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Obesity affects lung function and gas exchange and imposes mechanical ventilatory limitations during exercise that could disrupt the predictability of Pa(CO(2)) from end-tidal P(CO(2)) (P(ETCO(2))), an important clinical tool for assessing gas exchange efficiency during exercise testing. Pa(CO(2)) has been estimated during exercise with good accuracy in normal-weight individuals by using a correction equation developed by Jones and colleagues (P(JCO(2)) = 5.5 + 0.9 x P(ETCO(2)) – 2.1 x tidal volume). The purpose of this project was to determine the accuracy of Pa(CO(2)) estimations from P(ETCO(2)) and P(JCO(2)) values at rest and at submaximal and peak exercise in morbidly obese adults.Pa(CO(2)) and P(ETCO(2)) values from 37 obese adults (22 women, 15 men; age, 39 ± 9 y; BMI, 49 ± 7; [mean ± SD]) were evaluated. Subjects underwent ramped cardiopulmonary exercise testing to volitional exhaustion. P(ETCO(2)) was determined from expired gases simultaneously with temperature-corrected arterial blood gases (radial arterial catheter) at rest, every minute during exercise, and at peak exercise. Data were analyzed using paired t tests.P(ETCO(2)) was not significantly different from Pa(CO(2)) at rest (P(ETCO(2)) = 37 ± 3 mm Hg vs Pa(CO(2)) = 38 ± 3 mm Hg, P = .14). However, during exercise, P(ETCO(2)) was significantly higher than Pa(CO(2)) (submaximal: 42 ± 4 vs 40 ± 3, P.001; peak: 40 ± 4 vs 37 ± 4, P.001, respectively). Jones’ equation successfully corrected P(ETCO(2)), such that P(JCO(2)) was not significantly different from Pa(CO(2)) (submax: P(JCO(2)) = 40 ± 3, P = .650; peak: 37 ± 4, P = .065).P(JCO(2)) provides a better estimate of Pa(CO(2)) than P(ETCO(2)) during submaximal exercise and at peak exercise, whereas at rest both yield reasonable estimates in morbidly obese individuals. Clinicians and physiologists can obtain accurate estimations of Pa(CO(2)) in morbidly obese individuals by using P(JCO(2)).

Although it has been reported that the work of breathing may be higher in women, inconsistencies among studies leaves this important question unresolved. Also, the association between the oxygen cost of breathing and rating of perceived breathlessness (RPB) during exercise has not been examined between women and men.This study aimed to measure oxygen cost of breathing during eucapnic voluntary hyperpnea and RPB (Borg 0-10 scale) during 6 min of constant work rate cycling at 60 and 90 W, respectively, in healthy, nonobese women and men.A total of 9 women (27 yr, body mass index = 21 kg·m(-2)) and 10 men (29 yr, body mass index = 25 kg·m(-2)) participated. All subjects underwent pulmonary function testing, exercise cycling, and determination of oxygen cost of breathing during eucapnic voluntary hyperpnea. Oxygen cost of breathing was obtained from the slope of the oxygen uptake (mL·min(-1)) and ventilation (L·min(-1)) relationship. RPB and cardiorespiratory measures were collected during minute 6 of the exercise. Data were analyzed by independent t-test and regression analysis.Age and pulmonary function were similar between the nonobese women and men. Oxygen cost of breathing was similar between the nonobese women (1.17 ± 0.26 mL·L(-1)) and men (1.21 ± 0.42 mL·(-1)L). RPB during exercise was similar between the women (2.1 ± 1.3) and men (2.6 ± 1.2) and was correlated (P0.05) with relative oxygen uptake (r = 0.55) but not the oxygen cost of breathing.In nonobese women and men, oxygen cost of breathing is not different over the ventilatory ranges studied and RPB is similar at the same relative exercise intensity. In addition, the oxygen cost of breathing was not associated with RPB during constant work rate exercise.

The Fick principle (cardiac output [Q(c)] = oxygen uptake [Vo(2)]/arteriovenous oxygen difference) can be used to calculate Q(c), with VO(2) frequently estimated by derived equations. To compare the accuracy of measured versus estimated VO(2), data were analyzed from 2 studies in which VO(2) at rest was measured using the Douglas bag technique. One study comprised adults with diabetes, and the other was an exercise study of healthy adults. VO(2) at rest was estimated as VO(2) (ml/min) = 125 ml/min/m(2) × body surface area (m(2)), with sensitivity analyses evaluating 2 other commonly used equations. Mean absolute difference (milliliters per minute) and ordinary least products regression were used to assess agreement between measured and estimated VO(2). Overall, mean measured versus estimated VO(2) differed significantly (307.2 ± 75.2 vs 259.9 ± 36.7 ml/min, p0.0001), with a mean absolute difference of 52.9 ± 43.2 ml/min (p0.0001); 20% of the estimates differed by25% from the measured VO(2). Mean absolute difference increased from 36.7 ml/min in the lowest body mass index group (25 kg/m(2)) to 91.7 ml/min in the highest group (≥40 kg/m(2)) (p for trend = 0.001) and was significantly higher in men than in women (65.6 vs 33.9 ml/min, p = 0.001); error was similar by median-split age (p = 0.65) and race (p = 0.34). Similar results were obtained when evaluating each of the other 2 estimating equations. Estimation of VO(2) at rest is inaccurate, especially in men and with increasing adiposity. In conclusion, when clinical hemodynamic assessment is performed, VO(2) should be measured, not estimated.

This study examined the impact of heat acclimation on improving exercise performance in cool and hot environments. Twelve trained cyclists performed tests of maximal aerobic power (V̇o2max), time-trial performance, and lactate threshold, in both cool [13°C, 30% relative humidity (RH)] and hot (38°C, 30% RH) environments before and after a 10-day heat acclimation (∼50% V̇o2max in 40°C) program. The hot and cool condition V̇o2max and lactate threshold tests were both preceded by either warm (41°C) water or thermoneutral (34°C) water immersion to induce hyperthermia (0.8–1.0°C) or sustain normothermia, respectively. Eight matched control subjects completed the same exercise tests in the same environments before and after 10 days of identical exercise in a cool (13°C) environment. Heat acclimation increased V̇o2max by 5% in cool (66.8 ± 2.1 vs. 70.2 ± 2.3 ml·kg−1·min−1, P = 0.004) and by 8% in hot (55.1 ± 2.5 vs. 59.6 ± 2.0 ml·kg−1·min−1, P = 0.007) conditions. Heat acclimation improved time-trial performance by 6% in cool (879.8 ± 48.5 vs. 934.7 ± 50.9 kJ, P = 0.005) and by 8% in hot (718.7 ± 42.3 vs. 776.2 ± 50.9 kJ, P = 0.014) conditions. Heat acclimation increased power output at lactate threshold by 5% in cool (3.88 ± 0.82 vs. 4.09 ± 0.76 W/kg, P = 0.002) and by 5% in hot (3.45 ± 0.80 vs. 3.60 ± 0.79 W/kg, P < 0.001) conditions. Heat acclimation increased plasma volume (6.5 ± 1.5%) and maximal cardiac output in cool and hot conditions (9.1 ± 3.4% and 4.5 ± 4.6%, respectively). The control group had no changes in V̇o2max, time-trial performance, lactate threshold, or any physiological parameters. These data demonstrate that heat acclimation improves aerobic exercise performance in temperate-cool conditions and provide the scientific basis for employing heat acclimation to augment physical training programs.

We aimed to compare the automation and diagnostic performance in the detection of coronary artery disease (CAD) of the 4DMSPECT (4DM), Emory Cardiac Toolbox (EMO), and QPS systems for automated quantification of myocardial perfusion.We studied 328 patients referred for rest/stress Tc-99m sestamibi imaging, 140 low-likelihood patients and 188 with angiography. Contours were corrected when necessary. All other processing was fully automated. A 17-segment analysis was performed, and a summed stress score (SSS)or =4 was considered abnormal. The average SSSs (+/-SD) for 4DM, EMO, and QPS were 10.5 +/- 9.4, 11.1 +/- 8.3, and 10.1 +/- 8.9, respectively (P = .02 for QPS versus EMO). The receiver operator characteristics areas-under-the-curve for the detection of CAD (+/-SEM) were 0.84 +/- 0.03, 0.76 +/- 0.04, and 0.88 +/- 0.03 for 4DM, EMO, and QPS, respectively (P = .001 for QPS versus EMO, and P = .03 for 4DM versus EMO). Normalcy rate was higher for QPS and 4DM versus EMO, at 91% and 94% versus 77%, respectively (P = .02). Sensitivity was higher for QPS (87%) versus 4DM (80%) (P = .045). Specificity was higher for QPS (71%) versus EMO (49%) (P = .01). The accuracy rate was higher for QPS versus 4DM and EMO, at 83% versus 77% and 76%, respectively (P = .05).There are differences in myocardial-perfusion quantification, diagnostic performance, and degree of automation of software packages.

BACKGROUND: Attenuation Correction (AC) for myocardial perfusion single photon emission computed tomography (MPS) had not been evaluated separately in female population despite specific considerations in this group due to breast photon attenuation. We aimed to compare the performance of AC in women using automated quantitative analysis of MPS. METHODS: Consecutive female pts, 137 low likelihood (LLk) and 115 with coronary angiography performed within < 3 months of MPS, referred for rest/stress ECG gated Tc-99m sestamibi MPS with AC (Vantage Pro, Philips), were considered. Imaging data were evaluated for contour quality control (QC). Additional 50 female LLk studies were used to create equivalent normal limits for studies with AC and with no correction (NC). An experienced technologist (JG) blinded to the angiography and other results performed contour QC. All other processing was performed in a fully automated manner. Quantitative analysis was performed using Cedars Cardiac Suite version 2005, (QPS). All automatic segmental analysis was performed in 17-segment/5 point AHA model. Summed Stress Scores (SSS) ≥ 4 were considered abnormal. Receiver Operator Characteristics (ROC) areas-under- curve (AUC) were obtained by Analyze-It (v 1.171) statistical package. RESULTS: CAD (≥ 70% stenosis) was present in 70/115 (61%) pts. The normalcy rates were 96% and 98% for studies with and without AC, respectively (P=NS). SSS in studies with or without AC were the same with the exception of normal patients were SSS was higher for studies with AC. The diagnostic performance of MPS with and without AC for detection of CAD is summarized in the table . Conclusions: There are no diagnostic differences between quantitative MPS analysis with or without AC in women and no gain in specificity or normalcy rates contrary to previously reported findings in general populations.

We aimed to compare normal limits and the detection of coronary artery disease (CAD) with attenuation-corrected (AC) and non-attenuation-corrected (NC) myocardial perfusion single photon emission computed tomography (MPS) by use of a recently improved automated quantification technique.We acquired 415 rest/stress technetium 99m MPS studies on a Vertex dual-detector camera with a gadolinium 153 line source (Vantage Pro). Gender-specific NC, AC, and gender-combined AC normal limits were created from rest/stress images of 50 women and 50 men with a low likelihood of CAD (5%) and a median body mass index (BMI) of 30 kg/m2 in each gender group. BMI-specific normal limits (30 kg/m2 andor = 30 kg/m2) were also compared. Total perfusion deficit and 17-segment summed scores in 174 patients were compared with angiography, and normalcy rates were established from 141 studies of low-likelihood patients. There were no differences between low-BMI and high-BMI normal limits for AC or NC studies. Male and female normal limits differed in 12 of 17 segments for NC stress studies and in 3 of 17 segments for AC stress studies (P.01). The sensitivity, specificity, and normalcy rates for stenoses with 70% narrowing or greater were 89%, 73%, and 91%, respectively, for NC studies and 87%, 80%, and 95%, respectively, for AC studies (P = not significant).Automated detection of CAD by AC and NC MPS demonstrated similar sensitivity, specificity, and normalcy rates. Some gender differences were noted for AC normal limits.

Several small companies, which work on renewable energy system fittings, made several suggestions concerning the improvement of various Photovoltaic equipment mainly having in view solutions in solar irrigation and solar house isolated from the grid.

A method is presented for studying AC motor dynamic performance. The method is based on field orientation theory applied to the vectorial composition of induction motor magnitudes. An induction motor state observer which is insensible to TR (transient response) changes is presented. Several simulations are presented on AC motors, both regulated and nonregulated, in order to illustrate the proposed method. >

An induction motor functioning with a no-torque limitation working with the T-model drive is considered. To achieve this, complete and independent flux and torque control is required by decoupling the respective regulating loops. Included is an induction motor state observer insensitive to TR changes developed for the T-model that gives an accurate measurement of the internal parameters of flux and torque. A decoupling algorithm in this model is developed to compensate flux and torque regulating loops by decoupling the rotor-associated axis. By doing this, independent control of the motor internal parameters is obtained. Several simulation examples of a regulated induction motor functioning with this regulation method that allows independent control of flux and torque are presented. >

Este artículo pretende analizar la operación de extrañamiento planeada y ejecutada por el gobierno de Filipinas, la provincia hispana más alejada de la metrópoli. Deportar a casi centenar y medio de jesuitas rumbo a Europa acarreó no pocos inconvenientes a las autoridades políticas isleñas, especialmente a la hora de preparar los buques encargados de tan delicada misión. Factores como la insularidad y la lejanía hicieron de la Marina la pieza clave dentro del engranaje del extrañamiento filipino. This article tries to analyse the expulsion operation planned and executed by the government of Philippines, the remotest Spanish province from the metropolis. To deport nearly one hundred an a half Jesuits towards Europe caused a lot of obstacles to the island political authorities, especially in order to prepare the vessels which were in charge of such a delicate mission. Thanks to factors as the insularity and the distance, the Navy was the key piece in the gear of the Philippines' expulsion.

Basilio Sancho encontró durante su pontificado en la diócesis de Manila (1767-1787) múltiples dificultades. En los primeros años, entre 1767 y 1770, el Metropolitano se enfrentó a los Provinciales de las distintas religiones con motivo de la visita pastoral, procuró acelerar al máximo la expulsión de los jesuitas isleños, hacia los que sentía gran aversión, y se opuso abiertamente al gobernador Raón y al comisionado Basaraz, a quienes acusó de negligentes en su labor política. En el año 1770, el extrañamiento de la Compañía de Jesús en enero, la llegada a Manila en julio del nuevo gobernador Simón de Anda -al igual que don Basilio inflexible regalista-, y la caída en desgracia de Raón y Basaraz en septiembre ofrecieron un breve, pero reparador respiro, al enérgico y firme Prelado. Basilio Sancho experienced many difficulties during his reign in the diocese of Manila (1767-1787). In the first years, between 1767 and 1770, the Metropolitan was opposed the Provincial of the different religions because of the pastoral visit, he tried hard to accelerate the expulsion of the islander Jesuits, toward which he felt great distaste, and was openly opposed to the governor Raón and to the commissioner Basaraz, who were accused of negligence in their political labor. In the year 1770, the expulsion of the Company of Jesus in January, the arrival in Manila in July of the new governor Simón de Anda -an inflexible defensor of the royal prerogatives like Basilio-, and the fall from grace of Raón and Basaraz in September, offered a short but beneficial pause to the energetic and firm Prelate.

En 1770 el nuevo gobernador de Filipinas Simón de Anda y Salazar ordenó el procesamiento de su antecesor en el cargo y de varios ministros de la Audiencia. Fueron acusados de haber actuado con negligencia en la expulsión de los jesuitas y ocupación de sus temporalidades. Estos hechos son reflejo de luchas por el poder político en las Islas entre distintas facciones que se lo disputaban en aquellos momentos. In 1770, the new Governor of the Philippines, Simón de Anda y Salazar, ordered the trial of his predecessor and of various ministers of the High Court. They were accused of having worked negligently in the Jesuit's expulsion and the temporary occupation. These facts are the reflection of the struggle for political power in the islands between the various factions who were fighting for it then.

Se ha utilizado a menudo la expresión «ilustrados de segunda fila» para el caso español. Esta expresión ha escondido generalmente una inexplicable falta de interés por el estudio de algunos intelectuales del siglo XVIII hispano, que han pasado al olvido de forma inmerecida. Este artículo trata de la vida y obra de uno de esos ilustrados: Ramón Campos Pérez. Este artículo es un extracto de la Memoria de Licenciatura Ramón Campos, vida, y obra de un ilustrado valenciano, dirigida por el Dr. Cayetano Mas y presentada por su autor el 20 de diciembre de 1994 en la Universidad de Alicante, obteniendo la calificación de sobresaliente cum laude.

The computational resources needed to implement image processing algorithms exceed the capability of most current VMEbus architectures. This is no reason to abandon these systems that are widely used, if we can complement them with the appropriate tools. In this paper we describe an architecture based on Digital Signal Processors (DSPs), VMEbus compatible, to accomplish the calculation intensive routines of the image processing algorithms.

This paper deals with the implementation of a fast method to develop a Fourier transform applied in the field of image processing. The design of the system depends on controlling the flow of input data corresponding to the data of sines and cosines according to the look up tables. The system gives a good advantage of a fast method as well as the software and hardware implementation.

Previous studies suggest that the maximum oxygen uptake (VO2max) and the Wingate anaerobic test performances are decreased in hot environments, but it is unknown whether humidity changes in a hot environment further affect the results of the VO2max and Wingate anaerobic test. Nine male athletes performed VO2max and Wingate anaerobic tests under three environmental conditions: (1) 21 °C/20% relative humidity (R.H.) (control); (2) 33 °C/20% R.H. (hot–dry); and (3) 33 °C/80% R.H. (hot–wet). The participants' weight, oral temperature, and skin temperature were recorded pre-exercise and postexercise. The heart rate was monitored continuously throughout the exercise. Compared to the control condition, the hot–dry and the hot–wet conditions had lower VO2max values (control at 3779.0 ± 234.3 mL/min vs. hot–dry at 3528.2 ± 467.4 mL/min and hot–wet at 3595.9 ± 274.6 mL/min; p

The Power Electronics Computer Aided Simulation and Design (PECADS) is a new CAE package to be used in every Simulation and Design task for Static Power Converters MP controlled 1.71,49 Pesthe present work presents their Simulation and Modelling developped Tools. The Real Structure Simulation is presented here for all Matrix and No Matrix Converter types as a new concept. The System Modeling and Identification is also presented as a new way to design Digital Controllers MP based. The present work follows the new Digital Simulation and Redesign concept 3° and is a complementary continuation of e", e.

Accuraty output torque is necessary to get, when the induction motor drives is fed by an inverter (like P.W.M.). In this paper we presented a new algorithm to control the DC/AC inverter, that is called BOXES algorithm. Boxes Hardware to control an induction motor is also presented. Field-oriented Theory is used in this work to facilitate the motor simulation and, as known, to can used the motor model as state observor. Finally, (Recursive Least Sequare) identification method, and digital freq-uency analysis is used to design the induction motor control algorithm.

Entre las colecciones adquiridas al señor don Segundo Salvatierra por los Museos de historia natural de La Plata y etnográfico de la Facultad de filosofía y letras, de Buenos Aires, se encuentra el ejemplar que motiva esta sucinta nota. En la repartición de las series, la pieza que nos ocupa tocó en suerte al museo de La Plata, donde se encuentra actualmente, catalogada bajo el número 6100. La única noticia que podemos consignar sobre este ejemplar es que fue hallado en el valle de Yocavil, provincia de Catamarca. La procedencia resulta un tanto vaga: mayores indicaciones sobre las características del hallazgo ó particularidades sobre el yacimiento del cual fue exhumada no se conocen, á pesar de nuestros esfuerzos en tal sentido. Sin embargo, como se trata de un ejemplar de forma insólita en nuestras regiones arqueológicas del noroeste, hemos creído oportuno su publicación., Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo

Sent from: Guadalajara Sent to: Original: BNE, ms. 8624, fols. 203v-204r Modern edition: Language: Latin