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Biological activity of human interleukin-6 (IL-6) is associated with a vast number of diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, sepsis, and severe inflammatory diseases. In this study, human IL-6 cDNA was isolated from a cDNA library that was constructed with mRNA derived from human placental tissues. Subsequently, the complete human IL-6 cDNA was cloned and expressed in BL21DE3 cells. The recombinant human IL-6 (rhIL-6) protein was expressed in a form of an insoluble inclusion body. Inclusion bodies were solubilized under denaturing conditions and purified by immobilized metal affinity chromatography with gradual on-column refolding by the gradient elution method (from 6 to 0 M urea). The protein was purified to apparent homogeneity of about 99% with a yield of 50 mg/L. The purity was assessed by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), size exclusion high-performance liquid chromatography, and Western blotting analysis. The bioactivity was assessed by proliferation assay of TF-1 cells in a dose-dependent manner. The present study confirms the expression of the placenta-derived IL-6 gene in a prokaryotic expression system and matrix-assisted on-column refolding and purification of rhIL-6 by immobilized metal affinity chromatography.

A predominantly right ventricular variant of isolated noncompaction cardiomyopathy is a potentially lethal disease entity, which only recently has become recognized in the clinical and cardiac imaging literature. There are currently few established morphologic criteria for the diagnosis other than right ventricular dilation and presence of excessive regional trabeculation. To date, there have been no autopsy reports of cases following either clinical diagnosis or sudden death. We report 2 adult cases of sudden unexpected death in which unexplained right ventricular dilation and prominent apical hypertrabeculation were the principal findings. The gross and microscopic results suggest pathological similarities between, or coexistence of, right ventricular noncompaction and arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathies.

Biological activity of human interleukin-6 (IL-6) is associated with a vast number of diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, sepsis, and severe inflammatory diseases. In this study, human IL-6 cDNA was isolated from a cDNA library that was constructed with mRNA derived from human placental tissues. Subsequently, the complete human IL-6 cDNA was cloned and expressed in BL21DE3 cells. The recombinant human IL-6 (rhIL-6) protein was expressed in a form of an insoluble inclusion body. Inclusion bodies were solubilized under denaturing conditions and purified by immobilized metal affinity chromatography with gradual on-column refolding by the gradient elution method (from 6 to 0 M urea). The protein was purified to apparent homogeneity of about 99% with a yield of 50 mg/L. The purity was assessed by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), size exclusion high-performance liquid chromatography, and Western blotting analysis. The bioactivity was assessed by proliferation assay of TF-1 cells in a dose-dependent manner. The present study confirms the expression of the placenta-derived IL-6 gene in a prokaryotic expression system and matrix-assisted on-column refolding and purification of rhIL-6 by immobilized metal affinity chromatography.

In this case report, we describe an unusual case of mycobacterial associated inflammatory pseudotumor that occurred in a patient with a previous history of cocaine abuse. We discuss inflammatory pseudotumor (IPT) in general and emphasize the rare entity where an associated mycobacterial infection is seen. The histogenesis is not yet completely understood. The lesion can pose challenges for practicing pathologists and a misdiagnosis of malignancy can occur at multiple facets. A discussion about the differential diagnosis and clues to make the distinction is presented. In addition to spindle cell proliferation, the presence of a background of mixed inflammatory cell infiltrate and foamy macrophages are clues to make the diagnosis. In the case of mycobacteria associated IPT, Acid Fast Bacilli (AFB) stains will easily highlight the organisms confirming the diagnosis.

The aim of present study was to enhance topical permeation of clotrimazole gel preparation by using various permeability enhancers such as coconut oil, pistachio oil and sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS). Clotrimazole gel preparations were prepared and optimized by using three factor, five level central composite design. A second-order polynomial equation was generated in order to estimate the effect of independent variables i.e. coconut oil (X1), pistachio oil (X2) and sodium lauryl sulphate (X3) at various dependent variables i.e. flux (Y1), lag time (Y2), diffusion coefficient (Y3), permeability coefficient (Y4), and input rate (Y5) of clotrimazole gel formulations. Ex vivo skin permeation study was performed through rat skin by using modified Franz diffusion cell system. Optimized formulation F8 exhibited highest flux 2.17 µg/cm2/min, permeability coefficient 0.0019 cm/min and input rate 1.543 µg/cm2/min, along with moderate lag time 77.27 min and diffusion coefficient 0.063 cm2/min, which is further supported by anti-fungal activity that exhibited more prominent zone of inhibition against Candida albicans, Aspergillus niger and Mucor. Thus, it can be concluded that permeation of clotrimazole gel was enhanced by various combination of coconut oil, pistachio oil and sodium lauryl sulphate but optimized formulation F8 containing 0.4 ml pistachio oil, 0.8 ml coconut oil and 0.04 g of SLS exhibited more pronounced and promising effect through rat skin.