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Poecilus lucublandus (Say), Pterostichus mutus (Say), and Harpalus rufipes (De Geer) are abundant Carabidae in lowbush blueberry fields and may contribute to weed seed predation. We used laboratory no-choice test experiments to determine if these beetles feed on seeds of hair fescue (Festuca filiformis Pourr., Poales: Poaceae), poverty oatgrass (Danthonia spicata L.), and red sorrel (Rumex acetosella L., Caryophyllales: Polygonaceae), which are common weeds in lowbush blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium Ait., Ericales: Ericaceae) fields. Poecilus lucublandus and P. mutus did not feed on seeds of the test weed species, but H. rufipes consumed on average over 30 seeds of each species. There are other weed seeds in blueberry fields that could be palatable to P. lucublandus and P. mutus, which warrants further research on the granivory potential of these important carabid species.

Climate change influences the ecological environment and affects the recruitment of plants, in addition to population dynamics, including Scots pine regeneration processes. Therefore, the impact of cover-dominant species extracts on the germination of pine seeds and morpho-physiological traits of seedling under different environmental conditions was evaluated. Increasing temperature reinforces the plant-donor allelochemical effect, reduces Scots pine seed germination, and inhibits seedling morpho-physiological parameters. Conditions unfavourable for the seed germination rate were observed in response to the effect of aqueous extracts of 2-year-old Vaccinium vitis-ideae and 1-year-old Calluna vulgaris under changing environmental conditions.&nbsp, The lowest radicle length and hypocotyl growth were observed in response to the effect of 1-year-old C. vulgaris and 2-year-old Rumex acetosella under increasing temperature (+4 °C) conditions. The chlorophyll a + b concentration in control seedlings strongly decreased from 0.76 to 0.66 mg g−1 (due to current environmental and&nbsp, changing environmental conditions). These factors may reduce the resistance of Scots pine to the effects of dominant species and affect the migration of Scots pine habitats to more favourable environmental conditions.

Background: Rumex acetosella, a relatively new drug in the homoeopathic system, is traditionally used for treating inflammation, diabetes and gastrointestinal problems, especially diarrhoea. Objective: The aim of this work is to report physicochemical standardisation of the homoeopathic drug, Rumex acetosella. Further, we propose our simple and economical method to differentiate it with a closely related species, Rumex crispus. Materials and Methods: The physicochemical study measuring several parameters was done. The pH of the mother tincture (MT) and the water extract was measured and compared. Furthermore, the chemical composition of the Rumex acetosella MT were compared with taxonomically closely related Rumex crispus MT by thin layer chromatography (TLC). Results: The results show a strong relationship between the extracting solvent's polarity and its extracting power. A simple TLC study shows a strong correlation between two drugs of the same genus, Rumex, but they can be differentiated by their unique spots. Conclusion: Our study not only provides the physicochemical standards for the drug Rumex acetosella but also shows that a simple analytical technique, a manual TLC can easily be used to distinguish two taxonomically close homoeopathic drugs.

The surveys of weed species in pastures were conducted in Jeju Island, Pyeongchang Gangwon, and Seosan Chungnam throughout 2013, 2014, and 2015 in order to understand the current status of the weed flora in Korean pastures and to utilize the survey data for basic measure of them. From the surveys, 275 species of 52 families including 83 exotic species were identified and classified into 77 species of annuals, 55 species of biennials and 143 species of perennials. Looking regionally, 207 species of 49 families, 62 species of 14 families, and 136 species of 36 families were occurred in Jeju, Pyeongchang and Seosan, respectively. Based on the importance values, the most dominant species was Rumex obtusifolius followed by Artemisia princeps, Trifolium repens, Digitaria ciliaris, Rumex acetosella etc. in order. The dominance of exotic species was the highest in Rumex obtusifolius followed by Trifolium repens, Rumex acetosella, Erigeron annuus etc. According to the surveys of past and present a pasture weed community has been changed, i.e., Erigeron annuus, Artemisia princeps, and Potentilla fragarioides var. major were dominant in 1990 and Artemisia princeps, Trifolium repens and Rumex acetosella were dominant in 2004. On the other hand, the dominant species at the pastures were changed into Rumex obtusifolius, Artemisia princeps, and Trifolium repens in 2015.

Weeds are one of the most limiting factors in the commercial production of lowbush blueberries Vaccinium angustifolium (Ericaceae). Sheep sorrel (Rumex acetosella) and hairy fescue (Festuca tenuifolia) are prominent weeds in lowbush blueberry fields. Because the granivorous insects Harpalus rufipes (Carabidae) and Gryllus pennsylvanicus (Gryllidae) are common in lowbush blueberry fields when sheep sorrel and hairy fescue are dispersing seeds, we examined how granivorous insects can contribute to the biocontrol of these weeds. In the laboratory, H. rufipes and G. pennsylvanicus consumed a significant number of seeds of sheep sorrel and hairy fescue, and a field experiment found that insects probably consume a significant number of sheep sorrel and hairy fescue seeds in blueberry fields. Additional experiments found that H. rufipes was highly susceptible to field rates of phosmet and acetamiprid, although not to field rates of spirotetramat, which are insecticides that may be used in blueberry fields when the beetle is active. Natural populations of granivorous insects probably provide a valuable ecological service in commercial lowbush blueberry fields and should be conserved in the development of integrated weed management programmes.

Turkey has highly rich floras of medicinal and aromatic plants because of having various climate conditions in different regions. One of these regions is Middle Black Sea Region, especially Ordu Province. Extracts of 10 edible plants (Arum maculatum L., Hypericum orientale L., Ornithogalum sigmoideum Freyn et Sint., Silene vulgaris Garcke var. macrocarpa, Plantago lanceolata L., Achillea millefolium L. subsp. pannonica, Rumex crispus L., Rumex acetosella L., Capsella bursa-pastoris L., Coronopus squamatus Asch.), grown in Ordu, Turkey, were prepared with different solvents (hexane, ethanol and water, separately) and their anticholinestrase and antiaflatoxigenic activities were evaluated. Additionally, the cupric reducing antioxidant capacities (CUPRAC) and ABTS cation radical scavenging abilities of the extracts were assayed. The ethanol extract of R. acetosella exhibited the highest antioxidant activity (A0.5 value of 25.31 µg/mL, for CUPRAC activity; IC50 value of 23.73 µg/mL, for ABTS activity). The hexane extract of C. bursa-pastoris showed the strongest inhibition against AChE enzyme with IC50 value of 7.24 µg/mL, and the hexane extract of A. millefolium subsp. pannonica had the highest BChE activity with IC50 value of 6.40 µg/mL. The ethanol extract of P. lanceolata exhibited the strongest inhibition against aflatoxin with 88% inhibition.

The recent decline of Lepidoptera species strongly correlates with the increasing intensification of agriculture in Western and Central Europe. However, the effects of changed host-plant quality through agricultural fertilization on this insect group remain largely unexplored. For this reason, we tested the response of six common butterfly and moth species to host-plant fertilization using fertilizer quantities usually applied in agriculture. The larvae of the study species Coenonympha pamphilus, Lycaena phlaeas, Lycaena tityrus, Pararge aegeria, Rivula sericealis and Timandra comae were distributed according to a split-brood design to three host-plant treatments comprising one control treatment without fertilization and two fertilization treatments with an input of 150 and 300 kg N ha−1 year−1, respectively. In L. tityrus, we used two additional fertilization treatments with an input of 30 and 90 kg N ha−1 year−1, respectively. Fertilization increased the nitrogen concentration of both host-plant species, Rumex acetosella and Poa pratensis, and decreased the survival of larvae in all six Lepidoptera species by at least one-third, without clear differences between sorrel- and grass-feeding species. The declining survival rate in all species contradicts the well-accepted nitrogen-limitation hypothesis, which predicts a positive response in species performance to dietary nitrogen content. In contrast, this study presents the first evidence that current fertilization quantities in agriculture exceed the physiological tolerance of common Lepidoptera species. Our results suggest that (1) the negative effect of plant fertilization on Lepidoptera has previously been underestimated and (2) that it contributes to the range-wide decline of Lepidoptera.

Rumex acetosella var. perpusillus Briq., Prodr. Fl. Corse 1: 444. 1910. Lectotypus (hic designatus): FRANCE. Corse: Monte Cinto, 2200 m, 17.VII.1900, E . Burnat, Briquet & Cavillier 103 (G-BU [G00830053]!). = Rumex acetosella subsp. pyrenaicus (Lapeyr.) Akeroyd Note. – Un syntype de R. acetosella var. perpusillus n’a pas été retrouvé: Rocailles au-dessus des bergeries de Grotello sur la rive droite de la Haute Restonica, 1600 m, 3.VIII.1906, E. Burnat, Briquet, Saint-Yves, Cavillier & Abrezol (G-BU)., Published as part of Jeanmonod, Daniel, 2018, Typification des noms de taxons corses de l'herbier Burnat (G-BU), pp. 61-74 in Candollea 73 (1) on page 69, DOI: 10.15553/c2018v731a6, http://zenodo.org/record/5722164

Facilitation by nurse plants has received considerable attention, but the feedback effects of beneficiaries on the benefactor fitness remain comparatively unexplored. In particular, to our knowledge there have been no studies of feedback effects of exotic species on nurse plants. Furthermore, there have been few studies of how exotic plants interact with native beneficiaries, potentially generating indirect effects on the nurse. Here, through spatial association analyses, we estimate the reciprocal interactions between the cushion nurse-plant Arenaria musciformis, native beneficiaries, and the dominant exotic Rumex acetosella (a fast growing heliophile species) in a tropical alpine ecosystem of the Venezuelan Andes, locally known as páramos. We recorded the density of natives and the exotic within Arenaria cushions and in paired open areas at three sites and calculated Relative Interaction Indices (RII) to explore the effects of the cushion. Then, we analyzed the feedback effects of Rumex and the natives on the density of flowers produced by Arenaria. Finally, we analyzed how Rumex abundance is related to the abundance of native species inside and outside cushions. RIIs indicated a facilitative effect of cushions on the abundance of native plants, but no effect on Rumex. We found a negative relationship between the density of natives and cushion flower density, but no such relationship for Rumex. However, at high densities, Rumex was negatively correlated with the abundance of the natives both inside and outside of cushions. Our results suggest the possibility of complex reciprocal interactions between nurses, natives and exotics, and that native and exotic plants can differ in their feedback effects on nurse cushions. Native plants appeared to be facilitated by cushions and then develop a parasitic relationship with their nurses. In contrast, the exotic Rumex had a neutral interaction with the nurse, but competitive effects on the native beneficiary community, which could indirectly modulate the feedback effects of natives on the nurse. These results highlight the importance of analyzing direct and indirect reciprocal interactions and the impacts of exotic invaders for understanding alpine community assembly. Fil: Llambí, Luis D.. Universidad de Los Andes; Venezuela Fil: Hupp, Nicole. University of Montana; Estados Unidos Fil: Sáez, Agustín. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Norte. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Centro Regional Universidad Bariloche. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente; Argentina Fil: Callaway, Ragan. University of Montana; Estados Unidos

The cost of reproduction by female plants generally exceeds that of male plants because females produce seeds and fruits in addition to flowers (Darwin 1877, Lloyd and Webb 1977, Willson 1983). If the vegetative growth of female and male plants is equivalent, then the greater female reproductive effort should result in reduced growth and/or survival. In a dioecious clonal plant that reduction might be manifest as lower ramet production, and the sex ratio of ramets should become increasingly male-biased. In contrast to this expectation the ramet sex ratio of Rumex acetosella tends to be female-biased (Harris 1968, Putwain and Harper 1972, Lovett Doust and Lovett Doust 1985), even though females allocate a greater proportion of their resources to reproduction than do males (Putwain and Harper 1972). In eight Massachusetts populations of Rumex acetosella, we found one male-biased population and a female bias at the other sites. In these latter seven sites the estimated sex ratio of genets (the genetic individuals) did not differ significantly from 1: 1 (Lovett Doust and Lovett Doust 1985). The greater reproductive effort by female plants, plus the female bias in sex ratio of ramets suggested differential growth by females. Biased sex ratios in clonal plants can be caused by a variety of factors, including, for example, differential grazing by herbivores (see Lovett Doust and Lovett Doust 1985, Agren 1987), sex-associated effects of intraspecific competition (e.g., Onyekwelu and Harper 1979, Lovett Doust et al. 1987), and differences in the numbers of ramets produced and sustained by female and male plants (Sakai and Burris 1985). We have examined and rejected the possibility that differential herbivory on male and female Rumex plants drives the ramet sex ratio to being female-biased. (In fact, although males and females suffered comparable herbivory in absolute terms, the proportion of the available foliage that was removed from females was greater [Lovett Doust and Lovett Doust 1985].) The present study was designed to explore the hypothesis, suggested by David Lloyd (personal communication), that differences in the vegetative vigor and seasonal phonology of males and females might explain the female-biased sex ratios generally found in populations of Rumex acetosella.

Ozenver, N., Isolation of Potential Drug Candidate Molecules From Rumex acetosella L. and In Silico, In Vitro Researches on Those Molecules, Hacettepe University, Institute of Health Sciences, Pharmacognosy Program, Doctor of Philosophy Thesis, Ankara, 2018. In this thesis, biological activity studies on the extracts of R. acetosella as well as its compounds were conducted. Some extracts of the title plant and some isolated substances were investigated against diabetes and cancer, hence R. acetosella is traditionally used in diabetes and cancer. Initially, antioxidant studies were performed as preliminary researches so that oxidative stress may have a role in the etiology of these diseases, which indicated alcoholic extracts as good antioxidants. Then, isolation studies were conducted to view phytochemical profile of R. acetosella. Isolated compounds and the main anthraquinone aglycones were tested for their cytotoxicities by resazurin reduction and protease viability marker assays. Aloe-emodin was detected as the most cytotoxic compound and the mechanisms behind its cytotoxicity were further investigated. Inducement of cell cycle distribution, apoptosis and necrosis, reactive oxygen species, mitochondrial membrane potential breakdown, DNA damage were detected. Microarray hybridization revealed deregulated genes in aloe-emodin-treated cells, validating by qPCR analysis. Motif analysis pointed out NF-κB as a transcriptional regulator. Molecular docking and reporter cell assays revealed the aloe-emodin/NF-κB relation. Antidiabetic effects of the extracts and some of their chemical constituents were investigated by means of α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibition assays, which emphasized the ethanol extracts as antidiabetic, confirming the traditional use of R. acetosella. All findings pointed out that R. acetosella and aloe-emodin may have potentials for the development of new drugs in the treatment of both diabetes and cancer. Key Words: Rumex acetosella, aloe-emodin, cancer, diabetes, phytochemistry. Acknowledgments: The studies in this thesis were supported by The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TÜBİTAK) with 2214-A and 2211-C scholarship programmes as well as Hacettepe University Scientific Research Projects Coordination Unit (Project No: 1216, TED-2017-15246). Özenver, N., Rumex acetosella L. Bitkisinden Potansiyel İlaç Adayı Moleküllerin İzolasyonu ve Moleküller Üzerinde İn Siliko, İn Vitro Araştırmalar, Hacettepe Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü Farmakognozi Programı, Doktora Tezi, Ankara, 2018. Bu tezde R. acetosella ekstreleri ve içerdiği maddeler üzerinde biyolojik aktivite çalışmaları gerçekleştirilmiştir. R. acetosella’nın geleneksel olarak diyabet ve kansere karşı kullanılması nedeniyle bitkiden hazırlanan bazı ekstreler ve bunardan izole edilen bazı maddelerin antidiyabetik ve sitotoksik etkileri araştırılmıştır. Oksidatif stresin bu hastalıkların etiyolojisinde rol alması nedeniyle, başlangıçta ön araştırma olarak antioksidan çalışmalar yapılmış ve etanollü ekstrelerin en iyi antioksidanlar olduğu görülmüştür. Daha sonra, R. acetosella’nın fitokimyasal profilini belirlemek için izolasyon çalışmaları yürütülmüştür. İzole edilen maddelerin ve temel antrakinon aglikonlarının sitotoksisiteleri “resazurin redüksiyon” ve “proteaz viability marker” yöntemleri ile araştırılmıştır. Aloe-emodin en yüksek sitotoksik etkiyi göstermiş ve sitotoksisitesinin altında yatan mekanizmalar da ayrıca araştırılmıştır. Hücre döngüsünün bozulmasının, apoptozun, nekrozun, reaktif oksijen türlerinin, mitokondri zar potansiyelinin bozulmasının ve DNA zararının indüklendiği görülmüştür. Mikrodizi hibridizasyonu, aloe-emodin ile muamele edilen CCRF-CEM hücrelerinde düzensiz gen profillerini ortaya çıkarmış ve qPCR analizi ile doğrulanmıştır. Motif analizi ile NF-κB transkripsiyonal bir düzenleyici olarak gösterilmiştir. Moleküler doking ve “reporter hücre” yöntemleri ile aloe-emodin/NF-κB ilişkisi gösterilmiştir. Ekstreler ve antrakinon aglikonlarının antidiyabetik etkileri, α-amilaz ve α-glukozidaz inhibisyonu yöntemleri ile araştırılmış; etanollü ekstrelerin R. acetosella’nın geleneksel kullanımını doğrulayacak şekilde antidiyabetik etkili olabileceği gösterilmiştir. Tüm bulgular, R. acetosella ve aloe-emodinin diyabet ve kanserde yeni ilaçların geliştirilmesinde potansiyel olabileceklerini göstermiştir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Rumex acetosella, aloe-emodin, kanser, diyabet, fitokimya. Teşekkür: Bu tezde yer alan çalışmalar, TÜBİTAK 2214-A ve 2211-C burs programları ve Hacettepe Üniversitesi Bilimsel Araştırma Projeleri Koordinasyon Birimi (Proje No: 1216, TED-2017-15246) tarafından desteklenmiştir.

The purpose of this study is to offer raw data regarding landscape plantings of traditional cultural heritages by surveying and analysing the actual flora and landscape planting species distributed in Donggung Palace and Wolji Pond in Gyeongju, Korea. The results are as follows. The flora were summarized as 149 taxa including 65 families, 117 genera, 134 species, 1 subspecies, 10 varieties and 4 forms. The naturalized plants were of 18 taxa including Rumex crispus, Trifolium repens, Ailanthus altissima, Veronica persica, Senecio vulgaris, Festuca myuros and the like. Invasive species included Rumex acetosella. As a result of the analysis of chronological changes in landscape planting species, 23 taxa were planted in 1979, whereas 48 taxa were planted in 2014. Therefore, the number of these species increased by 25 taxa. The landscape planting species were of 48 taxa including 6 taxa of evergreen trees, 2 taxa of evergreen shrubs, 27 taxa of deciduous trees, 12 taxa of deciduous shrubs and 1 taxa of other. In present conditions by sections, Section A was 25 taxa, 15 taxa of Section B, 13 taxa of Section C and 29 taxa of Section D. The species planted in common were 4 taxa including Pinus densiflora, Acer palmatum, Euonymus alatus and Rhododendron yedoense for. poukhanense. The problems in the present conditions of landscape planting were volunteer species, the occurrence of scrub and vines and the spread of invasive alien plants. To restore and improve the planting landscape and facilitate tree growth, scrub, volunteer species and invasive alien plants must be removed.

White, S. N., Boyd, N. S., Van Acker, R. C. and Swanton, C. J. 2015. Pre- and post-vernalization ramet removal reduces flowering of red sorrel (Rumex acetosella L.) in wild blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium Ait.). Can. J. Plant Sci. 95: 549–556. Red sorrel is a common, ramet-producing herbaceous creeping perennial species in wild blueberry fields. Flowering and seed production occur primarily in overwintering ramets in Nova Scotia, Canada, and growers may therefore be able to adopt fairly simple management strategies to reduce or prevent flowering and seed production in this species. The objective of this research was to determine the effect of pre- and post-vernalization ramet removal on red sorrel flowering ramet density under both controlled and field conditions. Under controlled conditions in a growth facility, ramet populations were subject to pre- and post-vernalization clipping treatments to simulate late autumn and early spring ramet removal. Under field conditions, pre- and post-vernalization ra...

La proporción de especies exóticas en un área protegida y su matriz aledaña está influenciada por disturbios naturales y antrópicos, como el uso de la tierra y el tráfico de visitantes al área, que potencian la susceptibilidad a invasiones. Se analizó cuali y cuantitativamente la diversidad de especies exóticas en áreas disturbadas del Parque Nacional Los Alerces, Chubut. Se seleccionaron dos sitios sometidos a cada uno de los siguientes disturbios: incendio, pastoreo y acampe, donde se utilizaron transectas de 50 m de longitud. En la ruta Nº 71 se establecieron transectas de 150 m paralelas al borde del camino y dispuestas cada 2 km. Se registró la composición florística y la abundancia relativa de todas las especies exóticas presentes y se estimó la diversidad. Para comparar los sitios con distinto tipo de disturbio en base a la composición florística y a la cobertura de las diferentes especies exóticas se realizó un Análisis de Correspondencia Detendenciado. Se registraron 67 especies, con diente de león (Taraxacum officinale), pasto ovillo (Dactylis glomerata), pasto miel (Holcus lanatus), vinagrillo (Rumex acetosella) y rosa mosqueta (Rosa rubiginosa) presentes en todos los sitios. Las áreas de incendio y acampe presentaron riqueza y diversidad similar, mientras acampe y pastoreo fueron semejantes en composición especifica. Se generó información básica para la detección y control de plantas exóticas dentro del parque, especialmente de aquellas consideradas invasoras.

This study was conducted to investigate the occurrence of weed flora in pastures in Jeju island of Korea and to establish the basic data for controlling them occurred in the pastures. Weed flora was investigated twice, May and July on 2003. There were a total of 207 weed species including 49 families. Among them 67 species were annual, 39 species were biennial and 101 species were perennial. The compositions of major plant families, Asteraceae, Poaceae, Polygonaceae, Rosaceae, Fabaceae were 17, 15, 8, 7, 6%, respectively. Sixty-eight species of exotics were occurred, as well. Rumex obtusifolius was the highest in importance analysis and the followings were in order of Trifolium repens, Artemisia princeps, Plantago asiatica, Potentilla anemonefolia and Rumex acetosella etc. Among the exotic weeds, R. obtusifolius, T. repens, R. acetosella and C. holosteoides var. hallaisanense might be most problematic weeds species in pastures in Jeju island in the future. And at the boundary of some pastures and mountains Smilax china, Duchesnea indica, Rosa maximowicziana, etc. 17 shrub species were also occurred.

Red sorrel is a common herbaceous creeping perennial weed in wild blueberry fields in Nova Scotia that spreads by seeds and an extensive creeping root system. Experiments were established to determine temperature thresholds for ramet sprouting from creeping root fragments and to develop growing-degree-day (GDD) models for predicting ramet emergence and flowering under field conditions in wild blueberry fields in Nova Scotia. Ramets sprouted from root fragments at temperatures as low as 1 C, with an optimum temperature for ramet sprouting around 22 C. Ramet sprouting was completely inhibited at temperatures above 35 C. Cumulative ramet emergence and flowering under field conditions were adequately explained as functions of GDD by a three-parameter power equation (R2= 0.98) and a four-parameter logistic equation (R2= 0.87), respectively. Ramet emergence began between 110 and 265 GDD and continued throughout the season at each site. Model prediction for the initiation of emergence was 92 GDD, and 50 and 95% emergence were predicted to occur at 1,322 and 2,696 GDD, respectively. Red sorrel ramets began to flower in the field between 308 and 515 GDD. Model prediction for the initiation of flowering was 289 GDD, and 50 and 95% flowering were predicted to occur at 545 and 1,336 GDD, respectively. Model validation was conducted with the use of two additional independent data sets for emergence and flowering and indicated good performance of the proposed models (R2and root-mean-square error values ranging from 0.96 to 0.99 and 4.0 to 13.8, respectively). The models allow for direct comparison of red sorrel phenology to that of the wild blueberry and will aid in the development of new management strategies.

Plants were collected and prepared for chemical analysis, total phenolics, anthocyanins concentrations, and free radical scavenging activity. Results showed that, protein concentration of Malva parviflora (22.9%) was the highest among the plants. Ruta chalepensis had high levels of fat and carbohydrates (4.2% and 51.7%, respectively), but had the lowest level of ash (8.7%). Mineral concentrations varied and found to have appreciable amounts of Ca, Na, K, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Zn and P. Total phenolic ranged from 163.1 (Tetragonolobus palaestinus) to 1328.8 mg GAE/100g (Ruta chalepensis). Anthocyanins ranged between 18.1 (Gundelia tournefortii) and 100.1 mg/100g (Rumex acetosella). These plants differed in free radical scavenging activity. It was concluded that these plants could be considered as natural sources for antioxidants and valuable natural resources as a new addition to the diet of inhabitants.

This study was undertaken to analyze the distribution and ecological characteristics of invasive alien plant species on Jeju Island, and to provide basic data for their management and control. A field research was conducted at 436 locations on Jeju Island. The field research identified nine species of invasive alien species growing on Jeju Island. Based on the distribution pattern, Hypochaeris radicata L., Rumex acetosella, and Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. were found to be distributed horizontally throughout Jeju Island, with vertical growth in two or more vegetation zones, from warm temperate to the subalpine zone. Widely distributed species penetrate various habitats, such as grasslands, ranches, roadsides, farmlands, and empty lots, and have an immensely negative impact on the ecosystem, including declining biodiversity on Jeju Island. Paspalum distichum var. indutum Shinners, Paspalum distichum L., Solanum carolinense L., and Aster pilosus Willd. were distributed in some areas as a biased distribution species, whereas Lactuca scariola L. and Solidago altissima L. were found only in certain areas as centralized distribution species. The centralized distribution species and biased distribution species of the invasive plants in the ecosystem of Jeju Island should be physically eliminated, keeping in mind the short- and mid-term perspectives and monitoring, and by considering expansion of additional distribution areas. Due to limitations of physical/chemical elimination, time, and cost, widely distributed species require to be eliminated and managed, mainly to restore the integrity of the ecosystem, by planting native species to reestablish the habitat.

Wild blueberry growers apply herbicides uniformly to control weeds within fields. The repeated and excessive use of herbicides in bare spots and blueberry plant areas that exist within fields has resulted in an increased cost of production and environmental contamination. A prototype variable rate (VR) sprayer was developed for spot-application (SA) of herbicides to the weeds. The boom was divided into 16 sections (0.76 m per section). The VR control system consisted of eight digital color cameras mounted on a separate boom in front of the tractor, a 20-channel MidTech Legacy 6000 controller, and two 8-channel VR controllers (VRCs) interfaced to a Pocket PC (PPC) via wireless Bluetooth®. Cameras were connected via USB cables to a computer. The cameras were capable of taking the images in real-time. Custom software was developed for processing the images to detect weeds in real-time. The triggering signals were sent to the VRC to open the specific nozzles where the weeds had been detected. The VR sprayer performed well and adequately sprayed propyzamide on red sorrel (Rumex acetosella L.) and flumioxazin on moss (Polytrichum commune) within the selected wild blueberry fields. Results of T-test from experiment 1 suggested that the percent area coverage of water sensitive papers in target and non-target areas after the flumioxazin application was significant indicating SA technique using VR sprayer accurately applied the flumioxazin on targets. SA from experiment 2 resulted in a 69% reduction in propyzamide use with 25 cm before and after target buffer and 28% cover of red sorrel.

Biannual applications of hexazinone have been applied in many lowbush blueberry fields in Nova Scotia for more than 30 years. Persistent reliance on a single herbicide chemistry may have selected for hexazinone-resistant red sorrel. The recommended rate of hexazinone (1.92 kg ai ha−1) no longer controls red sorrel in many growing regions. Six levels of hexazinone (0, 0.48, 0.96, 1.92, 3.84, and 7.68 kg ai ha−1) were applied to red sorrel plants grown in a greenhouse from seeds collected from three commercial fields and a no blueberry area to determine if they were hexazinone resistant. Red sorrel from two sites where hexazinone had not been applied regularly died at the 0.96 kg ai ha−1rate of hexazinone whereas red sorrel from two commercial fields survived at 7.68 kg ai ha−1. It is concluded that red sorrel is hexazinone-resistant in some wild blueberry fields. A portion of thepsbA gene was sequenced and it was determined that resistant plants had a Phe to Val substitution at position 255 in the D1 protein. This is the first recorded instance of hexazinone resistance in a perennial broadleaf weed in blueberry fields.

Summary The demography of Rumex acetosella ramets and seedlings was monitored within and between blueberry clones over the two-year lowbush blueberry production cycle in Nova Scotia, Canada. Overwintering ramets constituted the majority (>70%) of the flowering ramet population. A small proportion of ramets emerging in May and June flowered, but no ramets emerging between July and November flowered in the year of emergence. Emergence of new ramets was season-long and ramet populations were regulated by a cycle of birth and death in each production year. Ramet populations in blueberry patches had higher growth rates and lower mortality than ramet populations in bare soil patches in the non-bearing year, resulting in large net gains to ramet populations in blueberry patches during this production year. Ramet population growth rates and mortality were similar in blueberry and bare soil patches in the bearing year and net ramet populations declined during this production year. Survival rates of overwintering and new ramets varied, but ramets from both the overwintering and monthly cohorts contributed to a distinct ramet age structure at the end of each season. Seedling survival ranged from 6 ± 6 to 51 ± 12% across sites, and no seedlings flowered in the year of emergence. Transition probabilities of ramets and seedlings were used to develop a life-cycle model of R. acetosella for the 2-year lowbush blueberry production cycle. This model has utility in developing new management strategies for R. acetosella in lowbush blueberry.

The present study was carried out to evaluate the response of microbial bioinoculants along with different organic manures (vermicompost and greencompost) on growth, yield and nutrient uptake of Rumex. Field experiments were carried out in 2010-2011 in randomized replicated block designs consisting of four replicates of each treatment. The experiment consisted of five different microbial bioinoculants combined with two organic manures. Various treatments given to Rumex were Frateuria aurentia (potassium mobilizer) Trichoderma viride (biocontrol agent), Azospirillium brasilense (Nitrogen source) and Pseudomonas fluorescens (plant growth promoting bacteria) significantly increased plant biomass, yield and nutrient content of Rumex. Results revealed that among the two organic manures vermi compost combined with bioinoculants significantly influenced the growth and nutrient uptake. Plants inoculated with vermicompost and Frateuria

Edible greens, especially wild greens, play an important role in traditional diets and are rich in phenols and other compounds. The purpose of this study was to investigate total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant activities of ethanolic extracts from wild and cultivated Rumex acetosella L. The wild sheep sorrel extract inhibited lipid peroxidation and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical with EC50 values of 0.02 and 3.67 mg ml− 1; however, the EC50 values for cultivated sheep sorrel extract were 0.76 and 21.94 mg ml− 1. In the reducing power assay, the values of measured absorbance were 0.723 and 0.430 for wild and cultivated extracts, respectively, at 1 mg ml− 1 concentration. The chelating of ferrous ions by the wild and cultivated sheep sorrel was determined as 59.4% and 56.2%, respectively, at 1 mg ml− 1 concentration. TPC of wild and cultivated sheep sorrel was found to be 69.21 ± 8.5 and 57.57 ± 1.8 mg gallic acid equiv. g− 1 extract, respectively. There is a positive correlation between pheno...

Aim Leafy vegetables are known for high nutritional value and are being eaten raw or/subjected to various cooking methods. However, an attempt was made to evaluate antioxidant potentiality of leafy herbs viz., Rumex vesicarius L., Rumex acetosella L. , Basella rubra L. , and Basella alba L., subjecting to various cooking methods – to understand its property is stable or not, after subjecting to different cooking method. Methods For the first time antioxidant potentiality was evaluated at different cooking temperatures viz ., 27 °C (Room temperature), 121 °C (Pressure cooker temperature), 100 °C (Micro wave oven temperature) with different concentration range (125–200 mg per 20 ml of methanolic extract) – by DPPH assay for selected plant extract. Conclusion R. acetosella L., and B. rubra L., (at room temperature) and all four plant extracts viz., R. vesicarius L. , R. acetosella L. , B. rubra L. , and B. alba L. (at cooking temperature – 121 °C and micro oven – 100 °C) showed decreasing activity at 100, 125, and 150 mg/ml, and at 200 mg/ml, maximum (room temperature) antioxidant activity was observed. A better oxidative activity was observed at 200 μg/ml concentration at all temperatures for tested leafy vegetable, which can be attributed as dose dependant (200 mg/ml) for stable activity.

Background and Aims Seed bank persistence plays a highly relevant role for population dynamics. The impact of interacting environmental factors on seed longevity has only scarcely been investigated. We aimed to analyse the effects of varied soil substrate type and moisture on soil seed survival.

Background There are no data on atmospheric pollen in Talca. In the present work, our aim is to describe the amount of pollen grain in the atmosphere of the city of Talca likely to cause pollinosis of its inhabitants. Methods A volumetric Hirst sampler (Burkard seven-day recording device) was used to study pollen levels. It was placed in the centre of Talca from May 2007 to April 2008. Results The highest airborne presence of pollen, as measured in weekly averages, was Platanus acerifolia with a maximum weekly daily average of 203 grains/m3 registered during September and October. The second highest was Acer pseudoplatanus with a maximum weekly daily average of 116 grains/m3. Populus spp. had a maximum weekly daily average 103 grains/m3. Olea europaea reached 19 grains/m3 in November. Grasses presented high levels of pollen counts with a maximum weekly daily average of 27 grains/m3 from the end of August until the end of January. Pollens of Plantago spp. Rumex acetosella and Chenopodium spp. had a similar distribution and were present from October to April with maximum weekly daily average of 7 grains/m3, 7 grains/m3 and 3 grains/m3 respectively. Significant concentrations of Ambrosia artemisiifolia were detected from February until April. Conclusion The population of Talca was exposed to high concentrations of allergenic pollen, such as P. acerifolia, A. pseudoplatanus, and grasses in the months of August through November. The detection of O. europaea and A. artemisiifolia is important as these are emergent pollens in the city of Talca. Aerobiological monitoring will provide the community with reliable information about the level of allergenic pollens, improving treatment and quality of life of patients with respiratory allergy.

Fil: Franzese, Jorgelina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas. Centro Cientifico Tecnologico Patagonia Norte. Instituto de Investigacion En Biodiversidad y Medioambiente; Argentina. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Centro Regional Universitario Bariloche. Laboratorio de Ecotono; Argentina

There are two main methods for estimating seed density and species composition of soil seed banks: manual seed extraction and seedling emergence. These methods were used to determine and compare seed density and species composition in the soil of a natural grassland in Patagonia. Additionally, known amounts of seeds of different sizes from Patagonian grassland species were mixed with soil to evaluate the efficiency of the seed extraction method, and determine their recovery percentage. Seed density found in the grassland soil with the extraction method was four times higher than that found with the seedling emergence method. Through the use of these two methods, there was very little overlap found in species composition. Small seeds (< 1 mm) were only found with the seedling emergence method, whereas the seeds of species with specific germination requirements were found with the seed extraction method. Seed recovery of grassland species varied from 2.5% for smaller seeds (Erophila verna) to 100% for larger seeds (Rumex acetosella) with the seed extraction method. This method was more effective in detecting seeds of large-seeded species. Discrepancies in seed detection between both methods may be related to seed dormancy, specific germination requirements, seed size and mass. These two methods are necessary to describe seed density and seed bank composition. Fil: Gonzalez, Sofia Laura. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Norte. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Centro Regional Universidad Bariloche. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente; Argentina Fil: Ghermandi, Luciana. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Norte. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Centro Regional Universidad Bariloche. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente; Argentina

Eleven plants were collected in the Zongo Valley following an organoleptic and chimio-taxonomic criteria of collection to find species with colorant and photo-protector properties. Brachyotum microdon, Monnina bridgesii and Souroubea fragilis present promising colorant attributes. In addition, B. microdon, Rumex acetosella and Fuchsia boliviana show important absorptions in the UV-B region while S. fragilis, Orthaea boliviensis, Senecio floccosus and Baccharis pentlandii have UV-A and UV-B absorptions. A series of phytochemical tests were performed to learn about the secondary metabolite profile in the collected species. This is the first work done and published for Souroubea fragilis, Orthaea boliviensis and Senecio floccosus.

Field studies were carried out in 1989–1995 and 2006–2012 on plantations of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L. subsp. vulgaris). During this period, 542 phytosociological relevés were made using the Braun-Blanquet method. In total, 46 weed species were found. In 1989–1995, the occurrence of 36 segetal species was reported. The highest cover indices were determined for Chenopodium album and Amaranthus retroflexus. Galium aparine, Echinochloa crus-galli, and Elymus repens were the dominant species, as well. Analysis of the frequency of occurrence revealed one constant species (Chenopodium album), two frequent species (Amaranthus retroflexus and Galium aparine), and two medium-frequent species (Echinochloa crus-galli and Matricaria maritima ssp. inodora).In 2006–2012, the occurrence of 40 weed species on the sugar beet plantations was recorded. The plantations were clearly dominated by Chenopodium album, accompanied by Polygonum persicaria and Polygonum lapathifolium ssp. lapathifolium. Other dominant species comprised Setaria viridis, Galinsoga parviflora, Brassica napus ssp. napus, and Fallopia convolvulus. The Chenopodium album was a constant component of the sugar beet plantations. In turn, no frequent species were observed and six medium-frequent species were found (Setaria viridis, Galinsoga parviflora, Brassica napus ssp. napus, Echinochloa crus-galli, Amaranthus retroflexus, and Capsella bursa-pastoris).Noteworthy, the presence of previously unreported species, e.g., Abutilon theophrasti, Hyoscyamus niger, or Artemisia vulgaris, was revealed. These species are rare components in sugar beet crops. A reverse phenomenon, i.e., the disappearance of some species such as Euphorbia helioscopia, Malva neglecta, Rumex acetosella, Sinapis arvensis, or Sisymbrium officinale, was also observed.

Stopps, G. J., White, S. N., Clements, D. R. and Upadhyaya, M. K. 2011. The Biology of Canadian weeds. 149. Rumex acetosella L. Can. J. Plant Sci. 91: 1037–1052. Rumex acetosella L., sheep sorrel, is a perennial herb originating from Europe and southwestern Asia, now found in at least 70 countries worldwide. A common weed, it appears in grasslands, pastures, rangelands, waste areas, and along roadsides across North America. It frequently occurs as a weed in lowbush blueberry fields in Atlantic Canada, particularly in Nova Scotia. Rumex acetosella thrives on poor, acidic, and disturbed soils across a broad range of climatic conditions. A persistent seed bank and vegetative reproduction from creeping roots contribute to the ability of R. acetosella to tolerate various methods of control including certain herbicides, fire, and tillage. Tart-tasting leaves, rich in vitamin C have led to the use of R. acetosella in European and North American cultures as both a source of food and a component of herbal medicines. Excessive consumption of the leaves, which contain oxalic acid, can be poisonous to horses and sheep. In addition, R. acetosella is a possible host of the tomato spotted wilt virus, which is detrimental to a variety of vegetable crops.

The mobility and phytoavailability of arsenic in an area affected by the abandoned exploitation of an arsenical tungsten–tin deposit was studied to establish the current and eventual environmental risks and to propose possible remediation practices. Soil and plant samples were collected at different distances from the polluting sources and analyzed for their As content and distribution. Critical soil total concentrations of As were found, with values in the range 175–2300 mg kg − 1 . The readily labile As contents represent Agrostis castellana (Boiss. & Reut.), Centaurea jacea L., Eryngium campestre L. and Scirpus holoschoenus L.. Such plants show important root bioaccumulation factor values in relation to the labile As contents (up to 197, 58, 201 and 88, respectively) and low translocation factor values (down to 0.170, 0.032, 0.173 and 0.036, respectively). Additionally to promote the revegetation with these plants, the species Rumex acetosella L. should be eliminated as this behaves as an index plant, reaching above-ground As concentrations up to 218 mg kg − 1 .

Sheep sorrel is an invasive, creeping perennial weed of lowbush blueberry fields that decreases yields and hinders harvest. Much of the basic phenology of sheep sorrel in blueberry fields is unknown and not documented in peer-reviewed journals. Three levels of fertilizer (0, 20, and 40 kg N ha−1) and two levels of hexazinone (0 and 1.92 kg ai ha−1) were applied to three vegetative-year blueberry fields to determine their effects on root and shoot growth, biomass allocation, and seed production of sheep sorrel plants. Hexazinone efficacy varied widely between sites, but suppressed shoot biomass, achene number and weight, and reproductive biomass, as well as the reproductive : shoot biomass ratio. Fertilizer tended to increase achene number and increased sheep sorrel shoot biomass in the absence of hexazinone, but had no effect on achene weight, root biomass, or reproductive biomass. When fertilizer was applied, sheep sorrel allocated resources to sexual reproduction at the expense of vegetative growth.

Dispersal is critical step in plant invasions but there is limited information about human-mediated long distance seed dispersal, including in protected areas. Seed dispersal by hikers was quantified for five invasive species (the native Acaena novae-zelandiae, and the non-native weeds Rumex acetosella Anthoxanthum odoratum, Dactylis glomerata and Festuca rubra) in part of Australia’s Kosciuszko National Park. The proportion of seeds remaining attached to trousers and socks was quantified for replicated short (150 m) and long (5,000 m) distance walks. Functions were fitted for each dataset, and parameters compared among species and between trousers and socks. Dispersal data were combined with attachment rates and the number of people undertaking walks to estimate the total number of weed seeds that might be dispersed. The power exponential function gave the best fit for the majority of datasets, indicating that detachment probability decreased with distance. Seeds of all five species were more tightly attached to socks than trousers, with some seeds still present on socks at 5,000 m. Anthoxanthum and Acaena seeds were more tightly attached to clothing than the other species. Theoretically 1.9 million seeds could be dispersed on socks or 2.4 million seeds on trousers through a season but the actual numbers are likely to be much lower because of limited weed seed at the start of the walks. Because of differences in attachment and detachment rates, seeds from Acaena were more likely to be dispersed longer distances. Long distance human-mediated seed dispersal is potentially a major cause of spread of invasive weeds into protected areas that favours some invasive species over others.

In this study we investigated the temporal variability of N-source utilization of pioneer plant species in different early successional stages of dry acidic grasslands. Current theory states that plant species occupy distinct ecological niches and that there are species-specific, temporal N-uptake patterns. We hypothesized that small-scale dynamics in the natural habitat may affect niche differentiation among plant species. We investigated N-uptake patterns of two co-occurring plant species from different functional groups (Corynephorus canescens, Rumex acetosella) under natural conditions using N-15-labeled nitrate and ammonium in three different early successional stages during early and late summer. We found (1) marked seasonal dynamics with respect to N-uptake and N-source partitioning, and (2) different uptake rates across successional stages but a similar N-form utilization of both species. Nitrate was the main N-source in the early and later successional stages, but a shift towards enhanced ammonium uptake occurred at the cryptogam stage in June. Both species increased N-uptake in the later successional stage in June, which was associated with increasing plant biomass in C. canescens, whereas R. acetosella showed no significant differences in plant biomass and root/shoot-ratio between successional stages. Ammonium uptake decreased in both species across all stages with increasing drought. Nevertheless, the peak time of N-uptake differed between the successional stages: in the early successional site, with the lowest soil N, plants were able to extend N-uptake into the drier season when uptake rates in the other successional stages had already declined markedly. Hence, we found a pronounced adjustment in the realized niches of co-occurring plant species with respect to N-uptake. Our results indicate that ecological niches can be highly dynamic and that niche sharing between plant species may occur instead of niche partitioning.

Many plants are adapted to an eroded landscape with a large proportion of virgin soil. Open and disturbed soils are today almost only restricted to agricultural fields with high loads of fertilizers. We conducted a pot experiment in order to investigate growth and nutritional constraints of one calcicole species, Anisantha (syn. Bromus) tectorum, and one calcifuge species, Rumex acetosella, in decalcified topsoil and recently exposed calcareous subsoil from a field experiment in sandy grassland. In the pot experiment we implemented one treatment where we limed topsoil with CaCO3 to the same amount as in subsoil. The subsoil had approximately 10% CaCO3 and both species grew less in this soil compared to the topsoil, which had less than 1% CaCO3. Germination rate of A. tectorum was higher in subsoil than in topsoil or limed topsoil. P fertilization of the limed topsoil counteracted the negative liming effect for A. tectorum, but only partly so for R. acetosella. P fertilization of subsoil increased the shoot biomass of A. tectorum, but not of R. acetosella. P concentration in plants was not reduced when growing on subsoil or limed topsoil compared to topsoil. The results show that lime addition may reduce the P availability also to calcicole species such as A. tectorum and we found indications for that Ca toxicity may be a causing factor for the calcifuge behavior of R. acetosella. The significance of the results for conservation management practices in sandy grasslands is discussed. (C) 2010 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved. (Less)

Fire affects grassland composition by selectively influencing recruitment. Some exotic species can increase their abundance as a consequence of fire-stimulated seed germination, but response may depend on seed age. Rumex acetosella L. (Polygonaceae, sheep’s sorrel) is a cosmopolitan herb that has invaded NW Patagonia’s grasslands. This species forms persistent soil seed banks and increases after disturbances, particularly fire. We studied how fire and seed longevity influence R. acetosella germination. In 2008, we conducted laboratory experiments where we exposed different-aged seeds (up to 19 years old) to heat, smoke, charcoal, ash and control treatments. Total percentage germination and mean germination time depended on both seed age and fire treatment. Germination of younger seeds decreased with increasing temperature. There was no general pattern in germination responses of different-aged seeds to smoke, charcoal and ash. While smoke improved the germination of fresh seeds, charcoal decreased germination. Germination of untreated seeds was negatively correlated with seed age, and mean germination time increased with seed age. In most treatments, fresh seeds had lower germination than 1–5-year-old seeds, indicating an after-ripening requirement. Smoke stimulates R. acetosella germination, causing successful recruitment during post-fire conditions. Fresh seeds are particularly responsive to fire factors, possibly because they have not experienced physical degradation and are more receptive to environmental stimuli. Knowing the colonisation potential from the soil seed bank of this species during post-fire conditions will allow us to predict their impact on native communities.

Sheep sorrel is an invasive, creeping perennial weed of lowbush blueberry fields. It is one of the most prominent weeds in blueberry fields in Nova Scotia and is responsible for decreasing yields. Three levels of fertilizer (0, 20, 40 kg N ha−1) and two levels of hexazinone (0 or 1.92 kg ai ha−1) were applied to experimental plots to determine their effects on sheep sorrel density. Sprout-year hexazinone reduced sheep sorrel densities, which led to increased yields. Fertilizer increased weed density in the absence of herbicides, had no effect on density in the presence of herbicides, tended to have no impact on floral buds, and did not increase yields. Fruiting-year hexazinone decreased sheep sorrel densities in some situations, but did not result in yield increases. Nomenclature: Hexazinone, Velpar; sheep sorrel, Rumex acetosella L.; lowbush blueberry, Vaccinium angustifolium Ait. and Vaccinium myrtilloides Michx.

Question We investigated colonisation filters in early plant community development on a glacial outwash plain. We asked if these were related to seed limitation or to a lack of safe sites, if topographical heterogeneity affected species patchiness and how species life cycles influence successional trajectories. Location An outwash plain (Skeithararsandur) in southeast Iceland. Methods We identified surface heterogeneity at two different scales, ca. 10-15 cm (larger stones and established plants) and ca. 50 m (shallow depressions representing dry river beds) at two study sites. We quantified species cover, flowering plant density, seed production, seed rain, seed bank density, seedling emergence and seedling survival from June 2005 to June 2007 for the whole plant community, and measured seed production for five species. Results Mean vegetation cover was < 2.5% at the sites. Low emergence rates and high seedling mortality were the two main recruitment filters. Only 1.4% of seedlings emerging in 2005 survived into the 2007 growing season. Topographical heterogeneity had little effect on plant colonisation. High annual variation was recorded, and the two study sites (ca. 2 km apart) differed in their colonisation success. Of the five species, establishment of Cerastium alpinum and Silene uniflora was most limited by lack of seeds, whereas establishment of Luzula spicata, Poa glauca and Rumex acetosella was most limited by safe sites. Conclusions We conclude that colonisation processes and patterns in early primary succession on Skeithararsandur were largely influenced by stochastic factors.