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This study investigates adoption patterns of the first mover and the followers in the Information and Communication Technology industry. The continuous behavior of adopters over time is difficult to analyze and most previous studies were cross-sectional rather than longitudinal. In order to overcome these limitations, a mathematical diffusion model with verified official time-series data is used to analytically investigate the impact of both innovation and imitation effects on the mobile phone adoption in South Korea. The results showed that the imitation effect of the first mover was larger than those of the followers in the mature mobile telecommunication services market in South Korea. The innovation effect of the follower was larger than that of the first mover, and the innovation effect was larger than the imitation effect in the market.

In this paper, the authors examine if a difference exists in adopting or diffusing information and communication technology (ICT) between developing and newly developed countries. To analyze the problem, the authors use the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) suggested by Venkatesh et al. (2003), which consists of effort expectancy, performance expectancy, and social influence. The authors also use innovation diffusion functions, made up of introduction, growth, maturity, and decline phases. The authors researched how these factors affect the adoption in the three phases. The authors surveyed cellular phone adopters in Thailand and South Korea for 15 years from 1989 to 2003. Thailand and South Korea each represent developing and newly developed countries, respectively. For the data analysis, survival analysis is used, because it can explain the characteristics of the potential adopters or non-adopters. They found that the ICT diffusion patterns, as well as the ICT diffusion factors, of the two countries are different. Therefore, the results of the authors’ research can be used to build a strategy to reduce the digital divide gaps among countries.

When a high-speed train passes an underground station, large pressure waves are generated due to the piston effect. These pressure waves can cause the problems of vibration and noise as well as the ear discomfort of passengers at the underground station. This work numerically analyzed the pressure wave generation and propagation in an high-speed railway underground station, and the optimal location for vent shafts was studied to improve the passenger comfort by reducing the magnitude of the pressure wave and its rate of change. The evolution of pressure field in the underground station was calculated using a CFD(Computational Fluid Dynamics) software(Fluent), where the axis-symmetric two-dimensional model verified by Wu was used. And this study is applied to modelling of the underground station and the tunnel from Daegok station A-line of GTX(Great Train Express). From the result, we can have a conclusion that the role of vent shafts respectively were different according to the position in and out the underground station. Also Vent shaft in the underground station widely reduced pressure magnitude. And vent shaft out underground station reduced initial pressure peak value. Double vent shafts installed at tunnel toward station entrance and inside of the tunnel are the most efficient to reduce pressure. and pressure reduction increases according to the number of vent shaft.

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to propose a model that predicts information communication technology (ICT) adoption in saturated markets, to analyze the shifting behaviors of the subscribers and to present the results.Design/methodology/approachBy developing an expanded Bass model, the authors analyzed post‐adopters' switching behaviors in the mobile phone market, using the officially verified time‐series data for the number of mobile phone adopters in South Korea.FindingsThe results show that: the expanded Bass diffusion model can delineate the stream of post‐adopter's switching behaviors in saturated ICT markets; based on innovation value p and imitation value q, the authors conclude that customer immigrations during market saturated period are mainly caused by innovation effect, which is closely related to launching innovative products; and fast mover still has its imitation effect, which is closely related to first mover advantage.Originality/valueThe paper provides novel insights for the frame of practical strategies. To survive in a saturated market, late movers should continuously develop new and innovative products. In addition, fast movers should also develop innovative products to prevent customer immigrations, and they also should utilize their first mover advantage more efficiently, even in matured market.

This study examines the innovation and imitation effects in Metaverse service adoption. “Metaverse services” is a collective term for services such as Augmented reality, Life logging, Mirror world, and Virtual world. Among them, Twitter, Google, iPhone, and Secondlife (T.G.I.S) are the most popular services/products these days. To measure the adoption of these product/services, the most commonly used are IP traffic and iPhone sales. Thus, in this study, we measured adoption by measuring changes in the IP traffic volume of Twitter.com, Maps.Google.com, Secondlife.com, and sales for iPhone during a 2-year period (from the first quarter of 2008 to the fourth quarter of 2009). To analyze this time series data to reveal the innovation and imitation effect, we employed the Bass model. The results showed that each of these services yields different innovation and imitation coefficient values. Imitation effects for all Metaverse services are greater than innovation effects, and Secondlife’s innovation effects are larger than others. Also, iPhone sales, as a measurement for information and communication technology (ICT) products, showed greater innovation effects than the other services. Implications are drawn to explain these differences, such as, Googlemap’s imitation effects are based on network externalities, while Twitter’s imitation effects are caused by the interactions of individuals; iPhone sales’ innovation effects are explained by the timing of the measurement.

Today, the cyber market is evolving rapidly in the networked age. In the cyber market, the traditional competitive strategy appears to no longer be effective. This study investigates the strategic choice differences of online firms based on their strategic capabilities and performance. More specifically, the study reviews the advantages and disadvantages of early movers and followers based on Porter's strategic topology, as well as strategic capabilities derived from Sand Cone model. The results show that early movers have more cumulative strategic capabilities than followers do in market differentiation, innovative differentiation, and cost leadership. However, early movers have better focus strategy than followers. These results have provided new insights for the scholars and entrepreneurs to reexamine traditional strategic approaches and the order of entrance effects in the cyber market.

The theoretical current density equations for organic semiconductors was derived according to the internal carrier emission equation based on the diffusion model at the Schottky barrier contact and the mobility equation based on the field dependence model, the so‐called “Poole‐Frenkel mobility model.” The electric field becomes constant because of the absence of a space charge effect in the case of a higher injection barrier height and a lower sample thickness, but there is distribution in the electric field because of the space charge effect in the case of a lower injection barrier height and a higher sample thickness. The transition between the injection‐ and bulk‐limited currents was presented according to the Schottky barrier height and the sample thickness change.

In this study, a physical OLED analog behavior model for SPICE simulation was described using the Verilog‐A language. The model was presented through theoretical equations for the J‐V characteristics of OLED derived according to the internal‐carrier emission equation based on a diffusion model at the Schottky barrier contact, and the mobility equation based on the Pool‐Frenkel model. The accuracy of this model was examined by comparing it with the results of the device simulation that was conducted.

The detent force in permanent magnet linear synchronous motor (PMLSM) is caused by the attraction between the permanent magnet (PM) and the iron core without input current. It can be divided into two components: the slot effect and the end effect. This paper proposes a novel technique to reduce the end effect of detent force using auxiliary poles. To investigate the auxiliary poles design criteria, we analyze the characteristics of the detent force according to the height, length, and position of the auxiliary poles by using the 2-D finite-element method (FEM). The numerical calculations and the experimental results prove that this proposed technique has a good effect on the reduction of the end effect of detent force.

An online game is popular topic due to the increased total online game market volume nowadays. Even though many studies on an online game are released, most studies have used survey method that reveal only section of the situation like a snapshot. For this reason, previous studies have a little limitation that does not show dynamically changing issues like a product life cycle and change in customer`s satisfaction. Because of this, we researched on an online game with the system dynamic model which can show dynamic simulation to analysis time series data. We chose MMORPG (Massively Multi-play Online Role Playing Game) in sort of an online game because it has many absorbing factors and enthusiastic users. We assumed that the game developer is ready for updated version game and release that periodically and focused on dormant users who used to be enthusiastic about MMORPG and designed simulation model which analyze how to influence of update and CRM strategy on users. The simulation results showed that the update has positive influences to gather new users and hold established users and CRM strategies help to prevent dormant users from transferring to rivals to offer them re-absorbing factors. Through this study, we confirmed importance of update on a online game and suggested the necessity to introduce CRM strategy in an online game market.

The development of the Information Technology(IT) has brought enormous change to the human life, not even only to the politics, economy, society, and cultures, but all the way through the people`s consciousness and cultural patterns. However, the information society resulted information inequality issues and especially to those disabled people, who have more difficulties on the technology adaptation, the "digital divide" symptom is significantly found. At present the rapid development of IT has gone beyond the level of the information society and it is accelerating the ubiquitous society that will combine people, computers, and all objects into one. And during the time of ubiquitous the "digital divide" will still exist. This research is focused on the digital divide of disabled people that were insufficiently covered in the research of digital divide and ubiquitous. From the empirical study of the effect that the disabled contributes on the service usability in U-City, the factors of background of the digital divide, and the difference of such factors in types of sex, ages, disabled types, and disabled class, and finally how the ubiquitous divide of the disabled affects have been researched. Based on the proposed study model and by analyzing the model by structural equation, following resulted was gained. (1) With the TAM (TAM : Technology Acceptance Model), which is commonly used in the studies of IT devices and services, the digital divide of the disabled cases cannot be identified sufficiently since it is not eligible for Using Intention of U-City Services. (2) In case of the disabled, the mental factors like willingness to overcome the impediment and accessibility like environment to meet the information services and ability to access the services are more effective on Using Intention of U-City Services rather than TAM.

This study examines the effects of information technology (IT) knowledge and media selection on operational performance, measured by balanced scorecard, in small firms. Small firms generally lag behind medium and large companies in adopting and implementing computerization. This study is based on a survey of 698 small firms. The results show that: (1) individual IT knowledge and both traditional and electronic communication methods significantly contribute to the internal process performance of small firms; (2) internal process performance, organizational IT knowledge, and electronic communication methods affect customer performance; and (3) financial performance is affected by process and customer performance. The findings imply that it is imperative for small firms to adopt computerization to achieve improvements in business performance.

PurposeThe aim of this paper is to find out: why some organizations adopt ICT later than the others, and whether organizations have different adoption strategies based on the type of ICT.Design/methodology/approachThis paper is an empirical study of the ICT diffusion process between the early and late adopters of relational database and local area network.FindingsThe results of the study indicate that there are significant differences between early and late adoption organizations with regard to management characteristics such as the age and interests of the CEO and CIO, and also the adoption process such as the evaluation period and initiation time. However, no significant differences were found in organization resource or corporate strategy factors. Furthermore, the results of the study indicate that there are significant differences in organizational characteristics such as sales volume, organization slack and rewards between the two types of ICT.Research limitations/implicationsThe sample size is relatively small. Replication of this study with additional organizations in the sample will allow stronger validation of diffusion theory.Originality/valueIt is believed that the results of the study will provide useful guidelines in strategy development for managing ICT diffusion by organizations and IT vendors.

PurposeThis paper seeks to understand effects of ASP utilization on organization performance measured in terms of satisfaction and educational effectiveness on the part of the customer firm.Design/methodology/approachThis study follows the positivist approach. After a research framework was developed and hypotheses defined, based on a thorough ASP literature review, data were collected from small firms which use ASP services. Results were discussed to suggest strategic directions of ASPs.FindingsThe results show that when customer firms perceive good service at a reasonable fee, they exhibit a high level of satisfaction with the service provider. Customer satisfaction is found to be significantly related to organizational performance. Also, the education content of training programs significantly influences educational effectiveness, which in turn contributes to organizational performance by impacting customer service.Research limitations/implicationsThe results of the study would help practitioners and researchers better understand ASP customers. The scope of this study is limited to leading IT adoption countries.Originality/valueBased on the customer perspective, this paper delineates factors of ASP services that support small firms to be more successful.

The development of information technologies has contributed to the growth in online training as an important education method. E-learning provides trainees with education opportunities in diverse ways. It has led to a range of innovative services offering one-stop educational solutions within the e-business sector. The online training environment enables trainees to undertake customized training at any time and any place. Moreover, information technology allows both the trainers and trainees to be decoupled in terms of time, place, and space. The purposes of this research are twofold: (1) To discover the determinants of effective online training and; (2) To reveal how those variables affect learning performance and transfer performance, two important aspects of training effectiveness in the workplace. This paper demonstrates, through empirical data, a positive relationship between individual, organizational and online training design constructs and training effectiveness constructs (learning and transfer performance).

〈요 약〉 이 연구는 고객의 점포 혼잡성 지각이 점포내 감정을 매개하여 행동의도에 미치는 영향올 규명하고자 하는 목적율 두었다. 패밀리 레스토랑 고객 486명의 자료를 바탕으로 공분산구조분석을 실시한 결과， 지 각된 점포 혼잡성은 긍정적 감정에 부(-)의 영향올 미치고， 부정적 감정에 정(+)의 영흥F을 미치며， 이러한 감정을 매개하여 행동의도에 영향율 주는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 연구결과를 바탕으로 시사점을 논의 하고， 연구의 한계와 미래 연구밤향을 제시하였다

Barium hexaaluminates incorporated with chromium and lanthanum (Ba1- xLaxCrAl11O19- a) were synthesized from aqueous metal nitrates and sulfates through the precipitation, and then followed by crystallization at 1300oC for 2 h. They had the ability to maintain heat resistance and high conversion of CH4in methane combustion at elevated temperature.

Although e-commerce is evolving at an incredible speed, asymmetric information and opportunism have increased online purchasing risks and market inefficiencies. The lack of face-to-face contact and the inability of the customer to touch and feel tangible products necessitate that online business must provide customers with reliable information and convince customers of their trustworthiness. While the research on Third-Party Assurance Seals (TPAS) is not new, the effectiveness of TPAS has not been persuasively addressed by empirical studies. Our study is different from previous efforts in that it is comprehensive because it combines consumer trust, perceived risk, and influences of TPAS in the B2C e-commerce context. The results of the study show that (1) the effects of TPAS on perceived risk are channeled through perceived trustworthiness, thus demonstrating the mediating role of perceived trustworthiness in B2C e-commerce, (2) perceived risk, perceived usefulness of website, and subjective norm...

This study was designed to grasp the influence of E-SNS (Enterprise-SNS, which is being introduced for better business communication within an enterprise) on job performance under the consideration of job characteristics and personal characteristics that executives build. The study results proves (1) the usage of E-SNS is conducive to improving 'Task- Technology Fit', and has positive impacts on job performance of executives, (2) especially, E-SNS needs using to simple jobs not requiring complicating judgments, (3) an executive makes efforts to utilize E-SNS more when he/she carries out jobs proper to E-SNS and is accustomed to E-SNS.

Theoretical equations for current-voltage characteristics in mono-layer unipolar devices and multilayer bipolar device (that is, OLED) are investigated on the basis of the model consisting of diffusion theory of internal carrier emission through Schottky barrier at cathode and anode electrodes and electronic field dependence of carrier mobility, so called Pool-Frenkel mobility. Space charge effects are also included in this model, which is not presented as a simple Mott- Gurney law. The current-voltage characteristics of OLED are presented using a behavioral language for analog systems (Verilog-A), and the accuracy of this model was verified by comparing with the device simulation results.

lnflammatory pseudotumor (IPT) is a rare, non-neoplastic inflammatory process. It is most commonly occurs in the orbit, but extension into brain parenchyma is uncommon. In a confirmed case of IPT, most cases show good improvement with steroid theraphy. A 50-year-old man with progressive left-eye visual disturbance and mass lesion was admitted in a hospital. A left orbital mass biopsy revealed what was highly suspected as an inflammatory pseudotumor. Steroid pulse therapy with dexamethasone, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy with amphotericin B were performed, but they were not effective in improving the condition of the patient. Revision open surgery was then performed. A follow-up brain enhancement computerized tomography showed an enlarged mass volume and hydrocephalus with periventricular enhancement. As an additional procedure, ventriculoperitoneal shunt and tuberculosis medication were administered. About 2 weeks later, clinical symptoms and radiologic findings improved. We present a case of intra-cranial IPT and discuss further treatment methods.

Along with the increasing complexity of IT, frequent changes and updates to new technologies have made developing an effective help desk challenging. The main purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of different media on the end-users' satisfaction of help desk functions. The major theme of this paper is to show that when electronic media are combined and properly used with conventional human-based media higher end-user satisfaction can be achieved. Media richness theory is used to develop hypotheses about the relationship between media choice and end-user satisfaction for help desk functions. Survey results support that use of richer media is related to help desk satisfaction through assurance, and end-users who use various types of communication media have a higher satisfaction level when they match the media choice to different types of problems. The result suggests that automating help desks should be considered as a way to provide more various options to end-users, not a total solution for help desks, and automation should be more carefully designed depending on problem types.

In this paper, we investigate the relationship between the use of different media and customer satisfaction in help desk service. Different dimensions of customer satisfaction were derived based on SERVQUAL: reliability, empathy, assurance, tangibles, and responsiveness. The results support our hypotheses that the use of conventional media (face-to-face and telephone) is related to help desk satisfaction, through reliability and empathy and electronic media (e-mail and Internet), users show higher satisfaction in tangibles and assurance. Also, hybrid media users (multi-media users by task) show a higher level of satisfaction in reliability and responsibility. The results suggest automating help desks should be considered as a way to provide more options to end-users.

The present study was performed to investigate the effect on the skin and the intra-articular structures of 5-minutes of cold air application. During and after 5 minutes of cold air application on 20 healthy subjects, the skin and intra-articular temperatures were measured by means of an infrared thermogram and a digital k-wire probe, respectively. The results showed that 1) Skin temperature dropped very rapidly by a total of 22.1 degrees C after 5 minutes of cold air application. 2) Intra-articular temperature dropped by 3.9 degrees C after 5 minutes of cold air application. 3) Two hours after the start of treatment with cold air, intra-articular temperatures had still not returned to their baseline values (p0.01). 4) The baseline skin temperature and the baseline intra-articular temperature were significantly correlated r=0.51 (p0.05). However, there was no significant correlation between the skin temperature change and the intra-articular temperature change after 5 minutes and after two hours of cold air application. Finally, 5) a significant correlation r=-0.72 (p0.01) between the body mass index and the baseline skin temperatures was found. There was no significant correlation between the body mass index and the temperature changes, at the skin or in the knee joint, either during or after cryotherapy (p0.05).

This study investigated the incidence and nature of clozapine-associated electroencephalographic (EEG) abnormalities and the relationship between EEG abnormality and clozapine dosage in Korean schizophrenic patients. Fifty schizophrenic patients with normal baseline EEG and with additional EEG record examined during clozapine treatment more than once were included. Thirty-one patients (62%) showed abnormal EEGs after clozapine treatment, and two of them had seizures. The majority of EEG abnormalities presented as nonspecific slow waves (SW). Spikes (or spike and wave complexes; SP) and frontal intermittent rhythmic delta activity (FIRDA) were relatively rarely observed. The probability of EEG abnormality was linearly dependent on the daily dose of clozapine and patient's age. Our results can be summarized as follows: (1) a substantial proportion of Korean patients treated with clozapine develops EEG abnormalities, and its incidence is comparable to the published results in Caucasian patients; (2) EEG abnormalities occurred in a dose-dependent manner; and (3) the occurrence of EEG abnormalities did not necessarily lead to future seizure development, except in a small number of cases.