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Sanctuary places, such as counties, continue to be a contentious topic in the sociopolitical arena, with politicians debating whether these jurisdictions serve as havens for immigrants or contribute to increased criminal activity, arguing that they provide safe havens for criminals despite the lack of research to support their claims. Using county-level crime data from 2015 to 2019, this research examines the relationship between sanctuary status and various crime categories, including violent and property crimes, employing negative binomial regression to analyze the effects of sanctuary status on county-level crime counts. Findings indicate that sanctuary counties do not experience higher crime rates; in fact, some evidence suggests lower crime rates in these areas. The results challenge stereotypes about immigrants and highlight the need for policies that support immigrant communities without compromising public safety, contributing to the broader understanding of immigration, sanctuary policies, and their societal impacts. Limitations, directions for future research, and policy implications are also discussed to consider social disorganization factors in other studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Santa Isabel neighborhood faces important changes in its commerce and consumer habits. This work explores, through interviews and field observation, the effects of new lifestyles on the environment, with the production of new job opportunities but also a general increase in prices, social fragmentation and an incipient pressure for displacement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the challenges, strategies and prospects of interfaith dialogue in the post-truth age. Conflicting truth claims constitute one of the major obstacles in establishing dialogue and rapprochement among believers. Some members of faith communities have an exclusivist view of the truth, which prevents them from embracing other truths. This would hinder the progress of interfaith ecumenism. Using qualitative content analysis, the results of the current study show that the rise of post-truth poses additional challenges to the progress of interfaith dialogue since it evaluates the truthfulness of information based on personal believability and inclinations. In the age of post-truth, societal fragmentation is amplified as there are polarized conceptions of truth. Some strategies can be undertaken in response to these challenges, such as nurturing empathy, compassion, and religious moderatism through formal and informal education. In addition, critical argumentation and civil dialogue within academia should be adopted for a larger society. This paper argues that the prospects for interfaith dialogue in the post-truth age depend on the strength of civil society actors who can moderate the tension and polarization within the society by maintaining civility either offline or online. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Corruption is a global menace with some countries of the world notoriously deep in it. Nigeria, a developing country has been battling, however, unsuccessfully with the scourge of corruption despite measures put in place to curb it. This paper chronicles the antecedents of corruption in Nigeria. It reviews the anti-corruption strategies with a view to proffering a robust, aggressive, and productive engagement against the recalcitrant nature of corruption in the country. The theoretical framework of the study is anchored on Social Disorganization Theory (SDT) and Social Learning Theory (SLT). Among the varying recommendations made by this paper, is the need to rejig, reinvigorate, and re-awake consciously, conscientiously, and systematically, the traditional anti-corruption institutions such as the National Assembly, the Judiciary, the Police, offices of the Accountant General, Auditor General, among others, to the understanding of their paramount role and vanguard position in championing very effectively, the anti-corruption war. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

"The Cosmopolitics of Solidarity" by Johanna Leinius explores the fragmentation of social (feminist) movements in Latin America and analyzes the construction of difference within transnational social movements. The author develops a theory of cosmopolitan solidarity and examines how moments of solidarity are negotiated in encounters between heterogeneous actors. The book provides a thoughtful theoretical analysis combined with empirical case studies, making it a valuable resource for critical feminist and postcolonial movement research. The author emphasizes the need for a decolonization of feminism and the recognition of difference in order to foster transformative solidarity. [Extracted from the article]

The aim of the current study is to examine factors related to opioid overdose deaths within the framework of social disorganization theory. We identify county-level factors related to overdose deaths among a series of measures related to economic (unemployment, health insurance coverage, and poverty) and socio-structural (prescribed opioid pills, racial heterogeneity, drug arrest rate, county rurality, and Appalachian location) disadvantage. Using panel data on counties in the United States drawn from five major, federal-level datasets, we perform a series of stepwise mixed-effects models to examine the relationships between economic and social markers of structural disadvantage and opioid-involved overdose deaths between the years 2006 and 2012. The proportion of poverty, unemployment, Appalachia, and pills prescribed are associated with increased opioid overdose deaths over time. A series of interactions illustrate that markers of disadvantage, including opioid prescriptions, often operate in tandem to exacerbate opioid overdose deaths. Based on standardized coefficients, the most predictive factor related to opioid overdose deaths is the volume of opioid pill prescriptions in a county on a year-to-year basis. Overall, this study emphasizes the utility of criminological theory in policy-related work focused on the opioid crisis. Our work also highlights the need for federal agencies to release data already collected on opioid pills to further our understanding of how to combat the opioid crisis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Regular violence pervades the slums in Port Harcourt, a metropolitan city where people inhabit for the purpose of work, among other reasons. The curiosity to understand the relationship of work with this violence is felt by the researchers who, from the review of relevant literature, observed that intellectual response to the issue dealt with political violence and effects on social development. The researchers therefore observed an existing gap in knowledge of the relationship between urban slum violence and work in the slum areas of Port Harcourt. Four research hypotheses were posed to guide the study. The study adopted the social disorganization theory in the explanation of the variables of the study. Simple random sampling method was adopted in the selection of the respondents of the instruments of the study, and some slums in the city were selected randomly. The study adopted cross-sectional research design and generated data through survey. The data for the study was generated through the administration of structured questionnaire and Focus Group Discussion. Sample size of 400 was determined by the Taro Yamane statistics. We analyzed data of the study using descriptive statistics. Thus, chi-square statistics was utilized in testing the hypotheses of the study. The qualitative data were organized into conceptual themes and categories. The study concluded that urban slum violence hinders school activities, business activities, fishing activities and employment opportunities for people in the slum areas of Port Harcourt. Thus, the study established that urban slum violence has a negative impact on work in the slum areas of Port Harcourt. Hence, policy recommendations were made. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The stream analogy of lethal violence (SALV) argues that homicide and suicide are similarly driven by frustration and aggression. SALV research has examined forces of production (i.e., lethal violence rate [LVR]) and forces of direction (i.e., suicide-homicide ratio [SHR]). The current study applies 6 foundational social disorganization theory (i.e., the systemic model) structural predictors and 3 unique social controls to help explain the LVR and SHR. Using data from 229 South Korean community areas, the study tracked lethal violence for 6 years for each area, yielding 1,374 observations for analysis. Findings reveal mixed support for the systemic model. Urban area was negatively associated with the SHR's initial level, but positively associated with increased SHR rates of change. Variations in the residential instability and divorce rates had positive effects on only the initial LVR level. Children's nursery facilities fully mediated the link between structural characteristics and increased SHR rates of change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Child marriage is a global social phenomenon that has even been identified as a crucial issue of child protection in the 21st century and has been addressed by various countries in Eastern Europe, Africa, and Asia. Indonesia itself has declared a child marriage emergency because by 2020 it was included in the 10 countries with the highest number of child marriages in the world, ie, about 1,220,900 children with early marriages were scattered in 22 provinces, one of which is East Java with 6084 cases in 2020, with the largest percentage in Madura Island and one in Sumenep Island with a total of 1723 cases. The Havana Convention of 1990 states that the elimination of the causal factors of social problems in a society is the most effective means of addressing the social problems themselves and must be an integral part of social defense itself. This paper is driven to identify and analyze the determinant causal factors of child marriage in Sumenep. It is written based on empirical legal research with a socio-legal approach, which prioritizes primary data obtained from the results of interviews and questionnaires and is analyzed descriptively and qualitatively. The results show that the causal factors of child marriages in Sumenep are dominated by cultural practices such as the "tan-pangantanan" tradition, which is also promoted by the government as part of the preservation of local traditions, the conceptual shift of 'Tompangan' Tradition, excessive fanaticism toward Muslim Priests (Kyai), low education, economic gain, and the worriness of free sex. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article combines administrative data on housing transactions with monthly crime data for the years 2014–18 to investigate the link between residential turnover and crime. Using a panel of 34,753 small neighbourhoods in England and Wales as well as street-level data for London, estimates from models with multiple fixed effects suggest that higher turnover is associated with higher overall crime rates. These effects are small and driven by increases in property and violent crime. Using information on price growth, I document differential effects for high-turnover, high price growth ('attractive') and high turnover, low price growth ('declining') areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study investigated county-level correlates of human trafficking arrest levels in Ohio. Study variables were comprised of measures derived from social disorganization, social capital, and physical contexts of Ohio counties (N = 88). A negative binomial regression analysis was conducted to examine the relationship between county arrest counts and independent variables. Larger counts of human trafficking arrests were explained by higher levels of racial/ethnic heterogeneity, a social disorganization measure. Additionally, an increase in demand reduction strategy use was associated with a predicted increase in human trafficking arrest count. Further research on the influence of social variables and anti-human trafficking efforts on human trafficking arrest levels is needed to better understand how to effectively identify and combat human trafficking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While social disorganization theory suggests the importance of change, most prior research examining macro-level criminological associations uses cross-sectional data. The current study examines the multilevel relationship between changes in disadvantage and changes in crime over time using four data sources: the National Neighborhood Crime Study, the 2000 U.S. Census, crime-incidents occurring between 2005 and 2009, and the 2005–2009 American Community Survey. Analyzing 6,068 census tracts within 53 large U.S. cities using multilevel models with time nested within tracts nested within cities, I parse out the contribution of changes in tract-level disadvantage from city-level disadvantage to changes in robbery and burglary rates. Results indicate the importance of both static and dynamic associations between disadvantage and crime, at both the neighborhood and city level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite extensive theory and research on the geography of crime, few studies have examined the geography of commercial sex and sex trafficking through a criminological lens. As such, this study explores how social disorganization and routine activities help explain the geography of commercial sex venues, specifically illicit massage businesses (IMBs) that host commercial sex. Because IMBs have also been linked to sex trafficking, understanding which environmental contexts are conducive to their presence may also help identify sex trafficking premises. Findings from hierarchical logistic regression models indicate that both theories point to significant correlates of IMB placement in census tracts and cities, yet neither theory provides a sufficient explanation alone. Implications for future research and policy will be discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Freud puts the verse of Virgil as an epigraph to his book on the interpretation of dreams. It is the exclamation of Juno who, after having tried in every way to defeat Aeneas, witnesses his landing on the coast of Lazio and the birth of Rome. She cannot give a reason for her defeat and then:she sought the earth: and summoned Allecto, the grief-bringer, from the house of the Fatal Furies, from the infernal shadows: in whose mind are sad wars, angers and deceits, and guilty crimes (VII, 323–325)(The Italian version of the Aeneid by Vittorio Sermonti, Rizzoli, 2007). In the transforming world of cyber space, we ask whether we can bring into interplay our conscious and unconscious parts to dream and interpret the world of digital sociality and of seemingly total knowledge. We further ask whether we can build upon our deeply rooted mechanisms of resistance and rebellion to cultivate the growth of social and individual awareness of the danger of social fragmentation arising from the utopian fantasies of individualism and mobility, and thus confront the dilemmas of surveillance capitalism and autocratic automaton. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There was an increase in crime rates along with an increase in the number of tourism visitors in Sumenep Regency in the 2017-2019 period. The increase in crime rates mainly occurred in areas that have new high demand tourist objects. The increase in crime is mainly in several forms of crime that can be categorized as social pathology. The increase in crime in tourist sites can be viewed from the point of view of social disorganization theory, namely criminological theory which sees the relationship between crime and geography. This study uses a socio-legal research method that examines the correlation between an increase in the number of tourists and an increase in crime rates in Sumenep and attmpts to prevent crimes committed by the Sumenep Police by using a social disorganization theory approach. There is a concrete correlation between the increase in the number of tourist visitors and the increase in crime according to social disorganization theory, and secondary prevention is carried out by carrying out three prevention policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Digital consumption, particularly on consumer platforms, has seen major growth in recent years and has transformed consumer markets. However, little sociological research has been conducted that provides insight into how this process is unfolding. In the light of studies that have analysed the digital divide at different levels, we propose to analyse whether online consumption is a new factor for social fragmentation and inequality. A quantitative methodological strategy is used based on the "Survey on equipment and use of information and communication technologies in households" of the Spanish Institute of Statistics (Encuesta sobre equipamiento y uso de tecnologías de información y comunicación en los hogares, Instituto Nacional de Estadística). The results support the hypothesis that digital consumption creates new structures of social inequality, both in terms of access and internal differences between online consumers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Española de Sociología is the property of Federacion Espanola de Sociologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Grounded in criminological theories (routine activity, social bonding, social disorganization, control balance, differential association, and general strain), this study extended the victim-offender overlap research by considering the specificity of rurality. We collected data from 2,839 adolescents in rural China and applied multilevel item response theory modeling. Both victim-offender overlap and differentiation were evident among rural adolescents. The victimization-offending overlap was associated with unstructured socializing, family and neighborhood control, moral beliefs, peer delinquency, and certain forms of social strain (loss of positively valued stimuli and exposure to negative stimuli). The differential tendency toward victimization over offending was a function of non-deviant solitary routines, failure to achieve positively valued goals, and strain-specific depression. The insignificance of control imbalance may need clarification of its conceptual relevance to rurality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sleep changes predate shifts in mood/affect, thought processing, mental and physical health, civic engagement, and contextual circumstances, among other things. Theory predicts that these changes may lead to shifts in political and social beliefs. Do sleep disruptions shape how individuals see the world, the people around them, and themselves in relation to others? In this article, we use daily survey data from the 77 waves (N $ \approx $ 460,000) of the University of California, Los Angeles's 2019–2021 Nationscape Survey—a nationally representative political survey—to examine the effect of an exogenous short-term sleep disruption on measures of political views, polarization, and discriminatory beliefs. Using this data set, we leverage the modest sleep disruption that occurs at the start (and end) of Daylight Saving Time (DST) and employ a regression discontinuity in time design around the precise DST cutoff (which we supplement with event study models). Despite strong theoretical expectations and correlational connection between measures of sleep and many outcomes related to social fragmentation, we find that the DST change has little to no causal effect on citizens' levels of polarization or their discriminatory attitudes. These effects are precise enough to rule out small effects, robust to a host of specification checks, and consistent across potential subgroups of interest. Our work adds to a small but growing body of research on the social and political effects of sleep disruptions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Jangwa Pana is the property of Revista Jangwa Pana and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The book "Kritisk By / Critical City" edited by Kristoffer Lindhardt Weiss provides a different perspective on the success story of Danish urbanism. The book challenges the notion of Copenhagen as a model city by examining the market-driven nature of its development, the social fragmentation within the city, and the increasing focus on security and risk. The contributors, including architects and anthropologists, highlight the disparities and gentrification processes in Danish cities. However, the book lacks input from industrial corporations, developers, and public sector planners, which could have provided a more balanced perspective. The authors acknowledge that planners and designers have limited power to address disparities in cities dominated by market forces, and suggest a focus on political involvement and a better understanding of local economies. [Extracted from the article]

The current project examines whether perceptions of collective efficacy are racialized. Using a sample of Black and Latinx young adults in Chicago, we first investigate whether perceptions of discrimination vary across Chicago's neighborhoods and whether neighborhood-level structural characteristics (concentrated disadvantage, immigrant concentration, residential stability) or neighborhood social processes (neighborhood-level collective efficacy) are related to their perceptions of discrimination. Our estimations show that perceptions of discrimination are endemic to Chicago's neighborhoods and are not related with neighborhood-level structural characteristics. Second, we examine whether perceptions of discrimination predict perceiving less collective efficacy while controlling for neighborhood characteristics. Overall, individuals perceive less collective efficacy when they perceive being discriminated against. Third, we analyze the sources of perceptions of collective efficacy separately for Black and Latinx individuals. These results suggest that discrimination shapes Black individuals' perceptions of their neighbors but do not hold for Latinx individuals. Supplemental analyses reveal that for Latinx individuals, discrimination undermines perceptions of collective efficacy only when is framed as related to their race. Taken together, our results suggest that racism is embedded in the way racialized individuals perceive their neighbors' agreement regarding norms of intervention. In short, the results suggest that the formation of collective efficacy is racialized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The growing dissension towards the political handling of COVID-19, widespread job losses, backlash to extended lockdowns, and hesitancy surrounding the vaccine are propagating toxic far-right discourses in the UK. Moreover, the public is increasingly reliant on different social media platforms, including a growing number of participants on the far-right's fringe online networks, for all pandemic-related news and interactions. Therefore, with the proliferation of harmful far-right narratives and the public's reliance on these platforms for socialising, the pandemic environment is a breeding ground for radical ideologically-based mobilisation and social fragmentation. However, there remains a gap in understanding how these far-right online communities, during the pandemic, utilise societal insecurities to attract candidates, maintain viewership, and form a collective on social media platforms. The article aims to better understand online far-right mobilisation by examining, via a mixed-methodology qualitative content analysis and netnography, UK-centric content, narratives, and key political figures on the fringe platform, Gab. Through the dual-qualitative coding and analyses of 925 trending posts, the research outlines the platform's hate-filled media and the toxic nature of its communications. Moreover, the findings illustrate the far-right's online discursive dynamics, showcasing the dependence on Michael Hogg's uncertainty-identity mechanisms in the community's exploitation of societal insecurity. From these results, I propose a far-right mobilisation model termed Collective Anxiety, which illustrates that toxic communication is the foundation for the community's maintenance and recruitment. These observations set a precedent for hate-filled discourse on the platform and consequently have widespread policy implications that need addressing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cross-national spatial studies of crime are rare. Reasons are manifold but include the lack of standardization of variables across, often diverse, contexts. In this study, we propose a potential solution to this impasse by examining the spatial causes of violent crime across two axiomatically different contexts: Khayelitsha (in South Africa) and Fort Lauderdale (in the United States). In a departure from previous research, our variable selection for this study is guided by the Organization for Standardization (ISO) standards, specifically ISO 37210 indicators—which relate to the Sustainable Development of Communities. We use these standards to operationalize the seminal spatial theory of crime, namely the social disorganization theory. Results show some similarity in the spatial risk factors associated with violent crime. We conclude by arguing for the benefits of using standardized variables in cross-national spatial crime research but also highlight the challenges of such an approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Shaw and McKay advanced social disorganization theory in the 1930s, kick-starting a large body of research on communities and crime. Studies emphasize individual impacts of poverty, residential instability, and racial/ethnic heterogeneity by examining their independent effects on crime, adopting a variable-centered approach. We use a “neighborhood-centered” approach that considers how structural forces combine into unique constellations that vary across communities, with consequences for crime. Examining neighborhoods in Southern California we: (1) identify neighborhood typologies based on levels of poverty, instability, and heterogeneity; (2) explore how these typologies fit within a disorganization framework and are spatially distributed across the region; and (3) examine how these typologies are differentially associated with crime. Results reveal nine neighborhood types with varying relationships to crime.

Proactive policing has been a preferred approach among American law enforcement agencies for decades. While most of the systematic studies done in this area focus on the effect of proactive policing programs, limited research has analyzed factors that cause police departments to adopt a particular style of proactive policing. Using propositions primarily derived from social disorganization and broken windows theories and path analysis, this study examines the characteristics and associates of everyday activities of the Differential Response Team (DRT)—a proactive policing team—in Houston, Texas. Our findings suggest that DRT activities are driven mostly by neighborhood characteristics and the occurrence of reported serious crimes. The most significant predictor of DRT activities is violent crime rate of a neighborhood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is widely believed that open and public speech is at the heart of the democratic ideal. Public discourse is instrumentally epistemically valuable for identifying good policies, as well as necessary for resisting domination (e.g. by vocally challenging decision-makers, demanding public justifications, and using democratic speech to hold leaders accountable). But in our highly polarized and socially fragmented political environment, an increasingly pressing question is: Do actual democratic societies live up to the ideal of inclusive public speech? In this essay, I explore Maxime Lepoutre's defense of discursive democracy from the challenge of defective public discourse. I argue that political ignorance, dogmatism, and social fragmentation present more formidable challenges to discursive democracy than Lepoutre acknowledges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined the factors affecting consideration of other ways than turning to the police, or non-police intervention, following potential victimization by members of ethnic minority. Performance, procedural justice, and social disorganization theories served as the study's theoretical framework. The data were obtained from the 2019 Personal and Community Security Index Survey conducted in Israel and analyzed using logistic regression model. The analytical sample included 692 Arab citizens of Israel. Greater satisfaction with the police and high trust in the police were negatively associated with the consideration of non-police intervention. In contrast, perception of the increase in locality violence compared to the previous year and prior victimization were positively associated with the consideration of non-police intervention. The results imply that the police should improve their performance in Israel's Arab society and direct efforts to the establishment more trustful relationship with its members, especially in localities experiencing increased violence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines whether community-level social disorganization and community engagement initiatives are associated with public high school performance. Analyzing data from the National Center for Education Statistics (NCES) School Attendance Boundary Survey (SABS), a latent variable measuring community-level social disorganization is examined within a structural equation model for 302 traditional public high schools in Florida. The study finds a statistically significant and large negative association between community-level social disorganization and a latent variable representing Florida Department of Education performance metrics. Correspondingly, the recognition of receiving the Florida Five Star School award for satisfying recommended community engagement criteria is positively associated with high school performance with social disorganization factors simultaneously considered. This research hopes to further provide an emphasis for recognizing and engaging community within the context of addressing disparities in public education performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Following the "green" growth tradition, the construction of lower carbon energy (renewable energy) infrastructures, such as wind power, has gained prominence in Norway. This has led to indigenous Saami herders confronting pastureland dispossession, some citizens fearing the industrialization of nature, and municipal councils losing formal governance power in favor of national agencies and private-sector project developers—justified by the urgency of the climate crisis. The purpose of the paper is to explore how energy infrastructures aimed at decarbonization have led to social fragmentation and ecological degradation alongside claims of economic revitalization potential in Åfjord. The authors draw upon fieldwork conducted within Saepmie (or Sápmi), the cultural region traditionally inhabited by the Sámi, and investigate the Fosen Vind energy project in the Åfjord Municipality. They find that lower carbon energy infrastructures, such as "wind farms," have been normalized as unavoidable, and damage to habitat and encroachment on Saami livelihoods are positioned as necessary sacrifices for the greater good of fighting the climate crisis. The authors conclude that avoiding the creation of green sacrifice zones in making low-carbon places requires a more transformative vision than the visions offered by techno-solutionism, such as degrowth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines whether the transitional government in the wake of the December 2018 Sudanese revolution succeeded in realigning social policy with public demands. The article focuses on the evolution of cash transfer programmes from the 2012 cash programme under the Ingaz regime to the transitional government's programme 2021. While the recent programme was popularly viewed as a 'World Bank programme', its originators were in fact Sudanese professionals. Similarly, the Ingaz regime experimented with cash transfers before seeking out World Bank technical support. In this sense, cash transfers cannot be seen as an external imposition, as domestic actors have favoured them across different regimes. Yet, their appeal may still reflect the 'choicelessness' that Thandika Mkandawire associated with structural adjustment, as in both cases cash transfers were introduced as part of broader economic reform. Sudan's case is distinct in the sense that its domestic policy makers did not begrudgingly accept cash transfers but were enthusiastic instigators of them. The article traces the origins of this enthusiasm within Sudan's recent political history and explores the way in which alignment with international mainstream policy making locks Sudan into a bind. The country urgently needs to reverse the fragmentation of social policy along geographic and racial lines, yet these programmes do little to overcome such regional and racial inequalities. Thus, even after a popular revolution displaced the prevailing political settlement and called for radical change, policy makers remain misaligned to public demands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One example of work that has a high risk of work in the world of railways is the maintenance of railway facilities. One of the risks posed comes from the noise generated from the maintenance activities carried out. This study used a Soundlevel Meter tool to measure noise intensity in the railway facility maintenance work environment. The measured noise level is the equivalent noise level. This study also seeks to find out the impact and what impact prevention steps have been taken. The equivalent noise level in the work environment, especially in the final test, is 90.82 dB. The impact of noise experienced includes physiological disorders, psychological disorders and social disorders. Common physiological disorders experienced by facility nurses are the appearance of nausea, insomnia and shortness of breath. This feeling of discomfort will diminish and become less and less felt after some time. In the sense of hearing is also not found permanent interference. Psychological disorders can be in the form of discomfort, lack of concentration, insomnia, emotional instability, feelings of irritability to colleagues and superiors, and feeling tired quickly. One form of social disorder that can appear is masking effect, which is a lack of clear communication due to sounds that cover hearing. Noise control carried out is by isolating (separating facility nurses from noise sources), periodic toolbox meetings, administrative arrangements (setting working hours and facility nurses), providing K3 training, routine health checks, and using PPE properly and correctly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the transformations of the urban environment under the influence of various factors, as well as the methodological problems of forecasting these changes in the context of sustainable development. The questions urban science addresses, from which point of view and with what tools it examines the urban space, and which phenomena are ignored and/or incompletely studied in that process was studied. Based on the level of complexity of the constituent elements of the city system and the interrelationship of these elements, the non-comprehensive and fragmentary character of studies of modern urban science has formulated the need to "read" the city and form the "language" of the city through it, applying the concept of "textuality" as an interdisciplinary method of study of space, as well as the principles and methods of reading space. Keywords: urban planning, urban environment, the transformation of space, textuality, the identity of space. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A protracted movement emerged in Kashipur in Southern Odisha in 1993 that stalled a bauxite mining project for over 18 years. It went through fragmentations and eventually petered out by the early 2010s. This paper aims to understand how and why the processes of capital accumulation through dispossession cause fragmentation of social movements and their eventual petering out. I analyse the collective strikes that the villagers engaged in during 2008-2010, paralyzing the company's incipient construction work over a tumultuous nine months. Critically engaging with David Harvey's concept of "accumulation by dispossession" (ABD) and Kalyan Sanyal's concept of "jobless growth", I argue that ABD processes entail protracted interaction of extractive capital, bureaucratic structures, ecology, and the movements of subaltern communities with existing divisions. Dispossession processes generate new fissures in which ownership of land or lack of it due to land acquisition becomes the central axis of cleavage, shaping the politics and outcomes of dispossession. I further reveal that 'jobless growth' is unachievable for a company that can push ahead only through the provision of precarious employment and such promises. It is based on eight months of ethnographic fieldwork conducted in 2010-2012. Methodologically, it follows Burawoy's (2000) call to "construct perspectives on globalisation from below" through "ethnographic grounding". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research studies alienation and neurosis in Toni Morrison's God Help the Child. The concepts of alienation and neurosis are going to be applied within the scope of psychoanalysis. These concepts help interpret the characters, namely the female protagonist Lula Ann Bridewell and her parents, and their resistance against people who taunt them for being black. This injustice causes the protagonist and her parents to be alienated from the society; and later they become psychically neurotic. Therefore, the research attempts to demonstrate how the characters' depression and neurosis are caused by this experience. For this reason, three objectives are going to be achieved: 1) To examine alienation as an unconscious psychic phase which results in social fragmentation in the novel, 2) To investigate depression as an abnormal behavioural phase which causes neurosis when the alienation experience is triggered back, and 3) To analyse neurosis as a psychic disorder and the last conscious culmination of the characters' psychic plights and marginalization. The research fills the gap concerning the characters' psychic disorders as impetuses of their alienation and neurosis. The research's methodology, consequently, relies on the application of Sigmund Freud's concepts of alienation and neurosis. Thus, the research's findings lie in the exploration of psychic alienation as a result of the characters' depression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Babylon Center for Humanities Studies is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The immigrant-crime relationship remains among the most intensely debated and contentious public policy concerns. In contrast to hypotheses under social disorganization theory and consistent with hypotheses under the immigrant revitalization perspective, most studies find the relationship of percent foreignborn with crime to be nonsignificant at the neighborhood level. Previous research focuses mostly on the importance of overall immigration or Latino immigration specifically in large immigrant destinations. The current study extends research on the immigrant-crime relationship to a non-Latino group in a smaller city by examining the relationship of Guyanese immigration with crime in neighborhoods within Schenectady, NY. We also investigate the association of homeownership with crime, which has received little explicit attention in the immigration-crime literature. Consistent with previous research, we find no significant association between percent Guyanese and crime. We find a negative and significant relationship between homeownership and crime. Implications for policy and future research are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the last 20 years, suicide rates have grown across most demographic groups in the United States, making the sociological study of suicide as imperative now as it was in Durkheim's day. For the most part, however, sociologists study suicide solely using Durkheim's analytic strategy. The following article recovers a text on suicide long since forgotten by sociology. Divided into three parts, the article begins first by revisiting Ruth Cavan's social disorganizational theory of suicide, eventually culminating in a formalization of her theory. Second, the article brings contemporary social scientific ideas to bear on her theory to modify and extend its empirical utility. Third, the article considers the implications this theoretical exercise has for an increasingly vibrant and creative sociology of suicide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Since 2012, the production, sale, and use of marijuana and its derivatives for recreational consumption have been legalized in 15 states and Washington, DC, but remain controversial nationwide. Critics argue that marijuana retail outlets attract criminal activity in surrounding areas and promote social disorganization. This paper examines this issue by analyzing secondary data from Washington State, one of the first states to legalize the medical and recreational use of marijuana. Methods: Using geocoded police incident reports as a proxy for criminal events, retail outlet licensing/sales data, and other contextual data, we use a difference-in-difference and other quasi-experimental techniques to model whether the opening of a recreational outlet affects crime in the surrounding neighborhoods, specifically in the cities of Seattle, Bellevue, and Tacoma. Results: The analyses find modest but statistically significant increases in property crime in Census block groups containing new retail stores. Conclusions: The findings from this study are consistent with some previous research that finds a link between marijuana outlets opening and an increase in neighborhood crime, but additional research is needed to further explore the association, for instance, in other states that have legalized recreational marijuana. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

2024 is said to be a decisive year for liberal democracy in the world. The national-populist phenomenon that has been on the rise in recent years occasions renewed and sustained academic debate on the existential challenges faced by liberal democracy. It is a paradigmatic assumption of the liberal mainstream that the rise of national-populist leaders and their constituency pose a fundamental threat to democratic survival. But are national-populism and the Western model of liberal democracy divorced in any essential way? If, as the liberals maintain, national-populism rests and thrives upon the post-truth condition of societal fragmentation and individual psycho-cognitive isolation characterizing contemporary society, we must investigate whether this condition is something foreign to liberal democracy and therefore removable as such. By mobilizing a multidisciplinary corpus, this article shows that postmodernism, defined as the cultural superstructure of consumerist capitalism, is what underpins and perpetuates the interrelated phenomena of infinitely increasing social fragmentation and individual isolation. In the most advanced contemporary stage, called "late postmodernity," the subjects of Western consumerist capitalist societies are purely driven by a hedonist-narcissistic pleasure principle that defuses all potential for the radical contestation of the existing hegemonic power structure of the liberal-democratic state. The post-truth condition, of which national-populism is an outgrowth, poses no essential threat to liberal democracy as long as both are sustained and promoted, at the structural level, by the hegemonic mode of production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The basis for this article is several sociological studies that have demonstrated contemporary socio-political transformations, such as the fragmentation of social ties or traditional communities, the breakdown of work or relationship spaces that used to provide safe havens for shaping identity, and analyses of neoliberal individuality, especially studies based on French philosopher Foucault's research on 'technologies of the self' and his 'entrepreneur of himself' idea. To that end, we will study specific mechanisms for self-constructing subjectivities in a cultural space prone to these technologies: self-help literature. We identify three main mechanisms: reflexivity mediated by psychological categories, self-administered tests and management of emotions. These are all mechanisms developed to be confluent with the cultural needs of neoliberalism, in other words, depoliticising the understanding of conflicts and constructing subjects that can self-manage social risks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Identification with a superordinate entity, like Europe, reduces prejudice towards immigrants in general, but no research so far investigated if this differs between prejudice towards immigrants from inside and outside Europe. Using online survey data from four European countries, we determined whether national and European identification are (differently) related to attitudes towards immigrants from inside and outside Europe, and to which extent these relations can be explained by differences in refugee threat perceptions. We found that those who strongly identify with Europe hold more favorable views towards both European and non-European immigrants, while the reverse effect is found for strong national identifiers – an effect that can be explained by realistic and symbolic refugee threat perceptions. We did not find evidence for our expectation that the strength of the associations of national identification on attitudes and threat perceptions would depend on the level of European identification of participants. Overall, our findings provide mixed support for the Common In-group Identity Model because European identifiers, although more positive towards immigrants, did not make strong distinctions between European and non-European immigrants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adolescent gang participation has been noted as a major public health concern. Therefore, researchers have placed a growing emphasis on identifying processes that propel adolescents toward gang membership. Previous studies have highlighted as relevant risk factors victimization experiences as well as neighborhood conditions, which reflect sociopolitical and socioeconomic disparities and precipitate social disorganization. However, research to date has not considered potential dynamic interrelations among these risk factors, which are suggested by an integrated trauma-informed developmental-ecological perspective. Additionally, given that minoritized youth are disproportionately represented in gangs and differentially exposed to many of the risk factors for gang membership, it is important to examine whether gang membership pathways are similar or distinct across racial and ethnic groups. In order to address these gaps, the present study examined longitudinal self-report data, including neighborhood conditions (Baseline), direct and witnessed victimization (12-month follow-up), and gang membership versus nonmembership (24-month follow-up) gathered from 1,284 adolescents identified as serious offenders (22% non-Hispanic White, 36% Latinx, and 43% African American) who participated in the Pathways to Desistance Study. Findings from structural equation modeling showed that pathways toward gang membership were similar across racial and ethnic groups. Results further demonstrated that neighborhood conditions increased the likelihood of adolescent gang participation through direct and witnessed victimization. These findings highlight the value of examining gang membership from an integrated trauma-informed developmental-ecological frameworks. Further, these findings emphasize the need for prevention and intervention initiatives at different levels of the social ecology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There has been a renewed interest in moving back into cities, which are close to business districts and offer affordable and unique housing. However, the available housing is limited and may require renovation as available housing close to the citycenter is often located in more economically disadvantaged neighborhoods. Property repairs and upgrading contributes not only to the improvement of individual owners' properties, but the neighborhood overall. This influx of new residents and subsequent investment in housing can impact neighborhood crime, but the majority of the research on housing and crime has focused largely on home mortgage loans. The current study extends the housing investment literature by using an underutilized data source: home improvement and refinance loans, which signal physical improvement in the housing stock. This process may be different for neighborhoods that have a higher prevalence of minority residents as historically these residents have been subjected to inequitable lending practices. The current study examines how revitalization efforts in Cleveland, Ohio have influenced crime rates for the years 2007 through 2017 with special attention paid to the interplay of neighborhood racial composition and home improvement loans. Results from fixed-effects panel analysis reveal that home improvement loans are associated with an increase in property but not violent crime rates overall. Splitting neighborhoods into predominantly Black versus all other neighborhoods, however, results show that higher rates of home improvement loans are associated with lower violent crime rates, but the effect is tempered in Black neighborhoods. This suggests that the relationship between home improvement loans and violent crime is more complicated and varies by neighborhood composition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]