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Present paper consists of the study of arsenic-based chalcogenide thin film for sensing elements for humidity sensors. The chemical composition of the prepared sensing element makes it more sensitive towards water molecule absorption and hence affects sensitivity. The bulk samples of Ge–Se–Te–As composition were prepared using the conventional melt-quench technique and the thin films were obtained using the thermal evaporation method. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to analyze the structural characteristics of the prepared sensing element. Tauc’s plot, using UV-Vis spectrophotometer data, was used to determine the optical bandgap of the sensing materials. The relative humidity (RH) variation of the prepared sensing element was recorded in the range of 10%–90%. The sensitivity of the prepared sensing membrane was obtained as 8.54 MΩ/%RH, 9.724 MΩ/%RH, 10.257 MΩ/%RH for x = 10, 20, 30 respectively. The repeatability of the prepared samples was also reported to increase with Arsenic concentration.

Effects of morphological and biochemical constituents on the population of sucking insect pests infesting tomato plant were evaluated. Among the twenty genotypes evaluated under field condition at different seasons (summer, kharif, rabi), it revealed that the genotypes namely BRDT-1, EC 620421, Solanum peruvianum, EC 538455 and S. cheesmaniae had minimum number of aphid and whitefly population throughout all the three seasons due to their morphological traits like more trichome density and thick stem diameter as well as the presence of biochemical attributes like phenol and tannins which were present in those genotypes at higher concentration. The higher content of leaf chlorophyll had resistance effect against the population of aphid and whitefly, while total sugar content did not have any significant effect on resistance. Bangladesh J. Bot. 50(3): 483-489, 2021 (September)

The experiment was conducted at the Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University (90o22 E, 23o 41 N), Dhaka, Bangladesh in Rabi (winter) season of 2017-2018 to study the effects of sowing date on growth and yield of four white maize genotypes, viz. PSC-121, Yangnuo-7, Yungnuo-30 and Changnuo-6. Sowing dates were November 26, December 11, and December 26. Data were collected on different phenological growth stages, dry matter, physiological attributes, yield, and yield attributes. A delay in sowing date delayed the time required for seedling emergence, to reach the 6-leaf collar, maturity stage, and also reduced yield. The planting of PSC-121 in November 26 gave the highest dry matter plant-1, the number of grains cob-1, and 100- grain weight that resulted in the highest grain yield (11.65 t/ha) of the genotype. Bangladesh Agron. J. 2021, 24(1): 57-70

It is essential to study the impact of anions happening the morphology of nanomaterials to prepare nanostructures with well-defined shape. This present work is based on the effect of anions (acetate, chloride, nitrate, and sulfate) on the morphology of nickel oxide nanostructures material synthesized by a simple hydrothermal method. The prepared composite material structures were studied by XRD, SEM), and TEM. The synthesized nanostructures were fabricated for the non-enzymatic glucose sensors. These sensors can be used for the non-enzymatic glucose sensors to take a fast amperometric response less time. The sensitivity for all four sensors of NiO grown using nickel acetate, nickel chloride, nickel nitrate, and nickel sulfate salts are in order of 212.71, 519, 419.57, and 79.28 μA/mM·cm2 respectively. The detection limits were estimated in the order of 0.1 to 1.0 μM. The NiO nanostructures grown with nickel chloride salt were found the most sensitive in this respect and subjected to evaluation of other competing species during glucose-sensing such as ascorbic acid, uric acid, and sucrose. The found best NiO nanomaterial remained positively used to quantify glucose levels in the blood serum of humans.

The energy storage has become universal concern with increasing global economy and population. Therefore, it becomes a great challenge to develop renewable energy sources to meet the increasing energy demand. We have successfully synthesized Co3O4 nanoflowers by a simple hydrothermal method for supercapacitor applications. The morphology and structure were analyzed by SEM/TEM and XRD. The electrochemical properties of the Co3O4 nanoflowers of the Co3O4 nanoflowers were measured by CV, GCD, and EIS. The resulting material exhibited a specific capacitance of 3491 mF/cm2 at a current density of 20 mA/cm2 with good cyclic stability in 6 M KOH solution. Furthermore, the asymmetric supercapacitor assembled with Co3O4 nanoflowers as a positive electrode and activated carbon as a negative electrode showed high energy storage capacity (2102 mF/cm2) and good cyclic stability. Therefore, this work shows great potential of Co3O4 nanoflowers as a supercapacitor cathode material.

Powder-based additive manufacturing (AM) technologies are commonly used to fabricate intricate-shape three-dimensional (3D) composite parts. The present study provides further insights into powder melt pool behavior and microstructure evolution during additive manufacturing of Hastelloy(HX)/WC composite using sequentially coupled multi-scale models. At the macro-scale, the heat transfer model is used to predict the temperature distribution and melts pool geometry formed during laser heating of multi-material powder bed. At the mesoscale, the phase-field and heat transfer models are coupled to predict the evolution of grains during the solidification of the powder melt. The computational results are reasonably comparable to that of the experiments. It is found that an ellipsoidal melt pool shape is formed around the irradiated zone. The temperature, thermal gradient and cooling rate changes across the melt pool dimensions. Due to epitaxial growth, columnar (elongated) grains are developed near the solid-liquid interface. In contrast, equiaxed grains are formed near the top regions of the melt pool due to higher cooling rates. The elongated grains become split into equiaxed ones due to the presence of the WC particles. The presence of the larger WC particles enhances the cooling rate; thereby, resulted in grain refinement. Reducing the WC particle size still results in grain refinement due to the pinning effect on grain boundaries; however, the grain size becomes affected by the WC particle size. The inclusion of foreign particles could be used to inhibit anisotropic behavior in 3D printed parts.

Composite coatings with tailored properties can be effectively deposited with the cold spray process via careful control of deposition parameters. To avoid repetitive experiments, numerical models are commonly used to optimize the cold spray deposition process parameters. The present study proposes using a physics-based hybrid computational approach to model the cold spray deposition of Ni-Ti/Al2O3 composite coating used for wear applications. The method involves using point cloud (for the impacting particles) and finite elements (for the deformed splats structures and substrate) to simulate dissimilar particles impact and interactions, plastic deformation, and temperature rise. The approach is computationally efficient and adequately captures the thermo-mechanical deformation resulting from the interactions among dissimilar particles. The simulations are carried out for various combinations of material types, particles sizes and shapes, and impacting velocities. The results from the simulations are analyzed and validated by comparing them with that of previous works. The plastic deformation and temperature rise within the mating bodies increase with increasing particles’ kinetic energies. The Ni-Ti-Al2O3 powder particles lead to higher plastic deformation, temperature rise, and inter-particle bonding due to the presence of the hard Al2O3 particles. The temperature does not rise above melting; however, recrystallization of coating microstructure becomes possible even at a low deposition rate.

People of modern age are very health and diet conscious. Various plants have been used as source of nutrition by human beings. Cereals have been one of them. But due to health problems (Celiac disease, WDEIA and baker’s asthma) and allergens present in cereals such as by wheat gluten, people are looking for alternative diet. Population is increasing day by day and to provide them a healthy nutritious diet free of allergens is uphill task. Researchers are looking to exploit various alternative plant sources. Recent findings suggest that pseudo cereals are best alternative to wheat. Buckwheat, Amaranth and Quinoa (pseudo cereals) were underutilized crops. Now, people are gaining more interest in Pseudo cereals for their excellent nutrition profile and gluten free products. They contain essential amino acids, carbohydrates, dietary fibers, minerals, vitamins and other important biological compounds in their nutrition profile. Important biological compounds present in pseudo cereals like phenolics impart beneficial health impacts on human beings. Keeping in view the extra ordinary benefits of consuming pseudo cereals, they must be grown at commercial level. It will make sure availability of diet full of nutrition and free from health risks.

Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum ssp.) belongs to the genus Gossypium from the family Malvaceae. About 100 genera are in the family Malvaceae and about 1500 species. It is grown worldwide for oil, seed, and fiber. A major problem in cotton cultivation is a drought that’s why this experiment was planned to evaluate the cotton mutants for drought tolerance. A variety of cotton Cyto-155 was mutated with gamma rays at different intensities such that 20kR, 25kR, 30kR, and 35kR, to obtain some genetic variation. Mutated seed along with non-mutated of that cotton variety was sown in split plot layout under randomized complete block design with three replications, under the normal irrigated condition with six irrigations and water stress condition with two irrigations at maturity data was collected for plant height, number of monopodial branches, number of sympodial branches, bolls per plant, boll weight, seed index, GOT%, lint index, seed cotton yield, relative water content and excised leaf water loss.Results showed a highly significant effect of genotype and water regime on all observed traits. Water regime × genotype interaction was also highly significant for plant height, number of sympodial branches, seed index, boll weight, lint index, and excised leaf water loss. Water regime × genotype interaction was non-significant for number of monopodial branches, bolls per plant, GOT%, seed cotton yield, and relative water content. Mean comparison indicated that seed mutated at 30kR and 35kR performed well for all yield-related traits in both irrigated conditions.

Rice genotypes were evaluated under submergence stress and drought stress in two separate field conditions under Split Plot design consisting of water stress as the main plots, and rice genotype as the sub-plot treatments. Grain yields under non-stress and stressed conditions were used to calculate stress indices. In the first experiment, four rice genotypes (Swarna Sub1, Ciherang Sub1, IR-07-F289 Sub1 and IR-44 Sub1) along with two high yielding local varieties (KSK-133 and Super Basmati) were evaluated under submergence stress in field conditions. Submergence stress was applied at tillering stage for 21 days. Results of stress indices under submergence revealed that yield stability index was the only stress index which showed strong and positive correlation with crop yield under submergence. Biplot graph exhibited that harmonic mean, geometric mean productivity, mean productivity; stress tolerance index and yield index were the best stress indices among all other indices to identify submergence tolerant genotypes. Based on the stress indices and their correlation results, the genotypes can be classified in different groups. Super Basmati performed well under submergence and normal conditions, KSK-133 performed well under normal conditions, IR-44 Sub1 and Swarna Sub1 performed well under submerged conditions. While in the second experiment drought stress was applied for 30 days on four Sub1 genotypes along with Nagina-22 (Drought tolerant check) and IR-64 (drought susceptible check). Harmonic mean and yield index showed strong positive correlation with the yield under drought stress. Biplot graph exhibited that mean productivity, tolerance index, and stress susceptibility index were the best stress indices among all other indices to identify drought tolerant genotypes. Based on the stress indices and their correlation results it was observed that Nagina-22 performed well under drought and normal conditions, IR-64 performed well only under normal conditions, Swarna Sub1 and IR-07-F289 performed well under drought as compare to the normal conditions. As a whole, the findings of this study indicate that classification and selection of superior genotypes under severe stress conditions is more reliable by using stress indices as a base for selection.

To understand the impact of heat stress on agro-morphological and fiber quality-related traits in cotton, nine locally developed cotton genotypes were grown under heat stress conditions (Late sowing) at the cotton research station, Bahawalpur. Genotypes were laid-out under randomized complete block design (RCBD) in triplicates, where plant to plant and bed to bed distance was maintained as 30 cm and 75 cm, respectively. Data was collected from selected, guarded plants for agronomic as well as fiber quality-related traits. The resultsunveiled the presence of significant variations for studied traits under high temperature conditions. The correlation analysis revealed the significant association of seed cotton yield with plant population (0.403**), monopodial branches per plant (0.267**), fiber strength (0.070*), CLCuV incidence percentage (-0.475**), fiber length (-0.447**), nodes per plant (-0.186*), sympodial branches per plant (-0.186*), and fiber fineness (-0.077*). The multivariate approaches i.e., Principal component, biplot, and cluster analysis classify and characterize cotton genotypes on the basis of their heat tolerance capacity. Moreover, these multivariate analyses showed that BH-377, BH-272, and BH-283 were the most heat tolerant genotypes while BH-283 and BH-284 showed comparatively good CLCuV tolerance. Therefore, these genotypes should be recommended for sowing in heat and CLCuV effected areas of Pakistan after their large-scale, multilocation testing.

Wheat is highly self-pollinated crop and main staple food of the world. Yield is one of the main breeding objectives in the wheat crop. Plant breeders are focusing on the development of new lines with increased yield, resistant against biotic and abiotic factors and having more nutritional values. The goal of the current research was to identify acceptable crossings for further investigation by determining the type of gene action (genetic effects) and combining ability of parental genotypes for morphological features. This approach was used to evaluate three lines, namely Ujala-2016, Johar-2016, Galaxy-2013 and four testers’ viz. XJ22, XJ23, XJ24 and XJ25. Collected data were subjected to line × tester analysis. Among parents as lines genotype Johar-2016 found good general combiner for studied traits. While among testers XJ25 proved to be the best general combiner for studied traits. Similarly, cross combinations hybrid XJ25 × Galaxy-2013 performed best as specific combiner. It was noticed that SCA variance was greater than GCA variance for all factors studied in wheat except for grains/spike. The superior genotypes and crosses can be further tested in yield for development of improved wheat varieties.

Metal oxide nanoarchitectures have a wide range of qualities that can be used to produce novel technologies in the field of renewable energy, such as energy conversion solar fuels and storage via the photovoltaic effect, and electrochemical water splitting. The approach for the synthesis of earth abundant metal oxide nanostructures is facile and cost effective and involves scalable methodologies for the development of functional devices. The composite material exhibits enhanced active edge sites for the potential HER. The electrochemical experiments revealed satisfactory results of electrocatalytic gas production HER. The composite sample produces a current density at 10 mAcm−2 an over potential of 345 mV and Tafel value of 60 mVdec−1 it exhibits at which predominantly ensures the swift charge transfer kinetics during HER. The sample 3 remains durable and stable for 30 hours. EIS shown value of 21.88 Ohms as charge transfer resistance which further strengthened HER and Tafel results. The sample 3 exhibits a 4.69 µFcm−2 capacitance double layer and surface area of 177.25 cm2 it further supports the unique productivity for HER activity. The small Tafel slope which relatively close to Pt shows a clear and high potential of as prepared MoS2/Graphite nanosheets composite material for the replacement of noble metals in the field of renewable energy. The tiny Tafel slope value suggests that the efficient hydrogen evolution reaction has a lot of promise. This developed method provides the alternative method for the development of other materials for the energy harvesting applications.

Objectives To mitigate the incidence of recurrent stroke in patients, dual antiplatelet therapy comprising aspirin and clopidogrel is usually administered. Clopidogrel is a prodrug and its bioactivation is catalyzed by cytochrome P450 (CYP)2C19. The main objective of this work was to determine the prevalence of CYP2C19*2 carriers in Saudi ischemic stroke patients and assess the suitability of using genotyping to guide antiplatelet therapy in a university hospital setup. Methods This prospective (2018–2019) study was conducted on 256 patients (age 61 ± 12.5) clinically diagnosed with ischemic stroke who were genotyped using Spartan RX CYP2C19 assay. Results From the total patient group (256), upon admission, 210 patients were prescribed either aspirin, clopidogrel or dual antiplatelet therapy. Of the 27 patients with the CYP2C19*2 allele who were prescribed clopidogrel (18) or dual antiplatelet therapy (9), only 21 patients could be followed up for a period of six months post stroke event, in addition to 21 age- and sex-matched patients with the normal allele. The CYP2C19*2 allele carriers had a statistically significant increased risk of recurrent stroke compared to patients carrying the normal allele. Conclusions This study shows the suitability of using genotyping to guide antiplatelet therapy in ischemic stroke patients in a clinical setting.

Background: Observational studies in Parkinson’s disease (PD) have focused on relatively small numbers of research participants who are studied extensively. The Molecular Integration in Neurological Diagnosis Initiative at the University of Pennsylvania aims to characterize molecular and clinical features of PD in every patient in a large academic center. Objective: To determine the feasibility and interest in a global-capture biomarker research protocol. Additionally, to describe the clinical characteristics and GBA and LRRK2 variant carrier status among participants. Methods: All patients at UPenn with a clinical diagnosis of PD were eligible. Informed consent included options for access to the medical record, future recontact, and use of biosamples for additional studies. A blood sample and a completed questionnaire were obtained from participants. Targeted genotyping for four GBA and eight LRRK2 variants was performed, with plasma and DNA banked for future research. Results: Between September 2018 and December 2019, 704 PD patients were approached for enrollment; 652 (92.6%) enrolled, 28 (3.97%) declined, and 24 (3.41%) did not meet eligibility criteria. Median age was 69 (IQR 63_75) years, disease duration was 5.41 (IQR 2.49_9.95) years, and 11.10%of the cohort was non-white. Disease risk-associated variants in GBA were identified in 39 participants (5.98%) and in LRRK2 in 16 participants (2.45%). Conclusions: We report the clinical and genetic characteristics of PD patients in an all-comers, global capture protocol from an academic center. Patient interest in participation and yield for identification of GBA and LRRK2 mutation carriers is high, demonstrating feasibility of PD clinic-wide molecular characterization.

Background Increased understanding of whether individuals who have recovered from COVID-19 are protected from future SARS-CoV-2 infection is an urgent requirement. We aimed to investigate whether antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 were associated with a decreased risk of symptomatic and asymptomatic reinfection. Methods A large, multicentre, prospective cohort study was done, with participants recruited from publicly funded hospitals in all regions of England. All health-care workers, support staff, and administrative staff working at hospitals who could remain engaged in follow-up for 12 months were eligible to join The SARS-CoV-2 Immunity and Reinfection Evaluation study. Participants were excluded if they had no PCR tests after enrolment, enrolled after Dec 31, 2020, or had insufficient PCR and antibody data for cohort assignment. Participants attended regular SARS-CoV-2 PCR and antibody testing (every 2–4 weeks) and completed questionnaires every 2 weeks on symptoms and exposures. At enrolment, participants were assigned to either the positive cohort (antibody positive, or previous positive PCR or antibody test) or negative cohort (antibody negative, no previous positive PCR or antibody test). The primary outcome was a reinfection in the positive cohort or a primary infection in the negative cohort, determined by PCR tests. Potential reinfections were clinically reviewed and classified according to case definitions (confirmed, probable, or possible) and symptom-status, depending on the hierarchy of evidence. Primary infections in the negative cohort were defined as a first positive PCR test and seroconversions were excluded when not associated with a positive PCR test. A proportional hazards frailty model using a Poisson distribution was used to estimate incidence rate ratios (IRR) to compare infection rates in the two cohorts. Findings From June 18, 2020, to Dec 31, 2020, 30 625 participants were enrolled into the study. 51 participants withdrew from the study, 4913 were excluded, and 25 661 participants (with linked data on antibody and PCR testing) were included in the analysis. Data were extracted from all sources on Feb 5, 2021, and include data up to and including Jan 11, 2021. 155 infections were detected in the baseline positive cohort of 8278 participants, collectively contributing 2 047 113 person-days of follow-up. This compares with 1704 new PCR positive infections in the negative cohort of 17 383 participants, contributing 2 971 436 person-days of follow-up. The incidence density was 7·6 reinfections per 100 000 person-days in the positive cohort, compared with 57·3 primary infections per 100 000 person-days in the negative cohort, between June, 2020, and January, 2021. The adjusted IRR was 0·159 for all reinfections (95% CI 0·13–0·19) compared with PCR-confirmed primary infections. The median interval between primary infection and reinfection was more than 200 days. Interpretation A previous history of SARS-CoV-2 infection was associated with an 84% lower risk of infection, with median protective effect observed 7 months following primary infection. This time period is the minimum probable effect because seroconversions were not included. This study shows that previous infection with SARS-CoV-2 induces effective immunity to future infections in most individuals. Funding Department of Health and Social Care of the UK Government, Public Health England, The National Institute for Health Research, with contributions from the Scottish, Welsh and Northern Irish governments.

Restorative material is a class of dental materials used for direct filling and fabrication of indirect restoration. NiCr alloy is a restorative material frequently used for dental prostheses due to its properties and economic reasons. In present work beryllium free NiCrMo alloy was developed and studied for dental restoration application. The alloy have unique characteristics of resistance to oxidation and biocompatibility; the requisites for dental prostheses. NiCrMo alloy is found to possess mechanical strength and fabrication properties suitable for dental repairs. In this study the developed alloy was tested for its mechanical properties, biocompatibility and corrosion resistance. An in-vitro biocompatibility study was carried out. No signs of toxicity and no signs of cell growth inhibition, in presence of NiCrMo alloy specimen, were observed. Mechanical properties and corrosion resistance are found in the range that is suitable for dental prostheses and easy fabrication.

Objectives: Cancers in adolescents and young adult (AYA) are increasing day by day but there are few clinical and epidemiological data from developing country. The objectives of the study were to find out disease patterns of cancers in AYA, their relation with age group, sex ratio, and histology. Material and Methods: The study was an observational study. All histologically confirmed cancer patients aged 15–39 years registered in NICRH from January 2016 to December 2016 (12 months) were included. The patients were grouped according to Birch classification of AYA cancer. Each patient was interviewed and clinical information and demographic profiles were recorded. Clinical information was retrospectively studied. Results: A total of 400 patients were enrolled for this study. Of them, male (M) was 277 (69.25%), female (F) was 123 (30.75%) and male female ratio was 2.25:1. Younger AYA patients (15–19 years) were most common, 126 (31.50%). Then, next common was young adult (35–39 years), 102 (25.50%). Remaining age group patients 20–24 years, 25–29 years, and 30–34 years group were 50 (12.50%), 57 (14.25%), and 65 (16.25%), respectively. The six most common cancers were germ cell tumor (GCT) and trophoblastic tumor 64 (16%), lymphomas 63 (15.75%), osseous and chondromatous neoplasm 63 (15.75%), soft-tissue sarcoma (STS) 55 (13.75%), leukemia 50 (12.50%), and gastrointestinal tract (GIT) carcinoma 46 (11.5%). The most common cancers in younger AYA (15– 19 years) were osseous and chondromatous neoplasm 38 (30.16%), leukemia 27 (21.43%), STS 26 (20.63%), and in contrast, older AYA (35–39 years) suffered mainly from lymphoma 21 (20.59%), GIT carcinomas 20 (19.61%), and GCT and trophoblastic tumor 19 (18.63%). The leading cancers in 20–24 years aged group were bone tumor 12 (24%), GCT and trophoblastic tumor 12 (24%), and STS 9 (18%); 25–29 years aged group were lymphoma 10 (17.54%), STS 9 (15.79%), and GIT malignancy 9 (15.79%); 30–34 years aged group were GCT and trophoblastic 21 (32.31%), lymphoma 15 (23%), and GIT cancer 8 (12.31%). The leading presenting features were swelling 177 (44.25%), pain 122 (30.50%), fever 110 (27.5%), vomiting 65 (16.25%), loss of appetite 60 (15%), and bleeding manifestations 30 (7.5%). Majority 146 (36.50%) were educated up to primary, 50.50% of patients belongs to low socioeconomic status, 25.25% was student, 64.50% was rural dweller, and 39.50% and 33.00% presented with Stage iv and Stage iii, respectively, among them 47.75% with performance status Grade 2 according to Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group. Conclusion: In AYA, the six most common cancers were GCT and trophoblastic tumor.

The prominent functional versatility of pyridoxine makes it an essential dietary nutrient for aquatic animals. Ample investigations have been undertaken to determine the optimum levels of dietary p...

Objective The objective of this study was to determine the frequency and impact of subjective cognitive complaint (SCC) in Parkinson's disease (PD) patients with normal cognition. Methods Patients with PD with expert consensus-determined normal cognition at baseline were asked a single question regarding the presence of SCC. Baseline (N = 153) and longitudinal (up to 4 follow-up visits during a 5-year period; N = 121) between-group differences in patients with PD with (+SCC) and without (-SCC) cognitive complaint were examined, including cognitive test performance and self-rated and informant-rated functional abilities. Results A total of 81 (53%) participants reported a cognitive complaint. There were no between-group differences in global cognition at baseline. Longitudinally, the +SCC group declined more than the -SCC group on global cognition (Mattis Dementia Rating Scale-2 total score, F1,431 = 5.71, P = 0.02), processing speed (Symbol Digit Modalities Test, F1,425 = 7.52, P = 0.006), and executive function (Trail Making Test Part B, F1,419 = 4.48, P = 0.04), although the results were not significant after correction for multiple testing. In addition, the +SCC group was more likely to progress to a diagnosis of cognitive impairment over time (hazard ratio = 2.61, P = 0.02). The +SCC group also demonstrated significantly lower self-reported and knowledgeable informant-reported cognition-related functional abilities at baseline, and declined more on an assessment of global functional abilities longitudinally. Conclusions Patients with PD with normal cognition, but with SCC, report poorer cognition-specific functional abilities, and are more likely to be diagnosed with cognitive impairment and experience global functional ability decline long term. These findings suggest that SCC and worse cognition-related functional abilities may be sensitive indicators of initial cognitive decline in PD. © 2020 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.

A field experiment was conducted to screen out twenty genotypes of tomato (Solanum lycopersicon L.) to find out the relative tolerance/susceptibility against sucking pests (aphid and whitefly) at Vegetable Research Plot of Bihar Agricultural College, Sabour, Bhagalpur, Bihar during three different seasons (summer 2018, kharif 2018 and rabi 2018). All the tomato genotypes showed varying degree of responses. Out of the twenty genotypes, five (5) genotypes namely Solanum peruvianum, EC 620421, BRDT-1, EC 538455 and Solanum cheesmaniae were considered tolerance/less susceptible to aphid and whitefly population in all the three seasons. Remaining other genotypes were considered susceptible.

The current study was designed to characterize immune genes and compare their expression during ontogenetic developmental stages in progenies of wild-collected and captive-matured

Uncertainties regarding the generation mechanism and source of human stimulus frequency otoacoustic emissions (SFOAEs), as well as the possible generation of artifacts, have previously restricted the use of SFOAEs in clinical settings for assessing cochlear function. Over the years, advanced time-frequency analysis of SFOAEs, using models of SFOAE delays as a function of frequency, have been implemented in an effort to isolate the long-latency (LL) component of SFOAEs—improving the signal-to-noise ratio and the artifact rejection as noteworthy byproducts. In order to test the hypothesis that behavioral measures and SFOAE LL component both reflect the activity of limited cochlear regions, the relationship between SFOAE LL component and behavioral measures was investigated. SFOAEs, behavioral thresholds and psychophysical tuning curves (PTCs) were measured for probe frequencies centered around 0.75, 1, 2, 4, 8, 10, 12.5 and 14 kHz. Stimulus levels for PTCs (10 dB SL) and SFOAEs (10, 20 and 30 dB SL) were referenced to behavioral thresholds at each frequency. Using the same in situ calibration technique using Thevenin-equivalent source parameters, behavioral thresholds and SFOAE-estimated thresholds from input-output functions of the SFOAE LL component were strongly correlated. Furthermore, there was a strong correlation between SFOAE-based and psychophysical tuning estimates.

For effective cutting tool inserts that absorb thermal shock at varying temperature gradients, improved thermal conductivity and toughness are required. In addition, parameters such as the coefficient of thermal expansion must be kept within a reasonable range. This work presents a novel material design framework based on a multi-scale modeling approach that proposes nickel (Ni)-reinforced alumina (Al

Biomarkers to identify ICU COVID-19 patients at high risk for mortality are urgently needed for therapeutic care and management. Here we found plasma levels of the glycolysis byproduct methylglyoxal (MG) were 4.4-fold higher in ICU patients upon admission that later died (n = 33), and 1.7-fold higher in ICU patients that survived (n = 32),compared to uninfected controls (n = 30). The increased MG in patients that died correlated inversely with the levels of the MG-degrading enzyme glyoxalase-1 (r2 = − 0.50), and its co-factor glutathione (r2 = − 0.63), and positively with monocytes (r2 = 0.29). The inflammation markers, SSAO (r2 = 0.52), TNF-α (r2 = 0.41), IL-1β (r2 = 0.25), CRP (r2 = 0.26) also correlated positively with MG. Logistic regression analysis provides evidence of a significant relationship between the elevated MG upon admission into ICU and death (P

Summary Background BNT162b2 mRNA and ChAdOx1 nCOV-19 adenoviral vector vaccines have been rapidly rolled out in the UK from December, 2020. We aimed to determine the factors associated with vaccine coverage for both vaccines and documented the vaccine effectiveness of the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine in a cohort of health-care workers undergoing regular asymptomatic testing. Methods The SIREN study is a prospective cohort study among staff (aged ≥18 years) working in publicly-funded hospitals in the UK. Participants were assigned into either the positive cohort (antibody positive or history of infection [indicated by previous positivity of antibody or PCR tests]) or the negative cohort (antibody negative with no previous positive test) at the beginning of the follow-up period. Baseline risk factors were collected at enrolment, symptom status was collected every 2 weeks, and vaccination status was collected through linkage to the National Immunisations Management System and questionnaires. Participants had fortnightly asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 PCR testing and monthly antibody testing, and all tests (including symptomatic testing) outside SIREN were captured. Data cutoff for this analysis was Feb 5, 2021. The follow-up period was Dec 7, 2020, to Feb 5, 2021. The primary outcomes were vaccinated participants (binary ever vacinated variable; indicated by at least one vaccine dose recorded by at least one of the two vaccination data sources) for the vaccine coverage analysis and SARS-CoV-2 infection confirmed by a PCR test for the vaccine effectiveness analysis. We did a mixed-effect logistic regression analysis to identify factors associated with vaccine coverage. We used a piecewise exponential hazard mixed-effects model (shared frailty-type model) using a Poisson distribution to calculate hazard ratios to compare time-to-infection in unvaccinated and vaccinated participants and estimate the impact of the BNT162b2 vaccine on all PCR-positive infections (asymptomatic and symptomatic). This study is registered with ISRCTN, number ISRCTN11041050, and is ongoing. Findings 23 324 participants from 104 sites (all in England) met the inclusion criteria for this analysis and were enrolled. Included participants had a median age of 46·1 years (IQR 36·0–54·1) and 19 692 (84%) were female; 8203 (35%) were assigned to the positive cohort at the start of the analysis period, and 15 121 (65%) assigned to the negative cohort. Total follow-up time was 2 calendar months and 1 106 905 person-days (396 318 vaccinated and 710 587 unvaccinated). Vaccine coverage was 89% on Feb 5, 2021, 94% of whom had BNT162b2 vaccine. Significantly lower coverage was associated with previous infection, gender, age, ethnicity, job role, and Index of Multiple Deprivation score. During follow-up, there were 977 new infections in the unvaccinated cohort, an incidence density of 14 infections per 10 000 person-days; the vaccinated cohort had 71 new infections 21 days or more after their first dose (incidence density of eight infections per 10 000 person-days) and nine infections 7 days after the second dose (incidence density four infections per 10 000 person-days). In the unvaccinated cohort, 543 (56%) participants had typical COVID-19 symptoms and 140 (14%) were asymptomatic on or 14 days before their PCR positive test date, compared with 29 (36%) with typical COVID-19 symptoms and 15 (19%) asymptomatic in the vaccinated cohort. A single dose of BNT162b2 vaccine showed vaccine effectiveness of 70% (95% CI 55–85) 21 days after first dose and 85% (74–96) 7 days after two doses in the study population. Interpretation Our findings show that the BNT162b2 vaccine can prevent both symptomatic and asymptomatic infection in working-age adults. This cohort was vaccinated when the dominant variant in circulation was B1.1.7 and shows effectiveness against this variant. Funding Public Health England, UK Department of Health and Social Care, and the National Institute for Health Research.

Background Limited data are available on the clinical activity of venetoclax (ven) in mantle cell lymphoma (MCL). In 2 small retrospective studies of patients (pts) with MCL previously treated with BTK inhibitors (BTKi), ven resulted in overall response rates (ORRs) of 50-53% and median overall survival (OS) of 9-14 months (Eyre et al, Haematologica 2019; Zhao et al, Am J Hematol 2020). We sought to report the clinical activity of ven and identify factors associated with outcomes in a larger cohort of pts. Methods We included pts with relapsed MCL from 12 US medical centers treated with ven alone or in combination with an antiCD20 monoclonal antibody (mAb) or a BTKi. Response was determined by the local investigator. We defined OS as time from start of ven to death. Pts not experiencing an event were censored at their last known follow up. OS was determined using the Kaplan-Meier method, and univariable (UVA) and multivariable (MVA) models were developed to identify predictors of response and OS. Results Eighty-one pts were included. Pt characteristics (Table) at diagnosis (dx) were: median age 64 years (yrs) (range 38-87), male 79%, stage III/IV 95%, Ki67 >30% in 61% (available n=62), blastoid/pleomorphic histology 29% (available n=75) and ≥3 cytogenetic abnormalities 34% (available n=62). BCL2 expression was present in 93% (available n=40). Frontline treatment (tx) included intensive chemotherapy [defined as including high-dose cytarabine and/or autologous transplant (ASCT) in first remission] in 52% with ASCT in first remission in 32%. Median number of therapies prior to ven was 3 (range 1-8) including antiCD20 mAb 99%, alkylator 93%, BTKi 91%, anthracycline 58%, cytarabine 56%, and lenalidomide 37%. 55% were refractory (defined as stable (SD) or progressive disease (PD)) to last tx prior to ven. ORR to BTKi prior to ven (n=70) was 66% (complete response (CR) 20%) with median duration of tx of 6.4 months (range 0.5-69). BTKi was stopped due to PD 82% and toxicity 18%. Median time from dx to start of ven was 3.9 yrs (range 0.2-17.8). Ven was given as monotherapy in 62% (n=50) and in combination with BTKi 20% (n=16), antiCD20 mAb 14% (n=11), or other 5% (n=4). Ten pts treated with ven in combination with BTKi received prior tx with BTKi with ORR to BTKi of 40% (all PR). Ven highest dose received was 20-100 mg in 12% (n=9), 200 mg 11% (n=8), 400 mg 61% (n=46), and 800 mg 17% (n=13). Median duration of tx with ven was 2.8 months (range 0.1-30). The best response to ven was CR 18%, partial response (PR) 24%, SD 11%, and PD 47% with ORR of 42%; 19 pts (23%) did not have available data for response. ORR was not significantly different with ven monotherapy 36% (13/36) vs ven + antiCD20 mAb 56% (5/9) vs ven + BTKi 43% (6/14) (p=.559), or with ven monotherapy 36% vs combination therapy 50% (13/26) (p=.274). Ven was stopped due to PD 69%, toxicity 9%, allogeneic transplant 3% or other reasons 19%. Laboratory tumor lysis syndrome (TLS) occurred in 10 pts (12%) including 3 (3.7%) with clinical TLS. 38 pts received post-ven tx with median time from stopping ven to next tx of 0.24 months (range 0-2.2); for the 33 pts with available data, the best response to post-ven tx was CR 24%, PR 27%, SD 9% and PD 39% with ORR of 51%. For the 75 pts with available data, median OS was 12.5 months (95% CI 6-17) with 3-year OS of 13.1% (95% CI 1.4-38.0%) (Figure A). Median OS was numerically longer with ven combination (28.7 months, 95% CI 4-not reached) vs monotherapy (8.6 months, 95% CI 4.7-14.4), p=.0825 (Figure B). Median OS did not significantly differ based on response (CR/PR vs SD/PD) to prior tx with BTKi (14.4 vs 9.5 months, p=.53, Figure C) or last tx prior to ven (16.7 vs 12.4 months, p=.14, Figure D). In MVA for response, achieving CR/PR with BTKi prior to ven (vs SD/PD) was associated with response to ven (odds ratio 3.48, 95% CI 1.01-12.05, p=.049). In MVA for OS, ven combination vs monotherapy (HR 0.13, 95% CI 0.03-0.53; p=.006), longer time from dx to start of ven (>4 vs ≤4 yrs) (HR 0.08, 95% CI 0.02-0.36; p=.001), and higher dose of ven (≥400 mg vs 6 vs ≤6 months) (HR 3.47, 95% CI 1.10-10.99; p=.038) was associated with inferior OS. Conclusions In these high-risk and heavily pretreated pts with MCL, ven resulted in low response rate and poor OS. Ven may have a better role in MCL in earlier lines of therapy and when combined with other agents such as BTKi and/or antiCD20 mAbs. Disclosures Kamdar: Roche: Research Funding. Greenwell:Lymphoma Research Foundation: Research Funding; Acrotech Biopharma LLC, Kyowa Kirin: Consultancy. Hess:ADC Therapeutics: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; BMS, AstraZeneca: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Speakers Bureau. Portell:Acerta/AstraZeneca: Research Funding; Kite: Consultancy, Research Funding; Amgen: Consultancy; Janssen: Consultancy; Pharmacyclics: Consultancy; Bayer: Consultancy; BeiGene: Consultancy, Research Funding; AbbVie: Research Funding; TG Therapeutics: Research Funding; Infinity: Research Funding; Roche/Genentech: Consultancy, Research Funding; Xencor: Research Funding. Goldsmith:Wugen Inc.: Consultancy. Grover:Genentech: Research Funding; Tessa: Consultancy. Riedell:Morphosys: Research Funding; Celgene/Bristol-Myers Squibb Company: Honoraria, Research Funding; Verastem Oncology: Honoraria; Novartis: Consultancy, Honoraria, Research Funding; Kite Pharmaceuticals/Gilead: Honoraria, Research Funding; Bayer: Honoraria; Karyopharm Therapeutics: Honoraria. Karmali:BeiGene: Speakers Bureau; AstraZeneca: Speakers Bureau; Karyopharm: Honoraria; Takeda: Research Funding; Gilead/Kite: Honoraria, Other, Research Funding, Speakers Bureau; BMS/Celgene/Juno: Honoraria, Other, Research Funding, Speakers Bureau. Kumar:AbbVie: Research Funding; Kite Pharmaceuticals: Honoraria, Other: Honoraria for Advisory Board; Astra Zeneca: Honoraria, Other: Honoraria for Advisory Board; Celgene: Honoraria, Other: Honoraria for Advisory Board; Seattle Genetics: Research Funding; Pharmacyclics: Research Funding; Celgene: Research Funding; Adaptive Biotechnologies,: Research Funding. Hill:Abbvie: Consultancy, Honoraria, Research Funding; Pharmacyclics: Consultancy, Honoraria, Research Funding; Beigene: Consultancy, Honoraria, Research Funding; AstraZenica: Consultancy, Honoraria, Research Funding; Kite, a Gilead Company: Consultancy, Honoraria, Research Funding; Novartis: Consultancy, Honoraria; BMS: Consultancy, Honoraria, Research Funding; Karyopharm: Consultancy, Honoraria, Research Funding; Takeda: Research Funding; Celgene: Consultancy, Honoraria, Research Funding; Genentech: Consultancy, Honoraria, Research Funding. Kahl:AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Celgene Corporation: Consultancy; AbbVie: Consultancy; Genentech: Consultancy; Pharmacyclics LLC: Consultancy; Roche Laboratories Inc: Consultancy; BeiGene: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding; Janssen: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Acerta: Consultancy, Research Funding; ADC Therapeutics: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding. Cohen:Genentech, BMS, Novartis, LAM, BioInvent, LRF, ASH, Astra Zeneca, Seattle Genetics: Research Funding; Janssen, Adicet, Astra Zeneca, Genentech, Aptitude Health, Cellectar, Kite/Gilead, Loxo: Consultancy. OffLabel Disclosure: Venetoclax is not licensed for use in mantle cell lymphoma

A field experiment on Potato-Boro-T. Aus-T. Aman cropping pattern was conducted in the High Ganges Floodplain Soil of Jashore (AEZ - 11) during 2014-2015 and 2015-2016 to find out optimum fertilizer management for intensive cropping attern, in relation to soil health.There were eight different treatments viz. T1=100% NPKSZnB (STB= Soil Test Based), T2=T1 + 25% N, T3=T1 + 25% NP, T4=T1 + 25% NK, T5=T1 + 25% PK, T6=T1 + 25% NPK, T7=75% of T1, and T8=Native fertility (control) as individual crop management. The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design with three replications. Results revealed that the tuber yield of potato, grain yields of boro, T. Aus and T. Aman were significantly influenced by the fertilizer treatments. The maximum tuber yield (25.70 and 24.80 t ha-1), grain yields of boro (6.50 and 6.31 t ha-1), T. Aus (3.13 and 3.10 t ha-1) and T. Aman (3.95 and 3.98 t ha-1) was obtained from the T6 treatment where 25% additional NPK was added with 100% STB in both the year. These yields weretatistically similar with that produced by all other fertilizer treatments except the native fertility treatment. Highest rice equivalent yield (REY) of 12.63 t ha-1 was obtained from T6 treatment whereas lowest REY of 5.93 t ha-1 was obtained from control. Bangladesh Agron. J. 2019, 22(1): 71-78

We demonstrate the preparation of nanostructures cobalt oxide/reduced graphene oxide (Co3O4/rGO) nanocomposites by a simple one-step cost-effective hydrothermal technique for possible electrode materials in supercapacitor application. The X-ray diffraction patterns were employed to confirm the nanocomposite crystal system of Co3O4/rGO by demonstrating the existence of normal cubic spinel structure of Co3O4 in the matrix of Co3O4/rGO nanocomposite. FTIR and FT-Raman studies manifested the structural behaviour and quality of prepared Co3O4/rGO nanocomposite. The optical properties of the nanocomposite Co3O4/rGO have been investigated by UV absorption spectra. The SEM/TEM images showed that the Co3O4 nanoparticles in the Co3O4/rGO nanocomposites were covered over the surface of the rGO sheets. The electrical properties were analyzed in terms of real and imaginary permittivity, dielectric loss and AC conductivity. The electrocatalytic activities of synthesized Co3O4/rGO nanocomposites were determined by cyclic voltammetry and charge-discharge cycle to evaluate the supercapacitive performance. The specific capacitance of 754 Fg-1 was recorded for Co3O4/rGO nanocomposite based electrode in three electrode cell system. The electrode material exhibited an acceptable capability and excellent long-term cyclic stability by maintaining 96% after 1000 continuous cycles. These results showed that the prepared sample could be an ideal candidate for high-energy application as electrode materials. The synthesized Co3O4/rGO nanocomposite is a versatile material and can be used in various application such as fuel cells, electrochemical sensors, gas sensors, solar cells, and photocatalysis.

Climate change is not the new phenomenon. The palaeo-climatic studies reveal that during the Pleistocene and Holocene periods several warm and cold periods occurred, resulted change of sea level and change in climatic processes like rise and fall of global average temperature and rainfall. The last medieval warm period was observed from 950 to 1350 AD, followed by the little Ice Age from 1400 to 1900 AD. Occurrence of these climatic changes and their impacts are considered due to natural processes that are geological and astronomical. In 1970s environmentalists and some climate scientists pointed that earth’s average temperature is rising linked with the anthropogenic causes of global warming and emission of carbon dioxide through fossil fuels. In late 1980s the problem was discussed in politics and media. To examine and monitor the global rise of temperature and its impacts due to the emission of carbon dioxide an organization of Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) was created in 1988 by United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). The IPCC released several reports based upon anthropogenic causes of climate change and their impacts. According to IPCC, 2007 report on climate change during the last 100 years the earth’s average temperature has increased up to 0.6 degree Celsius and if emission of greenhouse gases particularly carbon dioxide continues to rise, global temperature will rise up to 5.8 degrees Celsius by the end of 2100 AD. Similarly as a result of this threat of global warming, glaciers will disappear even from Antarctica and Arctic sea will open for navigation throughout the year. Many islands and coastal cities will submerge as a result of sea level rise. In 2004 Canadian Broadcasting T.V presented a documentary with the name “ The doomsday called off” in which leading climate scientists, astrophysicist and geophysicist presented evidences that science of global warming presented by IPCC scientists is incomplete and incorrect based upon computer models and stimulations which are deliberately exaggerated. Many climate scientists have shown disassociation with the IPCC views and speculations on the basis of its doubtful manipulated and exaggerated figures of global warming and some consider it a climate scam. Since then debate between UN pro man-made global warming scientists and anti-man-made global warming climate scientists continue.

Resume Objectif Le saignement postoperatoire est une complication classique de la septoplastie pouvant conduire a un mechage douloureux pour arreter le saignement nasal. L’acide tranexamique (TXA) etant repute reduire le saignement, le but de cette etude est d’etudier l’effet d’une dose unique de TXA intraveineuse sur la prevention du saignement nasal postoperatoire apres septoplastie. Materiels et methodes Cet essai clinique prospectif randomise, a double insu se composait de 176 patients âges de 18 a 55 ans ayant subi une septoplastie pour deviation septale symptomatique. Les participants ont ete repartis aleatoirement en 2 groupes ; 88 patients ont recu une solution saline normale (groupe temoin) et 88 patients ont beneficie d’une seule injection intraveineuse de TXA 10 mg/kg (groupe TXA). La technique operatoire a ete la meme dans tous les cas. A la fin de l’intervention il n’a ete realise ni mechage, ni mise ne place d’attelles nasales ni sutures trans-septales. Les patients ont ete surveilles pendant deux semaines pour depister la survenue d’un eventuel saignement. Resultats Les patients chez lesquels on a injecte du TXA ont presente nettement moins d’hemorragies nasales postoperatoires que les sujets temoins. L’importance du saignement analyse par la consommation des compresses imbibees de sang et par la duree du saignement a ete egalement superieure dans le groupe placebo, avec une difference statistiquement significative (p tous Conclusion L’injection d’une dose intraveineuse unique de TXA s’est averee efficace pour prevenir la survenue d’une hemorragie nasale apres septoplastie, permettant donc d’eviter les autres techniques de prevention des hemorragies comme le mechage, la mise en place d’attelles ou la realisation de sutures trans-septales peroperatoires.

Background: Breast cancer is one of the most common cancers in Bangladeshi women. Breast sacrificing treatment is still now the common practice in our country. Now a day’s breast conservative treatment is the standard treatment of breast cancer without compromising the survival. Objective: To observe local recurrence and distant metastasis free survival and overall survival of patients with breast cancer. Methods: Between January 1996 and December 2010, breast conserving treatment was carried out in 237 female patients with breast cancer in different Institutions of Bangladesh. Clinical staging was recorded by physical examination, relevant investigations as well as surgical records. Revised breast conserving surgery was carried out in those who had positive surgical margins or palpable disease. The patients with large but operable cancer or locally advanced cancer were treated by neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by breast conserving surgery. Systemic adjuvant therapy (chemotherapy and or hormone therapy) and adjuvant radiotherapy were given in all patients. After completion of treatment, the patients were followed up with a standard protocol and data were compiled and analysed. Results: Among 237 patients who underwent breast conserving therapy 13 patients were excluded from the study for various reasons. Total 224 female patients with breast cancer who followed all the treatment schedules and attended for regular follow up were included in the study. They were between 22- 74 years of age, mean age 42.35 years; premenopausal 152 (68%). Sixty five percent (146 patients) was localized cancer (T1-2N0M0), 31.6% was regional cancer (T1-3N1M0), five cases were locally advanced stage (T4bN12M0) and two metastastatic cancer (T2-3N1M1). All most all (98%) were Infiltrating duct cell carcinoma except four which were Intraductal carcinoma in situ (IDIS). Estrogen and progesterone receptors were positive in 57% , HER2 positive (+++) in 24% of Patients. Lumpectomy/quandrentectomy with/without axillary clearance was done in 158 patients, revised breast conserving surgery in 53 cases, mastectomy in 8 cases and only biopsy done but no surgical treatment in five cases.Chemotherapy was given in 192 patients (86%); adjuvant 122 cases and neoadjuvant 70 cases. Hormone therapy in 182 patients. Radiotherapy: in 222 cases. Follow up period was 4 years to 19 years, median 10 years. Overall survival (OS) and disease free survival (DFS) was 84% and 70% respectively. Local recurrence occurred in 14(6%) cases and distant metastasis in 54 cases (24%). Conclusion: Breast conserving treatment was satisfactory for appropriate case selection and optimized therapy. Survival was no way worse than breast sacrificing treatment. Journal of Surgical Sciences (2015) Vol. 19 (2) : 55-60

WOS: 000473840600021 PubMed ID: 31085087 In this study, Tm3+ ion substituted NiCuZn nanospinel ferrites, Ni0.3Cu0.3Zn0.4TmxFe2-xO4 (0.0

Pakistan is one of those countries which are victim of climate change and is already facing many problems like poverty and food insecurity leading to threats to agriculture expansion. Climate change is ahead of all these due to decreasing agriculture production prolonged water scarcity and declined income growth. Agriculture plays a big role in economy of Pakistan and climate change is matter of serious concern. The main objective of the present study was to find out the factors affecting the strategies of farmers regarding the impact of climate change in Punjab, Pakistan. Three districts from rice-wheat cropping zone (Narowal, Sialkot and Gujranwala) were selected randomly. A total sample of four hundred eight respondents was selected by systematic random sample technique. A well-structured interview schedule was used as research instrument for data collection. Collected data were analyzed statistically. In addition, descriptive and inferential statistics were applied for the data analysis. It was found that education level of the farmers was low in the study area. Most farmers had small land holdings and were used to self-cultivation. Mean area of wheat and rice was 7.31±6.06 and 6.25±5.60 acres, respectively. It was observed that long summer and short winter season and high temperature were the main perceptions of climate change in the study area. Industrial smoke, excessive felling of forests and human activities were also perceived as the factors leading to change in environment. A vast majority of the farmers observed that climate change had negative impact on crop production and annual income. It was also found that recommended varieties (2.58±0.72), applying more industrial pesticides (2.50±0.76) and practicing crop diversification (2.36±0.81), increased use of irrigation (2.19±0.89) and integrated farming system (0 2.15±0.91) were the major coping strategies for minimizing the effect of climate changes and these strategies had positive impact on crop productivity. Binary Logistic Model showed that increase in education, income, agricultural experience, contributes in to adoption of strategies to cope climate changes of farmers. It is recommended that farmers should use approved varieties, fertilizers and practice crop diversification. Investment on improved agricultural technology by government and other stakeholders are very necessary for agriculture to be able to cope with climate change

This paper describes the extensive numerical investigation carried out on a 203-mm spin-stabilised projectile to study the effects of Magnus force at high angles of attack on the stability and flight-trajectory parameters, for further validation and incorporation in a 6-DOF trajectory solver for flight-stability analysis. Magnus force typically influences the course of flight by causing the projectile to drift from its intended path in addition to generation of inbuilt dynamic instabilities in pitch and yaw orientation and is a function of AoA and spin rate. This study is a consolidation of the authors’ previous research on the same caliber projectile but with time-accurate analysis. It has been found that typically, the Magnus force and moment calculation requires time-accurate Navier Stokes equations to be solved numerically for accurate prediction(1,2). Hence, to complete the extraction of static and dynamic coefficients derivatives, unstructured time-accurate CFD analysis on multiple configurations, ranging from subsonic to supersonic Mach regimes, has been evaluated using Large Eddy Simulation (LES) and found to be suitable for capturing the desired effects. However, the LES simulation requires non-dimensional wall distance (y+) of the order of 0.5 – 1, with LES_IQ > 75% thus, is computationally-intensive. In addition, to cover the entire flight envelope from Charge 1 (249 m/s) to Charge 7 (595 m/s), at spin rate from 500 rad/s to 750 rad/s, 30 cases have been evaluated to generate the time-accurate coefficient library for integration with 6-DOF solver analysis. The results obtained have been compared with the available experimental data and found to be in reasonable agreement. The results of 6-DOF solver, incorporating the extracted coefficients, were compared with firing-table results, which further validated the computational methodology. This study provides an insight on how opposite flow interacts with the attached boundary layer due to spin rate and generates a turbulent interacting flow with variation in vortical structures for Q-Criterion vortex-flow visualization.

Elemental formula is commonly used in children with feeding intolerance. We describe two, medically complex and feeding tube dependent, patients exclusively fed with Neocate® who subsequently developed hypophosphatemic rickets. Both patients had gross motor decline and pain with physical touch. They were found to have low serum phosphorus, normal calcium, and vitamin D studies, with elevated alkaline phosphatase suggestive of nutritional hypophosphatemia. Both courses were complicated by hypocalcemia following formula change and phosphorus supplementation, highlighting the need for careful management of phosphate repletion in affected individuals. Diligent serial electrolyte monitoring as well as attention to bone health is needed in conjunction with elemental nutrition. Formula change led to restoration of calcium and phosphorus homeostasis and radiographic improvement in these patients.