported for axion couplings to electrons, photons, and nucleons. This surface is inscribed in the cuboid defined by $g_{ae}<3.8 \times 10^{-12}$, $g_{ae}g_{an}^{eff}<4.8\times 10^{-18}$, and $g_{ae}g_{a\gamma}<7.7\times10^{-22} GeV^{-1}$, and excludes either $g_{ae}=0$ or $g_{ae}g_{a\gamma}=g_{ae}g_{an}^{eff}=0$. The neutrino magnetic moment signal is similarly favored over background at 3.2$\sigma$ and a confidence interval of $\mu_{\nu} \in (1.4,2.9)\times10^{-11}\mu_B$ (90% C.L.) is reported. Both results are in strong tension with stellar constraints. The excess can also be explained by $\beta$ decays of tritium at 3.2$\sigma$ with a trace amount that can neither be confirmed nor excluded with current knowledge of its production and reduction mechanisms. The significances of the solar axion and neutrino magnetic moment hypotheses are reduced to 2.0$\sigma$ and 0.9$\sigma$, respectively, if an unconstrained tritium component is included in the fitting. With respect to bosonic dark matter, the excess favors a monoenergetic peak at ($2.3\pm0.2$) keV (68% C.L.) with a 3.0$\sigma$ global (4.0$\sigma$ local) significance. We also consider the possibility that $^{37}$Ar may be present in the detector and yield a 2.82 keV peak. Contrary to tritium, the $^{37}$Ar concentration can be tightly constrained and is found to be negligible., Comment: 26 pages, 15 figures. v2 added Ar37 background discussion and best-fit mass of bosonic dark matter, v3 updated Ar37 discussion, tritium estimation, and solar axion energy spectrum. Data in Fig. 2, 4, and 15, including unbinned energy points in Fig. 4, are available in 10.5281/zenodo.4088778
Published: 2020
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55. Sensitivity of the NEXT experiment to Xe-124 double electron capture

Author: Martínez-Lema, G., Martínez-Vara, M., Sorel, M., Adams, C., Alvarez, V., Arazi, L., Arnquist, I. J., Azevedo, C. D. R, Bailey, K., Ballester, F., Benlloch-Rodríguez, J. M., Borges, F. I. G. M., Byrnes, N., Cárcel, S., Carrión, J. V., Cebrián, S., Church, E., Conde, C. A. N., Contreras, T., Díaz, G., Díaz, J., Diesburg, M., Escada, J., Esteve, R., Felkai, R., Fernandes, A. F. M., Fernandes, L. M. P., Ferrario, P., Ferreira, A. L., Freitas, E. D. C., Generowicz, J., Ghosh, S., Goldschmidt, A., Gómez-Cadenas, J. J., González-Díaz, D., Guenette, R., Gutiérrez, R. M., Haefner, J., Hafidi, K., Hauptman, J., Henriques, C. A. O., Morata, J. A. Hernando, Herrero, P., Herrero, V., Ifergan, Y., Johnston, S., Jones, B. J. P., Kekic, M., Labarga, L., Laing, A., Lebrun, P., López-March, N., Losada, M., Mano, R. D. P., Martín-Albo, J., Martínez, A., McDonald, A. D., Monrabal, F., Monteiro, C. M. B., Mora, F. J., Vidal, J. Muñoz, Novella, P., Nygren, D. R., Palmeiro, B., Para, A., Pérez, J., Querol, M., Redwine, A. B., Renner, J., Repond, J., Riordan, S., Ripoll, L., García, Y. Rodríguez, Rodríguez, J., Rogers, L., Romeo, B., Romo-Luque, C., Santos, F. P., Santos, J. M. F. dos, Simón, A., Sofka, C., Stiegler, T., Toledo, J. F., Torrent, J., Usón, A., Veloso, J. F. C. A., Webb, R., Weiss-Babai, R., White, J. T., Woodruff, K., and Yahlali, N.
Subjects: High Energy Physics - Experiment, Nuclear Experiment, Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors
Abstract: Double electron capture by proton-rich nuclei is a second-order nuclear process analogous to double beta decay. Despite their similarities, the decay signature is quite different, potentially providing a new channel to measure the hypothesized neutrinoless mode of these decays. The Standard-Model-allowed two-neutrino double electron capture ($2\nu ECEC$) has been predicted for a number of isotopes, but only observed in $^{78}$Kr, $^{130}$Ba and, recently, $^{124}$Xe. The sensitivity to this decay establishes a benchmark for the ultimate experimental goal, namely the potential to discover also the lepton-number-violating neutrinoless version of this process, $0\nu ECEC$. Here we report on the current sensitivity of the NEXT-White detector to $^{124}$Xe $2\nu ECEC$ and on the extrapolation to NEXT-100. Using simulated data for the $2\nu ECEC$ signal and real data from NEXT-White operated with $^{124}$Xe-depleted gas as background, we define an optimal event selection that maximizes the NEXT-White sensitivity. We estimate that, for NEXT-100 operated with xenon gas isotopically enriched with 1 kg of $^{124}$Xe and for a 5-year run, a sensitivity to the $2\nu ECEC$ half-life of $6 \times 10^{22}$ y (at 90% confidence level) or better can be reached., Comment: 23 pages, 13 figures
Published: 2020
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56. Sensitivity of a tonne-scale NEXT detector for neutrinoless double beta decay searches

Author: NEXT Collaboration, Adams, C., Álvarez, V., Arazi, L., Arnquist, I. J., Azevedo, C. D. R, Bailey, K., Ballester, F., Benlloch-Rodríguez, J. M., Borges, F. I. G. M., Byrnes, N., Cárcel, S., Carrión, J. V., Cebrián, S., Church, E., Conde, C. A. N., Contreras, T., Denisenko, A. A., Díaz, G., Díaz, J., Escada, J., Esteve, R., Felkai, R., Fernandes, L. M. P., Ferrario, P., Ferreira, A. L., Foss, F., Freitas, E. D. C., Freixa, Z., Generowicz, J., Goldschmidt, A., Gómez-Cadenas, J. J., González, R., González-Díaz, D., Gosh, S., Guenette, R., Gutiérrez, R. M., Haefner, J., Hafidi, K., Hauptman, J., Henriques, C. A. O., Morata, J. A. Hernando, Herrero, P., Herrero, V., Ho, J., Ifergan, Y., Jones, B. J. P., Kekic, M., Labarga, L., Laing, A., Lebrun, P., López-March, N., Losada, M., Mano, R. D. P., Martín-Albo, J., Martínez, A., Martínez-Vara, M., Martínez-Lema, G., McDonald, A. D., Meziani, Z. E., Monrabal, F., Monteiro, C. M. B., Mora, F. J., Vidal, J. Muñoz, Newhouse, C., Novella, P., Nygren, D. R., Oblak, E., Palmeiro, B., Para, A., Pérez, J., Querol, M., Redwine, A., Renner, J., Ripoll, L., Rivilla, I., García, Y. Rodríguez, Rodríguez, J., Rogero, C., Rogers, L., Romeo, B., Romo-Luque, C., Santos, F. P., Santos, J. M. F. dos, Simón, A., Sorel, M., Stanford, C., Teixeira, J. M. R., Thapa, P., Toledo, J. F., Torrent, J., Usón, A., Veloso, J. F. C. A., Vuong, T. T., Webb, R., Weiss-Babai, R., White, J. T., Woodruff, K., and Yahlali, N.
Subjects: Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, Nuclear Experiment
Abstract: The Neutrino Experiment with a Xenon TPC (NEXT) searches for the neutrinoless double-beta decay of Xe-136 using high-pressure xenon gas TPCs with electroluminescent amplification. A scaled-up version of this technology with about 1 tonne of enriched xenon could reach in less than 5 years of operation a sensitivity to the half-life of neutrinoless double-beta decay decay better than 1E27 years, improving the current limits by at least one order of magnitude. This prediction is based on a well-understood background model dominated by radiogenic sources. The detector concept presented here represents a first step on a compelling path towards sensitivity to the parameter space defined by the inverted ordering of neutrino masses, and beyond., Comment: 22 pages, 11 figures
Published: 2020

57. Sensitivity of the DARWIN observatory to the neutrinoless double beta decay of $^{136}$Xe

Author: Agostini, F., Maouloud, S. E. M. Ahmed, Althueser, L., Amaro, F., Antunovic, B., Aprile, E., Baudis, L., Baur, D., Biondi, Y., Bismark, A., Breur, P. A., Brown, A., Bruno, G., Budnik, R., Capelli, C., Cardoso, J., Cichon, D., Clark, M., Colijn, A. P., Cuenca-García, J. J., Cussonneau, J. P., Decowski, M. P., Depoian, A., Dierle, J., Di Gangi, P., Di Giovanni, A., Diglio, S., Santos, J. M. F. dos, Drexlin, G., Eitel, K., Engel, R., Ferella, A. D., Fischer, H., Galloway, M., Gao, F., Girard, F., Glück, F., Grandi, L., Größle, R., Gumbsheimer, R., Hansmann-Menzemer, S., Jörg, F., Khundzakishvili, G., Kopec, A., Kuger, F., Krauss, L. M., Landsman, H., Lang, R. F., Lindemann, S., Lindner, M., Lopes, J. A. M., Villalpando, A. Loya, Macolino, C., Manfredini, A., Undagoitia, T. Marrodán, Masbou, J., Masson, E., Meinhardt, P., Milutinovic, S., Molinario, A., Monteiro, C. M. B., Murra, M., Oberlack, U. G., Pandurovic, M., Peres, R., Pienaar, J., Pierre, M., Pizzella, V., Qin, J., García, D. Ramírez, Reichard, S., Rupp, N., Sanchez-Lucas, P., Sartorelli, G., Schulte, D., Schumann, M., Lavina, L. Scotto, Selvi, M., Silva, M., Simgen, H., Steidl, M., Terliuk, A., Therreau, C., Thers, D., Thieme, K., Trotta, R., Tunnell, C. D., Valerius, K., Volta, G., Vorkapic, D., Weinheimer, C., Wittweg, C., Wolf, J., Zopounidis, J. P., and Zuber, K.
Subjects: Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, High Energy Physics - Experiment, Nuclear Experiment
Abstract: The DARWIN observatory is a proposed next-generation experiment to search for particle dark matter and for the neutrinoless double beta decay of $^{136}$Xe. Out of its 50$\,$t total natural xenon inventory, 40$\,$t will be the active target of a time projection chamber which thus contains about 3.6 t of $^{136}$Xe. Here, we show that its projected half-life sensitivity is $2.4\times10^{27}\,$yr, using a fiducial volume of 5t of natural xenon and 10$\,$yr of operation with a background rate of less than 0.2$~$events/(t$\cdot$yr) in the energy region of interest. This sensitivity is based on a detailed Monte Carlo simulation study of the background and event topologies in the large, homogeneous target. DARWIN will be comparable in its science reach to dedicated double beta decay experiments using xenon enriched in $^{136}$Xe., Comment: 12 pages, 9 figures
Published: 2020

58. Energy resolution and linearity of XENON1T in the MeV energy range

Author: Aprile, E., Aalbers, J., Agostini, F., Alfonsi, M., Althueser, L., Amaro, F. D., Antochi, V. C., Angelino, E., Angevaare, J., Arneodo, F., Barge, D., Baudis, L., Bauermeister, B., Bellagamba, L., Benabderrahmane, M. L., Berger, T., Breur, P. A., Brown, A., Brown, E., Bruenner, S., Bruno, G., Budnik, R., Capelli, C., Cardoso, J. M. R., Cichon, D., Cimmino, B., Clark, M., Coderre, D., Colijn, A. P., Conrad, J., Cussonneau, J. P., Decowski, M. P., Di Stefano, A. Depoian P. Di Gangi A. Di Giovanni R., Diglio, S., Elykov, A., Eurin, G., Ferella, A. D., Fulgione, W., Gaemers, P., Gaior, R., Rosso, A. Gallo, Galloway, M., Gao, F., Garbini, M., Grandi, L., Hasterok, C., Hils, C., Hiraide, K., Hoetzsch, L., Hogenbirk, E., Howlett, J., Iacovacci, M., Itow, Y., Joerg, F., Kato, N., Kazama, S., Kobayashi, M., Koltman, G., Kopec, A., Landsman, H., Lang, R. F., Levinson, L., Lin, Q., Lindemann, S., Lindner, M., Lombardi, F., Lopes, J. A. M., Fune, E. López, Macolino, C., Mahlstedt, J., Manenti, L., Manfredini, A., Marignetti, F., Undagoitia, T. Marrodán, Martens, K., Masbou, J., Masson, D., Mastroianni, S., Messina, M., Miuchi, K., Molinario, A., Morå, K., Moriyama, S., Mosbacher, Y., Murra, M., Naganoma, J., Ni, K., Oberlack, U., Odgers, K., Palacio, J., Pelssers, B., Peres, R., Pienaar, J., Pizzella, V., Qin, G. Plante J., Qiu, H., García, D. Ramírez, Reichard, S., Rocchetti, A., Rupp, N., Santos, J. M. F. dos, Sartorelli, G., Šarčević, N., Scheibelhut, M., Schindler, S., Schreiner, J., Schulte, D., Schumann, M., Lavina, L. Scotto, Selvi, M., Semeria, F., Shagin, P., Shockley, E., Silva, M., Simgen, H., Takeda, A., Therreau, C., Thers, D., Toschi, F., Trinchero, G., Tunnell, C., Vargas, M., Volta, G., Wack, O., Wang, H., Wei, Y., Weinheimer, C., Xu, M. Weiss, Wenz, D., Wittweg, C., Wulf, J., Xu, Z., Yamashita, M., Ye, J., Zavattini, G., Zhang, Y., Zhu, T., and Zopounidis, J. P.
Subjects: Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, High Energy Physics - Experiment, Nuclear Experiment
Abstract: Xenon dual-phase time projection chambers designed to search for Weakly Interacting Massive Particles have so far shown a relative energy resolution which degrades with energy above $\sim$200 keV due to the saturation effects. This has limited their sensitivity in the search for rare events like the neutrinoless double-beta decay of $^{136}$Xe at its $Q$-value, $Q_{\beta\beta}\simeq$ 2.46 MeV. For the XENON1T dual-phase time projection chamber, we demonstrate that the relative energy resolution at 1 $\sigma/\mu$ is as low as (0.80$\pm$0.02) % in its one-ton fiducial mass, and for single-site interactions at $Q_{\beta\beta}$. We also present a new signal correction method to rectify the saturation effects of the signal readout system, resulting in more accurate position reconstruction and indirectly improving the energy resolution. The very good result achieved in XENON1T opens up new windows for the xenon dual-phase dark matter detectors to simultaneously search for other rare events., Comment: 9 pages, 7 figures
Published: 2020
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59. Mitigation of Backgrounds from Cosmogenic $^{137}$Xe in Xenon Gas Experiments using $^{3}$He Neutron Capture

Author: Rogers, L., Jones, B. J. P., Laing, A., Pingulkar, S., Woodruff, K., Adams, C., Álvarez, V., Arazi, L., Arnquist, I. J., Azevedo, C. D. R, Bailey, K., Ballester, F., Benlloch-Rodríguez, J. M., Borges, F. I. G. M., Byrnes, N., Cárcel, S., Carrión, J. V., Cebrián, S., Church, E., Conde, C. A. N., Contreras, T., Díaz, G., Díaz, J., Diesburg, M., Dingler, R., Escada, J., Esteve, R., Felkai, R., Fernandes, A. F. M., Fernandes, L. M. P., Ferrario, P., Ferreira, A. L., Freitas, E. D. C., Generowicz, J., Ghosh, S., Goldschmidt, A., Gómez-Cadenas, J. J., González-Díaz, D., Guenette, R., Gutiérrez, R. M., Haefner, J., Hafidi, K., Hauptman, J., Henriques, C. A. O., Morata, J. A. Hernando, Herrero, P., Herrero, V., Ifergan, Y., Johnston, S., Kekic, M., Labarga, L., Lebrun, P., López-March, N., Losada, M., Mano, R. D. P., Martín-Albo, J., Martínez, A., Martínez-Lema, G., McDonald, A. D., Monrabal, F., Monteiro, C. M. B., Mora, F. J., Vidal, J. Muñoz, Novella, P., Nygren, D. R., Palmeiro, B., Para, A., Pérez, J., Querol, M., Redwine, A. B., Renner, J., Repond, J., Riordan, S., Ripoll, L., García, Y. Rodríguez, Rodríguez, J., Romeo, B., Romo-Luque, C., Santos, F. P., Santos, J. M. F. dos, Simón, A., Sofka, C., Sorel, M., Stiegler, T., Toledo, J. F., Torrent, J., Usón, A., Veloso, J. F. C. A., Webb, R., Weiss-Babai, R., White, J. T., and Yahlali, N.
Subjects: Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, High Energy Physics - Experiment
Abstract: \Xe{136} is used as the target medium for many experiments searching for \bbnonu. Despite underground operation, cosmic muons that reach the laboratory can produce spallation neutrons causing activation of detector materials. A potential background that is difficult to veto using muon tagging comes in the form of \Xe{137} created by the capture of neutrons on \Xe{136}. This isotope decays via beta decay with a half-life of 3.8 minutes and a \Qb\ of $\sim$4.16 MeV. This work proposes and explores the concept of adding a small percentage of \He{3} to xenon as a means to capture thermal neutrons and reduce the number of activations in the detector volume. When using this technique we find the contamination from \Xe{137} activation can be reduced to negligible levels in tonne and multi-tonne scale high pressure gas xenon neutrinoless double beta decay experiments running at any depth in an underground laboratory.
Published: 2020
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60. Erratum to: Sensitivity of the DARWIN observatory to the neutrinoless double beta decay of 136Xe

Author: Agostini, F., Maouloud, S. E. M. Ahmed, Althueser, L., Amaro, F., Antunovic, B., Aprile, E., Baudis, L., Baur, D., Biondi, Y., Bismark, A., Breur, P. A., Brown, A., Bruno, G., Budnik, R., Capelli, C., Cardoso, J., Cichon, D., Clark, M., Colijn, A. P., Cuenca-García, J. J., Cussonneau, J. P., Decowski, M. P., Depoian, A., Dierle, J., Gangi, P. Di, Giovanni, A. Di, Diglio, S., Santos, J. M. F. dos, Drexlin, G., Eitel, K., Engel, R., Ferella, A. D., Fischer, H., Galloway, M., Gao, F., Girard, F., Glück, F., Grandi, L., Größle, R., Gumbsheimer, R., Hansmann-Menzemer, S., Jörg, F., Khundzakishvili, G., Kopec, A., Kuger, F., Krauss, L. M., Landsman, H., Lang, R. F., Lindemann, S., Lindner, M., Lopes, J. A. M., Villalpando, A. Loya, Macolino, C., Manfredini, A., Undagoitia, T. Marrodán, Masbou, J., Masson, E., Meinhardt, P., Milutinovic, S., Molinario, A., Monteiro, C. M. B., Murra, M., Oberlack, U. G., Pandurovic, M., Peres, R., Pienaar, J., Pierre, M., Pizzella, V., Qin, J., García, D. Ramírez, Reichard, S., Rupp, N., Sanchez-Lucas, P., Sartorelli, G., Schulte, D., Schumann, M., Lavina, L. Scotto, Selvi, M., Silva, M., Simgen, H., Steidl, M., Terliuk, A., Therreau, C., Thers, D., Thieme, K., Trotta, R., Tunnell, C. D., Valerius, K., Volta, G., Vorkapic, D., Weinheimer, C., Wittweg, C., Wolf, J., Zopounidis, J. P., and Zuber, K.
Published: 2023
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61. Radio Frequency and DC High Voltage Breakdown of High Pressure Helium, Argon, and Xenon

Author: Woodruff, K., Baeza-Rubio, J., Huerta, D., Jones, B. J. P., McDonald, A. D., Norman, L., Nygren, D. R., Adams, C., Álvarez, V., Arazi, L., Arnquist, I. J., Azevedo, C. D. R, Bailey, K., Ballester, F., Benlloch-Rodríguez, J. M., Borges, F. I. G. M., Byrnes, N. K., Cárcel, S., Carrión, J. V., Cebrián, S., Church, E., Conde, C. A. N., Contreras, T., Denisenko, A. A., Díaz, G., Díaz, J., Diesburg, M., Escada, J., Esteve, R., Felkai, R., Fernandes, A. F. M., Fernandes, L. M. P., Ferrario, P., Ferreira, A. L., Foss Jr., F. W., Freitas, E. D. C., Generowicz, J., Goldschmidt, A., González-Díaz, D., Gómez-Cadenas, J. J., Ghosh, S., Guenette, R., Gutiérrez, R. M., Haefner, J., Hafidi, K., Hauptman, J., Henriques, C. A. O., Morata, J. A. Hernando, Herrero, P., Herrero, V., Johnston, S., Kekic, M., Labarga, L., Laing, A., Lebrun, P., López-March, N., Losada, M., Mano, R. D. P., Martín-Albo, J., Martínez, A., Martínez-Lema, G., Monrabal, F., Monteiro, C. M. B., Mora, F. J., Vidal, J. Muñoz, Novella, P., Palmeiro, B., Para, A., Pérez, J., Querol, M., Renner, J., Repond, J., Riordan, S., Ripoll, L., Garcia, Y. Rodriguez, Rodríguez, J., Rogers, L., Romeo, B., Romo-Luque, C., Santos, F. P., Santos, J. M. F. dos, Simón, A., Sofka, C., Sorel, M., Stiegler, T., Thapa, P., Toledo, J. F., Torrent, J., Usón, A., Veloso, J. F. C. A., Webb, R., Weiss-Babai, R., White, J. T., and Yahlali, N.
Subjects: Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, Nuclear Experiment
Abstract: Motivated by the possibility of guiding daughter ions from double beta decay events to single-ion sensors for barium tagging, the NEXT collaboration is developing a program of R&D to test radio frequency (RF) carpets for ion transport in high pressure xenon gas. This would require carpet functionality in regimes at higher pressures than have been previously reported, implying correspondingly larger electrode voltages than in existing systems. This mode of operation appears plausible for contemporary RF-carpet geometries due to the higher predicted breakdown strength of high pressure xenon relative to low pressure helium, the working medium in most existing RF carpet devices. In this paper we present the first measurements of the high voltage dielectric strength of xenon gas at high pressure and at the relevant RF frequencies for ion transport (in the 10 MHz range), as well as new DC and RF measurements of the dielectric strengths of high pressure argon and helium gases at small gap sizes. We find breakdown voltages that are compatible with stable RF carpet operation given the gas, pressure, voltage, materials and geometry of interest.
Published: 2019
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62. Search for Light Dark Matter Interactions Enhanced by the Migdal effect or Bremsstrahlung in XENON1T

Author: Aprile, E., Aalbers, J., Agostini, F., Alfonsi, M., Althueser, L., Amaro, F. D., Antochi, V. C., Angelino, E., Arneodo, F., Barge, D., Baudis, L., Bauermeister, B., Bellagamba, L., Benabderrahmane, M. L., Berger, T., Breur, P. A., Brown, A., Brown, E., Bruenner, S., Bruno, G., Budnik, R., Capelli, C., Cardoso, J. M. R., Cichon, D., Coderre, D., Colijn, A. P., Conrad, J., Cussonneau, J. P., Decowski, M. P., de Perio, P., Depoian, A., Di Gangi, P., Di Giovanni, A., Diglio, S., Elykov, A., Eurin, G., Fei, J., Ferella, A. D., Fieguth, A., Fulgione, W., Gaemers, P., Rosso, A. Gallo, Galloway, M., Gao, F., Garbini, M., Grandi, L., Greene, Z., Hasterok, C., Hils, C., Hogenbirk, E., Howlett, J., Iacovacci, M., Itay, R., Joerg, F., Kazama, S., Kish, A., Kobayashi, M., Koltman, G., Kopec, A., Landsman, H., Lang, R. F., Levinson, L., Lin, Q., Lindemann, S., Lindner, M., Lombardi, F., Lopes, J. A. M., Fune, E. López, Macolino, C., Mahlstedt, J., Manenti, L., Manfredini, A., Marignetti, F., Undagoitia, T. Marrodán, Masbou, J., Mastroianni, S., Messina, M., Micheneau, K., Miller, K., Molinario, A., Morå, K., Mosbacher, Y., Murra, M., Naganoma, J., Ni, K., Oberlack, U., Odgers, K., Palacio, J., Pelssers, B., Peres, R., Pienaar, J., Pizzella, V., Plante, G., Podviianiuk, R., Qin, J., Qiu, H., García, D. Ramírez, Reichard, S., Riedel, B., Rocchetti, A., Rupp, N., Santos, J. M. F. dos, Sartorelli, G., Šarčević, N., Scheibelhut, M., Schindler, S., Schreiner, J., Schulte, D., Schumann, M., Lavina, L. Scotto, Selvi, M., Shagin, P., Shockley, E., Silva, M., Simgen, H., Therreau, C., Thers, D., Toschi, F., Trinchero, G., Tunnell, C., Upole, N., Vargas, M., Volta, G., Wack, O., Wang, H., Wei, Y., Weinheimer, C., Wenz, D., Wittweg, C., Wulf, J., Ye, J., Zhang, Y., Zhu, T., and Zopounidis, J. P.
Subjects: High Energy Physics - Experiment, Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics, Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors
Abstract: Direct dark matter detection experiments based on a liquid xenon target are leading the search for dark matter particles with masses above $\sim$ 5 GeV/c$^2$, but have limited sensitivity to lighter masses because of the small momentum transfer in dark matter-nucleus elastic scattering. However, there is an irreducible contribution from inelastic processes accompanying the elastic scattering, which leads to the excitation and ionization of the recoiling atom (the Migdal effect) or the emission of a Bremsstrahlung photon. In this letter, we report on a probe of low-mass dark matter with masses down to about 85 MeV/c$^2$ by looking for electronic recoils induced by the Migdal effect and Bremsstrahlung, using data from the XENON1T experiment. Besides the approach of detecting both scintillation and ionization signals, we exploit an approach that uses ionization signals only, which allows for a lower detection threshold. This analysis significantly enhances the sensitivity of XENON1T to light dark matter previously beyond its reach.
Published: 2019
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63. Light Dark Matter Search with Ionization Signals in XENON1T

Author: Aprile, E., Aalbers, J., Agostini, F., Alfonsi, M., Althueser, L., Amaro, F. D., Antochi, V. C., Angelino, E., Arneodo, F., Barge, D., Baudis, L., Bauermeister, B., Bellagamba, L., Benabderrahmane, M. L., Berger, T., Breur, P. A., Brown, A., Brown, E., Bruenner, S., Bruno, G., Budnik, R., Capelli, C., Cardoso, J. M. R., Cichon, D., Coderre, D., Colijn, A. P., Conrad, J., Cussonneau, J. P., Decowski, M. P., de Perio, P., Depoian, A., Di Gangi, P., Di Giovanni, A., Diglio, S., Elykov, A., Eurin, G., Fei, J., Ferella, A. D., Fieguth, A., Fulgione, W., Gaemers, P., Rosso, A. Gallo, Galloway, M., Gao, F., Garbini, M., Grandi, L., Greene, Z., Hasterok, C., Hils, C., Hogenbirk, E., Howlett, J., Iacovacci, M., Itay, R., Joerg, F., Kazama, S., Kish, A., Kobayashi, M., Koltman, G., Kopec, A., Landsman, H., Lang, R. F., Levinson, L., Lin, Q., Lindemann, S., Lindner, M., Lombardi, F., Lopes, J. A. M., Fune, E. López, Macolino, C., Mahlstedt, J., Manfredini, A., Marignetti, F., Undagoitia, T. Marrodán, Masbou, J., Mastroianni, S., Messina, M., Micheneau, K., Miller, K., Molinario, A., Morå, K., Mosbacher, Y., Murra, M., Naganoma, J., Ni, K., Oberlack, U., Odgers, K., Palacio, J., Pelssers, B., Peres, R., Pienaar, J., Pizzella, V., Plante, G., Podviianiuk, R., Qin, J., Qiu, H., García, D. Ramírez, Reichard, S., Riedel, B., Rocchetti, A., Rupp, N., Santos, J. M. F. dos, Sartorelli, G., Šarčević, N., Scheibelhut, M., Schindler, S., Schreiner, J., Schulte, D., Schumann, M., Lavina, L. Scotto, Selvi, M., Shagin, P., Shockley, E., Silva, M., Simgen, H., Therreau, C., Thers, D., Toschi, F., Trinchero, G., Tunnell, C., Upole, N., Vargas, M., Volta, G., Wack, O., Wang, H., Wei, Y., Weinheimer, C., Wenz, D., Wittweg, C., Wulf, J., Ye, J., Zhang, Y., Zhu, T., and Zopounidis, J. P.
Subjects: High Energy Physics - Experiment, Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics
Abstract: We report constraints on light dark matter (DM) models using ionization signals in the XENON1T experiment. We mitigate backgrounds with strong event selections, rather than requiring a scintillation signal, leaving an effective exposure of $(22 \pm 3)$ tonne-days. Above $\sim\!0.4\,\mathrm{keV}_\mathrm{ee}$, we observe $<1 \, \text{event}/(\text{tonne} \times \text{day} \times \text{keV}_\text{ee})$, which is more than one thousand times lower than in similar searches with other detectors. Despite observing a higher rate at lower energies, no DM or CEvNS detection may be claimed because we cannot model all of our backgrounds. We thus exclude new regions in the parameter spaces for DM-nucleus scattering for DM masses $m_\chi$ within $3-6\,\mathrm{GeV}/\mathrm{c}^2$, DM-electron scattering for $m_\chi > 30\,\mathrm{MeV}/\mathrm{c}^2$, and absorption of dark photons and axion-like particles for $m_\chi$ within $0.186 - 1 \, \mathrm{keV}/\mathrm{c}^2$.
Published: 2019
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64. XENON1T Dark Matter Data Analysis: Signal Reconstruction, Calibration and Event Selection

Author: Aprile, E., Aalbers, J., Agostini, F., Alfonsi, M., Althueser, L., Amaro, F. D., Antochi, V. C., Arneodo, F., Baudis, L., Bauermeister, B., Bellagamba, L., Benabderrahmane, M. L., Berger, T., Breur, P. A., Brown, A., Brown, E., Bruenner, S., Bruno, G., Budnik, R., Capelli, C., Cardoso, J. M. R., Cichon, D., Coderre, D., Colijn, A. P., Conrad, J., Cussonneau, J. P., Decowski, M. P., de Perio, P., Di Gangi, P., Di Giovanni, A., Diglio, S., Elykov, A., Eurin, G., Fei, J., Ferella, A. D., Fieguth, A., Fulgione, W., Rosso, A. Gallo, Galloway, M., Gao, F., Garbini, M., Grandi, L., Greene, Z., Hasterok, C., Hogenbirk, E., Howlett, J., Iacovacci, M., Itay, R., Joerg, F., Kazama, S., Kish, A., Koltman, G., Kopec, A., Landsman, H., Lang, R. F., Levinson, L., Lin, Q., Lindemann, S., Lindner, M., Lombardi, F., Lopes, J. A. M., Fune, E. López, Macolino, C., Mahlstedt, J., Manfredini, A., Marignetti, F., Undagoitia, T. Marrodán, Masbou, J., Masson, D., Mastroianni, S., Messina, M., Micheneau, K., Miller, K., Molinario, A., Morå, K., Mosbacher, Y., Murra, M., Naganoma, J., Ni, K., Oberlack, U., Odgers, K., Pelssers, B., Peres, R., Piastra, F., Pienaar, J., Pizzella, V., Plante, G., Podviianiuk, R., Qiu, H., García, D. Ramírez, Reichard, S., Riedel, B., Rizzo, A., Rocchetti, A., Rupp, N., Santos, J. M. F. dos, Sartorelli, G., Šarčević, N. N., Scheibelhut, M., Schindler, S., Schreiner, J., Schulte, D., Schumann, M., Lavina, L. Scotto, Selvi, M., Shagin, P., Shockley, E., Silva, M., Simgen, H., Therreau, C., Thers, D., Toschi, F., Trinchero, G., Tunnell, C., Upole, N., Vargas, M., Wack, O., Wang, H., Wang, Z., Wei, Y., Weinheimer, C., Wenz, D., Wittweg, C., Wulf, J., Ye, J., Zhang, Y., Zhu, T., and Zopounidis, J. P.
Subjects: Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, High Energy Physics - Experiment
Abstract: The XENON1T experiment at the Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso is the most sensitive direct detection experiment for dark matter in the form of weakly interacting particles (WIMPs) with masses above $6\,$GeV/$c^2$ scattering off nuclei. The detector employs a dual-phase time projection chamber with 2.0 metric tons of liquid xenon in the target. A one metric $\mathrm{ton}\times\mathrm{year}$ exposure of science data was collected between October 2016 and February 2018. This article reports on the performance of the detector during this period and describes details of the data analysis that led to the most stringent exclusion limits on various WIMP-nucleon interaction models to date. In particular, signal reconstruction, event selection and calibration of the detector response to nuclear and electronic recoils in XENON1T are discussed.
Published: 2019
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65. Low-diffusion Xe-He gas mixtures for rare-event detection: Electroluminescence Yield

Author: Fernandes, A. F. M., Henriques, C. A. O., Mano, R. D. P., González-Díaz, D., Azevedo, C. D. R., Silva, P. A. O. C., Gómez-Cadenas, J. J., Freitas, E. D. C., Fernandes, L. M. P., Monteiro, C. M. B., Adams, C., Álvarez, V., Arazi, L., Arnquist, I. J., Bailey, K., Ballester, F., Benlloch-Rodríguez, J. M., Borges, F. I. G. M., Byrnes, N., Cárcel, S., Carríon, J. V., Cebrían, S., Church, E., Conde, C. A. N., Contreras, T., Díaz, J., Díaz, G., Diesburg, M., Escada, J., Esteve, R., Felkai, R., Ferrario, P., Ferreira, A. L., Generowicz, J., Ghosh, S., Goldschmidt, A., Guenette, R., Gutiérrez, R. M., Haefner, J., Hafidi, K., Hauptman, J., Morata, J. A. Hernando, Herrero, P., Herrero, V., Ifergan, Y., Johnston, S., Jones, B. J. P., Kekic, M., Labarga, L., Laing, A., Lebrun, P., López-March, N., Losada, M., Martín-Albo, J., Martínez, A., Martínez-Lema, G., McDonald, A. D., Monrabal, F., Mora, F. J., Vidal, J. Muñoz, Novella, P., Nygren, D. R., Palmeiro, B., Para, A., Pérez, J., Psihas, F., Querol, M., Renner, J., Repond, J., Riordan, S., Ripoll, L., García, Y. Rodríguez, Rodríguez, J., Rogers, L., Romeo, B., Romo-Luque, C., Santos, F. P., Santos, J. M. F. dos, Simón, A., Sofka, C., Sorel, M., Stiegler, T., Toledo, J. F., Torrent, J., Usón, A., Veloso, J. F. C. A., Webb, R., Weiss-Babai, R., White, J. T., Woodruff, K., and Yahlali, N.
Subjects: Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, Physics - Applied Physics
Abstract: High pressure xenon Time Projection Chambers (TPC) based on secondary scintillation (electroluminescence) signal amplification are being proposed for rare event detection such as directional dark matter, double electron capture and double beta decay detection. The discrimination of the rare event through the topological signature of primary ionisation trails is a major asset for this type of TPC when compared to single liquid or double-phase TPCs, limited mainly by the high electron diffusion in pure xenon. Helium admixtures with xenon can be an attractive solution to reduce the electron diffusion significantly, improving the discrimination efficiency of these optical TPCs. We have measured the electroluminescence (EL) yield of Xe-He mixtures, in the range of 0 to 30% He and demonstrated the small impact on the EL yield of the addition of helium to pure xenon. For a typical reduced electric field of 2.5 kV/cm/bar in the scintillation region, the EL yield is lowered by ~ 2%, 3%, 6% and 10% for 10%, 15%, 20% and 30% of helium concentration, respectively. This decrease is less than what has been obtained from the most recent simulation framework in the literature. The impact of the addition of helium on EL statistical fluctuations is negligible, within the experimental uncertainties. The present results are an important benchmark for the simulation tools to be applied to future optical TPCs based on Xe-He mixtures.
Published: 2019

66. The XENON1T Data Acquisition System

Author: Aprile, E., Aalbers, J., Agostini, F., Alfonsi, M., Althueser, L., Amaro, F. D., Antochi, V. C., Arneodo, F., Barge, D., Baudis, L., Bauermeister, B., Bellagamba, L., Benabderrahmane, M. L., Berger, T., Breur, P. A., Brown, A., Brown, E., Bruenner, S., Bruno, G., Budnik, R., Bütikofer, L., Capelli, C., Cardoso, J. M. R., Cichon, D., Coderre, D., Colijn, A. P., Conrad, J., Cussonneau, J. P., Decowski, M. P., de Perio, P., Di Gangi, P., Di Giovanni, A., Diglio, S., Elykov, A., Eurin, G., Fei, J., Ferella, A. D., Fieguth, A., Fulgione, W., Gaemers, P., Rosso, A. Gallo, Galloway, M., Gao, F., Garbini, M., Grandi, L., Greene, Z., Hasterok, C., Hogenbirk, E., Howlett, J., Iacovacci, M., Itay, R., Joerg, F., Kazama, S., Kish, A., Kobayashi, M., Koltman, G., Kopec, A., Landsman, H., Lang, R. F., Levinson, L., Lin, Q., Lindemann, S., Lindner, M., Lombardi, F., Lopes, J. A. M., Fune, E. López, Macolino, C., Mahlstedt, J., Manfredini, A., Marignetti, F., Undagoitia, T. Marrodán, Masbou, J., Masson, D., Mastroianni, S., Messina, M., Micheneau, K., Miller, K., Molinario, A., Morå, K., Mosbacher, Y., Murra, M., Naganoma, J., Ni, K., Oberlack, U., Odgers, K., Pelssers, B., Peres, R., Piastra, F., Pienaar, J., Pizzella, V., Plante, G., Podviianiuk, R., Qiu, H., García, D. Ramírez, Reichard, S., Riedel, B., Rocchetti, A., Rupp, N., Santos, J. M. F. dos, Sartorelli, G., Šarčević, N., Scheibelhut, M., Schindler, S., Schreiner, J., Schulte, D., Schumann, M., Lavina, L. Scotto, Selvi, M., Shagin, P., Shockley, E., Silva, M., Simgen, H., Therreau, C., Thers, D., Toschi, F., Trinchero, G., Tunnell, C. D., Upole, N., Vargas, M., Volta, G., Wack, O., Wang, H., Wei, Y., Weinheimer, C., Wenz, D., Wittweg, C., Wulf, J., Ye, J., Zhang, Y., Zhu, T., Zopounidis, J. P., Pieracci, M., and Tintori, C.
Subjects: Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors
Abstract: The XENON1T liquid xenon time projection chamber is the most sensitive detector built to date for the measurement of direct interactions of weakly interacting massive particles with normal matter. The data acquisition system (DAQ) is constructed from commercial, open source, and custom components to digitize signals from the detector and store them for later analysis. The system achieves an extremely low signal threshold below a tenth of a photoelectron using a parallelized readout with the global trigger deferred to a later, software stage. The event identification is based on MongoDB database queries and has over 97% efficiency at recognizing interactions at the analysis energy threshold. A readout bandwidth over 300 MB/s is reached in calibration modes and is further expandable via parallelization. This DAQ system was successfully used during three years of operation of XENON1T., Comment: 14 pages, 6 figures, submitted to JINST; Version 2 with minor updates to text
Published: 2019
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67. Radiogenic backgrounds in the NEXT double beta decay experiment

Author: NEXT Collaboration, Novella, P., Palmeiro, B., Sorel, M., Usón, A., Ferrario, P., Gómez-Cadenas, J. J., Adams, C., Álvarez, V., Arazi, L., Arnquist, I. J., Azevedo, C. D. R, Bailey, K., Ballester, F., Benlloch-Rodríguez, J. M., Borges, F. I. G. M., Byrnes, N., Cárcel, S., Carrión, J. V., Cebrián, S., Church, E., Conde, C. A. N., Contreras, T., López, G. Díaz, Díaz, J., Diesburg, M., Escada, J., Esteve, R., Felkai, R., Fernandes, A. F. M., Fernandes, L. M. P., Ferreira, A. L., Freitas, E. D. C., Generowicz, J., Ghosh, S., Goldschmidt, A., González-Díaz, D., Guenette, R., Gutiérrez, R. M., Haefner, J., Hafidi, K., Hauptman, J., Henriques, C. A. O., Morata, J. A. Hernando, Herrero, P., Herrero, V., Ifergan, Y., Johnston, S., Jones, B. J. P., Kekic, M., Labarga, L., Laing, A., Lebrun, P., López-March, N., Losada, M., Mano, R. D. P., Martín-Albo, J., Martínez, A., Martínez-Lema, G., McDonald, A. D., Monrabal, F., Monteiro, C. M. B., Mora, F. J., Vidal, J. Muñoz, Nygren, D. R., Para, A., Pérez, J., Psihas, F., Querol, M., Renner, J., Repond, J., Riordan, S., Ripoll, L., García, Y. Rodríguez, Rodríguez, J., Rogers, L., Romeo, B., Romo-Luque, C., Santos, F. P., Santos, J. M. F. dos, Simón, A., Sofka, C., Stiegler, T., Toledo, J. F., Torrent, J., Veloso, J. F. C. A., Webb, R., Weiss-Babai, R., White, J. T., Woodruff, K., and Yahlali, N.
Subjects: Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, High Energy Physics - Experiment
Abstract: Natural radioactivity represents one of the main backgrounds in the search for neutrinoless double beta decay. Within the NEXT physics program, the radioactivity-induced backgrounds are measured with the NEXT-White detector. Data from 37.9 days of low-background operations at the Laboratorio Subterr\'aneo de Canfranc with xenon depleted in $^{136}$Xe are analyzed to derive a total background rate of (0.84$\pm$0.02) mHz above 1000 keV. The comparison of data samples with and without the use of the radon abatement system demonstrates that the contribution of airborne-Rn is negligible. A radiogenic background model is built upon the extensive radiopurity screening campaign conducted by the NEXT Collaboration. A spectral fit to this model yields the specific contributions of $^{60}$Co, $^{40}$K, $^{214}$Bi and $^{208}$Tl to the total background rate, as well as their location in the detector volumes. The results are used to evaluate the impact of the radiogenic backgrounds in the double beta decay analyses, after the application of topological cuts that reduce the total rate to (0.25$\pm$0.01) mHz. Based on the best-fit background model, the NEXT-White median sensitivity to the two-neutrino double beta decay is found to be 3.5$\sigma$ after 1 year of data taking. The background measurement in a Q$_{\beta\beta}\pm$100 keV energy window validates the best-fit background model also for the neutrinoless double beta decay search with NEXT-100. Only one event is found, while the model expectation is (0.75$\pm$0.12) events.
Published: 2019
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68. Energy calibration of the NEXT-White detector with 1% resolution near Q$_{\beta\beta}$ of $^{136}$Xe

Author: Renner, J., López, G. Díaz, Ferrario, P., Morata, J. A. Hernando, Kekic, M., Martínez-Lema, G., Monrabal, F., Gómez-Cadenas, J. J., Adams, C., Álvarez, V., Arazi, L., Arnquist, I. J., Azevedo, C. D. R, Bailey, K., Ballester, F., Benlloch-Rodríguez, J. M., Borges, F. I. G. M., Byrnes, N., Cárcel, S., Carrión, J. V., Cebrián, S., Church, E., Conde, C. A. N., Contreras, T., Díaz, J., Diesburg, M., Escada, J., Esteve, R., Felkai, R., Fernandes, A. F. M., Fernandes, L. M. P., Ferreira, A. L., Freitas, E. D. C., Generowicz, J., Ghosh, S., Goldschmidt, A., González-Díaz, D., Guenette, R., Gutiérrez, R. M., Haefner, J., Hafidi, K., Hauptman, J., Henriques, C. A. O., Herrero, P., Herrero, V., Ifergan, Y., Johnston, S., Jones, B. J. P., Labarga, L., Laing, A., Lebrun, P., López-March, N., Losada, M., Mano, R. D. P., Martín-Albo, J., Martínez, A., McDonald, A. D., Monteiro, C. M. B., Mora, F. J., Vidal, J. Muñoz, Novella, P., Nygren, D. R., Palmeiro, B., Para, A., Pérez, J., Psihas, F., Querol, M., Repond, J., Riordan, S., Ripoll, L., García, Y. Rodríguez, Rodríguez, J., Rogers, L., Romeo, B., Romo-Luque, C., Santos, F. P., Santos, J. M. F. dos, Simón, A., Sofka, C., Sorel, M., Stiegler, T., Toledo, J. F., Torrent, J., Usón, A., Veloso, J. F. C. A., Webb, R., Weiss-Babai, R., White, J. T., Woodruff, K., and Yahlali, N.
Subjects: Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors
Abstract: Excellent energy resolution is one of the primary advantages of electroluminescent high pressure xenon TPCs, and searches for rare physics events such as neutrinoless double-beta decay ($\beta\beta0\nu$) require precise energy measurements. Using the NEXT-White detector, developed by the NEXT (Neutrino Experiment with a Xenon TPC) collaboration, we show for the first time that an energy resolution of 1% FWHM can be achieved at 2.6 MeV, establishing the present technology as the one with the best energy resolution of all xenon detectors for $\beta\beta0\nu$ searches., Comment: 13 pages, 7 figures; accepted to JHEP
Published: 2019
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69. Demonstration of the event identification capabilities of the NEXT-White detector

Author: NEXT Collaboration, Ferrario, P., Benlloch-Rodríguez, J. M., López, G. Díaz, Morata, J. A. Hernando, Kekic, M., Renner, J., Usón, A., Gómez-Cadenas, J. J., Adams, C., Álvarez, V., Arazi, L., Arnquist, I. J., Azevedo, C. D. R, Bailey, K., Ballester, F., Borges, F. I. G. M., Byrnes, N., Cárcel, S., Carrión, J. V., Cebrián, S., Church, E., Conde, C. A. N., Contreras, T., Díaz, J., Diesburg, M., Escada, J., Esteve, R., Felkai, R., Fernandes, A. F. M., Fernandes, L. M. P., Ferreira, A. L., Freitas, E. D. C., Generowicz, J., Ghosh, S., Goldschmidt, A., González-Díaz, D., Guenette, R., Gutiérrez, R. M., Haefner, J., Hafidi, K., Hauptman, J., Henriques, C. A. O., Herrero, P., Herrero, V., Ifergan, Y., Johnston, S., Jones, B. J. P., Labarga, L., Laing, A., Lebrun, P., López-March, N., Losada, M., Mano, R. D. P., Martín-Albo, J., Martínez, A., Martínez-Lema, G., McDonald, A. D., Monrabal, F., Monteiro, C. M. B., Mora, F. J., Vidal, J. Muñoz, Novella, P., Nygren, D. R., Palmeiro, B., Para, A., Pérez, J., Psihas, F., Querol, M., Repond, J., Riordan, S., Ripoll, L., García, Y. Rodríguez, Rodríguez, J., Rogers, L., Romeo, B., Romo-Luque, C., Santos, F. P., Santos, J. M. F. dos, Simón, A., Sofka, C., Sorel, M., Stiegler, T., Toledo, J. F., Torrent, J., Veloso, J. F. C. A., Webb, R., Weiss-Babai, R., White, J. T., Woodruff, K., and Yahlali, N.
Subjects: Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, High Energy Physics - Experiment
Abstract: In experiments searching for neutrinoless double-beta decay, the possibility of identifying the two emitted electrons is a powerful tool in rejecting background events and therefore improving the overall sensitivity of the experiment. In this paper we present the first measurement of the efficiency of a cut based on the different event signatures of double and single electron tracks, using the data of the NEXT-White detector, the first detector of the NEXT experiment operating underground. Using a \TO\ calibration source to produce signal-like and background-like events with energies near 1.6 MeV, a signal efficiency of $71.6 \pm 1.5_{\textrm{ stat}} \pm 0.3_{\textrm{ sys}} \%$ for a background acceptance of $20.6 \pm 0.4_{\textrm{ stat}} \pm 0.3_{\textrm{ sys}} \%$ is found, in good agreement with Monte Carlo simulations. An extrapolation to the energy region of the neutrinoless double beta decay by means of Monte Carlo simulations is also carried out, and the results obtained show an improvement in background rejection over those obtained at lower energies., Comment: Accepted by JHEP
Published: 2019
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70. First observation of two-neutrino double electron capture in $^{124}$Xe with XENON1T

Author: Aprile, E., Aalbers, J., Agostini, F., Alfonsi, M., Althueser, L., Amaro, F. D., Anthony, M., Antochi, V. C., Arneodo, F., Baudis, L., Bauermeister, B., Benabderrahmane, M. L., Berger, T., Breur, P. A., Brown, A., Brown, E., Bruenner, S., Bruno, G., Budnik, R., Capelli, C., Cardoso, J. M. R., Cichon, D., Coderre, D., Colijn, A. P., Conrad, J., Cussonneau, J. P., Decowski, M. P., de Perio, P., Di Gangi, P., Di Giovanni, A., Diglio, S., Elykov, A., Eurin, G., Fei, J., Ferella, A. D., Fieguth, A., Fulgione, W., Rosso, A. Gallo, Galloway, M., Gao, F., Garbini, M., Grandi, L., Greene, Z., Hasterok, C., Hogenbirk, E., Howlett, J., Iacovacci, M., Itay, R., Joerg, F., Kazama, S., Kaminsky, B., Kish, A., Koltman, G., Kopec, A., Landsman, H., Lang, R. F., Levinson, L., Lin, Q., Lindemann, S., Lindner, M., Lombardi, F., Lopes, J. A. M., Fune, E. López, Macolino, C., Mahlstedt, J., Manfredini, A., Marignetti, F., Undagoitia, T. Marrodán, Masbou, J., Masson, D., Mastroianni, S., Messina, M., Micheneau, K., Miller, K., Molinario, A., Morå, K., Murra, M., Naganoma, J., Ni, K., Oberlack, U., Odgers, K., Pelssers, B., Peres, R., Piastra, F., Pienaar, J., Pizzella, V., Plante, G., Podviianiuk, R., Priel, N., Qiu, H., García, D. Ramírez, Reichard, S., Riedel, B., Rizzo, A., Rocchetti, A., Rupp, N., Santos, J. M. F. dos, Sartorelli, G., Šarčević, N., Scheibelhut, M., Schindler, S., Schreiner, J., Schulte, D., Schumann, M., Lavina, L. Scotto, Selvi, M., Shagin, P., Shockley, E., Silva, M., Simgen, H., Therreau, C., Thers, D., Toschi, F., Trinchero, G., Tunnell, C., Upole, N., Vargas, M., Wack, O., Wang, H., Wang, Z., Wei, Y., Weinheimer, C., Wenz, D., Wittweg, C., Wulf, J., Xu, Z., Ye, J., Zhang, Y., Zhu, T., and Zopounidis, J. P.
Subjects: Nuclear Experiment
Abstract: Two-neutrino double electron capture ($2\nu$ECEC) is a second-order Weak process with predicted half-lives that surpass the age of the Universe by many orders of magnitude. Until now, indications for $2\nu$ECEC decays have only been seen for two isotopes, $^{78}$Kr and $^{130}$Ba, and instruments with very low background levels are needed to detect them directly with high statistical significance. The $2\nu$ECEC half-life provides an important input for nuclear structure models and its measurement represents a first step in the search for the neutrinoless double electron capture processes ($0\nu$ECEC). A detection of the latter would have implications for the nature of the neutrino and give access to the absolute neutrino mass. Here we report on the first direct observation of $2\nu$ECEC in $^{124}$Xe with the XENON1T Dark Matter detector. The significance of the signal is $4.4\sigma$ and the corresponding half-life $T_{1/2}^{2\nu\text{ECEC}} = (1.8\pm 0.5_\text{stat}\pm 0.1_\text{sys})\times 10^{22}\;\text{y}$ is the longest ever measured directly. This study demonstrates that the low background and large target mass of xenon-based Dark Matter detectors make them well suited to measuring other rare processes as well, and it highlights the broad physics reach for even larger next-generation experiments.
Published: 2019
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71. XENON1T Dark Matter Data Analysis: Signal & Background Models, and Statistical Inference

Author: Aprile, E., Aalbers, J., Agostini, F., Alfonsi, M., Althueser, L., Amaro, F. D., Antochi, V. C., Arneodo, F., Baudis, L., Bauermeister, B., Benabderrahmane, M. L., Berger, T., Breur, P. A., Brown, A., Brown, E., Bruenner, S., Bruno, G., Budnik, R., Capelli, C., Cardoso, J. M. R., Cichon, D., Coderre, D., Colijn, A. P., Conrad, J., Cussonneau, J. P., Decowski, M. P., de Perio, P., Di Gangi, P., Di Giovanni, A., Diglio, S., Elykov, A., Eurin, G., Fei, J., Ferella, A. D., Fieguth, A., Fulgione, W., Rosso, A. Gallo, Galloway, M., Gao, F., Garbini, M., Grandi, L., Greene, Z., Hasterok, C., Hogenbirk, E., Howlett, J., Iacovacci, M., Itay, R., Joerg, F., Kazama, S., Kish, A., Koltman, G., Kopec, A., Landsman, H., Lang, R. F., Levinson, L., Lin, Q., Lindemann, S., Lindner, M., Lombardi, F., Lopes, J. A. M., Fune, E. López, Macolino, C., Mahlstedt, J., Manfredini, A., Marignetti, F., Undagoitia, T. Marrodán, Masbou, J., Masson, D., Mastroianni, S., Messina, M., Micheneau, K., Miller, K., Molinario, A., Morå, K., Mosbacher, Y., Murra, M., Naganoma, J., Ni, K., Oberlack, U., Odgers, K., Pelssers, B., Piastra, F., Pienaar, J., Pizzella, V., Plante, G., Podviianiuk, R., Qiu, H., García, D. Ramírez, Reichard, S., Riedel, B., Rizzo, A., Rocchetti, A., Rupp, N., Santos, J. M. F. dos, Sartorelli, G., Šarčević, N., Scheibelhut, M., Schindler, S., Schreiner, J., Schulte, D., Schumann, M., Lavina, L. Scotto, Selvi, M., Shagin, P., Shockley, E., Silva, M., Simgen, H., Therreau, C., Thers, D., Toschi, F., Trinchero, G., Tunnell, C., Upole, N., Vargas, M., Wack, O., Wang, H., Wang, Z., Wei, Y., Weinheimer, C., Wenz, D., Wittweg, C., Wulf, J., Ye, J., Zhang, Y., Zhu, T., and Zopounidis, J. P.
Subjects: Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, High Energy Physics - Experiment
Abstract: The XENON1T experiment searches for dark matter particles through their scattering off xenon atoms in a 2 tonne liquid xenon target. The detector is a dual-phase time projection chamber, which measures simultaneously the scintillation and ionization signals produced by interactions in target volume, to reconstruct energy and position, as well as the type of the interaction. The background rate in the central volume of XENON1T detector is the lowest achieved so far with a liquid xenon-based direct detection experiment. In this work we describe the response model of the detector, the background and signal models, and the statistical inference procedures used in the dark matter searches with a 1 tonne$\times$year exposure of XENON1T data, that leaded to the best limit to date on WIMP-nucleon spin-independent elastic scatter cross-section for WIMP masses above 6 GeV/c$^2$.
Published: 2019
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72. Electron Drift and Longitudinal Diffusion in High Pressure Xenon-Helium Gas Mixtures

Author: McDonald, A. D., Woodruff, K., Atoum, B. Al, González-Díaz, D., Jones, B. J. P., Adams, C., Álvarez, V., Arazi, L., Arnquist, I. J., Azevedo, C. D. R, Bailey, K., Ballester, F., Benlloch-Rodríguez, J. M., Borges, F. I. G. M., Cárcel, S., Carrión, J. V., Cebrián, S., Church, E., Conde, C. A. N., Díaz, G., Díaz, J., Diesburg, M., Escada, J., Esteve, R., Felkai, R., Fernandes, A. F. M., Fernandes, L. M. P., Ferrario, P., Ferreira, A. L., Freitas, E. D. C., Generowicz, J., Goldschmidt, A., Gómez-Cadenas, J. J., Guenette, R., Gutiérrez, R. M., Haefner, J., Hafidi, K., Hauptman, J., Henriques, C. A. O., Morata, J. A. Hernando, Herrero, P., Herrero, V., Johnston, S., Kekic, M., Labarga, L., Laing, A., Lebrun, P., López-March, N., Losada, M., Mano, R. D. P., Martín-Albo, J., Martínez, A., Martínez-Lema, G., Monrabal, F., Monteiro, C. M. B., Mora, F. J., MuñozVidal, J., Novella, P., Nygren, D. R., Palmeiro, B., Para, A., Pérez, J., Querol, M., Renner, J., Repond, J., Riordan, S., Ripoll, L., Garcia, Y. Rodriguez, Rodríguez, J., Rogers, L., Romeo, B., Romo-Luque, C., Santos, F. P., Santos, J. M. F. dos, Simón, A., Sofka, C., Sorel, M., Stiegler, T., Toledo, J. F., Torrent, J., Usón, A., Veloso, J. F. C. A., Webb, R., Weiss-Babai, White, J. T., and Yahlali, N.
Subjects: Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, Nuclear Experiment
Abstract: We report new measurements of the drift velocity and longitudinal diffusion coefficients of electrons in pure xenon gas and in xenon-helium gas mixtures at 1-9 bar and electric field strengths of 50-300 V/cm. In pure xenon we find excellent agreement with world data at all $E/P$, for both drift velocity and diffusion coefficients. However, a larger value of the longitudinal diffusion coefficient than theoretical predictions is found at low $E/P$ in pure xenon, below the range of reduced fields usually probed by TPC experiments. A similar effect is observed in xenon-helium gas mixtures at somewhat larger $E/P$. Drift velocities in xenon-helium mixtures are found to be theoretically well predicted. Although longitudinal diffusion in xenon-helium mixtures is found to be larger than anticipated, extrapolation based on the measured longitudinal diffusion coefficients suggest that the use of helium additives to reduce transverse diffusion in xenon gas remains a promising prospect.
Published: 2019
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73. Constraining the Spin-Dependent WIMP-Nucleon Cross Sections with XENON1T

Author: Aprile, E., Aalbers, J., Agostini, F., Alfonsi, M., Althueser, L., Amaro, F. D., Anthony, M., Antochi, V. C., Arneodo, F., Baudis, L., Bauermeister, B., Benabderrahmane, M. L., Berger, T., Breur, P. A., Brown, A., Brown, E., Bruenner, S., Bruno, G., Budnik, R., Capelli, C., Cardoso, J. M. R., Cichon, D., Coderre, D., Colijn, A. P., Conrad, J., Cussonneau, J. P., Decowski, M. P., de Perio, P., Di Gangi, P., Di Giovanni, A., Diglio, S., Elykov, A., Eurin, G., Fei, J., Ferella, A. D., Fieguth, A., Fulgione, W., Rosso, A. Gallo, Galloway, M., Gao, F., Garbini, M., Grandi, L., Greene, Z., Hasterok, C., Hogenbirk, E., Howlett, J., Iacovacci, M., Itay, R., Joerg, F., Kazama, S., Kish, A., Koltman, G., Kopec, A., Landsman, H., Lang, R. F., Levinson, L., Lin, Q., Lindemann, S., Lindner, M., Lombardi, F., Lopes, J. A. M., Fune, E. López, Macolino, C., Mahlstedt, J., Manfredini, A., Marignetti, F., Undagoitia, T. Marrodán, Masbou, J., Masson, D., Mastroianni, S., Messina, M., Micheneau, K., Miller, K., Molinario, A., Morå, K., Mosbacher, Y., Murra, M., Naganoma, J., Ni, K., Oberlack, U., Odgers, K., Pelssers, B., Piastra, F., Pienaar, J., Pizzella, V., Plante, G., Podviianiuk, R., Priel, N., Qiu, H., García, D. Ramírez, Reichard, S., Riedel, B., Rizzo, A., Rocchetti, A., Rupp, N., Santos, J. M. F. dos, Sartorelli, G., Šarčević, N., Scheibelhut, M., Schindler, S., Schreiner, J., Schulte, D., Schumann, M., Lavina, L. Scotto, Selvi, M., Shagin, P., Shockley, E., Silva, M., Simgen, H., Therreau, C., Thers, D., Toschi, F., Trinchero, G., Tunnell, C., Upole, N., Vargas, M., Wack, O., Wang, H., Wang, Z., Wei, Y., Weinheimer, C., Wenz, D., Wittweg, C., Wulf, J., Xu, Z., Ye, J., Zhang, Y., Zhu, T., and Zopounidis, J. P.
Subjects: Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics, High Energy Physics - Phenomenology
Abstract: We report the first experimental results on spin-dependent elastic weakly interacting massive particle (WIMP) nucleon scattering from the XENON1T dark matter search experiment. The analysis uses the full ton year exposure of XENON1T to constrain the spin-dependent proton-only and neutron-only cases. No significant signal excess is observed, and a profile likelihood ratio analysis is used to set exclusion limits on the WIMP-nucleon interactions. This includes the most stringent constraint to date on the WIMP-neutron cross section, with a minimum of $6.3\times10^{-42}$ cm$^2$ at 30 GeV/c${}^2$ and 90% confidence level. The results are compared with those from collider searches and used to exclude new parameter space in an isoscalar theory with an axial-vector mediator.
Published: 2019
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74. Low-energy calibration of XENON1T with an internal 37Ar source

Author: Aprile, E., Abe, K., Agostini, F., Ahmed Maouloud, S., Alfonsi, M., Althueser, L., Andrieu, B., Angelino, E., Angevaare, J. R., Antochi, V. C., Antón Martin, D., Arneodo, F., Baudis, L., Baxter, A. L., Bellagamba, L., Biondi, R., Bismark, A., Brown, A., Bruenner, S., Bruno, G., Budnik, R., Bui, T. K., Cai, C., Capelli, C., Cardoso, J. M. R., Cichon, D., Colijn, A. P., Conrad, J., Cuenca-García, J. J., Cussonneau, J. P., D’Andrea, V., Decowski, M. P., Di Gangi, P., Di Pede, S., Diglio, S., Eitel, K., Elykov, A., Farrell, S., Ferella, A. D., Ferrari, C., Fischer, H., Fulgione, W., Gaemers, P., Gaior, R., Gallo Rosso, A., Galloway, M., Gao, F., Glade-Beucke, R., Grandi, L., Grigat, J., Guida, M., Hammann, R., Higuera, A., Hils, C., Hoetzsch, L., Howlett, J., Iacovacci, M., Itow, Y., Jakob, J., Joerg, F., Joy, A., Kato, N., Kara, M., Kavrigin, P., Kazama, S., Kobayashi, M., Koltman, G., Kopec, A., Kuger, F., Landsman, H., Lang, R. F., Levinson, L., Li, I., Li, S., Liang, S., Lindemann, S., Lindner, M., Liu, K., Loizeau, J., Lombardi, F., Long, J., Lopes, J. A. M., Ma, Y., Macolino, C., Mahlstedt, J., Mancuso, A., Manenti, L., Marignetti, F., Marrodán Undagoitia, T., Martens, K., Masbou, J., Masson, D., Masson, E., Mastroianni, S., Messina, M., Miuchi, K., Mizukoshi, K., Molinario, A., Moriyama, S., Morå, K., Mosbacher, Y., Murra, M., Müller, J., Ni, K., Oberlack, U., Paetsch, B., Palacio, J., Peres, R., Peters, C., Pienaar, J., Pierre, M., Pizzella, V., Plante, G., Qi, J., Qin, J., Ramírez García, D., Reichard, S., Rocchetti, A., Rupp, N., Sanchez, L., Sanchez-Lucas, P., Santos, J. M. F. dos, Sarnoff, I., Sartorelli, G., Schreiner, J., Schulte, D., Schulte, P., Schulze Eißing, H., Schumann, M., Lavina, L. Scotto, Selvi, M., Semeria, F., Shagin, P., Shi, S., Shockley, E., Silva, M., Simgen, H., Takeda, A., Tan, P.-L., Terliuk, A., Thers, D., Toschi, F., Trinchero, G., Tunnell, C., Tönnies, F., Valerius, K., Volta, G., Weinheimer, C., Weiss, M., Wenz, D., Wittweg, C., Wolf, T., Xu, D., Xu, Z., Yamashita, M., Yang, L., Ye, J., Yuan, L., Zavattini, G., Zerbo, S., Zhong, M., Zhu, T., Geppert, C., and Riemer, J.
Published: 2023
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75. Study of the loss of Xenon Scintillation in Xenon-Trimethylamine Mixtures

Author: Trindade, A. M. F., Escada, J., Cortez, A. F. V., Borges, F. I. G. M., Santos, F. P., Adams, C., Álvarez, V., Arazi, L., Azevedo, C. D. R., Ballester, F., Benlloch-Rodríguez, J. M., Botas, A., Cárcel, S., Carríon, J. V., Cebrián, S., Conde, C. A. N., Díaz, J., Diesburg, M., Esteve, R., Felkai, R., Fernandes, L. M. P., Ferrario, P., Ferreira, A. L., Freitas, E. D. C., Goldschmidt, A., Gómez-Cadenas, J. J., González-Díaz, D., Guenette, R., Gutiérrez, R. M., Hafidi, K., Hauptman, J., Henriques, C. A. O., Hernandez, A. I., Morata, J. A. Hernando, Herrero, V., Johnston, S., Jones, B. J. P., Labarga, L., Laing, A., Lebrun, P., Liubarsky, I., López-March, N., Losada, M., Martín-Albo, J., Martínez-Lema, G., Martínez, A., McDonald, A. D., Monrabal, F., Monteiro, C. M. B., Mora, F. J., Moutinho, L. M., Vidal, J. Muñoz, Musti, M., Nebot-Guinot, M., Novella, P., Nygrenq, D. R., Palmeiro, B., Para, A., Pérez, J., Querol, M., Renner, J., Repond, J., Riordan, S., Ripoll, L., Rodríguez, J., Rogers, L., Santos, J. M. F. dos, Simón, A., Sofka, C., Sorel, M., Stiegler, T., Toledo, J. F., Torrent, J., Tsamalaidze, Z., Veloso, J. F. C. A., Webb, R., White, J. T., and Yahlalid, N.
Subjects: Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors
Abstract: This work investigates the capability of TMA ((CH3)3N) molecules to shift the wavelength of Xe VUV emission (160-188 nm) to a longer, more manageable, wavelength (260-350 nm). Light emitted from a Xe lamp was passed through a gas chamber filled with Xe-TMA mixtures at 800 Torr and detected with a photomultiplier tube. Using bandpass filters in the proper transmission ranges, no reemitted light was observed experimentally. Considering the detection limit of the experimental system, if reemission by TMA molecules occurs, it is below 0.3% of the scintillation absorbed in the 160-188 nm range. An absorption coefficient value for xenon VUV light by TMA of 0.43+/-0.03 cm-1.Torr-1 was also obtained. These results can be especially important for experiments considering TMA as a molecular additive to Xe in large volume optical time projection chambers., Comment: 13 pages, 9 figures, 2 tables
Published: 2018
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76. First results on the scalar WIMP-pion coupling, using the XENON1T experiment

Author: Aprile, E., Aalbers, J., Agostini, F., Alfonsi, M., Althueser, L., Amaro, F. D., Anthony, M., Antochi, V. C., Arneodo, F., Baudis, L., Bauermeister, B., Benabderrahmane, M. L., Berger, T., Breur, P. A., Brown, A., Brown, E., Bruenner, S., Bruno, G., Budnik, R., Capelli, C., Cardoso, J. M. R., Cichon, D., Coderre, D., Colijn, A. P., Conrad, J., Cussonneau, J. P., Decowski, M. P., de Perio, P., Di Gangi, P., Di Giovanni, A., Diglio, S., Elykov, A., Eurin, G., Fei, J., Ferella, A. D., Fieguth, A., Fulgione, W., Rosso, A. Gallo, Galloway, M., Gao, F., Garbini, M., Grandi, L., Greene, Z., Hasterok, C., Hogenbirk, E., Howlett, J., Iacovacci, M., Itay, R., Joerg, F., Kaminsky, B., Kazama, S., Kish, A., Koltman, G., Kopec, A., Landsman, H., Lang, R. F., Levinson, L., Lin, Q., Lindemann, S., Lindner, M., Lombardi, F., Lopes, J. A. M., Fune, E. López, Macolino, C., Mahlstedt, J., Manfredini, A., Marignetti, F., Undagoitia, T. Marrodán, Masbou, J., Masson, D., Mastroianni, S., Messina, M., Micheneau, K., Miller, K., Molinario, A., Morå, K., Murra, M., Naganoma, J., Ni, K., Oberlack, U., Odgers, K., Pelssers, B., Piastra, F., Pienaar, J., Pizzella, V., Plante, G., Podviianiuk, R., Priel, N., Qiu, H., García, D. Ramírez, Reichard, S., Riedel, B., Rizzo, A., Rocchetti, A., Rupp, N., Santos, J. M. F. dos, Sartorelli, G., Šarčević, N., Scheibelhut, M., Schindler, S., Schreiner, J., Schulte, D., Schumann, M., Lavina, L. Scotto, Selvi, M., Shagin, P., Shockley, E., Silva, M., Simgen, H., Therreau, C., Thers, D., Toschi, F., Trinchero, G., Tunnell, C., Upole, N., Vargas, M., Wack, O., Wang, H., Wang, Z., Wei, Y., Weinheimer, C., Wittweg, C., Wulf, J., Ye, J., Zhang, Y., Zhu, T., Zopounidis, J. P., Hoferichter, M., Klos, P., Menéndez, J., and Schwenk, A.
Subjects: High Energy Physics - Phenomenology, Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics, High Energy Physics - Experiment, Nuclear Theory
Abstract: We present first results on the scalar WIMP-pion coupling from 1 t$\times$yr of exposure with the XENON1T experiment. This interaction is generated when the WIMP couples to a virtual pion exchanged between the nucleons in a nucleus. In contrast to most non-relativistic operators, these pion-exchange currents can be coherently enhanced by the total number of nucleons, and therefore may dominate in scenarios where spin-independent WIMP-nucleon interactions are suppressed. Moreover, for natural values of the couplings, they dominate over the spin-dependent channel due to their coherence in the nucleus. Using the signal model of this new WIMP-pion channel, no significant excess is found, leading to an upper limit cross section of $6.4\times10^{-46}$ cm$^2$ (90 % confidence level) at 30 GeV/c$^2$ WIMP mass.
Published: 2018
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77. The next generation of laser spectroscopy experiments using light muonic atoms

Author: Schmidt, S., Willig, M., Haack, J., Horn, R., Adamczak, A., Ahmed, M. Abdou, Amaro, F. D., Amaro, P., Biraben, F., Carvalho, P., Chen, T. -L., Fernandes, L. M. P., Graf, T., Guerra, M., Hänsch, T. W., Hildebrandt, M., Huang, Y. -C., Indelicato, P., Julien, L., Kirch, K., Knecht, A., Kottmann, F., Krauth, J. J., Liu, Y. -W., Machado, J., Marszalek, M., Monteiro, C. M. B., Nez, F., Nuber, J., Patel, D. N., Rapisarda, E., Santos, J. M. F. dos, Santos, J. P., Silva, P. A. O. C., Sinkunaite, L., Shy, J. -T., Schuhmann, K., Schulthess, I., Taqqu, D., Veloso, J. F. C. A., Wang, L. -B., Zeyen, M., Antognini, A., and Pohl, R.
Subjects: Physics - Atomic Physics
Abstract: Precision spectroscopy of light muonic atoms provides unique information about the atomic and nuclear structure of these systems and thus represents a way to access fundamental interactions, properties and constants. One application comprises the determination of absolute nuclear charge radii with unprecedented accuracy from measurements of the 2S$\,$-$\,$2P Lamb shift. Here, we review recent results of nuclear charge radii extracted from muonic hydrogen and helium spectroscopy and present experiment proposals to access light muonic atoms with $Z \geq 3$. In addition, our approaches towards a precise measurement of the Zemach radii in muonic hydrogen ($\mu$p) and helium ($\mu$$^{3}$He$^{+}$) are discussed. These results will provide new tests of bound-state quantum-electrodynamics in hydrogen-like systems and can be used as benchmarks for nuclear structure theories., Comment: 17 pages, 8 figures
Published: 2018
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78. Initial results on energy resolution of the NEXT-White detector

Author: Renner, J., Ferrario, P., Martínez-Lema, G., Monrabal, F., Para, A., Gómez-Cadenas, J. J., Adams, C., Álvarez, V., Arazi, L., Azevedo, C. D. R., Bailey, K., Ballester, F., Benlloch-Rodríguez, J. M., Borges, F. I. G. M., Botas, A., Cárcel, S., Carrión, J. V., Cebrián, S., Conde, C. A. N., Díaz, J., Diesburg, M., Escada, J., Esteve, R., Felkai, R., Fernandes, A. F. M., Fernandes, L. M. P., Ferreira, A. L., Freitas, E. D. C., Generowicz, J., Goldschmidt, A., González-Díaz, D., Guenette, R., Gutiérrez, R. M., Hafidi, K., Hauptman, J., Henriques, C. A. O., Hernandez, A. I., Morata, J. A. Hernando, Herrero, V., Johnston, S., Jones, B. J. P., Kekic, M., Labarga, L., Laing, A., Lebrun, P., López-March, N., Losada, M., Mano, R. D. P., Martín-Albo, J., Martínez, A., McDonald, A. D., Monteiro, C. M. B., Mora, F. J., Vidal, J. Muñoz, Musti, M., Nebot-Guinot, M., Novella, P., Nygren, D. R., Palmeiro, B., Pérez, J., Psihas, F., Querol, M., Repond, J., Riordan, S., Ripoll, L., Rodríguez, J., Rogers, L., Romo-Luque, C., Santos, F. P., Santos, J. M. F. dos, Simón, A., Sofka, C., Sorel, M., Stiegler, T., Toledo, J. F., Torrent, J., Veloso, J. F. C. A., Webb, R., White, J. T., and Yahlali, N.
Subjects: Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors
Abstract: One of the major goals of the NEXT-White (NEW) detector is to demonstrate the energy resolution that an electroluminescent high pressure xenon TPC can achieve for high energy tracks. For this purpose, energy calibrations with 137Cs and 232Th sources have been carried out as a part of the long run taken with the detector during most of 2017. This paper describes the initial results obtained with those calibrations, showing excellent linearity and an energy resolution that extrapolates to approximately 1% FWHM at Q$_{\beta\beta}$., Comment: 14 pages, 8 figures, Accepted for publication in JINST
Published: 2018
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79. Electroluminescence TPCs at the thermal diffusion limit

Author: Henriques, C. A. O., Monteiro, C. M. B., González-Díaz, D., Azevedo, C. D. R, Freitas, E. D. C., Mano, R. D. P., Jorge, M. R., Fernandes, A. F. M., Gómez-Cadenas, J. J., Fernandes, L. M. P., Adams, C., Álvarez, V., Arazi, L., Bailey, K., Ballester, F., Benlloch-Rodríguez, J. M., Borges, F. I. G. M., Botas, A., Cárcel, S., Carrión, J. V., Cebrián, S., Conde, C. A. N., Díaz, J., Diesburg, M., Escada, J., Esteve, R., Felkai, R., Ferrario, P., Ferreira, A. L., Generowicz, J., Goldschmidt, A., Guenette, R., Gutiérrez, R. M., Hafidi, K., Hauptman, J., Hernandez, A. I., Morata, J. A. Hernando, Herrero, V., Johnston, S., Jones, B. J. P., Kekic, M., Labarga, L., Laing, A., Lebrun, P., López-March, N., Losada, M., Martín-Albo, J., Martínez, A., Martínez-Lema, G., McDonald, A., Monrabal, F., Mora, F. J., Vidal, J. Muñoz, Musti, M., Nebot-Guinot, M., Novella, P., Nygren, D. R., Palmeiro, B., Para, A., Pérez, J., Psihas, F., Querol, M., Renner, J., Repond, J., Riordan, S., Ripoll, L., Rodríguez, J., Rogers, L., Romo-Luque, C., Santos, F. P., Santos, J. M. F. dos, Simón, A., Sofka, C., Sorel, M., Stiegler, T., Toledo, J. F., Torrent, J., Veloso, J. F. C. A., Webb, R., White, J. T., and Yahlali, N.
Subjects: Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, High Energy Physics - Experiment
Abstract: The NEXT experiment aims at searching for the hypothetical neutrinoless double-beta decay from the ${}^{136}$Xe isotope using a high-purity xenon TPC. Efficient discrimination of the events through pattern recognition of the topology of primary ionisation tracks is a major requirement for the experiment. However, it is limited by the diffusion of electrons. It is known that the addition of a small fraction of a molecular gas to xenon reduces electron diffusion. On the other hand, the electroluminescence (EL) yield drops and the achievable energy resolution may be compromised. We have studied the effect of adding several molecular gases to xenon (CO${}_{2}$, CH${}_{4}$ and CF${}_{4}$) on the EL yield and energy resolution obtained in a small prototype of driftless gas proportional scintillation counter. We have compared our results on the scintillation characteristics (EL yield and energy resolution) with a microscopic simulation, obtaining the diffusion coefficients in those conditions as well. Accordingly, electron diffusion may be reduced from about 10 mm/$\sqrt{\mathrm{m}}$ for pure xenon down to 2.5 mm/$\sqrt{\mathrm{m}}$ using additive concentrations of about 0.05%, 0.2% and 0.02% for CO${}_{2}$, CH${}_{4}$ and CF${}_{4}$, respectively. Our results show that CF${}_{4}$ admixtures present the highest EL yield in those conditions, but very poor energy resolution as a result of huge fluctuations observed in the EL formation. CH${}_{4}$ presents the best energy resolution despite the EL yield being the lowest. The results obtained with xenon admixtures are extrapolated to the operational conditions of the NEXT-100 TPC. CO${}_{2}$ and CH${}_{4}$ show potential as molecular additives in a large xenon TPC, CH${}_{4}$ showing the best performance and stability to be used in the NEXT-100 TPC, with an extrapolated energy resolution of 0.4% at 2.45 MeV for concentrations below 0.4%., Comment: 22 pages, 8 figures
Published: 2018
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80. Dark Matter Search Results from a One Tonne$\times$Year Exposure of XENON1T

Author: Aprile, E., Aalbers, J., Agostini, F., Alfonsi, M., Althueser, L., Amaro, F. D., Anthony, M., Arneodo, F., Baudis, L., Bauermeister, B., Benabderrahmane, M. L., Berger, T., Breur, P. A., Brown, A., Brown, E., Bruenner, S., Bruno, G., Budnik, R., Capelli, C., Cardoso, J. M. R., Cichon, D., Coderre, D., Colijn, A. P., Conrad, J., Cussonneau, J. P., Decowski, M. P., de Perio, P., Di Gangi, P., Di Giovanni, A., Diglio, S., Elykov, A., Eurin, G., Fei, J., Ferella, A. D., Fieguth, A., Fulgione, W., Rosso, A. Gallo, Galloway, M., Gao, F., Garbini, M., Geis, C., Grandi, L., Greene, Z., Qiu, H., Hasterok, C., Hogenbirk, E., Howlett, J., Itay, R., Joerg, F., Kaminsky, B., Kazama, S., Kish, A., Koltman, G., Landsman, H., Lang, R. F., Levinson, L., Lin, Q., Lindemann, S., Lindner, M., Lombardi, F., Lopes, J. A. M., Mahlstedt, J., Manfredini, A., Undagoitia, T. Marrodán, Masbou, J., Masson, D., Messina, M., Micheneau, K., Miller, K., Molinario, A., Morå, K., Murra, M., Naganoma, J., Ni, K., Oberlack, U., Pelssers, B., Piastra, F., Pienaar, J., Pizzella, V., Plante, G., Podviianiuk, R., Priel, N., García, D. Ramírez, Rauch, L., Reichard, S., Reuter, C., Riedel, B., Rizzo, A., Rocchetti, A., Rupp, N., Santos, J. M. F. dos, Sartorelli, G., Scheibelhut, M., Schindler, S., Schreiner, J., Schulte, D., Schumann, M., Lavina, L. Scotto, Selvi, M., Shagin, P., Shockley, E., Silva, M., Simgen, H., Thers, D., Toschi, F., Trinchero, G., Tunnell, C., Upole, N., Vargas, M., Wack, O., Wang, H., Wang, Z., Wei, Y., Weinheimer, C., Wittweg, C., Wulf, J., Ye, J., Zhang, Y., and Zhu, T.
Subjects: Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, High Energy Physics - Experiment, High Energy Physics - Phenomenology, Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors
Abstract: We report on a search for Weakly Interacting Massive Particles (WIMPs) using 278.8 days of data collected with the XENON1T experiment at LNGS. XENON1T utilizes a liquid xenon time projection chamber with a fiducial mass of $(1.30 \pm 0.01)$ t, resulting in a 1.0 t$\times$yr exposure. The energy region of interest, [1.4, 10.6] $\mathrm{keV_{ee}}$ ([4.9, 40.9] $\mathrm{keV_{nr}}$), exhibits an ultra-low electron recoil background rate of $(82\substack{+5 \\ -3}\textrm{ (sys)}\pm3\textrm{ (stat)})$ events/$(\mathrm{t}\times\mathrm{yr}\times\mathrm{keV_{ee}})$. No significant excess over background is found and a profile likelihood analysis parameterized in spatial and energy dimensions excludes new parameter space for the WIMP-nucleon spin-independent elastic scatter cross-section for WIMP masses above 6 GeV/c${}^2$, with a minimum of $4.1\times10^{-47}$ cm$^2$ at 30 GeV/c${}^2$ and 90% confidence level., Comment: 8 pages, 5 figures, v2 limit points as csv
Published: 2018
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81. The Next White (NEW) detector

Author: Monrabal, F., Gómez-Cadenas, J. J., Toledo, J. F., Álvarez, V., Benlloch-Rodríguez, J. M., Cárcel, S., Carrión, J. V., Esteve, R., Felkai, R., Herrero, V., Laing, A., Martínez, A., Musti, M., Querol, M., Rodríguez, J., Simón, A., Sofka, C., Torrent, J., Webb, R., White, J. T., Adams, C., Arazi, L., Azevedo, C. D. R., Bailey, K., Ballester, F., Borges, F. I. G. M., Botas, A., Cebrián, S., Conde, C. A. N., Díaz, J., Diesburg, M., Escada, J., Fernandes, L. M. P., Ferrario, P., Ferreira, A. L., Freitas, E. D. C., Goldschmidt, A., González-Díaz, D., Guenette, R., Gutiérrez, R. M., Hafidi, K., Hauptman, J., Henriques, C. A. O., Hernandez, A. I., Morata, J. A. Hernando, Johnston, S., Jones, B. J. P., Labarga, L., Lebrun, P., López-March, N., Losada, M., Martín-Albo, J., Martínez-Lema, G., McDonald, A. D., Monteiro, C. M. B., Mora, F. J., Vidal, J. Munoz, Nebot-Guinot, M., Novella, P., Nygren, D. R., Palmeiro, B., Para, A., Pérez, J., Renner, J., Repond, J., Riordan, S., Romo, C., Ripoll, L., Rogers, L., Santos, F. P., Santos, J. M. F. dos, Sorel, M., Stiegler, T., Veloso, J. F. C. A., and Yahlali, N.
Subjects: Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors
Abstract: Conceived to host 5 kg of xenon at a pressure of 15 bar in the fiducial volume, the NEXT- White (NEW) apparatus is currently the largest high pressure xenon gas TPC using electroluminescent amplification in the world. It is also a 1:2 scale model of the NEXT-100 detector scheduled to start searching for $\beta\beta 0\nu$ decays in 136Xe in 2019. Both detectors measure the energy of the event using a plane of photomultipliers located behind a transparent cathode. They can also reconstruct the trajectories of charged tracks in the dense gas of the TPC with the help of a plane of silicon photomultipliers located behind the anode. A sophisticated gas system, common to both detectors, allows the high gas purity needed to guarantee a long electron lifetime. NEXT-White has been operating since October 2017 at the Canfranc Underground Laboratory (LSC), in Spain. This paper describes the detector and associated infrastructures.
Published: 2018
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82. Electron drift properties in high pressure gaseous xenon

Author: NEXT Collaboration, Simón, A., Felkai, R., Martínez-Lema, G., Monrabal, F., González-Díaz, D., Sorel, M., Morata, J. A. Hernando, Gómez-Cadenas, J. J., Adams, C., Álvarez, V., Arazi, L., Azevedo, C. D. R., Benlloch-Rodríguez, J. M., Borges, F. I. G. M., Botas, A., Cárcel, S., Carrión, J. V., Cebrián, S., Conde, C. A. N., Díaz, J., Diesburg, M., Escada, J., Esteve, R., Fernandes, L. M. P., Ferrario, P., Ferreira, A. L., Freitas, E. D. C., Generowicz, J., Goldschmidt, A., Guenette, R., Gutiérrez, R. M., Hafidi, K., Hauptman, J., Henriques, C. A. O., Hernandez, A. I., Herrero, V., Johnston, S., Jones, B. J. P., Kekic, M., Labarga, L., Laing, A., Lebrun, P., López-March, N., Losada, M., Martín-Albo, J., Martínez, A., McDonald, A. D., Monteiro, C. M. B., Mora, F. J., Vidal, J. Muñoz, Musti, M., Nebot-Guinot, M., Novella, P., Nygren, D. R., Palmeiro, B., Para, A., Pérez, J., Querol, M., Renner, J., Repond, J., Riordan, S., Ripoll, L., Rodríguez, J., Rogers, L., Romo, C., Santos, F. P., Santos, J. M. F. dos, Sofka, C., Stiegler, T., Toledo, J. F., Torrent, J., Veloso, J. F. C. A., Webb, R., White, J. T., and Yahlali, N.
Subjects: Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, High Energy Physics - Experiment, Nuclear Experiment
Abstract: Gaseous time projection chambers (TPC) are a very attractive detector technology for particle tracking. Characterization of both drift velocity and diffusion is of great importance to correctly assess their tracking capabilities. NEXT-White is a High Pressure Xenon gas TPC with electroluminescent amplification, a 1:2 scale model of the future NEXT-100 detector, which will be dedicated to neutrinoless double beta decay searches. NEXT-White has been operating at Canfranc Underground Laboratory (LSC) since December 2016. The drift parameters have been measured using $^{83m}$Kr for a range of reduced drift fields at two different pressure regimes, namely 7.2 bar and 9.1 bar. The results have been compared with Magboltz simulations. Agreement at the 5% level or better has been found for drift velocity, longitudinal diffusion and transverse diffusion., Comment: 22 pages, 17 figures
Published: 2018
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83. Calibration of the NEXT-White detector using $^{83m}\mathrm{Kr}$ decays

Author: Martínez-Lema, G., Morata, J. A. Hernando, Palmeiro, B., Botas, A., Ferrario, P., Monrabal, F., Laing, A., Renner, J., Simón, A., Gómez-Cadenas, J. J., Adams, C., Álvarez, V., Arazi, L., Azevedo, C. D. R., Bailey, K., Ballester, F., Benlloch-Rodríguez, J. M., Borges, F. I. G. M., Cárcel, S., Carrión, J. V., Cebrián, S., Conde, C. A. N., Díaz, J., Diesburg, M., Escada, J., Esteve, R., Felkai, R., Fernandes, L. M. P., Ferreira, A. L., Freitas, E. D. C., Generowicz, J., Goldschmidt, A., González-Díaz, D., Guenette, R., Gutiérrez, R. M., Hafidi, K., Hauptman, J., Henriques, C. A. O., Hernandez, A. I., Herrero, V., Johnston, S., Jones, B. J. P., Kekic, M., Labarga, L., Lebrun, P., López-March, N., Losada, M., Martín-Albo, J., Martínez, A., McDonald, A. D., Monteiro, C. M. B., Mora, F. J., Vidal, J. Muñoz, Musti, M., Nebot-Guinot, M., Novella, P., Nygren, D. R., Para, A., Pérez, J., Querol, M., Repond, J., Riordan, S., Ripoll, L., Rodríguez, J., Rogers, L., Romo, C., Santos, F. P., Santos, J. M. F. dos, Sofka, C., Sorel, M., Stiegler, T., Toledo, J. F., Torrent, J., Veloso, J. F. C. A., Webb, R., White, J. T., and Yahlalib, N.
Subjects: Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, High Energy Physics - Experiment
Abstract: The NEXT-White (NEW) detector is currently the largest radio-pure high-pressure xenon gas time projection chamber with electroluminescent readout in the world. NEXT-White has been operating at Laboratorio Subterr\'aneo de Canfranc (LSC) since October 2016. This paper describes the calibrations performed with $^{83m}\mathrm{Kr}$ decays during a long run taken from March to November 2017 (Run II). Krypton calibrations are used to correct for the finite drift-electron lifetime as well as for the dependence of the measured energy on the event position which is mainly caused by variations in solid angle coverage. After producing calibration maps to correct for both effects we measure an excellent energy resolution for 41.5 keV point-like deposits of (4.553 $\pm$ 0.010 (stat.) $\pm$ 0.324 (sys.)) % FWHM in the full chamber and (3.804 $\pm$ 0.013 (stat.) $\pm$ 0.112 (sys.)) % FWHM in a restricted fiducial volume. Using naive 1/$\sqrt{E}$ scaling, these values translate into resolutions of (0.516 $\pm$ 0.0014 (stat.) $\pm$ 0.0421 (sys.)) % FWHM and (0.4943 $\pm$ 0.0017 (stat.) $\pm$ 0.0146 (sys.)) % FWHM at the $Q_{\beta\beta}$ energy of xenon double beta decay (2458 keV), well within range of our target value of 1%., Comment: 20 pages, 18 figures
Published: 2018
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84. Measurement of radon-induced backgrounds in the NEXT double beta decay experiment

Author: NEXT Collaboration, Novella, P., Palmeiro, B., Simón, A., Sorel, M., Adams, C., Ferrario, P., Martínez-Lema, G., Monrabal, F., Zuzel, G., Gómez-Cadenas, J. J., Álvarez, V., Arazi, L., Azevedo, C. D. R, Bailey, K., Ballester, F., Benlloch-Rodríguez, J. M., Borges, F. I. G. M., Botas, A., Cárcel, S., Carrión, J. V., Cebrián, S., Conde, C. A. N., Díaz, J., Diesburg, M., Escada, J., Esteve, R., Felkai, R., Fernandes, A. F. M., Fernandes, L. M. P., Ferreira, A. L., Freitas, E. D. C., Generowicz, J., Goldschmidt, A., González-Díaz, D., Guenette, R., Gutiérrez, R. M., Hafidi, K., Hauptman, J., Henriques, C. A. O., Hernandez, A. I., Morata, J. A. Hernando, Herrero, V., Johnston, S., Jones, B. J. P., Kekic, M., Labarga, L., Laing, A., Lebrun, P., López-March, N., Losada, M., Mano, R. D. P., Martín-Albo, J., Martínez, A., McDonald, A., Monteiro, C. M. B., Mora, F. J., Vidal, J. Muñoz, Musti, M., Nebot-Guinot, M., Nygren, D. R., Para, A., Pérez, J., Psihas, F., Querol, M., Renner, J., Repond, J., Riordan, S., Ripoll, L., Rodríguez, J., Rogers, L., Romo-Luque, C., Santos, F. P., Santos, J. M. F. dos, Sofka, C., Stiegler, T., Toledo, J. F., Torrent, J., Veloso, J. F. C. A., Webb, R., White, J. T., and Yahlali, N.
Subjects: Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, High Energy Physics - Experiment, Nuclear Experiment
Abstract: The measurement of the internal $^{222}$Rn activity in the NEXT-White detector during the so-called Run-II period with $^{136}$Xe-depleted xenon is discussed in detail, together with its implications for double beta decay searches in NEXT. The activity is measured through the alpha production rate induced in the fiducial volume by $^{222}$Rn and its alpha-emitting progeny. The specific activity is measured to be $(38.1\pm 2.2~\mathrm{(stat.)}\pm 5.9~\mathrm{(syst.)})$~mBq/m$^3$. Radon-induced electrons have also been characterized from the decay of the $^{214}$Bi daughter ions plating out on the cathode of the time projection chamber. From our studies, we conclude that radon-induced backgrounds are sufficiently low to enable a successful NEXT-100 physics program, as the projected rate contribution should not exceed 0.1~counts/yr in the neutrinoless double beta decay sample., Comment: 28 pages, 10 figures, 6 tables. Version accepted for publication in JHEP
Published: 2018

85. Demonstration of Single Barium Ion Sensitivity for Neutrinoless Double Beta Decay using Single Molecule Fluorescence Imaging

Author: McDonald, A. D., Jones, B. J. P., Nygren, D. R., Adams, C., Alvarez, V., Azevedo, C. D. R., Benlloch-Rodrıguez, J. M., Borges, F. I. G. M., Botas, A., Carcel, S., Carrion, J. V., Cebrian, S., Conde, C. A. N., Dıaz, J., Diesburg, M., Escada, J., Esteve, R., Felkai, R., Fernandes, L. M. P., Ferrario, P., Ferreira, A. L., Freitas, E. D. C., Goldschmidt, A., Gomez-Cadenas, J. J., Gonzalez-Dıaz, D., Gutierrez, R. M., Guenette, R., Hafidi, K., Hauptman, J., Henriques, C. A. O., Hernandez, A. I., Morata, J. A. Hernando, Herrero, V., Johnston, S., Labarga, L., Laing, A., Lebrun, P., Liubarsky, I., Lopez-March, N., Losada, M., Martın-Albo, J., Martınez-Lema, G., Martınez, A., Monrabal, F., Monteiro, C. M. B., Mora, F. J., Moutinho, L. M., Vidal, J. Munoz, Musti, M., Nebot-Guinot, M., Novella, P., Palmeiro, B., Para, A., Perez, J., Querol, M., Repond, J., Renner, J., Riordan, S., Ripoll, L., Rodrıguez, J., Rogers, L., Santos, F. P., Santos, J. M. F. dos, Simon, A., Sofka, C., Sorel, M., Stiegler, T., Toledo, J. F., Torrent, J., Tsamalaidze, Z., Veloso, J. F. C. A., Webb, R., White, J. T., and Yahlali, N.
Subjects: Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, High Energy Physics - Experiment, Nuclear Experiment
Abstract: A new method to tag the barium daughter in the double beta decay of $^{136}$Xe is reported. Using the technique of single molecule fluorescent imaging (SMFI), individual barium dication (Ba$^{++}$) resolution at a transparent scanning surface has been demonstrated. A single-step photo-bleach confirms the single ion interpretation. Individual ions are localized with super-resolution ($\sim$2~nm), and detected with a statistical significance of 12.9~$\sigma$ over backgrounds. This lays the foundation for a new and potentially background-free neutrinoless double beta decay technology, based on SMFI coupled to high pressure xenon gas time projection chambers., Comment: Accepted by PRL
Published: 2017
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86. Helium-Xenon mixtures to improve topological signature in high pressure gas Xenon TPCs

Author: Felkai, R., Monrabal, F., Gonzalez-Díaz, D., Sorel, M., López-March, N., Gómez-Cadenas, J. J., Adams, C., Álvarez, V., Arazi, L., Azevedo, C. D. R., Benlloch-Rodríguez, J. M., Borges, F. I. G. M., Botas, A., Cárcel, S., Carrión, J. V., Cebrián, S., Conde, C. A. N., Díaz, J., Diesburg, M., Escada, J., Esteve, R., Fernandes, L. M. P., Ferrario, P., Ferreira, A. L., Freitas, E. D. C., Goldschmidt, A., Guenette, R., Gutiérrez, R. M., Hafidi, K., Hauptman, J., Henriques, C. A. O., Hernandez, A. I., Morata, J. A. Hernando, Herrero, V., Johnston, S., Jones, B. J. P., Labarga, L., Laing, A., Lebrun, P., Losada, M., Martín-Albo, J., Martínez-Lema, G., Martínez, A., McDonald, A. D., Monteiro, C. M. B., Mora, F. J., Moutinho, L. M., Vidal, J. Muñoz, Musti, M., Nebot-Guinot, M., Novella, P., Nygren, D. R., Palmeiro, B., Para, A., Pérez, J., Querol, M., Renner, J., Repond, J., Riordan, S., Ripoll, L., Romo, C., Rodríguez, J., Rogers, L., Santos, F. P., Santos, J. M. F. dos, Simón, A., Sofka, C., Stiegler, T., Toledo, J. F., Torrent, J., Tsamalaidze, Z., Veloso, J. F. C. A., Webb, R., White, J. T., and Yahlali, N.
Subjects: Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, High Energy Physics - Experiment, Nuclear Experiment
Abstract: Within the framework of xenon-based double beta decay experiments, we propose the possibility to improve the background rejection of an electroluminescent Time Projection Chamber (EL TPC) by reducing the diffusion of the drifting electrons while keeping nearly intact the energy resolution of a pure xenon EL TPC. Based on state-of-the-art microscopic simulations, a substantial addition of helium, around 10 or 15~\%, may reduce drastically the transverse diffusion down to 2.5~mm/$\sqrt{\mathrm{m}}$ from the 10.5~mm/$\sqrt{\mathrm{m}}$ of pure xenon. The longitudinal diffusion remains around 4~mm/$\sqrt{\mathrm{m}}$. Light production studies have been performed as well. They show that the relative variation in energy resolution introduced by such a change does not exceed a few percent, which leaves the energy resolution practically unchanged. The technical caveats of using photomultipliers close to an helium atmosphere are also discussed in detail., Comment: 8 pages, 7 figures
Published: 2017
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87. Using the Medipix3 detector for direct electron imaging in the range 60keV to 200keV in electron microscopy

Author: Mir, J. A., Plackett, R., Shipsey, I., and Santos, J. M. F. dos
Subjects: Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors
Abstract: Hybrid pixel sensor technology such as the Medipix3 represents a unique tool for electron imaging. We have investigated its performance as a direct imaging detector using a Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) which incorporated a Medipix3 detector with a 300 micrometre thick silicon layer compromising of 256x256 pixels at 55 micrometre pixel pitch. We present results taken with the Medipix3 in Single Pixel Mode (SPM) with electron beam energies in the range, 60 to 200 keV. Measurements of the Modulation Transfer Function (MTF) and the Detective Quantum Efficiency (DQE) were investigated. At a given beam energy, the MTF data was acquired by deploying the established knife edge technique. Similarly, the experimental data required to DQE was obtained by acquiring a stack of images of a focused beam and of free space (flatfield) to determine the Noise Power Spectrum (NPS).
Published: 2017
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88. Signal Yields of keV Electronic Recoils and Their Discrimination from Nuclear Recoils in Liquid Xenon

Author: Aprile, E., Aalbers, J., Agostini, F., Alfonsi, M., Amaro, F. D., Anthony, M., Arneodo, F., Barrow, P., Baudis, L., Bauermeister, B., Benabderrahmane, M. L., Berger, T., Breur, P. A., Brown, A., Brown, E., Bruenner, S., Bruno, G., Budnik, R., Bütikofer, L., Calvén, J., Cardoso, J. M. R., Cervantes, M., Cichon, D., Coderre, D., Colijn, A. P., Conrad, J., Cussonneau, J. P., Decowski, M. P., de Perio, P., Di Gangi, P., Di Giovanni, A., Diglio, S., Eurin, G., Fei, J., Ferella, A. D., Fieguth, A., Fulgione, W., Rosso, A. Gallo, Galloway, M., Gao, F., Garbini, M., Geis, C., Goetzke, L. W., Grandi, L., Greene, Z., Grignon, C., Hasterok, C., Hogenbirk, E., Itay, R., Kaminsky, B., Kazama, S., Kessler, G., Kish, A., Landsman, H., Lang, R. F., Lellouch, D., Levinson, L., Lin, Q., Lindemann, S., Lindner, M., Lombardi, F., Lopes, J. A. M., Manfredini, A., Maris, I., Undagoitia, T. Marrodán, Masbou, J., Massoli, F. V., Masson, D., Mayani, D., Messina, M., Micheneau, K., Molinario, A., Morå, K., Murra, M., Naganoma, J., Ni, K., Oberlack, U., Pakarha, P., Pelssers, B., Persiani, R., Piastra, F., Pienaar, J., Pizzella, V., Piro, M. -C., Plante, G., Priel, N., García, D. Ramírez, Rauch, L., Reichard, S., Reuter, C., Rizzo, A., Rupp, N., Saldanha, R., Santos, J. M. F. dos, Sartorelli, G., Scheibelhut, M., Schindler, S., Schreiner, J., Schumann, M., Lavina, L. Scotto, Selvi, M., Shagin, P., Shockley, E., Silva, M., Simgen, H., Sivers, M. v., Stein, A., Thers, D., Tiseni, A., Trinchero, G., Tunnell, C., Vargas, M., Wang, H., Wang, Z., Wei, Y., Weinheimer, C., Wulf, J., Ye, J., and Zhang, Y.
Subjects: Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors
Abstract: We report on the response of liquid xenon to low energy electronic recoils below 15 keV from beta decays of tritium at drift fields of 92 V/cm, 154 V/cm and 366 V/cm using the XENON100 detector. A data-to-simulation fitting method based on Markov Chain Monte Carlo is used to extract the photon yields and recombination fluctuations from the experimental data. The photon yields measured at the two lower fields are in agreement with those from literature; additional measurements at a higher field of 366 V/cm are presented. The electronic and nuclear recoil discrimination as well as its dependence on the drift field and photon detection efficiency are investigated at these low energies. The results provide new measurements in the energy region of interest for dark matter searches using liquid xenon.
Published: 2017
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89. Line shape analysis of the K$\beta$ transition in muonic hydrogen

Author: Covita, D. S., Anagnostopoulos, D. F., Fuhrmann, H., Gorke, H., Gotta, D., Gruber, A., Hirtl, A., Ishiwatari, T., Indelicato, P., Jensen, T. S., Bigot, E. -O. Le, Markushin, V. E., Nekipelov, M., Pomerantsev, V. N., Popov, V. P., Santos, J. M. F. dos, Schmid, Ph., Simons, L. M., Theisen, M., Trassinelli, M., Veloso, J. F. C. A., and Zmeskal, J.
Subjects: Physics - Atomic Physics, Nuclear Experiment
Abstract: The K$\beta$ transition in muonic hydrogen was measured with a high-resolution crystal spectrometer. The spectrum is shown to be sensitive to the ground-state hyperfine splitting, the corresponding triplet-to-singlet ratio, and the kinetic energy distribution in the $3p$ state. The hyperfine splitting and triplet-to-singlet ratio are found to be consistent with the values expected from theoretical and experimental investigations and, therefore, were fixed accordingly in order to reduce the uncertainties in the further reconstruction of the kinetic energy distribution. The presence of high-energetic components was established and quantified in both a phenomenological, i.e. cascade-model-free fit, and in a direct deconvolution of the Doppler broadening based on the Bayesian approach., Comment: 22 pages, 21 figures
Published: 2017
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90. Search for Bosonic Super-WIMP Interactions with the XENON100 Experiment

Author: XENON collaboration, Aprile, E., Aalbers, J., Agostini, F., Alfonsi, M., Althueser, L., Amaro, F. D., Anthony, M., Arneodo, F., Barrow, P., Baudis, L., Bauermeister, B., Benabderrahmane, M. L., Berger, T., Breur, P. A., Brown, A., Brown, E., Bruenner, S., Bruno, G., Budnik, R., Bütikofer, Calven, J., Capelli, C., Cardoso, J. M. R., Cichon, D., Coderre, D., Colijn, A. P., Conrad, J., Cussonneau, J. P., Decowski, M. P., de Perio, P., Di Gangi, P., Di Giovanni, A., Diglio, S., Eurin, G., Fei, J., Ferella, A. D., Fieguth, A., Fulgione, W., Rosso, A. Gallo, Galloway, M., Gao, F., Garbini, M., Geis, C., Goetzke, L. W., Greene, Z., Grignon, C., Hasterok, C., Hogenbirk, E., Howlett, J., Itay, R., Kaminsky, B., Kazama, S., Kessler, G., Kish, A., Landsman, H., Lang, R. F., Lellouch, D., Levinson, L., Lin, Q., Lindemann, S., Lindner, M., Lombardi, F., Lopes, J. A. M., Manfredini, A., Maris, I., Undagoitia, T. Marrodán, Masbou, J., Massoli, F. V., Masson, D., Mayani, D., Messina, M., Micheneau, K., Molinario, A., Morå, K., Murra, M., Naganoma, J., Ni, K., Oberlack, U., Pakarha, P., Pelssers, B., Persiani, R., Piastra, F., Pienaar, J., Pizzella, V., Piro, M. -C., Plante, G., Priel, N., García, D. Ramírez, Rauch, L., Reichard, S., Reuter, C., Rizzo, A., Rupp, N., Santos, J. M. F. dos, Sartorelli, G., Scheibelhut, M., Schindler, S., Schreiner, J., Schumann, M., Lavina, L. Scotto, Selvi, M., Shagin, P., Silva, M., Simgen, H., Sivers, M. v., Stein, A., Thers, D., Tiseni, A., Trinchero, G., Tunnell, C., Vargas, M., Wang, H., Wang, Z., Wei, Y., Weinheimer, C., Wittweg, C., Wulf, J., Ye, J., Zhang, Y., and Zhu, T.
Subjects: Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics, High Energy Physics - Experiment, High Energy Physics - Phenomenology
Abstract: We present results of searches for vector and pseudo-scalar bosonic super-WIMPs, which are dark matter candidates with masses at the keV-scale, with the XENON100 experiment. XENON100 is a dual-phase xenon time projection chamber operated at the Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso. A profile likelihood analysis of data with an exposure of 224.6 live days $\times$ 34\,kg showed no evidence for a signal above the expected background. We thus obtain new and stringent upper limits in the $(8-125)$\,keV/c$^2$ mass range, excluding couplings to electrons with coupling constants of $g_{ae} > 3\times10^{-13}$ for pseudo-scalar and $\alpha'/\alpha > 2\times10^{-28}$ for vector super-WIMPs, respectively. These limits are derived under the assumption that super-WIMPs constitute all of the dark matter in our galaxy., Comment: 6 pages, 6 figures
Published: 2017
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91. The XENON1T Dark Matter Experiment

Author: XENON Collaboration, Aprile, E., Aalbers, J., Agostini, F., Alfonsi, M., Amaro, F. D., Anthony, M., Antunes, B., Arneodo, F., Balata, M., Barrow, P., Baudis, L., Bauermeister, B., Benabderrahmane, M. L., Berger, T., Breskin, A., Breur, P. A., Brown, A., Brown, E., Bruenner, S., Bruno, G., Budnik, R., Bütikofer, L., Calvén, J., Cardoso, J. M. R., Cervantes, M., Chiarini, A., Cichon, D., Coderre, D., Colijn, A. P., Conrad, J., Corrieri, R., Cussonneau, J. P., Decowski, M. P., de Perio, P., Di Gangi, P., Di Giovanni, A., Diglio, S., Disdier, J. -M., Doets, M., Duchovni, E., Eurin, G., Fei, J., Ferella, A. D., Fieguth, A., Florin, D., Front, D., Fulgione, W., Rosso, A. Gallo, Galloway, M., Gao, F., Garbini, M., Geis, C., Giboni, K. -L., Goetzke, L. W., Grandi, L., Greene, Z., Grignon, C., Hasterok, C., Hogenbirk, E., Huhmann, C., Itay, R., James, A., Kaminsky, B., Kazama, S., Kessler, G., Kish, A., Landsman, H., Lang, R. F., Lellouch, D., Levinson, L., Lin, Q., Lindemann, S., Lindner, M., Lombardi, F., Lopes, J. A. M., Maier, R., Manfredini, A., Maris, I., Undagoitia, T. Marrodán, Masbou, J., Massoli, F. V., Masson, D., Mayani, D., Messina, M., Micheneau, K., Molinario, A., Morå, K., Murra, M., Naganoma, J., Ni, K., Oberlack, U., Orlandi, D., Othegraven, R., Pakarha, P., Parlati, S., Pelssers, B., Persiani, R., Piastra, F., Pienaar, J., Pizzella, V., Piro, M. -C., Plante, G., Priel, N., García, D. Ramírez, Rauch, L., Reichard, S., Reuter, C., Rizzo, A., Rosendahl, S., Rupp, N., Santos, J. M. F. dos, Saldahna, R., Sartorelli, G., Scheibelhut, M., Schindler, S., Schreiner, J., Schumann, M., Lavina, L. Scotto, Selvi, M., Shagin, P., Shockley, E., Silva, M., Simgen, H., Sivers, M. v., Stern, M., Stein, A., Tatananni, D., Tatananni, L., Thers, D., Tiseni, A., Trinchero, G., Tunnell, C., Upole, N., Vargas, M., Wack, O., Walet, R., Wang, H., Wang, Z., Wei, Y., Weinheimer, C., Wittweg, C., Wulf, J., Ye, J., and Zhang, Y.
Subjects: Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics, High Energy Physics - Experiment, Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors
Abstract: The XENON1T experiment at the Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso (LNGS) is the first WIMP dark matter detector operating with a liquid xenon target mass above the ton-scale. Out of its 3.2t liquid xenon inventory, 2.0t constitute the active target of the dual-phase time projection chamber. The scintillation and ionization signals from particle interactions are detected with low-background photomultipliers. This article describes the XENON1T instrument and its subsystems as well as strategies to achieve an unprecedented low background level. First results on the detector response and the performance of the subsystems are also presented., Comment: 22 pages, 25 figures
Published: 2017
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92. Intrinsic backgrounds from Rn and Kr in the XENON100 experiment

Author: XENON Collaboration, Aprile, E., Aalbers, J., Agostini, F., Alfonsi, M., Amaro, F. D., Anthony, M., Arneodo, F., Barrow, P., Baudis, L., Bauermeister, B., Benabderrahmane, M. L., Berger, T., Breur, P. A., Brown, A., Brown, E., Bruenner, S., Bruno, G., Budnik, R., Bütikofer, L., Calvén, J., Cardoso, J. M. R., Cervantes, M., Cichon, D., Coderre, D., Colijn, A. P., Conrad, J., Cussonneau, J. P., Decowski, M. P., de Perio, P., Di Gangi, P., Di Giovanni, A., Diglio, S., Eurin, G., Fei, J., Ferella, A. D., Fieguth, A., Fulgione, W., Rosso, A. Gallo, Galloway, M., Gao, F., Garbini, M., Geis, C., Goetzke, L. W., Greene, Z., Grignon, C., Hasterok, C., Hogenbirk, E., Itay, R., Kaminsky, B., Kazama, S., Kessler, G., Kish, A., Landsman, H., Lang, R. F., Lellouch, D., Levinson, L., Lin, Q., Lindemann, S., Lindner, M., Lombardi, F., Lopes, J. A. M., Manfredini, A., Maris, I., Undagoitia, T. Marrodán, Masbou, J., Massoli, F. V., Masson, D., Mayani, D., Messina, M., Micheneau, K., Molinario, A., Morå, K., Murra, M., Naganoma, J., Ni, K., Oberlack, U., Pakarha, P., Pelssers, B., Persiani, R., Piastra, F., Pienaar, J., Piro, M. -C., Pizzella, V., Plante, G., Priel, N., García, D. Ramírez, Rauch, L., Reichard, S., Reuter, C., Rizzo, A., Rupp, N., Santos, J. M. F. dos, Sartorelli, G., Scheibelhut, M., Schindler, S., Schreiner, J., Schumann, M., Lavina, L. Scotto, Selvi, M., Shagin, P., Silva, M., Simgen, H., Sivers, M. v., Stein, A., Thers, D., Tiseni, A., Trinchero, G., Tunnell, C., Vargas, M., Wang, H., Wang, Z., Weber, M., Wei, Y., Weinheimer, C., Wulf, J., Ye, J., and Zhang, Y.
Subjects: Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors
Abstract: In this paper, we describe the XENON100 data analyses used to assess the target-intrinsic background sources radon ($^{222}$Rn), thoron ($^{220}$Rn) and krypton ($^{85}$Kr). We detail the event selections of high-energy alpha particles and decay-specific delayed coincidences. We derive distributions of the individual radionuclides inside the detector and quantify their abundances during the main three science runs of the experiment over a period of $\sim$ 4 years, from January 2010 to January 2014. We compare our results to external measurements of radon emanation and krypton concentrations where we find good agreement. We report an observed reduction in concentrations of radon daughters that we attribute to the plating-out of charged ions on the negatively biased cathode., Comment: v1: 11 pages, 5 figures, 4 tables; v2: 12 pages, 5 figures, 4 tables, article updated after referee process
Published: 2017
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93. Radiopurity assessment of the energy readout for the NEXT double beta decay experiment

Author: Cebrián, S., Pérez, J., Bandac, I., Labarga, L., Álvarez, V., Azevedo, C. D. R., Benlloch-Rodríguez, J. M., Borges, F. I. G. M., Botas, A., Cárcel, S., Carrión, J. V., Conde, C. A. N., Díaz, J., Diesburg, M., Escada, J., Esteve, R., Felkai, R., Fernandes, L. M. P., Ferrario, P., Ferreira, A. L., Freitas, E. D. C., Goldschmidt, A., Gómez-Cadenas, J. J., González-Díaz, D., Gutiérrez, R. M., Hauptman, J., Henriques, C. A. O., Hernandez, A. I., Morata, J. A. Hernando, Herrero, V., Jones, B. J. P., Laing, A., Lebrun, P., Liubarsky, I., López-March, N., Losada, M., Martín-Albo, J., Martínez-Lema, G., Martínez, A., McDonald, A. D., Monrabal, F., Monteiro, C. M. B., Mora, F. J., Moutinho, L. M., Vidal, J. Muñoz, Musti, M., Nebot-Guinot, M., Novella, P., Nygren, D. R., Palmeiro, B., Para, A., Querol, M., Renner, J., Ripoll, L., Rodríguez, o J., Rogers, L., Santos, F. P., Santos, J. M. F. dos, Simón, A., Sofka, C., Sorel, M., Stiegler, T., Toledo, p J. F., Torrent, J., Tsamalaidze, Z., Veloso, J. F. C. A., Villar, J. A., Webb, R., White, J. T., and Yahlali, N.
Subjects: Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, High Energy Physics - Experiment, Nuclear Experiment
Abstract: The Neutrino Experiment with a Xenon Time-Projection Chamber (NEXT) experiment intends to investigate the neutrinoless double beta decay of 136Xe, and therefore requires a severe suppression of potential backgrounds. An extensive material screening and selection process was undertaken to quantify the radioactivity of the materials used in the experiment. Separate energy and tracking readout planes using different sensors allow us to combine the measurement of the topological signature of the event for background discrimination with the energy resolution optimization. The design of radiopure readout planes, in direct contact with the gas detector medium, was especially challenging since the required components typically have activities too large for experiments demanding ultra-low background conditions. After studying the tracking plane, here the radiopurity control of the energy plane is presented, mainly based on gamma-ray spectroscopy using ultra-low background germanium detectors at the Laboratorio Subterr\'aneo de Canfranc (Spain). All the available units of the selected model of photomultiplier have been screened together with most of the components for the bases, enclosures and windows. According to these results for the activity of the relevant radioisotopes, the selected components of the energy plane would give a contribution to the overall background level in the region of interest of at most 2.4 x 10-4 counts keV-1 kg-1 y-1, satisfying the sensitivity requirements of the NEXT experiment., Comment: Final version for publication
Published: 2017
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94. The proton radius puzzle

Author: Krauth, J. J., Schuhmann, K., Ahmed, M. Abdou, Amaro, F. D., Amaro, P., Biraben, F., Cardoso, J. M. R., Carvalho, M. L., Covita, D. S., Dax, A., Dhawan, S., Diepold, M., Fernandes, L. M. P., Franke, B., Galtier, S., Giesen, A., Gouvea, A. L., Götzfried, J., Graf, T., Guerra, M., Haack, J., Hänsch, T. W., Hildebrandt, M., Indelicato, P., Julien, L., Kirch, K., Knecht, A., Knowles, P., Kottmann, F., Bigot, E. -O. Le, Liu, Y. -W., Lopes, J. A. M., Ludhova, L., Machado, J., Monteiro, C. M. B., Mulhauser, F., Nebel, T., Nez, F., Rabinowitz, P., Rapisarda, E., Santos, J. M. F. dos, Santos, J. P., Schaller, L. A., Schwob, C., Szabo, C. I., Taqqu, D., Veloso, J. F. C. A., Voss, A., Weichelt, B., Willig, M., Pohl, R., and Antognini, A.
Subjects: Physics - Atomic Physics
Abstract: High-precision measurements of the proton radius from laser spectroscopy of muonic hydrogen demonstrated up to six standard deviations smaller values than obtained from electron-proton scattering and hydrogen spectroscopy. The status of this discrepancy, which is known as the proton radius puzzle will be discussed in this paper, complemented with the new insights obtained from spectroscopy of muonic deuterium., Comment: Moriond 2017 conference, 8 pages, 4 figures
Published: 2017

95. Application and performance of an ML-EM algorithm in NEXT

Author: NEXT Collaboration, Simón, A., Lerche, C., Monrabal, F., Gómez-Cadenas, J. J., Álvarez, V., Azevedo, C. D. R., Benlloch-Rodríguez, J. M., Borges, F. I. G. M., Botas, A., Cárcel, S., Carrión, J. V., Cebrián, S., Conde, C. A. N., Díaz, J., Diesburg, M., Escada, J., Esteve, R., Felkai, R., Fernandes, L. M. P., Ferrario, P., Ferreira, A. L., Freitas, E. D. C., Goldschmidt, A., González-Díaz, D., Gutiérrez, R. M., Hauptman, J., Henriques, C. A. O., Hernandez, A. I., Morata, J. A. Hernando, Herrero, V., Jones, B. J. P., Labarga, L., Laing, A., Lebrun, P., Liubarsky, I., López-March, N., Losada, M., Martín-Albo, J., Martínez-Lema, G., Martínez, A., McDonald, A. D., Monteiro, C. M. B., Mora, F. J., Moutinho, L. M., Vidal, J. Muñoz, Musti, M., Nebot-Guinot, M., Novella, P., Nygren, D. R., Palmeiro, B., Para, A., Pérez, J., Querol, M., Renner, J., Ripoll, L., Rodríguez, J., Rogers, L., Santos, F. P., Santos, J. M. F. dos, Sofka, C., Sorel, M., Stiegler, T., Toledo, J. F., Torrent, J., Tsamalaidze, Z., Veloso, J. F. C. A., Webb, R., White, J. T., and Yahlali, N.
Subjects: Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, High Energy Physics - Experiment
Abstract: The goal of the NEXT experiment is the observation of neutrinoless double beta decay in $^{136}$Xe using a gaseous xenon TPC with electroluminescent amplification and specialized photodetector arrays for calorimetry and tracking. The NEXT Collaboration is exploring a number of reconstruction algorithms to exploit the full potential of the detector. This paper describes one of them: the Maximum Likelihood Expectation Maximization (ML-EM) method, a generic iterative algorithm to find maximum-likelihood estimates of parameters that has been applied to solve many different types of complex inverse problems. In particular, we discuss a bi-dimensional version of the method in which the photosensor signals integrated over time are used to reconstruct a transverse projection of the event. First results show that, when applied to detector simulation data, the algorithm achieves nearly optimal energy resolution (better than 0.5% FWHM at the Q value of $^{136}$Xe) for events distributed over the full active volume of the TPC., Comment: 19 pages, 16 figures
Published: 2017
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96. Microscopic simulation of xenon-based optical TPCs in the presence of molecular additives

Author: Azevedo, C. D. R., Gonzalez-Diaz, D., Biagi, S. F., Oliveira, C. A. B., Henriques, C. A. O., Escada, J., Monrabal, F., Gómez-Cadenas, J. J., Álvarez, V., Borges, J. M. Benlloch-Rodríguez F. I. G. M., Botas, A., Cárcel, S., Carrión, J. V., Cebrián, S., Conde, C. A. N., Díaz, J., Diesburg, M., Esteve, R., Felkai, R., Fernandes, L. M. P., Ferrario, P., Ferreira, A. L., Freitas, E. D. C., Goldschmidt, A., Gutiérrez, R. M., Hauptman, J., Hernandez, A. I., Morata, J. A. Hernando, Herrero, V., Jones, B. J. P., Labarga, L., Laing, A., Lebrun, P., Liubarsky, I., Lopez-March, N., Losada, M., Martín-Albo, J., Martínez, A., McDonald, A. D., Monteiro, C. M. B., Mora, F. J., Moutinho, L. M., Vidal, J. Muñoz, Musti, M., Nebot-Guinot, M., Novella, P., Nygren, D., Palmeiro, B., Para, A., Pérez, J., Querol, M., Renner, J., Ripoll, L., Rodríguez, J., Rogers, L., Santos, F. P., Santos, J. M. F. dos, Serra, L., Shuman, D., Simón, A., Sofka, C., Sorel, M., Stiegler, T., Toledo, J. F., Torrent, J., Tsamalaidze, Z., Veloso, J. F. C. A., Webb, R., White, J. T., and Yahlali, N.
Subjects: Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors
Abstract: We introduce a simulation framework for the transport of high and low energy electrons in xenon-based gaseous optical time projection chambers (OTPCs). The simulation relies on elementary cross sections (electron-atom and electron-molecule) and incorporates, in order to compute the gas scintillation, the reaction/quenching rates (atom-atom and atom-molecule) of the first 41 excited states of xenon and the relevant associated excimers, together with their radiative cascade. The results compare positively with observations made in pure xenon and its mixtures with CO$_2$ and CF$_4$ in a range of pressures from 0.1 to 10~bar. This work sheds some light on the elementary processes responsible for the primary and secondary xenon-scintillation mechanisms in the presence of additives, that are of interest to the OTPC technology.
Published: 2017
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97. First Dark Matter Search Results from the XENON1T Experiment

Author: Aprile, E., Aalbers, J., Agostini, F., Alfonsi, M., Amaro, F. D., Anthony, M., Arneodo, F., Barrow, P., Baudis, L., Bauermeister, B., Benabderrahmane, M. L., Berger, T., Breur, P. A., Brown, A., Brown, E., Bruenner, S., Bruno, G., Budnik, R., Bütikofer, L., Calvén, J., Cardoso, J. M. R., Cervantes, M., Cichon, D., Coderre, D., Colijn, A. P., Conrad, J., Cussonneau, J. P., Decowski, M. P., de Perio, P., Di Gangi, P., Di Giovanni, A., Diglio, S., Eurin, G., Fei, J., Ferella, A. D., Fieguth, A., Fulgione, W., Rosso, A. Gallo, Galloway, M., Gao, F., Garbini, M., Gardner, R., Geis, C., Goetzke, L. W., Grandi, L., Greene, Z., Grignon, C., Hasterok, C., Hogenbirk, E., Howlett, J., Itay, R., Kaminsky, B., Kazama, S., Kessler, G., Kish, A., Landsman, H., Lang, R. F., Lellouch, D., Levinson, L., Lin, Q., Lindemann, S., Lindner, M., Lombardi, F., Lopes, J. A. M., Manfredini, A., Mariş, I., Undagoitia, T. Marrodán, Masbou, J., Massoli, F. V., Masson, D., Mayani, D., Messina, M., Micheneau, K., Molinario, A., Morå, K., Murra, M., Naganoma, J., Ni, K., Oberlack, U., Pakarha, P., Pelssers, B., Persiani, R., Piastra, F., Pienaar, J., Pizzella, V., Piro, M. -C., Plante, G., Priel, N., Rauch, L., Reichard, S., Reuter, C., Riedel, B., Rizzo, A., Rosendahl, S., Rupp, N., Saldanha, R., Santos, J. M. F. dos, Sartorelli, G., Scheibelhut, M., Schindler, S., Schreiner, J., Schumann, M., Lavina, L. Scotto, Selvi, M., Shagin, P., Shockley, E., Silva, M., Simgen, H., Sivers, M. v., Stein, A., Thapa, S., Thers, D., Tiseni, A., Trinchero, G., Tunnell, C., Vargas, M., Upole, N., Wang, H., Wang, Z., Wei, Y., Weinheimer, C., Wulf, J., Ye, J., Zhang, Y., and Zhu, T.
Subjects: Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, High Energy Physics - Experiment, High Energy Physics - Phenomenology
Abstract: We report the first dark matter search results from XENON1T, a $\sim$2000-kg-target-mass dual-phase (liquid-gas) xenon time projection chamber in operation at the Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso in Italy and the first ton-scale detector of this kind. The blinded search used 34.2 live days of data acquired between November 2016 and January 2017. Inside the (1042$\pm$12) kg fiducial mass and in the [5, 40] $\mathrm{keV}_{\mathrm{nr}}$ energy range of interest for WIMP dark matter searches, the electronic recoil background was $(1.93 \pm 0.25) \times 10^{-4}$ events/(kg $\times$ day $\times \mathrm{keV}_{\mathrm{ee}}$), the lowest ever achieved in a dark matter detector. A profile likelihood analysis shows that the data is consistent with the background-only hypothesis. We derive the most stringent exclusion limits on the spin-independent WIMP-nucleon interaction cross section for WIMP masses above 10 GeV/c${}^2$, with a minimum of 7.7 $\times 10^{-47}$ cm${}^2$ for 35-GeV/c${}^2$ WIMPs at 90% confidence level., Comment: 6 pages, 4 figures, v2 data upload Fig 2/4, v3 as accepted by PRL with textual clarifications, v4 data upload Fig 1
Published: 2017
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98. Effective field theory search for high-energy nuclear recoils using the XENON100 dark matter detector

Author: Aprile, E., Aalbers, J., Agostini, F., Alfonsi, M., Amaro, F. D., Anthony, M., Arneodo, F., Barrow, P., Baudis, L., Bauermeister, B., Benabderrahmane, M. L., Berger, T., Breur, P. A., Brown, A., Brown, E., Bruenner, S., Bruno, G., Budnik, R., Bütikofer, L., Calvén, J., Cardoso, J. M. R., Cervantes, M., Cichon, D., Coderre, D., Colijn, A. P., Conrad, J., Cussonneau, J. P., Decowski, M. P., de Perio, P., Di Gangi, P., Di Giovanni, A., Diglio, S., Eurin, G., Fei, J., Ferella, A. D., Fieguth, A., Fulgione, W., Rosso, A. Gallo, Galloway, M., Gao, F., Garbini, M., Geis, C., Goetzke, L. W., Greene, Z., Grignon, C., Hasterok, C., Hogenbirk, E., Itay, R., Kaminsky, B., Kazama, S., Kessler, G., Kish, A., Landsman, H., Lang, R. F., Lellouch, D., Levinson, L., Lin, Q., Lindemann, S., Lindner, M., Lombardi, F., Lopes, J. A. M., Manfredini, A., Maris, I., Undagoitia, T. Marrodán, Masbou, J., Massoli, F. V., Masson, D., Mayani, D., Messina, M., Micheneau, K., Molinario, A., Mora, K., Murra, M., Naganoma, J., Ni, K., Oberlack, U., Pakarha, P., Pelssers, B., Persiani, R., Piastra, F., Pienaar, J., Pizzella, V., Piro, M. -C., Plante, G., Priel, N., Rauch, L., Reichard, S., Reuter, C., Rizzo, A., Rosendahl, S., Rupp, N., Santos, J. M. F. dos, Sartorelli, G., Scheibelhut, M., Schindler, S., Schreiner, J., Schumann, M., Lavina, L. Scotto, Selvi, M., Shagin, P., Silva, M., Simgen, H., Sivers, M. v., Stein, A., Thers, D., Tiseni, A., Trinchero, G., Tunnell, C., Vargas, M., Wang, H., Wang, Z., Wei, Y., Weinheimer, C., Wulf, J., Ye, J., Zhang, Y., and Farmer, B.
Subjects: Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics
Abstract: We report on WIMP search results in the XENON100 detector using a non-relativistic effective field theory approach. The data from science run II (34 kg $\times$ 224.6 live days) was re-analyzed, with an increased recoil energy interval compared to previous analyses, ranging from $(6.6 - 240)~\mathrm{keV_\mathrm{nr}}$. The data is found to be compatible with the background-only hypothesis. We present 90% confidence level exclusion limits on the coupling constants of WIMP-nucleon effective operators using a binned profile likelihood method. We also consider the case of inelastic WIMP scattering, where incident WIMPs may up-scatter to a higher mass state, and set exclusion limits on this model as well.
Published: 2017
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99. Material radioassay and selection for the XENON1T dark matter experiment

Author: XENON Collaboration, Aprile, E., Aalbers, J., Agostini, F., Alfonsi, M., Amaro, F. D., Anthony, M., Arneodo, F., Barrow, P., Baudis, L., Bauermeister, B., Benabderrahmane, M. L., Berger, T., Breur, P. A., Brown, A., Brown, E., Bruenner, S., Bruno, G., Budnik, R., Bütikofer, L., Calven, J., Cardoso, J. M. R., Cervantes, M., Cichon, D., Coderre, D., Colijn, A. P., Conrad, J., Cussonneau, J. P., Decowski, M. P., de Perio, P., Di Gangi, P., Di Giovanni, A., Diglio, S., Eurin, G., Fei, J., Ferella, A. D., Fieguth, A., Franco, D., Fulgione, W., Rosso, A. Gallo, Galloway, M., Gao, F., Garbini, M., Geis, C., Goetzke, L. W., Grandi, L., Greene, Z., Grignon, C., Hasterok, C., Hogenbirk, E., Itay, R., Kaminsky, B., Kessler, G., Kish, A., Landsman, H., Lang, R. F., Lellouch, D., Levinson, L., Calloch, M. Le, Lin, Q., Lindemann, S., Lindner, M., Lopes, J. A. M., Manfredini, A., Maris, I., Undagoitia, T. Marrodán, Masbou, J., Massoli, F. V., Masson, D., Mayani, D., Messina, M., Micheneau, K., Miguez, B., Molinario, A., Murra, M., Naganoma, J., Ni, K., Oberlack, U., Pakarha, P., Pelssers, B., Persiani, R., Piastra, F., Pienaar, J., Piro, M. -C., Pizzella, V., Plante, G., Priel, N., Rauch, L., Reichard, S., Reuter, C., Rizzo, A., Rosendahl, S., Rupp, N., Saldanha, R., Santos, J. M. F. dos, Sartorelli, G., Scheibelhut, M., Schindler, S., Schreiner, J., Schumann, M., Lavina, L. Scotto, Selvi, M., Shagin, P., Shockley, E., Silva, M., Simgen, H., Sivers, M. v., Stein, A., Thers, D., Tiseni, A., Trinchero, G., Tunnell, C. D., Upole, N., Wang, H., Wei, Y., Weinheimer, C., Wulf, J., Ye, J., Zhang, Y., Laubenstein, M., and Nisi, S.
Subjects: Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors
Abstract: The XENON1T dark matter experiment aims to detect Weakly Interacting Massive Particles (WIMPs) through low-energy interactions with xenon atoms. To detect such a rare event necessitates the use of radiopure materials to minimize the number of background events within the expected WIMP signal region. In this paper we report the results of an extensive material radioassay campaign for the XENON1T experiment. Using gamma-ray spectroscopy and mass spectrometry techniques, systematic measurements of trace radioactive impurities in over one hundred samples within a wide range of materials were performed. The measured activities allowed for stringent selection and placement of materials during the detector construction phase and provided the input for XENON1T detection sensitivity estimates through Monte Carlo simulations.
Published: 2017
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100. Search for WIMP Inelastic Scattering off Xenon Nuclei with XENON100

Author: Aprile, E., Aalbers, J., Agostini, F., Alfonsi, M., Amaro, F. D., Anthony, M., Arneodo, F., Barrow, P., Baudis, L., Bauermeister, B., Benabderrahmane, M. L., Berger, T., Breur, P. A., Brown, A., Brown, E., Bruenner, S., Bruno, G., Budnik, R., Bütikofer, L., Calvén, J., Cardoso, J. M. R., Cervantes, M., Cichon, D., Coderre, D., Colijn, A. P., Conrad, J., Cussonneau, J. P., Decowski, M. P., de Perio, P., Di Gangi, P., Di Giovanni, A., Diglio, S., Eurin, G., Fei, J., Ferella, A. D., Fieguth, A., Fulgione, W., Rosso, A. Gallo, Galloway, M., Gao, F., Garbini, M., Geis, C., Goetzke, L. W., Greene, Z., Grignon, C., Hasterok, C., Hogenbirk, E., Itay, R., Kaminsky, B., Kazama, S., Kessler, G., Kish, A., Landsman, H., Lang, R. F., Lellouch, D., Levinson, L., Lin, Q., Lindemann, S., Lindner, M., Lombardi, F., Lopes, J. A. M., Manfredini, A., Maris, I., Undagoitia, T. Marrodán, Masbou, J., Massoli, F. V., Masson, D., Mayani, D., Messina, M., Micheneau, K., Molinario, A., Mora, K., Murra, M., Naganoma, J., Ni, K., Oberlack, U., Pakarha, P., Pelssers, B., Persiani, R., Piastra, F., Pienaar, J., Pizzella, V., Piro, M. -C., Plante, G., Priel, N., Rauch, L., Reichard, S., Reuter, C., Rizzo, A., Rosendahl, S., Rupp, N., Santos, J. M. F. dos, Sartorelli, G., Scheibelhut, M., Schindler, S., Schreiner, J., Schumann, M., Lavina, L. Scotto, Selvi, M., Shagin, P., Silva, M., Simgen, H., Sivers, M. v., Stein, A., Thers, D., Tiseni, A., Trinchero, G., Tunnell, C., Vargas, M., Wang, H., Wang, Z., Wei, Y., Weinheimer, C., Wulf, J., Ye, J., and Zhang, Y.
Subjects: High Energy Physics - Experiment, Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics, Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors
Abstract: We present the first constraints on the spin-dependent, inelastic scattering cross section of Weakly Interacting Massive Particles (WIMPs) on nucleons from XENON100 data with an exposure of 7.64$\times$10$^3$\,kg\,day. XENON100 is a dual-phase xenon time projection chamber with 62\,kg of active mass, operated at the Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso (LNGS) in Italy and designed to search for nuclear recoils from WIMP-nucleus interactions. Here we explore inelastic scattering, where a transition to a low-lying excited nuclear state of $^{129}$Xe is induced. The experimental signature is a nuclear recoil observed together with the prompt de-excitation photon. We see no evidence for such inelastic WIMP-$^{129}$Xe interactions. A profile likelihood analysis allows us to set a 90\% C.L. upper limit on the inelastic, spin-dependent WIMP-nucleon cross section of $3.3 \times 10^{-38}$\,cm$^{2}$ at 100\,GeV/c$^2$. This is the most constraining result to date, and sets the pathway for an analysis of this interaction channel in upcoming, larger dual-phase xenon detectors.
Published: 2017
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