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For the purpose of preventing incendiary electrostatic discharges in silos during pneumatic powder transport the improvement of the nozzle-type electrostatic eliminator was tried. The eliminator consists of a short PVC pipe to which nozzle-type ionizing needle electrodes are attached. It is attached to the end of the inlet pipe near the top of the silo to eliminate static charge on the powder entering the silo. For improving the charge elimination performance a grid electrode was attached to the inner wall of the PVC pipe. The grid voltage could control the ion current used for electrostatic elimination. The grid voltage also controlled the charge elimination performance in the experiment using a full-sized pneumatic powder transport facility. Experimental details are described in this paper.

A comprehensive overview of novel high voltage GaN field effect transistors (FETs) based on the Polarization Superjunction (PSJ) concept and a cost-effective approach towards manufacturing these high performance devices are presented. Current challenges impeding wider adoption of GaN power switching transistors in applications, and latest results of scaled-up PSJ-FETs from POWDEC KK, have also been discussed. The article also presents hard-switching characteristics of 400V-to-800V boost converter constructed using a PSJ-FET grown on sapphire substrate and the future direction of GaN power semiconductor technology based on monolithic integration for advanced power electronics.

Relative detection efficiencies D q + of ions with different charges and impact energies in single-ion counting mode with microchannel plates (MCP, Hamamatsu F1094-21S) have been examined for Li q + , Ar q + , Ba p + and Yb p + ions ( q =1, 2 and p =1, 2, 3). The incident ion energy ranges from 1.1 to 15 keV. The efficiencies D q + for a given atom, plotted as a function of incident ion energy E K , lie on a unique curve. This comes originally from the fact that the secondary electron emission at the input channel-wall of MCP is dominated mainly by kinetic emission processes and little by potential emission processes in the keV energy range. When ions with different charges but the same E K value of a given atomic species are detected, almost equal detection efficiencies are ensured as far as E K is larger than 4 keV. Nearly equal detection efficiencies for singly and doubly charged ions accelerated by the same voltage are attainable at higher acceleration voltages for heavier ions, e.g., 5 kV for Ar + and Ar 2+ ions and about 10 kV for Ba + and Ba 2+ ions.

This report deals with the pathology and genetic basis of dilated cardiomyopathy in 10 Holstein-Friesian cows aged 3-6 years, a disease similar to that reported in Simmental-Red Holstein and Holstein-Friesian cattle in several other countries. The main clinical signs were associated with systemic circulatory failure, and at necropsy the animals showed cardiomegaly, severe congestion and fibrosis of the liver, and systemic cardiac oedema. Histologically, hypertrophy and vacuolation of the cardiac muscle fibres and severe fibrosis were noted. Electron microscopically, the sarcoplasm of the hypertrophic fibres was seen to be filled with fine structures of low electron-density, together with thin filamentous material, suggesting myofibrillar lysis. The mitochondria showed increased size, an abnormal cristae pattern and vacuolation due to partial loss of cristae. Pedigree analysis of the affected cattle indicated an autosomal recessive mode of inheritance. The family line of this cardiomyopathy overlapped with that of hereditary myopathy of the diaphragmatic muscles in Holstein-Friesian cattle, the pathological aspects and inheritance mode of which were reported previously. The available evidence suggested a genetic association between these two pathologically distinct diseases.

A new soft X-ray beamline has been constructed at the Hiroshima Synchrotron Radiation Center (HSRC), Hiroshima University. This beamline has a unique mechanism of an exchange system for a monochromator crystal. A double crystal monochromator of a Golovchenko-type is equipped with a crystal bank. The beamline delivers photons with energies from 800 to 5000 eV. Users can obtain the effective X-ray absorption fine structure spectra for Si, P, S, Cl, Ar and K K-edge on this beamline.

We report the investigation of the adsorption behavior of sulfur-containing (CH 3 ) 2 S molecule on Ag(1I 1) surface. Submonolayer and multilayer adsorption phases under UHV and liquid N 2 temperature conditions were studied by means of polarization dependent Sulfur-K near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) techniques. The (CH 3 ) 2 S molecule for submonolayer phase adsorbs molecularly on Ag(111) surface at 86 K. The sulfur and two methyl groups of the (CH 3 ) 2 S molecule have some interaction with surface Ag atoms. The orientation angle of two S-C bonds is estimated to be 23 ± 5° from the surface.

The phase diagram of the Ni–Mo–B ternary system in the region of less than 50 mol%B was constructed by thermodynamic calculation. We found three ternary eutectic points and three ternary peritecto-eutectic points as follows: E 1 : L(1365 K, 71.5 mol%Ni–6.0 mol%Mo–22.5 mol%B)=(Ni)+Ni 3 B+NiMo 2 B 2 . E 2 : L(1355 K, 62.5 mol%Ni–2.5 mol%Mo–30.5 mol%B)=Ni 3 B+Ni 2 B+NiMo 2 B 2 . E 3 : L(1445 K, 42.0 mol%Ni–30.6 mol%Mo–10.3 mol%B)=(Ni)+NiMo+NiMo 2 B 2 . P 1 : L(1812 K, 34.9 mol%Ni–42.3 mol%Mo–22.8 mol%B)+MoB=Mo 2 B+NiMo 2 B 2 . P 2 : L(1633 K, 42.3 mol%Ni–40.4 mol%Mo–17.3 mol%B)+Mo=Mo 2 B+NiMo 2 B 2 . P 3 : L(1478 K, 53.5 mol%Ni–33.7 mol%Mo–12.8 mol%B)+Mo=NiMo+NiMo 2 B 2 . The calculated phase diagram is expected to be useful for the development of new Ni-based heat-, corrosion- or wear-resistance alloys.

The clinical factors affecting the outcome of patients with ruptured distal anterior cerebral artery (ACA) aneurysms were analyzed using multiple logistic regression analysis. The medical records were reviewed of 52 patients (57 aneurysms) with ruptured distal ACA aneurysms operated on by the same neurosurgeon over 25 years. The standard policy was early surgery for patients in Hunt and Kosnik grades I to IV. Age, sex, Hunt and Kosnik grade, timing of operation, size of aneurysms, number of aneurysms, association of intracerebral haemorrhage (ICH), intraventricular haemorrhage, and azygos ACA, use of temporary clipping, occurrence of premature rupture, and presence of psychiatric change were investigated. Univariant analysis disclosed that clinical grade (P = 0.0006), size of aneurysm (P = 0.005), and size of ICH (P = 0.012) affected the outcome of patients. Multiple logistic regression analysis found that Hunt and Kosnik grade (P = 0.010) and timing of operation (P = 0.033) affected the outcome. There was no significant relationship between long-term outcome and clinical factors, although a close relationship was found with Hunt and Kosnik grade (P = 0.071). Clinical grade and timing of the operation affected the outcome of patients with ruptured distal ACA aneurysms. Patients harboring ICH of over 3 cm diameter in poor grades should also be carefully treated.

The adsorption structure of the C 5 H 5 N molecule on the Si(111)-(7×7) surface has been studied by low-temperature scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). Two adsorption states are observed: one appears chemisorbed and the other is physisorbed. The C 5 H 5 N molecule adsorbs above a dimer row on the surface between the two halves of the unit cell.

Total photoion yield spectra in the vicinity of the 3d thresholds of Xe, Cs and Ba are presented. These spectra were recorded with higher photon energy resolution than previously reported. For xenon the new experimental data reveal additional structures. Employing Hartree-Fock calculations, the origin of the prominent resonances is explained: for Xe and Cs the main absorption features are caused by shape resonances above threshold, whereas for Ba it is revealed that the 4f orbital has finally collapsed and the sharp resonances are caused by discrete excitations into bound states.

To reduce the on-resistance of AlGaN/GaN HEMTs, the gate length (LG) and gate-source (LSG) length were reduced to submicron order. The reduction of LG and LSG effectively decreased the drain-source spacing (LSD), which led to the reduction of the on-resistance without degrading the breakdown voltage. Moreover, the reduction of LG and LSG enhanced the drain current and transconductance. The specific on-resistance of 0.1 mΩ-cm2 was achieved at a LG of 0.10 μm and a LSG of 0.5 μm. The breakdown voltage of 56 V was obtained at a specific on-resistance of 0.12 mΩ-cm2. This high breakdown voltage was achieved by extending the drain-gate spacing due to the short LG and LSG. These characteristics of the fabricated device are equivalent to the trade-off characteristics of the numerical calculation. (© 2008 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)

Levels of a wide range of biogenic amines and related metabolites were determined in the brain of the silk­ worm, Bomby mori, during pupal and adult development using a three-dimensional HPLC system with multiple coulometric electrochemical detection. In the brain of the female adults, metabolic pathways such as tyrosine (TYR-4)->dihydroxyphenylalanine (L -DOPA)-dopamine (DA), TYR-4->tyramine (TYRA), and tryptophan (TRP)->5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) were identified. At this stage, 3,4-dihydroxyphenyleth-ylene (DOPAC) was also detected. Metabolic pathways of biogenic amines in the brain from pupal to adult stages are discussed.

Surface structures and electronic properties of submonolayer thiophene C4H4S adsorbed on Cu(100) (0.07 ML, 220 K) and Ni(100) (0.10 ML, 43 K) have been investigated by means of S K-edge surface extended X-ray-absorption fine structure (SEXAFS), near-edge X-ray-absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) and S 1s X-ray photoemission spectroscopy (XPS) measurements. It is revealed that the C4H4S molecules adsorb with the molecular plane parallel to the surface and the S atom locates at the bridge site on both surfaces. The distances of S-substrate atoms, and of the SC bond in C4H4S, as well as the degree of charge transfer from the substrate to the C4H4S π ∗ orbital were determined. These results indicate that C4H4S interacts more strongly with the Ni substrate than with the Cu substrate.

In order to understand the dynamic characteristics of a prefabricated steel building, several vibration tests with a wide range of amplitudes were carried out. Under excitation with relatively small amplitude levels, four different construction stages are prepared. The dynamic properties such as natural frequencies and damping ratios are evaluated using several identification methods based on observation records. The variability in the results due to the differences in identification methods and excitation conditions is examined. By comparing the results at different construction stages, the effect of non-structural members on the structural stiffness and damping ratio is studied. Using a mechanical exciter, forced vibration tests were carried out for several high excitation levels (100–3000 kgf). Free vibration tests using a wire cutting method were also carried out for several initial displacement levels (5–25 tonf, as initial tensile force levels). Based on the results of these vibration tests with various amplitude levels, the effect of non-structural members on dynamic characteristics is studied from the view point of amplitude dependence.

Ag loaded Ga2O3 (Ag/Ga2O3) shows photocatalytic activity for reduction of CO2 with water. Ag L3-edge XANES and K-edge EXAFS spectra were measured for various Ag/Ga2O3 samples, which suggested that structural and chemical states of Ag species varied with the loading amount of Ag and the preparation method. The Ag species were metallic Ag particles with an AgGaO2-like interface structure in the sample with high loading amount of Ag while predominantly Ag metal clusters in the sample with low loading amount of Ag. The XANES feature just above the edge represented the interaction between the Ag species and the Ga2O3 surface, showing that the Ag metal clusters had more electrons in the d-orbitals by interacting with the Ga2O3 surface, which would contribute the high photocatalytic activity.

A photodeposition process of Pt metal particles on anatase TiO2 in the aqueous solution of H2PtCl6 (precursor) and methanol (reductant) was studied using transmission electron microscopy, UV-vis spectroscopy and X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy. These analyses proposed the photodeposition mechanism of Pt on TiO2 by the photogenerated electrons: the photo-assisted adsorption of Pt4+ complexes on TiO2 through the ligand exchange at the initial stage, followed by the successive rapid reduction of Pt4+ to Pt0 to grow the Pt metal particles, which gives small and almost uniform size of Pt metal nanoparticles.

The surface structure and the electronic property of submonolayer carbon disulfide CS 2 adsorbed molecularly on Cu(100) at 106 K were investigated by means of S K-edge surface extended X-ray absorption fine structure (SEXAFS), near edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) measurements. The CS 2 molecule is found by NEXAFS to lie nearly flat on the surface with a small tilt angle of the molecular axis from the surface. The π∗ resonance intensity in NEXAFS suggests that the adsorbed species is in the state of CS 1.3− 2 . SEXAFS has clarified the adsorption geometry of the CS 2 molecule; the molecule adsorbs asymmetrically with the two S atoms respectively locating at the fourfold hollow site and closely to the bridge site. Such an adsorption structure is quite similar to submonolayer CS 2 on a Cu(111) surface.

Surface structures and electronic properties of submonolayer sulfur dioxide, SO2, molecularly adsorbed on Ni(111) and Ni(100) at ∼ 170 K have been investigated by means of S K-edge surface extended X-ray-absorption fine structure (SEXAFS), near-edge X-ray-absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) and S 1s X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) measurements. NEXAFS and SEXAFS have clarified that on both surfaces the SO2 molecule adsorbs with the molecular plane parallel to the surface and the elongated intramolecular SO bond lengths. The S atom directly interacts with substrate Ni, located at the bridge sites on both surfaces. Such adsorption geometries for submonolayer SO2 on metal surfaces have never been reported before. Comparing to other SO 2 metal systems the determined surface structures are discussed in terms of chemical bonding.

The total photoion yield spectrum of atomic chromium has been determined in the range of the 2p thresholds. The experimental data are compared to Hartree-Fock calculations, which include the interaction between three configurations, and to a previously published electron energy loss spectrum of solid chromium.

The local surface structures of SNi(111) in the ( √3 × √3) R30° and (5√3 × 2) phases have been investigated by means of polarization-dependent sulfur K-edge surface EXAFS. In the (√3 × √3 ) R30° phase, sulfur adatoms are found to occupy threefold hollow sites with a SNi distance of 2.13 A and an inclination angle ω of the Sz.sbnd;Ni bonds at 44° from the surface plane. In contrast, in the (5√3 × 2) phase, it is determined that the Sz.sbnd;Ni bond is longer, 2.18 A, more inclined, ω = 31°, and that the coordination number is not 3 but 4. These results strongly support a picture involving reconstruction of the top nickel layer to form a rectangular structure. Consideration of several models proposed for the (5√3 × 2) phase leads to one which is compatible with both the present results and results recently reported using STM.

The soft X-ray photoabsorption and total photoion yield spectra of atomic Cu have been determined in the range of the L-edges. At the L2 and L3 thresholds there are clearly visible jumps in the absorption cross section. Superimposed on this step-like increase are weak but in part surprisingly sharp structures. The atomic data are compared both to Hartree-Fock calculations and the soft X-ray absorption of copper metal.

The surface structure and the electronic properties of submonolayer carbon disulphide CS 2 molecularly adsorbed on Cu(111) at 92 K were investigated by means of S K-edge surface extended X-ray absorption fine structure (SEXAFS), near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) measurements. The CS 2 molecule is found by NEXAFS to lie nearly flat and linearly on the surface with a tilt angle of the molecular axis of 8 ± 5°. NEXAFS and XPS suggest that the adsorbed species is in a state close to CS 2− 2 . SEXAFS has clarified the adsorption geometry of the CS 2 molecule, where one S atom locates at the three-fold hollow site and the other S is at the bridge site with a slightly longer S-Cu distance. The determined surface structure is discussed comparing to other molecular adsorbate systems.

Syk kinase is one of the protein tyrosine kinases and forms a family with ZAP-70. We isolated two different sized cDNA clones of syk (Syk11 and Syk41) from a cDNA library of human KU812 (human basophilic leukemia cell line). The obtained two clones carried different messages, that Syk41 had a 69 bp-long insertion between the SH2 domain and the kinase domain compared with Syk11. Alignment of the two human syk predicted polypeptides with those of the porcine syk and ZAP-70 revealed that human syk was 5 amino acid longer than the porcine syk at the N-termini and that the insertion of the 23 amino acid found in Syk41 was present in the porcine syk and absent in ZAP-70. Reverse transcribed polymerase chain reaction targeting this region showed that both forms of the polyA RNA were expressed in Jurkat cells, human peripheral leukocytes and also KU812 cells and that the inserted form was dominant.

The binding subunit of human high-affinity receptor for IgE (Fc epsilon RI alpha) was efficiently expressed as a truncated form in insect cells. The soluble (s)Fc epsilon RI alpha purified from culture medium by affinity chromatography with an anti-(alpha chain) mAb was nearly homogeneous and had an IgE-binding activity. The amino acid composition and the revealed N-terminal amino acid sequence of sFc epsilon RI alpha suggested that it was properly processed in insect cells. The apparent molecular mass (35 kDa) of purified sFc epsilon RI alpha was smaller than that of sFc epsilon RI alpha produced by CHO transfectants. The reduction of the apparent molecular mass after N-glycanase treatment showed the recombinant product was N-glycosylated. Peptide mapping of native and deglycosylated sFc epsilon RI alpha indicated that three Asn residues (Asn21, Asn42 and Asn166) should be almost fully glycosylated, and that two Asn residues (Asn74 and Asn135) were partially glycosylated.

Aim of the study Hydnora johannis Becca. (Hydnoraceae) commonly is used for the treatment of dysentery, diarrhoea, cholera and swelling tonsillitis in the folk medicine of Sudan and other African countries. This study evaluates the toxicological effects of Hydnora johannis roots on Wistar rats. Materials and methods Rats were randomized into control, groups fed with 2, 10, 20% of dried roots for 8 weeks and other groups given ethanol extract (50, 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg/day) through oral and intramuscularly administration for 2 weeks. Toxicity was evaluated using biochemical and histopathological assays. Results Alterations in the levels of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, cholesterol and urea were observed. Histopathological analysis revealed that the toxic effect were mainly on the liver, kidney and spleen on all treated groups. However, the impact of the dried roots was mild compared to the ethanol extract. Remarkably, there was a drop in cholesterol level in all treatment groups suggesting the antiartherogenic effect of Hydnora johannis roots. Conclusion The results from this study suggest that the powder preparation as well as ethanolic extract of Hydnora johannis roots induced toxic effect on Wistar rats. The observed toxic effect might be due to the dose and/or frequency of administration. Although in traditional medicine the extract is administrated in low dose, the results suggest the necessity of standardization of the drug.

A 1 × 5 optical switch with a switching speed of microseconds is demonstrated. Switching between different channels in a planar lightwave circuit waveguide array was controlled using an electro-optic beam deflector. A single crystal of potassium tantalate niobate (KTa 1− x Nbx O3, KTN) was used as a deflector to realise this operation. A switching speed of 8.1 μs was demonstrated for the switching of two adjacent channels.

Carbon disulphide (CS2) adsorption on Ni(100) was studied by SEXAFS, XANES and XPS. It was found that CS2 multilayers deposited at ∼ 100 K mostly desorb at ∼ 140 K, leaving a small amount of CS2 and decomposed species. At this stage, about 60% of detectable S is atomic and 35% is CS2. Atomic S locates at the 4-fold hollow site with an S-Ni distance of 2.25 ± 0.02 A , while a CS2 molecule has no direct bond with Ni, but is weakly bound to the S- and/or C-covered surface with its molecular axis nearly parallel to the surface. Further heating of the sample yields only atomic S adsorbates which provide a c(2 × 2) LEED pattern.

The gregarious parasitoid Cotesia (= Apanteles ) kariyai (Watanabe) regulates the growth and development of its host Pseudaletia separata (Walker) with the quantity of eggs laid. Fewer parasitoid eggs caused the parasitized hosts to gain less weight. Weight gain of the parasitized hosts is supposed to be correlated with fluctuation of food consumption or food conversion (or both) into body substances. More food consumption and higher efficiency of conversion of digested food into body substance as increasing numbers of eggs laid were not detected. Calyx and venom fluids depressed the weight gain of unparasitized hosts in a way similar to parasitization. However, unlike parasitized hosts, those injected with calyx and venom fluids did not show a rapid decrease in weight after reaching the maximum value. The rapid decrease observed in parasitized larvae seemed to be caused by the developing parasitoid larvae. Female wasps manipulate sex allocation at the time of oviposition to use effectively host resources restricted by calyx and venom fluids. Parasitization of late fifth instar hosts resulted in a more male-biased progeny than that of late third instars. However, an equal number of female progeny was allocated in parasitized late third and late fifth instars, and the number of male progeny shifted proportionally to compensate for the increased number of eggs laid. This suggests that to use effectively the restricted resource of the host without reducing the body size of an individual female (thereby guaranteeing the resource for the development of female eggs), the remaining resource is “assigned” for the development of a suitable number of male eggs, because the size decrease of female progeny is less than that of male progeny in correlation with the number of eggs laid.

The surface structure of ( 3 × 3 ) R 30° Cl/Ni(111) as investigated using the back-reflection X-ray standing-wave (SW) method. The SW profiles of the Cl atom were measured for 111 and 11 1 reflections by monitoring the ClK fluorescence yield with a Si(Li) solid state detector. The triangulation of the Cl atom position relative to the (111) and (11 1 ) lattice planes allowed us to distinguish the two inequivalent three-fold hollow sites on this surface. The results indicate that the Cl atoms preferably adsorb on the fcc sites which are directly above the atoms in the third substrate layer.

To evaluate the clinical usefulness of the QuantiFERON TB-2G (QFT-2G) test in patients with non-tuberculous mycobacterial (NTM) disease without a previous history of tuberculosis (TB).The study consisted of 214 patients with NTM disease who satisfied the diagnostic guidelines of the American Thoracic Society.The causative microorganism was Mycobacterium avium in 83 patients, M. intracellulare in 80, M. kansasii in 33, M. marinum in 12, M. szulgai in 3, M. abscessus in 2 and M. chelonei in 1. The positive response rate of QFT-2G test result was 2% in 163 patients with M. avium-intracellulare complex (MAIC) disease, 52% in 33 with M. kansasii disease, 58% in 12 with M. marinum disease, 33% in 3 with M. szulgai disease, 0% in two with M. abscessus disease and 0% in one with M. chelonei disease. The positivity of the QFT-2G test was 52% in patients with NTM disease, thought to be because NTM possesses common M. tuberculosis-specific antigens.Although QFT-2G may be a useful diagnostic method to differentiate TB from MAIC disease, there are several problems to be resolved before it can be used as a diagnostic method for NTM disease (M. kansasii disease), including the determination of the positive cut-off level for QFT-2G test.

The correlation between the current collapse in the IV characteristics of AlGaN/GaN HFETs and the traps monitored through the unpassivated and SiN‐passivation processes of the AlGaN/GaN heterostructures by the low frequency noise measurements is reported: the noise level of E1(47 meV) trap decreased by 10 dBA/Hz by the SiN passivation process together with the current collapse recovery in IV curves, while E2(131 meV) and E3(235 meV) levels became apparent after SiN passivation, indicating the remarkable suppression of the E1 trap by the passivation. The commercially available AlGaAs/GaAs LED heads for the page and FAX printers found several deep levels introduced during the contact formation processes, which could not be assigned by the DLTS measurements.

A new 10-year program “Photon Frontier Network” has been started in 2008 in Japan in order to establish strong bases in research and education in optical science and technology. This network is formed by many scientists belonging to various organizations in broad range of fields, and with industrial participation. The basic structure and objectives of this program are described.

An analytical and experimental investigation on the effect of gas temperature on convection flow CO/sub 2/ lasers is presented. A simple and practical model neglecting the population of lower laser levels is proposed and examined by experiments. The model indicates simply that the gas temperature affects the 'inherent threshold discharge power'. Appropriateness of the model has been proven regardless of the schemes of cross flow or axial flow. >

The propagation characteristics of the dominant mode in slotlines as well as in microstrip lines on anisotropic substrates are studied. The dielectric tensor in the substrate may have nondiagonal elements which represent misalignment, on the substrate surface, between the material coordinate system and the waveguide coordinate system. The analysis is devoted to the slotline and is based on Galerkin's method applied in the spectral domain. Numerical results are presented for a sapphire substrate and a boron nitride substrate. It is found that the coordinate misalignment on the substrate surface has a significant influence on the propagation characteristics of the slotline. >

We measured the temperature-dependent three-dimensional angle-resolved photoemission spectra of EuO (100) thin film, a typical Heisenberg ferromagnetic semiconductor, to investigate the essential origin of the ferromagnetic transition. We observed sizable energy dispersion and large binding-energy shift of the Eu $4f$ state below the Curie temperature only near the $\ensuremath{\Gamma}$ and $X$ points, despite the expected Heisenberg-type local magnetism. The band dispersion and temperature dependence of the Eu $4f$ state indicates that the indirect exchange and superexchange interactions have strong momentum dependence. The observed temperature-dependent energy shift of the $4f$ state is the essential origin of the magnetism of EuO.