Search

Sunflower meal, a byproduct of sunflower oil pressing, is not commonly used in alkaline baking applications. This is because chlorogenic acid, the main phenolic antioxidant in sunflower seeds, reacts with protein, giving the baked product a green discoloration. Our group previously demonstrated that a chlorogenic acid esterase from Lactobacillus helveticus hydrolyzes chlorogenic acid in sunflower dough cookie formulations, resulting in cookies that were brown instead of green. This study presents a sensory analysis to determine the acceptability of enzymatically upcycled sunflower meal as an alternative protein source for those allergic to meals from legumes or tree nuts. We hypothesized that the mechanism of esterase‐catalyzed chlorogenic acid breakdown does not influence the cookies' sensory properties other than color and that consumers would prefer treated, brown cookies over non‐treated cookies. Cookies made from sunflower meal were presented under green lights to mask color and tested by 153 panelists. As expected, the sensory properties (flavor, smell, texture, and overall acceptability) of the treated and non‐treated cookies were not statistically different. These results corroborate proximate analysis, which demonstrated that there was no difference between enzymatically treated and non‐treated cookies other than color and chlorogenic acid content. After the cookie color was revealed, panelists strongly preferred the treated cookies with 58% indicating that they "probably" or "definitely" would purchase the brown cookies, whereas only 5.9% would buy green, non‐treated cookies. These data suggest that esterase‐catalyzed breakdown of chlorogenic acid represents an effective strategy to upcycle sunflower meal for baking applications. Practical Application: Sunflower meal is currently used as animal fodder or discarded. A major factor preventing sunflower meal use is its high chlorogenic acid content, which causes a green discoloration of baked goods made from sunflower meals under alkaline conditions. This study presents a sensory analysis in which panelists evaluate cookies made with sunflower flour that was treated with an esterase that breaks down chlorogenic acid. The results show that enzymatic treatment prevents greening and that panelists strongly prefer esterase‐treated, non‐green cookies, thus demonstrating the feasibility of utilizing sunflower flour in baking applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sunflower seeds are rich in protein and can be an excellent raw material for the production of umami peptides. In this study, sunflower seed meal, which was defatted at a low temperature, was taken as the raw material, and proteins were separated, followed by hydrolyzation for 4 h by flavourzyme® to obtain hydrolysates with strong umami intensity. These hydrolysates were deamidated using glutaminase to increase the umami intensity. The highest umami value of 11.48 was recorded for hydrolysates deamidated for 6 h, and the umami intensity was determined. The umami hydrolysates mixed with 8.92 mmol IMP + 8.02 mmol MSG showed the highest umami value of 25.21. Different concentrations of ethanol were used for further separation of hydrolysates, and the highest umami value of 13.54 was observed for 20% ethanol fraction. The results of this study provide utilization method for sunflower seed meal protein and a theoretical basis for the preparation of umami peptides. Practical Application: A large number of sunflower seed meals after oil production are used as feed for livestock and poultry. Sunflower seed meal is rich in protein, and umami amino acid composition in sunflower seed meal is up to 25%–30%, which is potentially an excellent raw material for the production of umami peptides. The umami flavor and synergistic effect of obtained hydrolysates, with MSG and IMP, were analyzed in the present study. We intend to provide a novel way for utilization of protein from sunflower seed meal along with a theoretical basis for the preparation of umami peptides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Brewer's spent yeast (BSY) is a byproduct of the beer industry, rich in proteins and bioactive compounds. The effects of BSY were investigated through a 6-week feeding trial on 30 lactating dairy Blackhead sheep (54.7 ± 5.66 kg, 177.34 days in milk) distributed under a completely randomised design in two groups: a control group (with soybean meal and sunflower meal as protein sources), and a BSY group, where soybean meal was totally replaced by BSY (5.4% inclusion, DM basis). The inclusion of BSY led to a 25% decrease in ruminal propionate and in the acetate/propionate ratio. BSY influenced the milk fatty acid profile by significantly decreasing the omega 6: omega 3 ratio and increasing the contents of caproic, capric, and lauric acids. Also, the inclusion of BSY was associated with an increase in the milk's total polyphenols. Consistently, determinations of the parameters of the milk fat's oxidative stability revealed a decrease in conjugated diene contents. Moreover, the mineral contents of milk were influenced, with an increase in Ca content noted. Overall, these results indicate that BSY represents an alternative feedstuff for ruminants' nutrition, which could have the potential to induce changes in ruminal fermentation and milk composition that are beneficial for consumers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sunflowers are among the world's most widely cultivated oilseeds with an interesting nutritional composition. A biomass composed mainly of carbohydrates, fibers, and proteins is generated from sunflower oil production. In this context, the objective of this study was to investigate the application of emerging technologies to sunflower biomass to obtain an edible protein-rich flour with the potential to be exploited in the food industry. The effects of the optimized conditions for the sequential processing of sunflower meal using supercritical carbon dioxide (SCO2) and high-intensity ultrasound (HIUS) were investigated. The protein structure was preserved even after the application of HIUS to the flour as verified through differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and the electrophoresis curves. The fact that the HIUS treatment did not modify the protein structure demonstrates that this emerging technology could be incorporated into the processing chain of this new food ingredient (sunflower flour) without promoting damage to the nutritional value of the product regarding its protein content. At a pH of 7.0, the flour showed only 30% solubility, and HIUS application improved both the formation and the stability of the emulsion when compared to the other samples. The preliminary evaluation of cell viability (caco2 cells) showed its protective potential against reactive oxygen species. Therefore, the flour resulting from the green processes presented the potential to be employed as an ingredient in the food industry, presenting a technological and nutritional potential when considering its chemical composition. In addition to the novel edible flour, the phenolic compounds obtained a present potential as a functional ingredient to be incorporated into foods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article states that until 2022, Ukraine will occupy the first place in the world food market in the production of sunflower, sunflower oil and export of sunflower oil. The production of sunflower has always been sufficiently profitable, and the products of its processing competitive on the domestic and world markets. They are also an important component of food and feed protein resources. The production of complete ration compound feed for farm animals and poultry is restrained by a shortage of protein components, a low level of sanitary and hygienic safety of protein raw materials of animal origin. This leads to a decrease in the efficiency of feed, their costs and, as it should be, a shortage of livestock products. Cake and meal are high-protein raw materials, which are obtained in the amount of 1/3 of the mass of processed seeds during the production of sunflower oil. The fodder value of sunflower cake and meal is given. Factors that negatively affect the nutritional value and availability of nutrients of sunflower meal in the feed of farm animals and poultry were analyzed. The choice of components for the production of high-protein feed additive is theoretically justified. The indicators of the quality of sunflower seeds and by-products of their processing, which meet the requirements of DSTU, have been determined. On the basis of theoretical and experimental data, a structural scheme for the production of a high-protein feed supplement based on sunflower cake and meal is proposed, which involves the preliminary preparation of the by-products of sunflower oil production - cake and meal, with the following dosage in the amount: 75% sunflower meal, 10% sunflower cake and 15% limestone flour. The physical properties and microbiological indicators of the quality of a highprotein feed additive were experimentally determined, and it was determined that, compared to a loose, granular high-protein feed additive, it has the following advantages: increased nutritional value, has a greater volumetric weight, sanitary quality, which leads to saving space during transportation and better storage.

The study aimed to evaluate the effect of processing and pH on gastric protein solubilization kinetics in sunflower meal (SFM) products using porcine digestion simulation model. The SFM samples were derived from diverse processing approaches: 1) dehulled-cold pressed (SFM_CP), 2) dehulled-solventextracted (SFM_SE), and 3) application of electrostatic separation technology on SFM_SE to generate high crude protein (CP) version (SFM_SEP). Soybean meal (SBM) was included for reference comparison (Table 1). Considering the complex factors influencing retention time, gastric pH, and pepsin secretion, the study employed multiple sampling times, and pH levels. A total of 500 mg CP equivalent of each sample (in triplicates) was mixed with 25 mL of 0.1 M phosphate buffer (pH 6.0) and 2 mL of pepsin (27 mg/mL). The pH was adjusted to either 1.5, 2.5, 3.5 or 4.5 using 1 M HCl and placed in incubator shaker (200 rpm) at 39°C. Samples were taken at 0, 30, 60, and 90 min, snapfrozen in liquid nitrogen, stored frozen, later thawed at 4°C, centrifuged (15,000 × g for 10 min) and supernatants analyzed for CP. The data were analyzed using Proc GLIMIXX in SAS while Gompertz equation was used to describe the gastric protein solubilization kinetics. The model included the fixed effects of protein source or processing, stomach pH and their interaction on the gastric CP solubility at 90 min and gastric protein solubility kinetics (A-maximum solubilized CP, Wo- initial CP solubility, Ku- solubilization rate, Titime to inflection). The analyzed CP SBM, SFM_CP, SFM_SE, and SFM_SEP, were 514.4, 524.4, 393.5, and 484.2 g/kg DM, respectively. Gastric CP solubility increased with lower pH and longer incubation time (P < 0.05), which corresponded well with the optimum pH of pepsin activity around 2. Compared with SFM, SBM had the least (P < 0.05) gastric CP solubility at pH 4.5 and 3.5, and the least predicted maximum gastric CP solubility (A) at pH 4.5, 3.5 and 2.5 (P < 0.05; Table 2). SFM_CP showed the greatest predicted initial gastric CP solubility at 0 h (Wo) and A (P < 0.05). Electrostatic fractionation of SFM_SE (SFM_SEP) enhanced gastric CP solubility at pH 3.5 and 2.5 and reduced the solubility time to inflection point (Ti; P < 0.05). In conclusion, data indicated that cold pressing SFM increased gastric CP solubility relative to solvent extraction. However, electrostatic fractionation of SFM_SE improved protein gastric solubility. While SBM remains a standard, incorporating the studied sunflower meals with their fast CP digestion kinetics in feed formulation could improve protein utilization in young animals with high stomach pH. In vivo studies, particularly on ileal amino acid digestibility, are crucial to validate these findings. Sunflower meal tables_FMN.pdf. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Questions of mathematical calculation of combined flour systems with improved amino acid composition have been studied. To create such systems, it is proposed to use secondary products of oilseeds processing – meal, namely soybean, linseed and sunflower. The expediency of using the indicated meals is substantiated. It is emphasized that in order to create scientific foundations and practical directions for the use of new raw materials in the production of flour products, comprehensive studies are needed to study its composition, physical and chemical properties, as well as the impact on the quality of finished products. The amino acid composition of the proteins of these meals and wheat flour was experimentally determined. Calculated amino acid score. Particular attention is paid to the mathematical calculation of the composition of oilseed meal, which, in terms of amino acid composition, is as close as possible to the reference protein. The mass fractions of soybean, flaxseed and sunflower meal proteins in the composition were determined, namely: 0.51, 0.2 and 0.29, respectively. The amino acid composition and the biological value of the protein of the obtained meal composition were established. It was shown that for such amino acids as lysine, the amount of sulphurous (methionine + cystine) and threonine amino acid score of combined flour systems increased by 0.7–2 times compared to that of wheat flour. The ratio of soybean, linseed and sunflower meal in the composition of the improved amino acid composition in percentage terms was obtained: 44:25:31. Mathematically calculated the content and rate of essential amino acids in systems, which in their composition contain 90– 80% wheat flour and 10–20% composition of oilseed meal. The results of studies of such systems showed that the moisture index is almost the same, and the acidity index is slightly higher than the index (4.68 versus 3.03 degrees) for premium wheat flour. Trial baking of bread was carried out, it’s organoleptic, and physico-chemical parameters were determined in comparison with bread based on premium wheat flour. In a bread sample based on combined flour systems, the moisture content is 39.34%; porosity – 77.15%; acidity – 1.83 degrees. The characteristics of the developed systems make it easy to introduce it into the technological process of existing enterprises for the production of bakery products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main objective of the research carried out, was to determine the impact due to additional feeding on the specific performance of milk production in Botoșani Karakul sheep breed. In order to achieve the main objective of the research, two groups of adult females between three and six years of age were formed. Both lots were maintained under similar conditions, applying a traditional technology based on feeding them from the stock during the cold season and on pasture during the warm season. The experimental treatment was represented by the fact that L2 benefited from additional feeding applied 25 days before the mating date. This batch received a 170 g amount each morning consisting of a mixture of cultivated cereals (ground corn, sunflower meal, barley and oat grains). Live weight and body condition evaluation at mating time indicates a 2.41 kg higher live weight at L2 but also an improvement in body condition by 0.31 points. For live weight, a significant difference between groups was obtained for P≤0.05. Regarding the milk production obtained from the females in relation to the BCS assigned to L1 the biggest difference was between BCS = 3.0 and BCS = 1.5 and in L2 between BCS = 2.5 and BCS = 1.5, both situations being significant for P<0.01. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to evaluate rumen degradation kinetics and intestinal digestibility of low-protein fraction from sunflower meal (LPSFM). Three non-lactating Jersey cows with an average body weight of 436 ± 18 kg fitted with a rumen and T-type duodenal cannulas were used in the experiment. Five samples of LPSFM from different batches produced in 20-d intervals were collected and incubated in the rumen of the cows for 0, 2, 4, 8, 16, 24 and 48 h in 6 replicates. The average CP content of LPSFM was 175 (SD = 6.98) g/kg. Data were fitted to nonlinear regression model and analyzed statistically using SPSS. The soluble or rapidly degradable fraction а of LPSFM dry matter (DM) ranged from 105 to 137 (SD = 11.3) g/kg. The effective degradability of DM at assumed rumen outflow rate of 0.06/h ranged from 293 to 338 (SD= 16.3) g/kg. Fraction a of CP ranged from 124 to 189 (SD = 23.9) g/kg. Effective degradability of LPSFM CP at rumen outflow rate of 0.06/h ranged from 515 to 560 g/kg (SD = 16.2). Intestinal digestibility of LPSFM (after 16-h rumen incubation) DM and CP measured by the mobile bag technique varied from 318 to 349 g/kg (SD = 10.5) and from 766 to 820 g/kg (SD = 17.7), respectively. The average estimated Protein Digestible in the small Intestine (PDI) and Rumen Protein Balance (RPB) of the LPSFM samples analyzed in the current study, following equations in the Bulgarian feed evaluation system (at 0.06/h outflow rate), were 113 (SD = 1.67) g/kg and 125 (SD = 14.9) g/kg, respectively. The protein degradability and digestibility values obtained in this experiment can be effectively used in formulating rations for ruminant animals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Central European Agriculture is the property of Journal of Central European Agriculture and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Context: Some studies have investigated the application of sunflower meal (SFM) in feeding livestock and poultry. However, there have been few researches related to fermenting SFM. Aims: In this experiment, the neutral detergent fibre degradability and increase rate of crude protein were used as rapid evaluation indicators of solid-state fermentation (SSF), and the response-surface methodology was used to optimise the process conditions for SSF of SFM with the mixed fermentation agent (Bacillus subtilis H-12, Saccharomyces cerevisiae Y-5 and Trichoderma longibrachiatum). Methods: Box-Behnken design with three factors and three levels was adopted. The process conditions were fermentation temperature (28°C, 32°C, 36°C), duration of time (48 h, 72 h, 96 h), and moisture to substrate ratio (MSR; 50 %, 100%, 150 % (v/m)). The nutritional quality and feeding value of the original SFM and fermented SFM were evaluated under the optimal process conditions according to response-surface methodology. Key results: The results showed that the optimal process conditions for SSF of SFM were as follows: fermentation temperature 31.7°C, duration of time 72.2 h, and MSR 106.4%; the contents of crude protein (44.82%), true protein (42.40%) and total amino acid (36.77%) in fermented SFM were significantly increased compared with those of original SFM (P < 0.05); the neutral detergent fibre, crude fibre and chlorogenic acid contents were decreased significantly (P < 0.05); the index values of metal elements, vomitoxin, aflatoxin and coliform were all lower than the national limit standards. Conclusion: The nutritional quality and feeding value of SFM were improved by microbial SSF, while the potential risks of harmful toxins and microbial contamination were reduced. Implications: The results of this study will contribute to the research on the development of protein-feed raw materials and explore the application of SFM in feed industry. Some studies have investigated the application of sunflower meal (SFM) on feeding livestock poultry. However, there have been few researches related to ferment SFM. In this experiment, the solid-state fermentation process of SFM was optimised. The results showed that the nutritional quality and feeding value of SFM were improved by microbial SSF. The results of this study will contribute to the research on the development of protein-feed raw materials for animals and explore the application of SFM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a probiotic on in situ ruminal DM, OM, CP and starch degradability values in some energy and protein sources commonly used in ruminant nutrition. In this study, the in situ degradation kinetics and fractions of dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, and starch of 6 different feedstuffs (barley, wheat, corn, sunflower seed meal, cottonseed meal and soybean meal) commonly used in animal nutrition were determined. Three ruminally cannulated Bafra sheep were used in the experiment. The experiment was designed as carryover experimental design with two periods. Each period of the experiment, samples were incubated for 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24, and 48 h in the rumen of 3 sheep in duplicate. Degradation kinetics and fractions of DM, OM, CP, and starch were calculated. During the entire incubation period, the DM, OM, CP, and starch degradabilities and fractions of the feedstuffs significantly differed (p < 0.01), and the feed probiotic interaction was observed for all incubation hours for the ruminal DM, OM, CP, and starch degradabilities (p < 0.04). While the DM, OM, and CP degradabilities, except 48-h incubation, were affected by probiotic supplementation of diet, starch degradabilities were affected by probiotic supplementation of diet at all incubation hours. While the potentially degradable starch fractions of the feedstuffs generally increased due to the use of probiotics, it was observed that the nondegradable fractions significantly decreased (p < 0.01). It can be concluded that Saccharomyces cerevisiae significantly increased the ruminal DM, OM, CP degradations within the 12-h incubation period of all feeds, except corn. It was observed that the addition of Saccharomyces cerevisiae into diet increased the starch degradation values in the starch-rich cereal grains and soybean meal and affected starch fractions, especially by decreasing the water-soluble and nondegradable starch fractions and increasing the potentially degradable starch fraction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper considers the way to solve the problem of processing waste from the oil and fat industry, namely sunflower and soybean meals, which are a source of many valuable substances. The peculiarity of the work lies in determining the rational ratio of the base components of extruded animal feed, which is an important aspect of obtaining highquality competitive products. The research object is the use of oil and fat industry waste in extruded animal feed technology. The rational ratio of the components of extruded animal feed has been determined. The rational ratio of animal feed components is: sunflower meal – 0.40 parts by weight; soybean meal – 0.25 parts by weight; oatmeal – 0.35 parts by weight. The animal feed sample with justified composition corresponds to the commercial analogue in terms of porosity (72 % and 76 %, respectively) and cost ($285/t and $285/t, respectively). In addition, the extruded feed with the developed composition exceeds the commercial analogue in terms of protein content by 3.2 times and essential amino acids content by 2.9 times. The obtained data are explained by the use of a complex of components, namely oil and fat waste and starch-containing grain raw materials with various limiting amino acids and various technological features of the extruded mass of their mixture. The feature of the obtained results is the possibility to control the technological characteristic (porosity) of the finished product depending on the components ratio, which allows changing product characteristics according to consumer requirements. The research results make it possible to efficiently process secondary products of oilseed processing into a new competitive marketable product. From a practical point of view, the technology makes it possible to reduce the cost of storage/utilization of industry waste, get additional income from new products sales and improve environmental conditions. The applied aspect of using the scientific result is the possibility to create a range of animal feed with different technological indicators depending on the components ratio. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The intensive use of plant materials as a sustainable alternative for fish feed production, combined with their phytochemical content, which affects the growth and production characteristics of farmed fishes, necessitates their monitoring for the presence of raw materials of plant origin. This study reported herein concerns the development, validation and application of a workflow using high-performance liquid chromatography combined with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) for the quantification of 67 natural phytoestrogens in plant-derived raw materials that were used to produce fish feeds. Specifically, we verified the presence of 8 phytoestrogens in rapeseed meal samples, 20 in soybean meal samples, 12 in sunflower meal samples and only 1 in wheat meal samples in quantities enabling their efficient incorporation into clusters. Among the various constituents, the soybean phytoestrogens daidzein, genistein, daidzin, glycitin, apigenin, calycosin and coumestrol, as well as the sunflower neochlorogenic, caffeic and chlorogenic phenolic acids, displayed the highest correlations with their origin descriptions. A hierarchical cluster analysis of the studied samples, based on their phytoestrogen contents, led to the efficient clustering of raw materials. The accuracy and efficiency of this clustering were tested through the incorporation of additional samples of soybean meal, wheat meal and maize meal, which verified the utilization of the phytoestrogen content as a valuable biomarker for the discrimination of raw materials used for fish feed production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The increasing price of raw materials used in lambs fattening diets imposes to look for cheaper feedstuff able to replace the traditional and more expensive ingredients. This study aimed to investigate the effect of including corn dried distillers grains as a feed ingredient in lambs fattening diet. Methods: The study was performed during the year 2021. Thirty lambs (aged 3 months) were divided randomly into two groups (15 lambs/group). The experiment lasted for 110 days divided in two fattening phases. The groups were fed with diets of compound feed, barley hay and corn silage differentiated by the inclusion level of corn dried distiller's grain in compound feed. Diets were isoprotein and isoenergetic. Result: The results of this study showed that the inclusion of corn dried distillers grain in lamb's diets improved feed consumption, feed cost, growth performance and carcass parameters. These results proved that it is an efficient and economical feed ingredient that can be used successfully by farmers in lambs fattening diets as a single source of protein and energy in the compound feed up to 30 kg live weight and as a substitute for sunflower meal, over this body weight. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sunflower meal (SFM) is a basic and cheap source of feed protein in Bulgaria. Its use is limited by the high content of hulls, which decrease its energy and protein value, and by low content of the amino acids lysine and threonine. In ruminants, an additional problem is a high degradability of protein. For more than ten years a new technology for separation of SFM in low and high cellulose fractions was developed and applied. The low cellulose fraction contains 46 or 50% crude protein (HPSFM-46 or -50). It is suitable for feeding poultry, growing pigs and lactating sows. To increase utilization of diet is necessary for SFM to be supplemented with fat, synthetic amino acids (lysine, threonine), enzymes (phithase, ß-glucanase, xylanase, protease) and eventually to be pelleted. The high cellulose fraction (17% crude protein) contains too much impregnation by lignin and silica hulls, which limit including in rations. After additional removal of parts of hulls and supplementation with molasses, minerals and vitamins, it may become acceptable concentrate feed (app. 25% CP) for low productive ruminants (dry cows, first stage of fattening animals, replacing heifers, lambs, and kids). It is necessary to prove possibilities to use this low protein fraction in rations of rabbits, pregnant sows and during the finishing period of fattening pigs. SFM for high productive ruminants should be toasted to decrease degradability and increase utilization of protein. Studies are needed for better estimation of the feeding characteristics of different new SFM products, for optimizing combinations with other protein sources, and for establishing the best composition of feed mixtures for different species and categories of animal. Trials are needed for estimation of the degree of replacement of soybean meal by new SFM products and its economic impact on animal production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two in vitro studies were carried out on nonlactating dairy cows. Experiment 1 compared the methanogenesis and rumen fermentation parameters of various microalgae (Spirulina platensis, Chlorella vulgaris, and Schizochytrium spp.) and protein feeds (sunflower meal, soybean meal, and alfalfa hay) with monensin (MON). Rumen fermentation parameters were determined by an in vitro gas production system. Experiment 2 compared the ability of three microalgae to prevent acidosis. They were tested for 6 h against oat straw (100 mg) and MON (12 g/mL) to ameliorate ruminal acidosis caused by the addition of glucose (0.1 g/mL) as a fermentable carbohydrate with rumen fluid. In experiment 1, there were variations in the nutrient content of microalgae and protein sources. The dry matter content of the substrates ranged from 90 to 94%, and the organic matter content ranged from 82 to 88%, with Schizochytrium spp. having the highest. Protein content in algae and protein feeds ranged from 18–62% of dry matter (DM) to 16–48% DM, with S. platensis and C. vulgaris having the highest. The ether extract of Schizochytrium spp. (45.5% DM) was the highest of any substrate. In vitro rumen fermentation revealed that protein feeds increased the cumulative gas production at the highest level while MON caused a decrease. Ruminal pH was found to be higher in MON (6.95) and protein feeds (6.77–6.81) than in algae (6.37–6.50). In addition, in terms of metabolizable energy and digestible organic matter, protein feeds outperformed algae. The MON produced the least amount of methane (CH4) of any substrate, but Schizochytrium spp. demonstrated potential for CH4 reduction. In these groups, the decrease in CH4 production was accompanied by a decrease in total volatile fatty acids, acetate, and the acetate-to-propionate ratio, but an increase in propionate. Experiment 2 revealed MON as the most effective cure for controlling acidosis. However, C. vulgaris and Schizochytrium spp. had an effect on medium culture pH and demonstrated potential for acidosis prevention. This study found that algae can influence ruminal fermentation, have the potential to reduce CH4 production, and may reduce acidosis incidence rates. These assumptions, however, must be validated through in vivo studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: The presence of phenolic compounds in sunflower is well reported in the literature; however, knowledge is scarce when it comes to the composition of other secondary metabolites in this species and their by-products. This work evaluated, for the first time, the phytochemical composition of sunflower meal produced in Brazil. A combination of mixture design and central composite rotatable design 2³ models was then applied to maximize the recovery of bioactive compounds using ecologically friendly solvents and concentrating by applying activated carbon, a sustainable adsorbent. The product of this extraction-concentration was also evaluated by an untargeted metabolomic approach using ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. RESULTS: A diverse and abundant profile of phenolic compounds was obtained from Brazilian sunflower meal: in total, 51 natural products were tentatively identified, 35 of which for the first time in sunflower. The sorption capacity of the activated charcoal, in the optimized process conditions, was effective in the separation and concentration of minority secondary metabolites. The ecofriendly extract proved to be enriched in plumberoside, p-coumaric acid, and alkaloids. CONCLUSIONS: Investigation of the phytochemical profile of sunflower meal produced in Brazil pointed to several secondary metabolites reported for the first time in sunflower samples, including phenolic compounds, alkaloids, and terpenes. The use of activated charcoal in an alkaline medium as an adsorbent for the concentration of these phytochemicals, from an aqueous extract, generated a potentially cost-effective, ecofriendly extract, enriched in minor metabolites, indicating a possible innovative way to selectively obtain these compounds from sunflower meal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: The objective of the present study was to assess the suitability of an enzymatic laboratory method to estimate ruminal protein degradation. In situ data were used as reference. Appropriate in vitro methods are important to overcome methodological and ethical shortcomings, associated with the use of experimental animals. A cluster analysis was performed on the basis of differences between in vitro and in situ protein degradation. Among the 40 feedstuffs we tested, this difference was lowest in legume grains and highest in cereal by-products and barley. The feedstuffs clustered unspecific, not relatable to nutrient composition, origin or treatment. However, it was often obvious that additional carbohydrate-degrading enzymes should be used to assist the laboratory method, based solely on protease, to make it more conform with the in situ reference data. Effective degradation (ED) of crude protein (CP) was estimated in vitro at 0.02, 0.05 and 0.08 h−1 assumed ruminal passage rates for a total of 40 feedstuffs, for which in situ ED was available and used as reference degradation values. For this, the Streptomyces griseus protease test was used. The differences between in vitro CP degradation and the in situ CP degradation values were lowest in legume grains and highest in cereal by-products and barley. The differences between in situ and in vitro ED were expressed using a degradation quotient (degQ), where degQ = (EDin vitro − EDin situ)/EDin situ. Among the tested feedstuffs, eight specific clusters were identified according to degQ for the assumed passage rates. The feedstuffs clustered in an unspecific way, i.e., feedstuffs of different nutrient composition, origin or treatment did not necessarily group together. Formaldehyde–treated rapeseed meal, soybean meal, wheat, a treated lupin, sunflower meal and barley could not be assigned to any of the clusters. Groupwise degradation (range of degQ for assumed passage rates are given in brackets) was detected in grass silages (−0.17, −0.11), cereal by-products together with sugar beet pulp (−0.47, −0.35) and partly in legume grains (−0.14, 0.14). The clustering probably based on different specific nutrient composition and matrix effects that influence the solubility of feed protein and limit the performance of the protease. The matrix can be affected by treatment (chemically, thermally or mechanically), changing the chemical and physical structure of the protein within the plant. The S. griseus protease test had reliable sensitivity to reflect differences between native feedstuffs and treatments (thermally or chemically) that were found in situ. The in situ results, however, are mostly underestimated. The clustering results do not allow a clear conclusion on the groupwise or feed-specific use of carbohydrate-degrading enzymes as pre- or co-inoculants as part of the S. griseus protease test and need to be tested for its potential to make this test more conform with in situ data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study evaluates the consequences of a change in pig and poultry protein nutrition through compound feed over time in France, on raw materials consumption, economic performances, and environmental impacts. It has been conducted using the "Prospective Aliments" model by Céréopa, which applies the principles of linear programming at a national scale (France). The study is based on a prospective approach. A decrease of 1 and 2 percentage points in pig and poultry feed crude protein (CP) content is applied (CP-1 or CP-2, respectively). As a consequence, consumptions of raw materials for total French compound feed production change drastically, by using rapeseed meals, over soybean meals (−425 000 t for CP-2) and sunflower meals, and including more grains, with maize replacing wheat. This shows that the feed CP content of commercial feed can be decreased at a national scale, yielding significant environmental benefits. This raises the question of developing an incentive-based policy to absorb potential over costs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pretreating fibrous feedstuffs with exogenous enzymes may improve their utilization in broiler chickens. Pretreatment of wheat middlings (WM) and sunflower meal (SM) with fiber degrading enzymes (FDE) was investigated for 1) in vitro solubilization of crude protein (CP) and fiber-degrading (experiment 1), and 2) apparent retention (AR) of CP, neutral detergent fiber (NDF), nitrogen corrected apparent metabolizable energy (AMEn), as well as the concentration of ceca digesta metabolites in broiler chickens (experiment 2). In experiment 1, WM was pretreated with FDE and SM with FDE ± protease and incubated in a shaker for 24 or 48 h at 40°C and 200 rpm. Samples were centrifuged, and the supernatant used for assay of sugars and organic acids and pellet processed for determination of apparent disappearance (AD) of dry matter (DM), fiber, and CP solubilization. In experiment 2, WM and SM were pretreated with FDE for 24 h, oven-dried, and incorporated in iso-caloric and iso-nitrogenous experimental diets. Diets were: 1) a corn–soybean meal positive control (PC); 2) PC plus untreated WM and SM (negative control, NC), and diets 3, 4, 5, and 6 test diets, in which the untreated WM and SM in NC were replaced with pretreated WM and SM at 25% (N25), 50% (N50), 75% (N75), and 100% (N100), respectively. Diets were prepared in mash form in two phases (starter, days 0 to 21 and finisher, days 22 to 42) and had TiO2 (0.3%) as an indigestible marker. A total of 288 Ross708 d-old male broiler chicks were placed in cages based on body weights (6 birds/cage) and allocated diets (n  = 8). Birds had free access to feed and water. Samples of excreta for AR and AMEn, and of ceca digesta for the concentration of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) were collected at the end of each phase. Pretreatment with FDE increased (P  < 0.001) solubilization of CP, AD of NDF, and release of sugars and organic acids in the supernatant. The mixture of FDE and protease further increased (P  < 0.001) CP solubilization in SM. Feeding pretreated WM and SM had a linear response (P  ≤ 0.038) on AMEn, and gross energy (GE) (day 21) and a quadratic response (P  < 0.05) on AR of components and AMEn (day 42) and concentration of total SCFA on day 42. On day 42, N25 and N50 had higher AR of DM, CP, NDF, and GE than N75 and N100. In conclusion, pretreatment of WM and SM with enzymes increased CP and fiber degradation. Incorporating moderate amounts (N25 and N50) of pretreated WM and SM in a corn–soybean meal diet fed to broiler chickens improved nutrient and energy utilization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Compound feed and the raw materials used in their production are potential vectors of microbiological contamination in the food chain. The purpose of this study was to microbiologically asses raw materials (maize, wheat, soybean meal, and sunflower meal), and broiler compound feed (starter, grower, and finisher) from a representative feed mill in Romania; the microbiological contaminants that were analyzed were yeasts and molds, Salmonella spp., Escherichia coli, and Clostridium perfringens. Our study occured during the years 2019 and 2020; in 2019, 191 samples of raw materials and 360 samples of compound feed were analyzed and in 2020, 143 samples of raw materials and 241 samples of compound feed were analzyed. Among the tested samples of raw materials, the mean values of the yeasts and molds for maize, wheat, soybean, and sunflower meal were 1.3 × 103, 9.5 × 102, 6.4 × 102, and 7.4 × 102 cfu/g in 2019 and 1.5 × 103, 1.0 × 103, 5.2 × 102, and 7.1 × 102 cfu/g in 2020. In the analyzed compound feed samples, the mean amounts for the starter, grower, and finisher were 5.9 × 102, 4.2 × 102, and 4.2 × 102 cfu/g in 2019 and 5.3 × 102, 6.5 × 102, and 5.8 × 102 cfu/g in 2020. Potentially toxigenic fungi from Aspergillus, Penicillium, and Fusarium genera have been identified as the most common in all of the samples. In the raw materials, in both years the highest numbers of Aspergillus-positive samples were recorded: 66.6% in 2019 and 100% in 2020 for the maize samples, 50% in 2019 and 75% in 2020 for the wheat samples, 76% in 2019 and 87.5% in 2020 for the soybean meal samples and 71.4% in 2019 and 100% in 2020 for the sunflower meal. In the starter compound feed, the Aspergillus genera was prevailing in 2019 (46.6%), while in 2020, the species of the Penicillium and Cladosporium genera were identified in the majority of the samples (50%); for the grower and finisher compound feed, the Aspergillus genera was predominantly identified in 2019 (60% and 72.2% of the samples, respectively) and 2020 (61.5% and 46.6%, respectively). All of the results of the bacteriological analysis for determining the contamination with Salmonella spp., E. coli, and Clostridium perfringens were negative. Based on the results obtained in this study, monitoring and analysis of microbiological hazards in a feed mill will help to control and prevent contamination and have a direct impact on food safety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the study was to evaluate the properties of by-products obtained from the oil industry, to identify the content of bioactive compounds and to test the safety of their reintroduction in the food industry. Three sunflower meals obtained after cold-pressing of whole (WSM), partially dehulled (PSM) and total dehulled (TSM) sunflower seeds were used. A higher protein, ash and fiber content was obtained for WSM, followed by PSM, and TSM meals. Conversely, the lipid content was higher in TSM and PSM, and lower in WSM meals. Sunflower meals are important sources of unsaturated fatty acids (more linoleic than oleic acid), the content ranging between 82.74 and 86.72%. Additionally, sunflower meals represent a significant source of compounds with antioxidant activity. TSM showed the highest concentration of total polyphenols and total flavonoids, while WSM the lowest. The values of antioxidant activity were higher for TSM compared to PSM and WSM. The weak cytotoxic activity at concentrations lower than 6.25 mg/mL, as well as cell viability which is not affected by the action of PSM and TSM but even increases in the case of WSM, give sunflower meals the potential to be added as ingredients in the production of functional foods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The most used protein sources in ruminant nutrition are considered as having negative impacts in terms of environmental sustainability and competition with human nutrition. Therefore, the investigation of alternative and sustainable feedstuffs is becoming a priority in ruminant production systems. Results: This trial was designed to evaluate eight full-fat insect meals (Acheta domesticus – ACD; Alphitobius diaperinus – ALD; Blatta lateralis – BL; Gryllus bimaculatus – GB; Grylloides sygillatus – GS; Hermetia illucens – HI; Musca domestica – MD; and Tenebrio molitor – TM) as potential protein and lipid sources in ruminant nutrition. Fermentation parameters and fatty acids (FA) of rumen digesta after 24-h in vitro ruminal incubation of the tested insect meals were measured and compared with those of three plant-based meals (soybean meal, rapeseed meal and sunflower meal) and fishmeal (FM). Similarly to FM, the insect meals led to a significantly lower total gas production (on average, 1.75 vs. 4.64 mmol/g dry matter—DM), methane production (on average, 0.33 vs. 0.91 mmol/g DM), volatile FA production (on average, 4.12 vs. 7.53 mmol/g DM), and in vitro organic matter disappearance (on average, 0.32 vs. 0.59 g/g) than those observed for the plant meals. The insect meals also led to lower ammonia of rumen fluid, when expressed as a proportion of total N (on average, 0.74 vs. 0.52 for the plant and insect meals, respectively), which could be an advantage provided that intestinal digestibility is high. Differences in ruminal fermentation parameters between the insect meals could be partially explained by their chitin, crude protein and ether extract contents, as well as by their FA profile. In particular, high content of polyunsaturated FA, or C12:0 (in HI), seems to partially inhibit the ruminal fermentations. Conclusions: The tested full-fat insect meals appear to be potentially an interesting protein and lipid source for ruminants, alternative to the less sustainable and commonly used ones of plant origin. The FA profile of the rumen digesta of ACD, ALD, GB, GS and TM, being rich in n-6 polyunsaturated FA, could be interesting to improve the quality of ruminant-derived food products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Globally, there is an increased demand for plant- and animal-derived proteins. However, animal-derived proteins are still expensive and expected to negatively impact the environment. Sunflower seeds, an excellent source of proteins, are one of the most critical oilseeds produced in the world markets. This study used sunflower meal protein isolate (SMPI), wheat flour (WF), and their blends to make pasta with good sensory features and higher nutritional value. The chemical and amino acid compositions, rheological properties, color attributes, cooking quality, sensory properties, and texture analysis of pasta were evaluated. SMPI showed a high protein content (87.12%) compared to WF (10.90%). The pasta was made from WF with supplementing SMPI at three concentrations (3.0, 6.0, and 9.0% w/w) to improve the nutritional quality. Farinograph parameters showed that water absorption, arrival time, dough development time, mixing tolerance index, dough weakening, and dough stability increased as the percentage of SMPI in the blends increased. The results also showed that the color (L*, a*, and b*) of pasta samples was darker as the mixing level of SMPI increased. The obtained sensorial results confirmed this result. The cooking quality of pasta revealed that the weight, volume, and cooking loss of prepared pasta with SMPI (3.0–9.0%) increased compared to the control sample (pasta with 100% WF). Moreover, sensory evaluation of pasta revealed that all samples were acceptable. Nonetheless, mouth feel and overall acceptability of pasta reinforced with 3.0 and 6.0% SMPI did not notably impact the pasta compared to the control sample, while flavor did not significantly influence the pasta with 3.0% SMPI. These findings demonstrated that pasta supplemented with SMPI could benefit the pasta industry, which requires a suitable technological process to obtain novel products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to determine the effects of fermentation parameters of sunflower oil, vegetable oil blend, palm oil and chicken oil addition to sunflower meal, wheat grain, alfalfa herbage and corn silage at different rates (4% and 6%, dry matter basis). The oil supplementation up to 6% rate to the alfalfa herbage and corn silage did not adversely affect the level of in vitro gas production, metabolic energy (ME), net energy lactation (NEL), organic matter digestion (OMD) and molarities of acetic, propionic, butyric, iso-valeric, iso-butyric and valeric acids and number of total protozoa (P > 0.05). The oil supplementation to alfalfa herbage increased molarities of butyric, iso-valeric, iso-butyric and valeric acids and number of total protozoa (except sunflower oil) in rumen fluid (P < 0.05). Palm oil decreased the in vitro gas production, ME, NEL and OMD values of sunflower meal (P < 0.05). Supplementation of vegetable oil blend to wheat grain increased ME, NEL and OMD values and butyric acid molarity in rumen fluid (P < 0.05). The in vitro ruminal ammonia–nitrogen concentrations of alfalfa herbage and corn silage increased by vegetable oil blend, palm oil and chicken oil up to 6% (P < 0.05). As a result, the nutrient content of the feedstuffs used changed the in vitro ruminal fermentation values of the oil additive to be added. The addition of sunflower oil, vegetable oil blend, palm oil and chicken oil at 4% and 6% rates to corn silage, alfalfa herbage, sunflower meal and wheat grain feed found to differ on in vitro ruminal fermentation parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Animal Science is the property of Canadian Science Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this study, dry fractionation process was proposed in order to obtain protein-enriched sunflower meal fractions. The process includes two-stage grinding using a hammer mill and a roll mill, and fractionation of sunflower meal by sieving. Central composite design (CCD) with four variables on three levels within response surface methodology was applied in order to estimate the influence of grinding parameters (sieve openings diameter of the hammer mill: 2, 4, and 6 mm, roll gap: 0.15, 0.2, and 0.25 mm, feed rate: 0.1, 0.175, and 0.25 kg/cm min, and roll speed: 400, 500, and 600 rpm) on responses (protein content, fraction yield and grinding energy consumption). Sieve openings diameter expressed the highest impact on fraction yield while roll gap expressed the most dominant influence on protein content in the fraction and grinding energy consumption. The highest protein content obtained was 48.06%(dm) with fraction yield of 77.22%. A multi-response optimization procedure was performed and optimal values were: sieve openings diameter of 2 mm, roll gap of 0.25 mm, feed rate of 0.2 kg/cm min, and roll speed of 400 rpm, while predicted values for a desired range of responses were: protein content 45.5%(dm), fraction yield 77.89%, and grinding energy consumption 8.31 Wh/kg. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of feeding diets containing sunflower and wheat middlings pre-treated with fibredegrading enzymes were investigated. Based on hatch body weight (BW), 288 Ross-708 male broiler chicks were placed in cages (six birds/cage). Diets were: 1) positive control (PC), a maize-soybean positive control; 2) negative control (NC), PC plus untreated sunflower meal (USM) and wheat middlings (UWM); and 3) four test diets in which USM and UWM were replaced with pre-treated sunflower (TSM) and wheat middlings (TWM) at 25% (NC25), 50% (NC50), 75% (NC75) and 100% (NC100). The pretreated feedstuffs were mixed with 1% of FDE in a ratio of 1:2 w/w for feedstuff:water and incubated for 24 hours at 40 °C, and oven-dried before feed preparation. Diets were formulated for two phases (starter, 0-21 d) and finisher (22-42 d). Diets were allocated in a completely randomized design (eight replicates per diet) and birds had free access to feed and water. Bodyweight (BW) and feed intake (FI) were monitored by phase, and one bird per cage was sacrificed on days 21 and 42 for samples. The BW and BW gain (BWG) of NC up to NC50 were not different relative to PC, but NC75 and NC100 were lower than PC throughout the study. On day 21, liver weight had increased linearly and on day 42, tibia length and diameter linearly decreased with the inclusion of TSM and TWM. In conclusion, TSM and TWM at low levels did not affect performance while high inclusion levels reduced the performance of the broilers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present work proposes the use of an agro-industrial residue from the sunflower crop as a feedstock to produce a low-cost adsorbent with a chemically modified surface bearing sulfonic groups. This modified low-cost adsorbent can be used for the removal of phenylalanine, and can also be applied in the process of obtaining a source of protein supplementation for patients with phenylketonuria. The functionalization of the adsorbent with sulfonic groups was adapted and presented advantages in terms of execution time, energy expenditure, number of reagents used and adsorbed amino acids. The produced adsorbent presented a surface area of 317.31 m2 g−1 with a predominance of micro- and mesopores, that influenced an approximate 30-fold reduction in adsorption equilibrium time. The optimization results indicated a higher adsorption capacity (39.64 mg g−1) in pH = 4; temperature of 25 °C and adsorbent dosage of 10 g L−1. The FTIR analyzes and the qualitative analysis of the elements present in the samples by EDS confirmed the introduction of sulfonic groups in the MPS500 coal. This work contributed to the understanding behind the adsorption of L-phenylalanine on charcoal surfaces functionalized with sulfonic groups, showing that they can be more selective for the adsorption of phenylalanine in a competitive system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To establish the zero nitrogen corrected apparent (AMEn-o) and the true (TMEn-o) metabolizable energy of two batches high – protein (dehulled, with 45 and 50% crude protein in DM) sunflower meal. Material and Methods: Standardized methods for balance experiments with poultry. The roosters were 1 year old – White Plymouth Rock – race. Six birds were tube fed and six feed deprived per each batch of fodder. Separately experiments with intact and caecoectomized roosters were conducted. Results: The following levels (J/g DM) have been established: Batch 45%: (AMЕn-o): intact: 8430, caecoectomized: 8317, mean: 8373; (TMЕn-o): intact: 9221, caecoectomized: 9108, mean: 9164. For the batch 50% the results were: 9281, 10061, mean - 96711 and 9943, 10973, mean - 10458 J/g DM respectively. Conclusion: The authors suggest that both feed batches can replace isoenergetic soybean meal in combined fodders for poultry.

The native sunflower meal protein (SFMP) offers promising applications in food structuring and functionality. To enhance the feasibility and efficiency of SFMP utilization, this study investigated the effects of alkaline pH-shifting modification on its functional, physicochemical, and structural properties. The structural changes induced by alkaline pH-shifting were evaluated using Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analyses, revealing a significant increase in the random coil content from 5.13% in native protein (NP) to 31.38% in modified protein (MP). Furthermore, pH-shifting resulted in an expansion of the crystallization area in the 20° region and a reduction in the 10° zone. Additionally, Pickering emulsions (CNPE and CMPE) produced using chitosan were found to have higher emulsion stability compared to conventional emulsions (NPE and MPE). The samples with the highest absolute ζ-potential values were CMP (52.03 ± 0.78) and CNP (52.26 ± 1.89). Notably, CMP exhibited the best emulsion stability, with particle sizes of 19.98 ± 0.92 µm and 22.29 ± 1.03 µm on the first and fourteenth day, respectively. Overall, this study successfully demonstrated the creation of stable emulsions from SFMP isolate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the effects of sunflower meal (SFM) inclusion at 15% in turkey diets containing an enzyme cocktail on growth performance, organ weights, nutrient digestibility, and carcass traits in turkey toms. A total of 180 one-day-old turkey toms were divided into 20 pens in a randomized complete block design and fed a corn-soybean meal-based basal diet (CON diet) containing phytase, protease, and nonstarch polysaccharide degrading enzymes (NSPase ; xylanase, glucanase, cellulase, invertase, protease, and amylase) or where 15% SFM was added at the expense of corn and soybean meal (SFM diet). The diets were formulated to meet the nutrient recommendations for the turkey breed and fed to the turkeys in 7 feeding phases until market. Feeding the SFM diet increased (P < 0.05) body weight (BW) at the end of week 4 and BW gain for 0 to 4 wk. Feed conversion ratio for 0 to 4 wk was also decreased (P = 0.085). The SFM diet had similar (P > 0.10) apparent ileal digestibility of dry matter and amino acids and apparent total tract digestibility of dry matter and crude protein compared to CON diet. Dietary treatments did not influence (P > 0.10) hot carcass yield, cold carcass yield, and yield of breasts, thighs, drumsticks, and wings compared to those of turkeys fed the CON diets. In conclusion, SFM can be included at 15% in corn-soybean meal-based diet supplemented with additional soybean oil and an enzyme blend, including phytase, protease, and NSPase, for turkey toms with minimal impact on the overall feed conversion ratio and carcass yield of turkey toms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this experiment we have studied the effect of cellulosic categories from combined forages with sunflower meal on nutritive and bioproductive indices at broiler chickens. The experiment was carried out on 90 broiler chickens divided in three experimental groups: CG, EG1 and EG2. At control group was incorporated in combined forage 20% barley, at EG1 was incorporated 20% barley and 10% sunflower meal of good quality (36% CP) and at EG2 was incorporated 20% barley and 10% sunflower meal of poor quality (27% CP). At the age of 3 and 6 weeks were determined the nutritive and bioproductive indices. The highest forage consumption is registered at CG at which in the structure of combined forages was incorporated barley in proportion of 20% and was with 12.02% higher comparative with EG1 and with 5.9% higher comparative with EG2. The incorporation of barley and sunflower meal in the structure of combined forages fed to broiler chickens determines the reduction of body weight with 11.18% at EG2 and with 9.55% at EG1. The highest specific consumption is registered at EG2 and is with 6.52% higher comparative with control group.

Objective: An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of partially replacing soybean meal (SBM) with sunflower meal (SFM) with added exogenous multienzymes (MEs) on various biological parameters in broilers. Methods: One week-old, 400 broiler chicks were randomly divided into four treatments (control, 3SFM, 6SFM, and 9SFM) with 5 replicates/treatment (20 chicks/replicate). Control diet was without SFM and MEs, while diets of 3SFM, 6SFM, and 9SFM treatments were prepared by replacing SBM with SFM at levels of 3%, 6%, and 9%, respectively, and were supplemented with MEs (100 mg/kg). Feeding trial was divided into grower (8 to 21 day) and finisher phases (22 to 35 day). External marker method was used to measure the nutrient digestibility. At the end of trial, twenty birds (one birds per replicate) with similar body weight were slaughtered for samples collection. Results: No significant effect of dietary treatments was found on all parameters of growth performance and carcass characteristics, except relative weight of bursa. Weight (25.0 g) and length (15.80 cm) of duodenum were significantly (p<0.05) higher in 3SFM than control. Lowest (p<0.05) villus height/crypt depth ratio was found in 3SFM and 9SFM than control. Most of meat quality parameters remained unaffected, however, highest pH of breast meat (6.16) and thigh meat (6.44) were observed in 9SFM and 3SFM, respectively. Lowest (p<0.05) cook loss of thigh meat was found in 6SFM (31.76%). Ileal digestibility of crude protein was significantly (p<0.05) higher in 3SFM (72.35%) than control (69.46%). In addition, amylase (16.87 U/mg) and protease (85.18 U/mg) activities were significantly (p<0.05) higher in 3SFM than control. However, cecal microbial count remained unaffected. Conclusion: Partial replacement (up to 9%) of SBM with SFM, with added MEs can help to improve the nutrient digestibility, intestinal morphology, and digestive enzyme activities without affecting cecal microbial count and growth performance in broilers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article shows the productivity of piglets when they were fed from day 42 to day 70 of this period with sunflower meal (SP-45) instead of soybean meal (SP-48). The manuscript highlights the effectiveness of replacing soybean meal with high-protein sunflower meal in the final period of rearing pigs. It was established that this change in the diet of piglets during their rearing period contributed to a 1.0% improvement in the survival of piglets during the experiment, at the same time it led to a 7.6% decrease in daily feed consumption, which caused a 9.7% deterioration in the intensity of animal growth and as a result of a 6.8% decrease in live weight of piglets at the end of rearing and a 2.3% decrease in feed conversion. The replacement of soybean meal with high-protein sunflower meal in the structure of the starter feed made it possible to reduce its cost by 4.7%, which made it possible to reduce the cost of 1 kg of growth by 2.4%, and the cost of growing 1 head before transfer to fattening by 8.2%. At the same time, in the group of pigs consuming sunflower meal due to a decrease in their productivity and a decrease in their final weight, as a result, the market value of one piglet before transferring them to fattening decreased by 5.9% and the income per 1 reared head decreased by 1.7%. Whereas in the group of piglets that used sunflower meal instead of soybean meal in the starter feed recipe, the profitability of raising piglets was 3.89% higher. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Deproteinized sunflower meal (DSM) was obtained as waste from ethanol-treated sunflower meal after alkaline extraction of proteins. The study aimed at biochemically and functionally characterizing the material concerning its potential practical application and valuability. The DSM consisted mainly of proteins (19.88%) and dietary fibers (61.06%) the majority of which were insoluble (53.09%). Cellulose (30.87%) and lignin (21.79%) were the most contributing compounds to the total amount of dietary fibers. The DSM contained Fe (133.29 mg/kg), Zn (201.56 mg/kg), and Cu (31.87 mg/kg). The analyses defined the DSM as a fiber concentrate with relatively high thermal stability. The distraction of the material began at 170°С with a maximum speed at 277°С. The highest water absorption capacity (WAC) of the DSM was observed at pH 6 and 7 (approximately 8 g H2O/g sample) under all studied conditions including pH from 3 to 10 and three levels of NaCl concentrations (0.00 M, 0.03 M, and 0.25 M). At pH 7, increasing temperature from 20°C to 60°C increased the WAC of the DSM from 8.13 g H2O/g sample to 9.80 g H2O/g sample, respectively. Further increase in the temperature diminished the WAC of the DSM. At pH 6, the increase in temperature did not influence positively the WAC of the DSM. The study demonstrated the potential of the DSM, a waste obtained from the protein isolation process, as a valuable ingredient/additive in the food industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article states that until 2022, Ukraine will occupy the first place in the world food market in the production of sunflower, sunflower oil and export of sunflower oil. The production of sunflower has always been sufficiently profitable, and the products of its processing competitive on the domestic and world markets. They are also an important component of food and feed protein resources. The production of complete ration compound feed for farm animals and poultry is restrained by a shortage of protein components, a low level of sanitary and hygienic safety of protein raw materials of animal origin. This leads to a decrease in the efficiency of feed, their costs and, as it should be, a shortage of livestock products. Cake and meal are high-protein raw materials, which are obtained in the amount of 1/3 of the mass of processed seeds during the production of sunflower oil. The fodder value of sunflower cake and meal is given. Factors that negatively affect the nutritional value and availability of nutrients of sunflower meal in the feed of farm animals and poultry were analyzed. The choice of components for the production of high-protein feed additive is theoretically justified. The indicators of the quality of sunflower seeds and by-products of their processing, which meet the requirements of DSTU, have been determined. On the basis of theoretical and experimental data, a structural scheme for the production of a high-protein feed supplement based on sunflower cake and meal is proposed, which involves the preliminary preparation of the by-products of sunflower oil production - cake and meal, with the following dosage in the amount: 75% sunflower meal, 10% sunflower cake and 15% limestone flour. The physical properties and microbiological indicators of the quality of a highprotein feed additive were experimentally determined, and it was determined that, compared to a loose, granular high-protein feed additive, it has the following advantages: increased nutritional value, has a greater volumetric weight, sanitary quality, which leads to saving space during transportation and better storage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract. The aim of the study is to compare the net utilization of energy and protein in the eco-technical chain „feed-meat“ when replacing part of the soybean meal with high-protein sunflower meal in broiler fattening. One control and 3 experimental groups, 4-phases fattening with isoenergetic and isoprotein combined fodders. Main protein source in the fodders for the control group is soybean meal. Replacement with sunflower meal: First experimental group: Starter – 5%, Grower – 8%, Finisher 1 – 10% and Finisher 2 – 10%; Second experimental group: 15, 18, 25 and 25%, respectively; Third experimental group: 34.25, 27.27, 27.27 and 26%, respectively. Clarcs of energy distribution/protein transformation (CED/CPT) are the ratio between accumulated gross energy/crude protein in breast and thigh muscles and consumed metabolic energy/crude protein throughout life. The following results were established: CED “fodder – breast+thigh muscles”: Control – 0.2430, first experimental group – 0.2394, second experimental group – 0.2505, third experimental group – 0.2334; CPT – 0.6080, 0.5050, 0.5280 and 0.5490, respectively.

Abstract Background This study was conducted to estimate the impacts of using varied feeding regimens with or without protease supplementation on the growth performance, apparent amino acid ileal digestibility (AID%), economic efficiency, intestinal histology, and blood biochemical parameters of broiler chickens. Three hundred one-day-old chicks (Ross 308 broiler) were randomly allotted to a 3 × 2 factorial design. The experimental design consisted of three feeding regimens; FR1: a recommended protein SBM diet, FR2: a low-protein SBM diet, and FR3: a low-protein diet with the inclusion of 5% DDGS and 5% SFM, with or without protease supplementation (250 mg/kg). Results Increased feed intake and feed conversion ratio were observed in the FR3 treatment during the starter stage and decreased body weight and body weight gain during the grower stage. However, there was no significant effect of the different feeding regimens, protease supplementation, or interaction on the overall performance. The economic value of diets also remained unaffected by the different feeding regimens, protease supplementation, or interaction. Protease supplementation resulted in lowering the AID% of tryptophan and leucine. Reduced AID% of methionine was evident in the FR2 + VE and FR3 − VE treatments. Histological findings substantiated the FR3 treatment mediated a decrease in the duodenal and jejunal villous height (VH), jejunal villous width (VW), and ileal VW, whereas, increase in the ileal crypt depth (CD). The FR2 + VE treatment reduced the VH:CD ratio in the duodenum. The duodenal CD and the jejunal goblet cell count were reduced as a consequence of protease supplementation. The FR3 + VE treatment documented a rise in duodenal CD, while an increase in the jejunal goblet cell count was observed in the FR3 − VE treatment. The FR3 treatment enhanced the IgM serum levels compared to the FR1 and FR2 treatments. IgM serum levels were also elevated following protease supplementation. FR3 + VE treatment increased IgM serum levels. The highest serum ALP was found in the FR3 treatment, whereas the lowest level was obtained in the FR2 treatment. Conclusion Low-protein SBM-based diets could be used without affecting the birds’ growth. Altered morphometric measures of the intestine and increased IgM and ALP levels indicated the low-protein SBM/DDGS-SFM diet-induced damage of the intestinal histoarchitecture and immune system of birds. These different diets and protease supplementation failed to affect economic efficiency positively.

Aim of study: To evaluate the physicochemical and sensory quality of meat from Santa Inês × Dorper lambs fed diets with increasing levels of sunflower cake. Area of study: Rio Grande do Norte (Brazil). Material and methods: Twenty-four castrated lambs (initial weight of 18.9 ± 2.17 kg) were distributed in a completely randomized design with four treatments (0, 5, 10 and 15% sunflower cake in diet) with six repetitions and kept in confinement until reaching the average body weight of 32.1 ± 2.6 kg. The Longissimus lumborum muscle was used for proximate composition and physicochemical analyzes, and the Semimembranosus muscle was used for pH (after 24 h of slaughter) and sensory analysis assays. Main results: The increasing levels of sunflower cake did not affect the composition or physicochemical properties. Sensory analysis also did not reveal significant differences in meat obtained from animals in different diets. Principal Components Analysis indicated that juiciness, color, odor and flavor were positioned opposite to protein, texture, and ash. Research highlights: The use of sunflower cake in diets for crossbred sheep Dorper × Santa Inês as soybean meal and corn replacer, up to 15% inclusion of soybean meal and corn, does not affect the proximate composition, physicochemical or sensory characteristics of the meat.

The main factors determining the composition of the milk are the breed, the stage of lactation and the applied feeding system. The aim of the present study was to trace the influence of the protein source in the ration of sheep on the quantity and composition of milk. All animals participating in the experiment received corn silage and alfalfa hay ad libitum, so that in the morning there were 5 to 10% edible residues. In addition, a standardized amount of barley and wheat is included in the ration of all animals. The difference in nutrition consists in the fact that the animals of the different groups received a different protein source, which made it possible to form one control group and four experimental groups, in which the influence of nonprotein nitrogenous compounds (urea), sunflower meal, soybean meal and silage beer mash. The difference in milk productivity between the group of ewes fed soybean meal (1,653 l) and that fed a ration with urea included (1,545 l) was only 7%. The average daily milk yield was 21.63% higher in the group fed with soybean meal (1.653 l), compared to the group receiving beer mash (1.359 l). The average milk yield when feeding sheep with Urea supplement (1%) is reliably higher by 13.70% than that fed with beer mash. Protein in milk, total milk protein and milk fat were significantly higher in rations based on soybean meal (6.150%, 82.22 g and 101.6 g, respectively), compared to rations based on beer mash, sunflower meal and the addition of Urea. The lowest yield of milk fat and milk protein was observed in the group fed the sunflower meal based ration, 61.43g and 56.52g, respectively. The highest consumption of forage to produce 1 l of milk observed when feeding rations based on sunflower meal (2.44 kg/l milk), and the lowest - when feeding rations based on soybean meal (1.78 kg/l milk), which is 27% lower. The CP consumption per liter of milk is 36.2% higher (415.93 g) when feeding sunflower meal than when feeding soy meal (305.41 g). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Business Administration Quarterly / Kwartalnik Nauk o Przedsiebiorstwie is the property of SGH Warsaw School of Economics and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The oil and fat industry of Ukraine is one of the most powerful branches of the food industry, the development of which is of particular importance for assessing the country's food security. The screening showed that Ukraine occupies a leading position in the world market for the production of sunflower and sunflower oil, as well as the export of sunflower oil. The largest Ukrainian companies producing unrefined and refined sunflower oil are listed. The structural scheme of obtaining by-products, which are formed during the processing of oil crops, which have a rather high feed value and are used in feeding agricultural animals and poultry, is presented. Determining factors affecting the amount of by-products of vegetable oil production are characterized. Production of a high-protein feed additive based on sunflower meal, sunflower cake and mineral raw materials is proposed. A technological process scheme for the production of a high-protein feed additive has been developed, which provides for the following technological lines: a line for cleaning oilseeds; fall line of oilseeds; oil seed core pressing line; cake and meal preparation line; mineral raw material preparation line; dosage line; mixing line; granulation line. The production of the proposed high-protein feed additive in granulated form can be carried out at the existing oil processing enterprise in the meal granulation shop, which will make it possible to effectively use the by-products of sunflower oil production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: The imbalance between the production of rumen degradable protein (RDP) and microbial protein (MP) decreases animal performance and increases environmental pollution. Therefore, to meet the requirements for microbial protein without excessive N, rations must also be balanced for RUP and RDP. Sunflower meal (SFM) is a protein source for ruminants. However, its use in ruminant nutrition is often limited by the high protein degradability in the rumen. Irradiation is a new method that is considered in the processing of protein sources. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of irradiation on rumen degradation kinetics and in vitro digestibility of SFM. Materials and Methods: SFM samples were irradiated with the use of the gamma-ray (GR) in doses of 20 and 40 KGy and microwave (MV) at 800 W for 3 and 5 minutes. The irradiation of samples was done at the Radiation Application Research Institute affiliated with the Atomic Energy Organization. The chemical composition of unirradiated and irradiated SFM was determined. Degradability parameters of the samples were measured by nylon bag technique using three rumen-fistulated Dashtyari cattle for 0, 2, 4, 8, 16, 24, and 48 hours. The two-step digestion technique was used to determine the digestibility of SFM. Statistical analysis of data was performed using SAS software. Results: GR irradiation decreased DM of SFM. Irradiation of SFM caused a reduction in EE, NDF, ADF, and Ash and increased CP compared to unirradiated SFM. GR irradiation decreased washout fraction degradation, the rate constant of degradation of b fraction and ERD, and increased potentially degradable fraction of SFM. MV irradiation for 5 minutes increased the washout fraction of CP and decreased the potentially degradable fraction (P<0.05). Treatment of SFM by MV for 5 minutes caused a reduction in the potential degradability of CP (P<0.01). Processing of SFM with MV for 3 minutes decreased ERD of CP at a rumen outflow rate of 0.02h-1(P<0.05). GR irradiation decreased RDP and increased RUP and metabolizable protein (MP) (P<0.01). Irradiation of SFM with GR increased ERD of CP at rumen outflow rates of 0.05h-1 and 0.08h-1 (P<0.01). Irradiation of SFM with MV increased RDP (P<0.01) and increased ERD and MP at a rumen outflow rate of 0.02h-1 (P<0.01). MV irradiation for 3 minutes at rumen outflow rates of 0.02h-1 and 0.05h-1 increased RUP (P<0.05). The coefficient of crude protein conversion into RDP and RUP in GR- irradiated SFM was decreased and increased respectively (P<0.01). MV irradiation for 3 minutes at rumen outflow rate of 0.02h-1 coefficient of crude protein converts into RDP and RUP decreased and increased respectively (P<0.05). The in vitro digestibility of SFM was unaffected by irradiation (P>0.05). Conclusion: The experiment results indicated that irradiation of SFM with GR had a better effect on increasing RUP and improving the quality of SFM for use in diets of lactating cows. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using adapted methods for balanced experiments with poultry, the true digestibility coefficients of the essential amino acids of two of the most used plant protein sources – sunflower meal 25 (from seeds with hulls) and 37 (from partly dehulled seeds) have been established. The true digestibility coefficients by using of two methods – with intact and randomized (caecoectomized) birds have been compared. The mean digestibility of sunflower meal 25 is lower by intact (83.95 ± 0.95 versus 88.34 ± 0.56 of sunflower meal 37), so as by randomized birds (88.16 ± 0.08. versus 89.55 ± 0.12 of sunflower meal 37). The differences by lots are statistical significant (p ≤ 0.5) for both of the used methods. The authors recommend updating of the data about the protein nutrition every of fodders in 5 years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction. Obtaining protein and vitamin fodder is one of the urgent tasks that modern industrial biotechnology has to solve. Another task is a search of novel medium compositions for microbial fermentation that can lower production costs. Russian food industry produces a significant amount of sunflower seed processing byproducts every year. Sunflower meal is a promising source of sunflower protein isolate. The research objective was to develop a new technology for the production of Bacillus megaterium bacterial biomass for fodder purposes. Study objects and methods. The research featured a sunflower protein isolate, an enzyme complex Protex 7L, and a B. megaterium strain (VKPM B-3750). The carbohydrate content was determined using a modified Bertrand method. Amine nitrogen was studied using formol titration, the number of viable cells – by the Koch method, the content of amino acids – by capillary electrophoresis. Results and discussion. When processed with enzyme complexes, sunflower protein can be an alternative source of nitrogen for industrial fermentation. The study featured amino acid of sunflower protein isolate and enzymatic hydrolyzate obtained using Protex 7L. A comparative analysis of the content of amino acids in the hydrolyzate and the protein isolate showed that enzymatic hydrolysis can significantly increase the content of free amino acids in the medium available for microbial accumulation. The research proved that sunflower protein enzymatic hydrolyzate obtained using Protex 7L can be used to cultivate strains of B vitamins producers. Conclusion. Sunflower protein enzymatic hydrolyzate can be used as a nitrogen source for B vitamins producer fermentation and as an alternative to expensive meat peptone. The research involved technical and economic assessment of the B. megaterium fermentation on enzymatic hydrolysates of sunflower protein at a production capacity of 100 kg per year. The cost of the protein-vitamin supplement was calculated as 413 rubles per kg, while the market price could reach 826 rubles per kg. The payback period for capital expenditures was estimated at 1.5 years. Thus, replacing commercial meat peptone with sunflower protein enzymatic hydrolyzate obtained with Protex 7L reduced the cost of 1 kg of feed additive by three times without affecting B. megaterium. Overproduction of B vitamins by the B. megaterium strain on a medium containing sunflower protein hydrolyzate requires optimization of fermentation conditions.

[Display omitted] • Two methods were applied to extract sunflower protein concentrate (SPC). • Alkaline extraction-isoelectric precipitation extracted protein (AI-SPC). • Alkaline extraction-ultrafiltration extracted protein (AU-SPC). • The close relationship between protein production methods and its functional properties and digestibility. This study was the first to compare the structural features, functional properties and in vitro digestibility of two protein concentrates produced from defatted sunflower meal via two different three-stage processes (chlorogenic acid removal-alkaline extraction-isoelectric precipitation versus chlorogenic acid removal-alkaline extraction-ultrafiltration; concentrates termed AI-SPC and AU-SPC, respectively). Compared with AI-SPC, AU-SPC with a darker brown color had much higher protein recovery yield and purity, much higher solubility at pH 4–7, higher oil-holding capacity, greater emulsifying and foaming capacities at pH 7 and 9, and slightly lower foaming capacity at pH 3. The bioavailability was higher for AU-SPC after oral-gastric-intestinal digestion. Moreover, AI-SPC occurred as clumps/lumps of particles, whilst AU-SPC appeared as flat blocks with continuous surfaces. AU-SPC was more negatively charged, and had a smaller particle size, less β -sheet, more β -turn, slightly more α -helix structure. These results confirmed the close relationship between protein production methods and its functional properties and digestibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]