Search

1 Pollination is an important ecosystem service because many agricultural crops such as fruit trees are pollinated by insects. Agricultural intensification, however, is one of the main drivers resulting in a serious decline of pollinator populations worldwide. 2 In the present study, pollinator communities were examined in 12 apple orchards surrounded by either homogeneous or heterogeneous landscape in Hungary. Pollinators (honey bees, wild bees, hoverflies) were surveyed in the lowering period of apple trees. Landscape heterogeneity was characterized within a radius of 300, 500 and 1000m around each orchard using Shannon's diversity and Shannon's evenness indices. 3 We found that pollination success of apple was significantly related to the species richness of wild bees, regardless the dominance of honey bees. 4 Diversity of the surrounding landscape matrix had a marginal positive effect on the species richness of hoverflies within a radius of 300m and a positive effect on the species richness of wild bees within a radius of 500m, whereas evenness of the surrounding landscape enhanced the abundance of wild bees within a radius of 500m. Flower resources in the groundcover within the orchards supported honey bees. 5 Therefore, the maintenance of semi-natural habitats within 500m around apple orchards is highly recommended to enhance wild pollinator communities and apple production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]