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AimsTo identify the incidence and risk factors for five-year same-site recurrent disc herniation (sRDH) after primary single-level lumbar discectomy. Secondary outcome was the incidence and risk factors for five-year sRDH reoperation.MethodsA retrospective study was conducted using prospectively collected data and patient-reported outcome measures, including the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI), between 2008 and 2019. Postoperative sRDH was identified from clinical notes and the centre’s MRI database, with all imaging providers in the region checked for missing events. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to calculate five-year sRDH incidence. Cox proportional hazards model was used to identify independent variables predictive of sRDH, with any variable not significant at the p < 0.1 level removed. Hazard ratios (HRs) were calculated with 95% confidence intervals (CIs).ResultsComplete baseline data capture was available for 733 of 754 (97.2%) consecutive patients. Median follow-up time for censored patients was 2.2 years (interquartile range (IQR) 1.0 to 5.0). sRDH occurred in 63 patients at a median 0.8 years (IQR 0.5 to 1.7) after surgery. The five-year Kaplan-Meier estimate for sRDH was 12.1% (95% CI 9.5 to 15.4), sRDH reoperation was 7.5% (95% CI 5.5 to 10.2), and any-procedure reoperation was 14.1% (95% CI 11.1 to 17.5). Current smoker (HR 2.12 (95% CI 1.26 to 3.56)) and higher preoperative ODI (HR 1.02 (95% CI 1.00 to 1.03)) were independent risk factors associated with sRDH. Current smoker (HR 2.15 (95% CI 1.12 to 4.09)) was an independent risk factor for sRDH reoperation.ConclusionThis is one of the largest series to date which has identified current smoker and higher preoperative disability as independent risk factors for sRDH. Current smoker was an independent risk factor for sRDH reoperation. These findings are important for spinal surgeons and rehabilitation specialists in risk assessment, consenting patients, and perioperative management.Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2023;105-B(3):315–322.

The optical performance of low-bilayer-thickness metallic multilayers (ML) can be improved significantly by limiting the intermixing of consecutive layers at the interfaces.

Purpose Metformin is widely used to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) individuals. Clinically, inter-individual variability of metformin response is of significant concern and is under interrogation. In this study, a targeted exome and whole transcriptome analysis were performed to identify predictive biomarkers of metformin response in drug-naïve T2DM individuals. Methods The study followed a prospective study design. Drug-naïve T2DM individuals (n = 192) and controls (n = 223) were enrolled. T2DM individuals were administered with metformin monotherapy and defined as responders and non-responders based on their glycated haemoglobin change over three months. 146 T2DM individuals were used for the final analysis and remaining samples were lost during the follow-up. Target exome sequencing and RNA-seq was performed to analyze genetic and transcriptome profile. The selected SNPs were validated by genotyping and allele specific gene expression using the TaqMan assay. The gene prioritization, enrichment analysis, drug-gene interactions, disease-gene association, and correlation analysis were performed using various tools and databases. Results rs1050152 and rs272893 in SLC22A4 were associated with improved response to metformin. The copy number loss was observed in PPARGC1A in the non-responders. The expression analysis highlighted potential differentially expressed targets for predicting metformin response (n = 35) and T2DM (n = 14). The expression of GDF15, TWISTNB, and RPL36A genes showed a maximum correlation with the change in HbA1c levels. The disease-gene association analysis highlighted MAGI2 rs113805659 to be linked with T2DM. Conclusion The results provide evidence for the genetic variations, perturbed transcriptome, allele-specific gene expression, and pathways associated with metformin drug response in T2DM.

In order to assess the growth and yield of different fish species during dry period, an experiment was conducted in the Aquaculture Farm of Agriculture and Forestry University, Rampur, Chitwan from 1 April to 10 July, 2021. The experiment included three treatments: T1 (Carp polyculture), T2 (Common carp Cyprinus carpio monoculture) and T3 (Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus monoculture), each with three replications. Silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix 7%), Bighead carp (Aristichthys nobilis 20%), Grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella 13%), Rohu (Labeo rohita 30%), Mrigal (Cirrhinus mrigala 10%) and Common carp (20%) were stocked at densities of 1,400, 4,000, 2,600, 4,000, 6,000 and 2,000 fish/ha, respectively. Stocking density of Common carp and Nile tilapia was 20,000 fish/ha. Fish were fed with sinking pellet (28% crude protein) at the rate of 3% of body weight. Gross and net fish yield was significantly higher in T3 (89.89±0.67 t/ha/yr,16±0.25 t/ha/ yr) than in T2 (4.88±0.38 t/ha/yr, 4.05±0.35 t/ha/yr) due to higher (p

Red blooms caused by Euglena sanguinea (Ehrenberg, 1832) might cause severe depletion of dissolved oxygen significantly in the pond. An experiment was conducted to assess the effects of measures for controlling E. sanguinea on water quality, growth and yield of carp polyculture. The experiment included four treatments: without mitigation measure (T1), skimming using net skimmer (T2), fertilization with urea and diammonium phosphate (T3) and liming using agriculture lime (T4) with three replications. The experiment was carried out for 120 days. The results showed that abundance of E. sanguinea was significantly lower (p < 0.05) in urea and diammonium phosphate treated ponds (270 ± 10 cells L-1) than control ponds (1650 ± 90 cells L-1). Water quality parameter such as nitrite, total nitrogen and total phosphorus were significantly (p < 0.05) higher in control ponds (T1) than in treatment ponds. The net fish yield of rohu was significantly higher (0.19 ± 0.0 t ha-1) in T3 ponds than T2 ponds (0.07 ± 0.0 t ha-1). The present experiment effectively controlled abundance of E. sanguinea but admixture of urea and diammonium phosphate application appeared to be better control measures because dissolved oxygen content was at acceptable level in the ponds.

Introduction: Music of varying tempo or beats have physiological as well as adverse effects on the body. This study throws light on the influence of upbeat music on properties of radial pulse, in healthy young adults. Methods: One hundred and seventy-five students between the age of nineteen and twenty-four years were included in this study. The experiment was conducted in a room, devoid of any external disturbances. Subjects were made to listen the chosen upbeat music for 4 minutes using a headphone. The radial pulse was measured before and immediately after the experiment. Data analysis was done by using SPSS software version 16.0.Results: In this study we observed that normal mean pulse rate was 76 per minute in males and 72 per minute in female young adults. Following the auditory stimulation with upbeat music, rise in pulse rate was observed in more than 70% of subjects. Whilst, 24% showed a decrease pulse rate and 5% showed no change in pulse rate. Increased pulse rate was associated with decrease in amplitude of pulse wave but no change in rhythm and character of the pulse when compared to resting state. Conclusion: This study indicates that the music can increase the pulse rate in the majority of the subjects but also decreases the pulse rate in few individuals. This study provides the preliminary evidence to promote the music therapy in many preventive programs for patients with depression, patients with depressed cardiac functioning and useful in improving daily performances.

This paper focuses on the under-explored dynamics between physical grocery stores and e-grocery through the lens of business model innovation. While e-grocery is expected to grow, we still know little about how it will affect the existing physical stores - and how these actors are reacting to this potential threat. We draw upon in-depth interviews with senior executives from grocery companies, academics, and experts. The data has been subsequently discussed in the light of market literature and the study’s' theoretical framework. We find that e-grocery and physical grocery operate with two very different business models, where neither would benefit from emulating the other. While some of the physical chains have been developing e-grocery as add-on services, they are not profitable because they are not compatible with the current business model. Seeing this, physical shops are primarily concerned with competing with other physical shops to survive the growth of e-grocery despite of the development from pure e-grocery players. However, these sustaining actions might over time turn consumers digital, as the reduction of number of physical stores might spark the change in consumer behavior needed by e-grocery to accelerate its growth.

Here, we have studied the elastic, ultrasonic, mechanical, and thermal behavior of temperature-dependent hexagonal oxygen-functionalized M2CO2 (M= Ti, Zr, Hf) MXenes. The higher-order linear and nonlinear elastic constants, viz., second-order (SOECs), and third-order (TOECs) have been computed using the Lenard Jones interaction potential model. For mechanical characterization, bulk modulus (B), shear modulus (G), Young's modulus (Y), Pugh's ratio (B / G), Poisson's ratio, and anisotropic index are evaluated using SOECs. Born's stability and Pugh's criteria are used to examine the nature and strength of the MXenes in all the temperatures. For the investigation of anisotropic behavior and its thermophysical properties, temperature-dependent ultrasonic velocities and thermal relaxation time have been calculated along with different orientations from the unique axis of the crystal. The ultrasonic attenuation (UA) of a longitudinal and shear wave due to phonon-phonon (p-p) interaction and thermoelastic relaxation mechanism were investigated for these oxygen-functionalized MXenes. Thermal conductivity is a principal contributor to the behavior of UA due to p-p interactions. Our analysis suggests that semiconductor Ti2CO2 MXenes show superior mechanical properties to other oxygen-functionalized MXenes. Computed elastic, ultrasonic, and thermal properties are correlated to evaluate the microstructural behavior of the materials useful for industrial applications.

Structures of negative parity multi-quasiparticle states in 127Xe have been investigated through in-beam γ-ray spectroscopy. Excited states were populated via 122Sn(9Be, 4nγ)127Xe fusion-evaporation reaction at Ebeam = 48 MeV. Two new negative parity bands have been identified and their structures have been discussed using the triaxial projected shell model (TPSM) approach. One of the bands is established above the Iπ = 27/2- state at 3702 keV and based on the experimental inferences and TPSM results, this band is interpreted as a γ-band built on a three-quasineutron configuration. The second sequence, found above Iπ = 31/2- state at 4848 keV, is proposed to have a two-proton aligned configuration (νh11/2 ⊗ πh11/2 2), considering the properties of this band with the neighbouring isotopes. The analysis of the TPSM wave function substantiates the proposed interpretation of this band.

The development of unconventional resources in the Uinta basin requires more investigation. Petrophysical characterization is the key to identifying different rock types to optimize hydrocarbon production. Rock-typing can be performed using wireline measurements, such as triple combo and special logs; however, this identification needs to be verified using laboratory characterization to enhance the accuracy of rock-typing prediction models. In this work, we implement an integrated characterization workflow for 600 ft of the core interval, including total organic carbon, source rock analysis, elemental (X-ray Fluorescence) and mineral (Fourier- transform Infrared Spectroscopy) composition, total porosity (High-pressure pycnometer, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance), pore throat size distribution (Mercury Injection Capillary Pressure), elastic moduli (Ultrasonic velocity and nanoindentation) and microstructure (Scanning Electron Microscopy). Wireline measurements include the triple combo and the sonic logs. Principal Component Analysis and K-means (as unsupervised machine learning algorithms) were applied to both datasets to cluster and classify different rock types. In parallel, the petrophysical systematic for each rock type was evaluated. The Uinta group is vastly diverse, having a wide range of porosity (2-18%) and TOC (0.5-10%). Three main rock types were identified type 1-siliceous rich, type 2-calcite rich, and type 3-dolomite rich. The relative contribution of types 1, 2, and 3 is 47, 31, and 22 %, respectively. The top section of the analyzed core is dominated by rock type 1, which generally has the highest porosity and relatively higher TOC. Most of the bottom section is carbonate-rich rock types, in which calcite-rich and dolomite-rich layers are interbedded; SEM analyses suggest that a fraction of the porosity is associated with organic matter. Between rock types 3 and 2, further studies indicate that the high dolomite rock type tends to have higher porosity, larger pore size, and better-sorted grains, while the high calcite rock type has lower porosity and small pore size. There is a fair agreement in rock type identification between using core-derived and log- derived models. The Uinta basin leads the hydrocarbon production in Utah. The study provides a comprehensive core analysis dataset highlighting the vertical complexity of the Uinta group. The agreement in rock-typing using core and wireline inputs suggests that log-derived rock-typing can be utilized to identify sweet zones.

A continuous study of ambient air quality is necessary for determining a regional environmental condition, mainly air pollutants. Pollutant concentrations, sources and weather conditions all have an impact on the quality of the air we breathe. The current study attempted to investigate the air quality in Gwalior city by using two separate locations. In urban areas, the contribution from automobile sources has the most significant impact on air quality. High levels of air pollution have a variety of harmful health consequences. The air quality inside/outside of the university campus is evaluated in this study. Air pollution has serious health consequences for humans, animals and plants. It is difficult to predict the health effects of low-level exposure. The World Health Organization has specified the various criteria gases that affect human health and crops. Different pollutants, mainly Particulate Matters, i.e. PM10, PM2.5, SOx, NOx and SPM, are investigated and their concentration is also estimated for comparative study.

IDH wild-type (wt) grade 2/3 astrocytomas are a heterogenous group of tumors with disparate clinical and molecular profiles. cIMPACT-NOW recommendations incorporated in the new 2021 World Health Organization (WHO) Classification of Central Nervous System (CNS) Tumors urge minimal molecular criteria to identify a subset that has an aggressive clinical course similar to IDH -wt glioblastomas (GBMs). This paper describes the use of a panel of molecular markers to reclassify IDH -wt grade 2/3 diffuse astrocytic gliomas (DAGs) and study median overall survival concerning for to IDH -wt GBMs in the Indian cohort. IDH -wt astrocytic gliomas (grades 2, 3, and 4) confirmed by IDHR132H immunohistochemistry and IDH1/2 gene sequencing, 1p/19q non-codeleted with no H3F3A mutations were included. TERT promoter mutation by Sanger sequencing, epidermal growth factor receptor amplification, and whole chromosome 7 gain and chromosome 10 loss by fluorescence in situ hybridization was assessed and findings correlated with clinical and demographic profiles. The molecular profile of 53 IDH -wt DAGs (grade 2: 31, grade 3: 22) was analyzed. Eleven cases (grade 2: 8, grade 3: 3) (20.75%) were reclassified as IDH -wt GBMs, WHO grade 4 ( TERT promoter mutation in 17%, epidermal growth factor receptor amplification in 5.5%, and whole chromosome 7 gain and chromosome 10 loss in 2%). Molecular GBMs were predominantly frontal (54.5%) with a mean age of 36 years and median overall survival equivalent to IDH -wt GBMs (18 vs. 19 mo; P =0.235). Among grade 2/3 DAGs not harboring these alterations, significantly better survival was observed for grade 2 versus grade 3 DAGs (25 vs. 16 mo; P =0.002). Through the incorporation of a panel of molecular markers, a subset of IDH -wt grade 2 DAGs can be stratified into molecular grade 4 tumors with prognostic and therapeutic implications. However, IDH -wt grade 3 DAGs behave like GBMs irrespective of molecular profile.

Across four experiments with U.S.-based online participants ( N = 1,495 adults), I found that paying people to engage in moralistic punishment reduces their willingness to do so. In an economic game with real stakes, providing a monetary bonus for engaging in third-party punishment of unfair offers nearly cut participants’ willingness to do so in half. In judgments of hypothetical transgressions, participants viewed punishers who accepted payment as having worse character and rated the punishers’ punitive actions as less morally acceptable. Willingness to engage in punishment was restored if participants were offered large enough payments or were told that punishment accompanied by payment still signals moral virtue. Data were consistent with a signal-corruption mechanism whereby payment interferes with the prosocial signal that moralistic punishment provides about a punisher’s motives. These findings have implications for the cultural evolution of punishment and suggest that understanding perpetrators’ sociomoral incentives is essential to implementing conflict-reduction policies.

Childhood obesity increases body mass index and long term metabolic disturbances. The present study is designed to analyze postnatal obesity-induced changes in body mass index and common carotid artery wall thickness and the role of dietary choline and DHA or environmental enrichment in mitigating these changes. Four groups of male rat pups (n=8/group) were assigned as Normal control (NC), Obese (OB) fed high-fat diet, Obesity-induced supplemented choline and DHA (OB+CHO+DHA) with 5mmol/kg/day of choline and 150 mg/ day of DHA, Obesity-induced environmental enrichment (OB+EE) exposed to environmental enrichment for 90 days. Body mass index was calculated after 90 days. Subsequently, rats were euthanized to excise common carotid artery. 5µ thick sections were processed for haematoxylin and eosin and Verhoff –Vangeison stains. Mean body weight, body mass index, thickness of tunica intima, media and percentage of collagen fibers in artery were significantly higher in OB group (p< 0.01

Bisphenol A (BPA) is one of the most widely studied endocrine disrupting chemicals because of its structural similarity to 17-β estradiol; its ability to bind as an agonist/antagonist to estrogen receptors elicits adverse effects on the functioning of the metabolic and endocrinal system. Therefore, BPA has been thoroughly scrutinized concerning its disruption of pathways like lipid metabolism, steroidogenesis, insulin signaling, and inflammation. This has resulted in reports of its correlation with various aspects of cardiovascular diseases, obesity, diabetes, male and female reproductive disorders, and dysfunctions. Among these, the occurrence of the polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) in premenopausal women is of great concern. PCOS is a highly prevalent disorder affecting women in their reproductive age and is clinically characterized by hyperandrogenism, ovulatory dysfunction, and polycystic ovarian morphology, along with metabolism-related dysfunctions like hyperinsulinemia, obesity, and insulin resistance. In this review, we analyzed certain researched effects of BPA, while focusing on its ability to alter the expression of various significant genes like GnRH, AdipoQ, ESR1, StAR, CYP11A1, CYP19A1, and many more involved in the pathways and endocrine regulation, whose disruption is commonly associated with the clinical manifestations of PCOS.

SUMMARY We investigate the nature of seismic anisotropy in the Kumaun–Garhwal Himalaya by analysing the core-refracted shear wave splitting phases (SK(K)S, PKS) recorded at 42 broad-band seismic stations. The mean fast anisotropy directions are mostly in ∼E–W and a few in the ∼NE–SW directions. The mean delay time decreases progressively from ∼1.0 s beneath the Sub Himalaya to ∼0.5 s at the Higher Himalaya. The observed seismic anisotropy suggests that the ongoing deformation beneath the Kumaun–Garhwal Himalaya has a large contribution by the relative rotation of the asthenospheric flow by the compression along the Indian Plate motion direction in this collision zone. Also, the southward transportation of the mid-crustal flow is probably responsible for the reduction in the delay times in the Main Central Thrust zone and further north than in the Sub-to-Lower Himalaya. The splitting parameters indicate a complex pattern of deformation beneath the Kumaun–Garhwal Himalaya with contribution from crust, lithospheric mantle and asthenospheric mantle.

This work on the designing and analysis of micro lattice structures in various configurations. Initially, four different Body-Centered Cubic (BCC) lattice cell structures (LCS) of different strut diameters were designed using SolidWorks. ANSYS Workbench has been used to determine the lattice structure's compression stress analysis and the evaluation of deformation and stress analysis. To estimate the equivalent solid properties: First, the FEA method and theoretical calculations are used on a single unit cell BCC for different cases (different strut diameters and cell sizes). In addition, 10 × 10 × 10 mm (H × L × W) cells with strut diameter 2 mm BCC lattice cell structure specimens are designed and analyzed under compression loading conditions. Within the elastic limit, load–displacement behavior and the results obtained from the FEA models are appreciable. Even though AlSi10Mg materials have good mechanical properties, lattice structures can be used to enhance mechanical and functional properties and parts can be created with regulated porosity.

Charge-state-resolved kinetic energy spectra of Sn ions ejected from a laser-produced plasma (LPP) of Sn have been measured at different densities of the H2 buffer gas surrounding a micro-droplet LPP. In the absence of H2, energetic keV Sn ions with charge states ranging from 4+ to 8+ are measured. For the H2 densities used in the experiments no appreciable stopping or energy loss of the ions is observed. However, electron capture by Sn ions from H2 results in a rapid shift toward lower charge states. At the highest H2 pressure of 6 × 10 − 4 mbar, only Sn2+ and Sn+ ions are measured. The occurrence of Sn+ ions is remarkable due to the endothermic nature of electron capture by Sn2+ ions from H2. To explain the production of keV Sn+ ions, it is proposed that their generation is due to electron capture by metastable Sn 2 + ∗ ions. The gateway role of metastable Sn 2 + ∗ is underpinned by model simulations using atomic collision cross sections to track the charge states of Sn ions while traversing the H2 buffer gas, This work is part of the research portfolio of the Advanced Research Center for Nanolithography (ARCNL), a publicprivate partnership between the University of Amsterdam (UvA), the Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (VU), the University of Groningen (RuG), the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO), and the semiconductor equipment manufacturer ASML. The project is co-financed by Holland High Tech with PPS allowance for research and development in the top sector HTSM. The theoretical work of I R and L M was partially supported by Ministerio de Economía and Competitividad (Spain), Project No. FIS2017-84684-R. The computational support by the Centro de Computación Científica of UAM is also acknowledged