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Natural agents from microorganisms have emerged as suitable options to replace chemical preservatives in foods. In this study, the antibacterial activity of cell-free supernatant (CFS) from five native yeasts (Saccharomyces cerevisiae Lev6 and Lev30, C. pseudointermedia Lev8, Candida intermedia Lev9, C. parapsilosis Lev15) and the reference S. boulardi SSB, was evaluated against some indicator food pathogens. The generation of antimicrobials was reliant on strain-, and sugar-supplemented media, which supported yeast growth established at 30 °C and 200 rpm for 48 h. Treatment with proteinase K and catalase was unable to completely abolish the inhibitory effect, indicating that the active components are likely complex combinations of acids, proteins, hydrogen peroxide, and other metabolites. Although there was no impact on Listeria monocytogenes, exposure to CFS and extracellular fractions obtained through precipitation with methanol (PPm) at 120 °C for 60 min significantly (p < 0.05) increased the inhibitory activity against Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica, Kosakonia cowanii, and Staphylococcus aureus, indicating that the inhibitory activity was stimulated by heat. Likewise, a synergistic inhibitory action against Listeria was obtained following the pretreatment of PPm with EDTA (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid). These activities were yeast strain-dependent, with Lev6, Lev8, and Lev30 showing the highest activity. In addition, a heat-stable low-molecular-mass molecule under 5 kDa was detected in Lev30. Further research is required to evaluate the mode of action and characterize the composition of the released molecules in the CFS in order to develop a novel biocontrol agent based on yeasts.

Monkeypox is a rare viral infection, endemic in many central and western African countries. The last international outbreak of monkeypox reported outside Africa occurred back in 2003. However, monkeypox has reemerged at a global scale with numerous confirmed cases across the globe in 2022. The rapid spread of cases through different countries has raised serious concerns among public health officials worldwide prompting accelerated investigations aimed to identify the origins and cause of the rapid expansion of cases. The current situation is reminiscent of the very early stages of the still ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. Overlapping features between these, two seemingly alike viral entities include the possibility for airborne transmission and the currently unexplained and rapid spread across borders. Early recognition of cases and timely intervention of potential transmission chains are necessary to contain further outbreaks. Measures should include rapid and accurate diagnosis of cases meeting case definitions, active surveillance efforts, and appropriate containment of confirmed cases. Governments and health policymakers must apply lessons learned from previous outbreaks and start taking active steps toward limiting the recent global spread of monkeypox. Herein, we discuss the status of the current monkeypox outbreaks worldwide, the epidemio-logical and public health situation at a global scale and what can be done to keep at bay its further expansion and future global implications.

La presente investigación radicó en diseñar una “estrategia didáctica para desarrollar la comprensión lectora en los estudiantes de la carrera de educación primaria de una universidad estatal de Lima”. Tuvo como muestra la participación de 26 estudiantes entre varones y mujeres y con una edad promedio de entre 20 a 25 años correspondientes a los cursos de metodología, también colaboraron dos docentes que tiene años laborando en dicha universidad. El estudio de esta metodología fue cuantitativa con el paradigma socio critico e interpretativo, en tanto el tipo es aplicado educacional, diseño no experimental de corte transversal descriptivo. Para esto los métodos fueron: la observación de clase, la entrevista con sus instrumentos de guía de observación a los docentes y la encuesta a los estudiantes. El muestreo fue de tipo no probabilístico e intencional., se recurrió al enfoque. La investigación se basó en Cassany (2013) proveniente de la socialización del leyente y el texto, se puede construir significados y Avendaño (20 16) de que la lectura atrae al leyente a adquirir conocimientos sobre lo leído, valoración de situaciones pensadas y difundir juicios críticos, para tales objetivos. Los resultados más resaltantes fueron: El docente presenta dificultad en desarrollar la comprensión lectora, en motivar a los estudiantes que despierte su interés de aprender; en el empleo de herramientas tecnológicas en los espacios educativos y la necesidad de trabajo en equipo que pongan en práctica actividades de comprensión lectora. Las resultados que encontramos s fueron que se estructuraron las teorías, las guías y las perspectivas de los rangos apriorísticos, se estableció el método pedagógico, esta propuesta se validó por tres especialistas del tema con valoración de muy bueno. Tesis