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WOS: 000485852800021 In this study, chemical composition determination and in vitro antibacterial and antifungal effects of essential oils of Laurus nobilis flowers and leaves grown West Anatolian ecological conditions were investigated. Antibacterial and antifungal activities were evaluated by Minimum Inhibition Concentration (MIC) method. Extractions were carried out with clevenger apparatus and essential oil compositions were determined by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). According to the results of the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis, camphene (28.46 %), 1,8-cineole (34.08%) were found to be highest in the essential oil obtained from Laurus nobilis leaves. 3-ethyl-6-(methoxycarbonyl)-2-naphthol (16.10%), camphene (18.14%), were found to be highest in the essential oil obtained from Laurus nobilis flowers. MIC values of essential oils of flower and leave parts of L. nobilis range from 1.5625 mu L/mL to 6.25 mu L/mL against test bacteria. As a result, it is thought that the essential oil content differs in quantity and composition from the past studies, due to the different geographical and environmental effects of the plant.

Teknolojik gelişmeler hayatın her alanda bir dönüşümü gerektirdiği gibi iletişim alanında da dönüşümün önünü açmıştır. İnsanlar artık zamanlarının büyük çoğunluğunu cep telefonları, tabletler ve bilgisayarlarıyla geçirmektedir. Bu durum geleneksel medyada da bir değişimi gerekli kılmıştır. Günümüzde haber organizasyonları, yazılı ve görsel basının yanı sıra daha etkili bir yayıncılık biçimi olan dijital medyada da habercilik faaliyetlerini sürdürmektedir. Dijital medya, bu alanda birçok yeniliği beraberinde getirmiştir. Yapacağımız bu çalışmada, dijital medyanın getirdiği yeni bir habercilik anlayışı olan hikâyenin yazı ve video ile anlatıldığı haber videoları incelenmiştir. Günümüzde uluslararası haberciliğinin büyük bir kolu olan bu videolar literatürde `Online News Video` olarak geçmekte olup Türkçede `Çevrimiçi Haber Videosu` olarak ifade edilebilmektedir. Haberciliğin geçirdiği bu form değişimi, bu aşamaya nasıl gelindiği, insanların neden haberleri okumak yerine izlemeyi tercih ettiği, tüketim alışkanlıklarımızın değişimi ve bu tip izlemeye dayalı haberciliğin geleceği gibi konular incelenmiştir. Bu tezin benzer çalışmalara kaynak olması, ayrıca yeni medya yayıncılığının değişimini ortaya koyması ve daha önce bu videolar üzerine Türkiye'de yapılmış bir çalışma olmaması çalışmanın önemini ortaya koymaktadır. Technological developments have led to transformation in the field of communication as well as the transformation of life in every field. People are now spending the majority of their time with mobile phones, tablets and computers. This necessitated a change in the conventional media.Nowadays, in addition to the written and visual media, digital media, which is a more effective type of publication, is reporting. Digital media has brought with it many innovations in this area.In this study, we will examine news stories in which the story of a new journalism brought by digital media is explained in writing. These videos, which are a great branch of international journalism today, are referred to as `Online News Video` in the literature and can be expressed as `Çevrimiçi Haber Videoları`.This form of journalism, how this stage has come to life, why people prefer to watch the news instead of reading, change of our consumption habits and the future of this type, reporting based on issues such as journalism were examined.Be a source for similar studies of this thesis to be written, also reveal the change in publishing and new media earlier this video reveals the importance of working on the lack of a study conducted in Turkey. 171

This study was carried out with the aim of determining the antifungal effect of the essential oil isolated from Achillea millefolium subsp. millefolium plant against pathogenic fungi. In order to test the antifungal effect of the oil, an analysis was conducted on a total of 4 pathogen fungi which included Candida albicans, Candida tropicalis, Candida parapsilosis and Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and the effect of the essential oil on the growth of these fungi was investigated. The essential oil of A. millefolium ssp. millefolium had varying degrees of effect on the tested fungi. The highest antifungal effect was found against S. cerevisiae; whereas the lowest antifungal effect was found against C. parapsilosis. Nystatin showed a higher activity than the essential oil of A. millefolium subsp. millefolium against the tested fungi. MIC values of the essential oil against the tested fungi ranged from 1.25 μl/ml to 10 μl/ml. The results obtained indicate that essential oil of A. millefolium subsp. millefolium can be used as an alternative to antifungal agents such as amphotericin, ketoconazole, and fluconazole.

In this study, we performed a genetic diversityusing RAPD markers for some Dittrichiaviscosa populations grown in the Aydın region of Turkey. Total genomic DNAisolation from the leaves of Dittrichiaviscosa was performed using commercial kit. eight RAPD primers were used todetermine genetic diversity among populations. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) was performed with all DNA samplesand primers with ability of scoreing Band. PCR products were run in agarose geland visualized under UV light. They scored as there were bands (1) and no bands(0) at all gel images and their files were created. A total of 50 characterswere obtained from the primers. Phylogenetic relationships and geneticdistances between the cultivars were calculated by using the PAUP 4.0b10* analysis program.According to the PAUP data, the closest genetic distance was determined 0.20000and between Merkez and İncirliova populations, the most distant geneticdistance were determined 0.64000 between Koçarlı and Çakmar, İncirliova andKoçarlı populations. In the phylogenetic analysis has been obtained using UPGMAalgorithms and phylogenetic tree consist of two clades. The results alsopropose that RAPD markers are useful tools for indicating genetic relationshipsamong Dittrichia viscosa populations., Bu çalışmada, Türkiye'nin Aydın bölgesinde yayılışgösteren Dittrichia viscosapopülasyonlarının RAPD markırları kullanılarak genetik çeşitliliğigerçekleştirilmiştir. Dittrichia viscosaörneklerinin yapraklarından genomik DNA izolasyonu ticari kit kullanılarakgerçekleştirildi. Sekiz adet RAPD primeri popülasyonlar arasındaki genetikçeşitliliği belirlemek için kullanılmıştır Polimeraz Zincir Reaksiyonu, DNA örnekleri ve primerler kullanılarakgerçekleştirildi. PCR ürünleri agaroz jel elektroforezinde yürütülüp, UV ışığıaltında görüntülendi. Tüm jel görüntüleri incelenmiş olup polimorfik bantlarınvarlığı ve yokluğu 0 ve 1 olarak skorlandı. Primerlerden toplam 50 karakterelde edildi. Popülasyonlar arasındaki filogenetik ağaç ve genetik uzaklıklarPAUP 0 4.0b10 analiz programı kullanılarak hesaplandı. PAUP analizine göre, enyakın genetik mesafe 0.20000 değer ile Merkez ve İncirliova popülasyonlarıarasında iken, en uzak genetik mesafe 0.64000 değer ile Koçarlı ve Çakmar,İncirliova ve Koçarlı popülasyonları arasında çıkmıştır. Filogenetik ağaç UPGMAalgoritması kullanılarak elde edilmiş olup, ağaç iki kladdan oluşmuştur. Sonuçlar,RAPD markırlarının Dittrichia viscosapopülasyonları arasındaki genetik ilişkileri göstermek için yararlı araçlar olduğunuöne sürmektedir.

Bu çalışmada Aydın ekolojik koşulları altında yetiştirilen Vitex agnus-castus meyvelerinin uçucu yağlarının kimyasal bileşim tayini Ekstraksiyon Clevenger cihazı ile gerçekleştirildi ve uçucu yağ bileşimi, Gaz Kromatografisi-Kütle Spektrometresi (GC-MS) ile belirlendi. Sonuç olarak, Vitex agnus-castus meyvelerinde toplam 157 bileşen tespit edildi. Bunların arasında 1,8 sineol (% 8.24), propenamid (% 6.07), karyofillen (5.56%), bisiklogermakren (% 5.51), sabinen (% 5.37), maleimid (% 5.28), trans-β-farnesen (% 4.45) ve -pinen (%3.98) ana bileşenler olarak bulundu., In this study was aimed to investigate the chemical composition determination of essential oils of Vitex agnus-castus fruits growing under the ecological conditions of Aydın’s. The essential oil was carried out with Clevenger apparatus and composition was determined by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). As a result, a total of 157 components were detected in V. agnus-castus fruits. Among them, 1,8 cineole (8.24%), propenamide (6.07%), caryophyllene (5.56%), bicyclogermacrene (5.51%), sabinene (5.37%), maleimide (5.28%), trans-β-farnesene (4.45%), and -pinene (3.98%) were found as the major components.

Thegenus Dittrichia (Asteraceae),described by Greuter as a small genus, was previously known as a part of Inulaand has a widespread Mediterranean distribution, marginally penetrating in theAtlantic European territories and in Middle East. The essential oil chemical compositions were derived from thegenus Dittrichia L. plants wereexamined in the present study. Thestudy material, Dittrichia viscosa(L). Greuter and Dittrichia graveolens (L.) Greuterwere collected West Anatolian (Aydın/Turkey) ecological conditions inSeptember-October 2015. Essential oils of the leaves were extracted byClevenger apparatus. Essential oil compositions were determined with Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) device. Theresults from the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis showed that theobtained levo-bornyl acetate from D.graveolens was with the highest percentage (25.23%). The2,4-dioxo-3-methyl-6-isopropyl pyrido[2,3-b]-[1,4]pyrazine in D. viscosa was with the highestpercentage (29.02%)., Küçük bir cins olarakGreuter tarafından tanımlanan Dittrichia (Asteraceae)cinsi, önceden Inula’nın bir bölümü olarak biliniyordu ve Atlantik Avrupaülkelerinde, Ortadoğu ve Akdeniz bölgesinde yayılış göstermektedir. Bu çalışmada Dittrichia cinsine ait bitkilerdenelde edilen uçucu yağların kimyasal bileşimi incelenmiştir. Çalışma materyali Dittrichia viscosa (L). Greuter ve Dittrichia graveolens (L.)Greuter Eylül-Ekim 2015 tarihinde Batı Anadolu (Aydın/Türkiye) ekolojikkoşullarında toplanmıştır. Yaprakların uçucu yağları Clevenger cihazıylaekstrakte edildi. Esansiyel yağ bileşimleri Gaz Kromatografisi-KütleSpektrometresi (GC-MS) cihazı ile belirlendi. Gaz kromatografisi-kütlespektrometresi analizinin sonuçları, D.graveolens bitkisinden elde edilen uçucu yağda levo-bornyl acetate enyüksek düzeyde (% 25.23) olduğunu gösterdi. D.viscosa bitkisinde ise 2,4-diokso-3-metil-6-izopropil pirido [2,3-b]- [1,4]pirazin en yüksek düzeyde (% 29.02) olduğu belirlendi.

Walnut (Juglans regia L.) is a deciduous tree of the Juglandaceae family. Beta-amylase (β-amylase, EC 3.2.1.2) is an enzyme that catalyses hydrolysis of glycosidic bonds in polysaccharides. In this study; sequence, physicochemical, and three-dimensional analyses of predicted β-amylase 7-like protein in Juglans regia using various bioinformatic tools were conducted. The physicochemical properties of the predict β-amylase 7-like protein were analyzed by using ExPASy ProtParam tool that revealed the molecular weight (MW), Isoelectric Points (pI), total number of negatively charged residues (Asp + Glu), total number of positively charged residues (Arg + Lys), instability index, aliphatic index, and GRAVY (Grand Average of Hydropathy) values. Subcellular localization using CELLO v.2.5, putative phosphorylation sites using NetPhos 3.1 server, domain analysis using Pfam, and secondary structure prediction using SOPMA were accom-plished. To predict the 3D structure of the predict β-amylase 7-like protein, homology models were applied using PSIPRED, RAMPAGE, and PyMOL programs. The results of our study provide insight into fundamental characteristics of the predicted β-amylase 7-like protein in Juglans regia. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.583137

Asteraceae familyası dünyada en büyük familyalardan olup, yaklaşık olarak 1535 cins ve 23.000 türden oluşmaktadır. Anacyclus cinsi, Asteraceae familyasına ait olup, bazı türleri içerdikleri flavonoidler ve terpenoidler sebebiyle halk tarafından tbbi amaçlarda kullanılmaktadır. Bu çalışma Türkiye de yayılış gösteren Asteraceae familyasına ait Anacyclus cinsinin türlerinin toprak ekolojik özelliklerinin araştırılması üzerine yapılmıştır. Çalışma kapsamında Türkiye de Anacyclus cinsinin 4 türünün yayılış gösterdiği tespit edilmiştir. Bu türler, Anacyclus anatolicus, A. clavatus, A. nigellifolius ve A. latealatus. Bu türlerden A. anatolicus ve A. latealatus türleri endemiktir. Alınan toprak örneklerinde; pH, saturasyon, toplam tuz, organik madde, kireç, fosfor, potasyum, kalsiyum, magnezyum, demir, mangan, çinko ve bakır değerlerine bakılmıştır. Toprak analiz sonuçlarına göre; türlerin genellikle killi-tınlı tekstürlü, pH olarak nötr ya da hafif alkali, kireç bakımından fazla kireçli, organik madde bakımından orta seviye ve az seviyeli, fosfor bakımından yüksek ve orta seviyeli, potasyum bakımından yüksek, tuz içeriği bakımından, çok tuzlu, az tuzlu ve tuzsuz, kalsiyumca fazla, magnezyum bakımından fazla ve yeterli, demir bakımından fazla, orta ve az, mangan ve bakır bakımından yeterli, çinko bakımından fazla ve az toprakları tercih ettikleri gözlenmiştir. Sonuç olarak, bu türlerin toprak özellikleri ve ekolojik özelliklerinin bilinmesiyle kültüre alma işlemlerine katkı sağlayarak tıbbi değeri olan türlerin ülkemizde değerlendirilmesine faydası olacaktır, The family Asteraceae, largest known plant family in the world, which comprises approximately 23.000 species in 1535 genera. Anacyclus genus is in the Asteraceae family and some of its species are used for medical purposes by people because of flavonoids and terpenoids they contain. This study was conducted on the soil-ecological characteristics of species of Anacyclus genus belonging to Asteraceae family which spreads across Turkey. It was determined within the study that 4 species of Anacyclus genus spread across Turkey. Anacyclus anatolicus Behçet & Almanar, A. clavatus (Desf). Pers., A. nigellifolius Boiss. A. latealatus Hub.-Mor. Of these species, A. anatolicus and A. latealatus species are endemic to Turkey. As soil some phsico-chemical properties; pH, saturation, total salt, organic substance, lime, phosphor, potassium, calcium, magnesium, iron, manganese, zinc and copper values were analysed. As a result of soil; it was observed that the species generally preferred soils with clayey-loamy texture, neutral or slightly alkaline soils in terms of pH, highly limy soils in terms of lime, mid-level or low-level soils in terms of organic substances, high-level or mid-level soils in terms of phosphorus, high soils in terms of potassium, highly salty, slightly salty and saltless soils in terms of saltiness, rich-in-calcium soils, abundant and sufficient soils in terms of magnesium, high-level, mid-level and low-level soils in terms of iron, sufficient soils in terms of manganese and copper and high-level and low-level soils in terms of zinc. As a result, by contributing to cultivation activities with the knowledge of ecological characteristics and soil structure of these species, can put the species with medical value to good use in our country.

Rosehip fruits have been known to contain significant amounts of bioactive compounds. These bioactive compounds positively affect human health due to their antioxidant activities. This study aimed to analyze the total phenolic content (TPC) and total anthocyanin content (TAC), organic acids, total soluble solids (TSS), sugars, total dry matter (TDM), L-ascorbic acid content (AAC), total antioxidant capacity and volatile components present in R. iberica Stev. hips using spectrophotometry, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and Headspace and Immersion Solid Phase Micro Extraction gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS and Im-GC/MS). TSS, TDM, AAC, acidity, TAC and TPC were found to be 27, 44.6%, 503.26 mg.100 g(-1) frozen weight (FW), 2%, 2.50 mg.100 g(-1) FW, 2832.3 mg.100 g(-1) FW, respectively. The major acids detected in R. iberica Stev. hips were citric acid (0.62 g.100 g(-1) FW) and malic acid (0.49 g.100 g(-1) FW) other detected acids included succinic acid(0.012 g.100 g(-1) FW) and fumaric acid (0.016 g.100 g(-1) FW). Total sugar content was 26.74 g.100 g(-1) FW, and glucose was the major sugar (9.35 g.100 g(-1) FW), followed by fructose (8.58 g g.100 g(-1) FW), sorbitol (8.32 g.100 g(-1) FW), and very low quantities of sucrose (0.49 g.100 g-1 FW). Twenty-five volatile components were identified using HS-GC/MS, and the major volatiles were 2,4-bis (1,1-dimethylethyl) phenol (20.35%), naphthalene (18.72%), ethanol (16.59%), nonanal (6.23%), acetic acid (4.39%), 2-propanone, 1-hydroxy (2.53%). Twenty-thiee volatile components of Rosa hips have been detected for the first time in this study. Twenty-eight components were identified by Im-GC/MS; however, fifteen of these components were determined to be different from those identified using HS-GC/MS. The FRAP value of hips was 38.55 mmol TE.g(-1) FW and the ABTS value was 47.75 mmol TE.g(-1) FW.

Coşkun, Fatih (Balikesir Author), The phylogenetic relation of Ricotia (Brassicaceae) genus, which is distributed throughout Turkey based on morphological and anatomic characters were investigated. A total of 36 characteristics of which 24 from morphological and 12 from anatomic studies were used in the cladistics analyses. Anatomical characters were studied from horizontal and superficial sections of the stems and leaves. Analysis of data set utilizing maximum parsimony criteria with Branch-and-Bound search algorithm yielded 87 parsimonious trees. Some of the branches obtained by majority rule consensus algorithm were supported by bootstrap analysis. Maximum parsimony tree formed based on morphological and anatomic data sets consisted of three clades. Clade 1 consisting of R. tenuifolia, R. sinuata and R. carnosula is a monophyletic group. This group was supported by a bootstrap value of 54%. Clade 2 is made up of R. davisiana, R. aucheri and R. varians and was supported with a bootstrap value of 54%.

Gyromitra esculenta (Pers.) Fr. has many morphologically and microscopically different specimens. Sometimes these morphologically different specimens are called as a different taxon. In this study a collection of 143 Gyromitra esculenta specimens were analyzed using macroscopic and microscopic features. Then ten groups were obtained which are potentially confusable because of morphological and microscopical variations. nrDNA ITS and translation elongation factor (EF-1α) genes are used to determinemoleculardifferentiations between these groups. Morchella Dill. ex Pers. spp. were used as outgroups. nrDNA ITS region of ten different groups give three phylogenetically distinct groups. Between these groups nucleotide polymorphism ratio is nearly % 1. EF-1α gene doesn’t consist of any polymorphism and not informative. Also intraspecific ITS nucleotide polymorphism ratio in Gyromitra infula (Schaeff.) Quél. and Gyromitra gigas (Krombh.) Cooke which are taken from Genbank is nearly %1 too. So, we conclude ecological factors cause morphological and microscopical variants of Gyromitra esculenta

This study aims to analyze the purification of Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (D-glucose-6-phosphate: NADP+ oxidoreductase EC 1.1.1.49; G6PD) enzyme, which is important for metabolism, from human erythrocytes and to analyze the effects of some pesticides on enzymes. The purification process was performed in two steps being ammonium sulfate precipitation and 2’, 5’ ADP-Sepharose 4B affinity chromatography. It is identified via sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel (DSD-PAGE) electrophoresis that G6PD enzyme’s molecular weight is about 59000 daltons. Km values for G6PD enzyme’s NADP+ and glucose-6-phosphate (G6P) substrates are respectively 0.14mM, 0.22mM; and, Vmax values are respectively 2.76 U/mg and 1.94 U/mg. Enzyme activities were spectrophotometrically measured on 340 nm according to Beutler method. Pesticides analyzed in this study are deltamethrin and diazinon. After their specific concentration in IC50 studies, deltamethrin and diazinon substances caused turbidity in quartz vessel. Since reliable absorbance values cannot be obtained in such condition, concentration amounts of substances applied to enzyme did not reduce the activity under 50%. Because of this reason, inhibition rates could not be identified. However, it is identified that all of the pesticides show inhibition effect on enzyme activity

Bu çalışmada Ardahan ilinde yetişen 5 Prunus Erik) genotipinde toplam fenol içeriği, toplam antosiyanin içeriği, suda çözünebilir kuru madde SÇKM), pH, titre edilebilir asitlik ve toplam askorbik asit içeriği belirlenerek eriklerin besleyici değeri ortaya çıkarılmıştır. SÇKM içeriği en yüksek ve asitliği en düşük %0.98) olan genotipin "Cancur" %13.9), SÇKM içeriği en az %11) ve asitliği en yüksek %2.06) olan genotipin ise "Yabani Erik" olduğu, toplam antosiyanin, toplam fenolik madde ve askorbik asit içeriği en fazla olan genotipin "Yabani Erik", en az olan genotipin "Su Eriği" olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Çalışma sonucunda erik meyvesinin yüksek fenolik madde, antosiyanin ile askorbik asit içeriğine ve dolayısıyla da yüksek besleyici değere sahip olduğu ortaya çıkarılmıştır. In this study, total phenol content, total anthocyanin content, brix, pH, titrable acidity and total ascorbic acid content in the five Prunus Plum) genotypes cultivated in Ardahan City are determined and sustenance of the plums are revealed. It is detected that the genotype with the highest brix content and lowest acidity (0.98%) is "Cancur" (13.9%), the genotype with the lowest brix content (11%) and highest acidity (2.06%) is wild plum, the genotype with the highest content of total anthocyanin, total phenolic substance and ascorbic acid is the "Wild Plum" and the genotype with the least content of these is the "Water Plum". As a result of the study, it is revealed that the lum fruit has high levels of phenolic substance, anthocyanin and ascorbic acid content, so it has a high sustenance.

Balıkesir Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Biyoloji Ana Bilim Dalı, Asteraceae bir bitki grubu olarak, doğal kimyası, çiçeklenme morfolojisi ve habitata adaptasyonu ile kozmopolit bir familyadır. Çalışma materyali olan Inula, Asteraceae familyasının Inuleae tribusune aittir. Bu çalışma, Türkiye'de yayılış gösteren Inula L. cinsine ait türlerin moleküler sistematik analizini ve ekolojisini içermektedir. Bu çalışmada fenol-kloroform-izoamil alkol ve ticari kit (Sigma) metodu kullanılarak Türkiyede'ki Inula taksonları iç grup, Carlina lanata ve Carlina vulgaris taksonları dış grup seçilerek DNA izolasyonu yapıldı. Literatürde sıklıkla kullanılan ve güvenirliliği kanıtlanmış ITS (Internal Transcribed Spacer) nükleer ribozomal DNA (nrDNA) bölgesinin dizileri, trnL-F ve ndhF (cpDNA) dizileri moleküler işaretleyici olarak kullanılması ile Inula taksonlarının moleküler sistematik analizi yapıldı. Filogenetik analiz için edilen dizilerin işlenmesi için Bioedit, FinchTV ve Sequencher 4,10,1 programları, dizilerin hizalanması için ClustalW programı ve filogenetik analiz için PAUP 4,0b10 programı kullanılmıştır. Karakter temelli yöntemlerden Maksimum Parsimoni kriteri kullanılarak Heuristic Search ağaçları oluşturulmuştur. Yine parsimoni kriteri kullanılarak Boostrap analizi yapılmıştır. Mesafe temelli yöntemlerden ise UPGMA (Unweighted Pair-Group Metod of Arithmetic Avarage) ve NJ (Neighbour Joining) analizi yapılmıştır. Sonuç olarak daha önce Inula üzerine yapılan filogenetik çalışmalar bizim çalışmalarımızı desteklemiştir. Ekolojik çalışmalarda ise, değişik lokalitelerden alınan toprak örneklerinin pH'ına, tekstür, organik madde, E.C (tuz), CaCO3, P, K, Zn, Fe, Cu ve Mn değerlerine bakılmıştır. Taksonların çoğu, nötr, tuzsuz, killi, killi-tınlı, potasyumca eksik ve iz elementlerce yeterli toprakları tercih etmektedirler., Asteraceae, as a plant group, is a cosmopolitan family in terms of natural chemistry, flowering morphlogy and adaptation to habitat. Study material under consideration Inula belongs to the tribe Inuleae of the family Compositae. In this study, molecular systematic analysis and ecology features of genus Inula L. was investigated in Turkey. DNA Isolation was performed using phenol- chloroform- isoamylalcohol and commercial cit (Sigma) slecting Inula as ingroup taxa Carlina lanata and Carlina vulgaris as outgroup taxa ITS (Internal Transcribed Region) of the nuclear ribosomal DNA (nrDNA), trnL-F region and ndhF (cpDNA) DNA sequences which were used as molecular markers, taxa belonging to the genus Inula distributed in Turkey were analyzed molecular phylogenetically. Before the phylogenetic analysis, DNA sequences were aligmend using Bioedit, FinchTV and sequences 4.10.1 the sequences were aligment using the ClustalW and the phylogenetic analysis was performed using the PAUP 4.0b10 sofware. The character based method parsimony was used as the criterion with a heuristic search option and the Maximum Parsimony criterion was based on the character and the public by using Heuristic Search trees was created. Again using the Bootstrap analysis have been made to the criterion of parsimony. Distance-based methods, the UPGMA (Unweighted Pair Group Method of Arithmetic Average) and NJ (Neighbour Joining) analyses were made. Prior phylogenetic studies on Inula are in parallel with the results of our research. In ecological studies, pH, texture, organic matter, E.C. (salt ratio), CaCO3, P, K, Zn, Fe, Cu and Mn values of soil samples taken from various places were examined. Most of the taxa prefer neutral, non-saline, clayey, clay-loamy, low in potassium and sufficient in trace elements soils., Bu tez çalışması Balıkesir Üniversitesi Bilimsel Araştırma Projeler Birimi tarafından BAP 2013/92 nolu proje ile desteklenmiştir.

Nested PCR, PCR tekniğinin hassasiyetini artırmak için geliştirilen en popular yöntemlerden biridir. İstenilen DNA dizisinin bulunup çoğaltılmasında hassasiyeti 104 kat artırdığı tahmin edilmektedir. Bu reaksiyon mekanizmasında birbirini takip eden iki polimeraz zincir reaksiyonunu içermektedir. İlk amplifikasyonda hedef DNA’nın dış bölgesine özgün iki dış primer kullanılır ve uzun bölge çoğaltılır. İkinci amplifikasyon basamağında, ilk amplifikasyondan gelen bölgenin iç bölgesine bağlanan iki iç primer kullanılarak küçük bölgenin çoğaltılması sağlanmaktadır. İkinci PCR işleminden sonra ortada istenilmeyen DNA dizisi kalmamaktadır. Bu sistem günümüzde, Genetiği değiştirilmiş organizmalar (GDO), patojen teşhisinde, viral enfeksiyonlarda, genin ifadesinde, fungal tanıda ve birçok medikal alanda kullanılmaktadır., The Nested PCR is one of the most popular methods for improving the specificity of the PCR techniques. It is assumed that Nested PCR increase 104 fold for accuracy of the amplification of the target DNA sequence. This reaction mechanism contains two consecutive polymerase chain reactions. The two specific primer of outer region of DNA are used and the long area is replicated at the first amplification. The two primers of inner area that is comefrom first amplification are used for reproduction of small area at the second amplification step. There is no undesirable DNA sequence after the second PCR step. Nowadays this system have been using for GMO, pathogen diagnosis, viral infections, gene expression, fungal diagnosis and many medical fields