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Oukuriella oliveirai Messias & Fittkau Oukuriella oliveirai Messias & Fittkau, 1997: 256. Material studied. 1 male, BRAZIL, Bahia, Mata de S��o Jo��o, Res. Sapiranga Rio Poluca, 21.vii. 2009, light trap, leg.: Calor, A. & Lecci, L. 1 male, Bahia, Seabra, 06.vi. 2008, light trap, leg.: Bravo, Menezes & Silva Neto. 1 male, Mato Grosso, Nova Xavantina, Faz. Sr. Quet��, C��rrego Voadeira, 14 �� 32.187 ���S, 52 �� 30.902 ���W, 16.x. 2007, light trap, leg.: Pinho, L.C., Mateus, S., Torati, L & Silva, F.R. 1 male, Mato Grosso do Sul, Bonito, Fazenda Pitangueiras, Rio Olaria, 20 �� 52 ��� 33 ���S, 56 �� 33 ���07���W, 23.vi. 2009, light trap, leg.: Lecci, Schulz & Stefan. 1 male, Minas Gerais, Capin��polis, Rio Parana��ba, 18 �� 32.934 ���S, 49 �� 36.158 ���W, 13.iii. 2009, light trap, leg.: Mateus, S. 1 male, S��o Paulo, Sales��polis, Esta����o Biol��gica de Borac��ia, 23 �� 31 ��� 55 ���S, 45 �� 50 ��� 45 ���W, 18.xi. 2002, light trap, leg.: Froehlich, C.G. 1 male, Rio Grande do Sul, Bossoroca, Barra do Angico, Rio Piratinim, 28 �� 32 ���06.20���S, 54 �� 57 ��� 29.90 ���W, xii. 2008, leg.: Pes, A.M.O. 1 male, MEXICO, Campeche, Calakmul, Res. Biosf. Cal., archaeological zone, Aguada Grande, 18 ��07��� 26.70 ���N, 89 �� 48 ��� 56.70 ���W. 265 m, 2.v. 1997, Malaise trap, leg.: Contreras et. al. 1 male, Campeche, Calakmul, Ejido Crist��bal Col��n, Arroyo Col��n, 34 km S Xpujil. 08�� 12 ��� 59.40 ���N, 89 �� 27 ��� 23.80 ���W, 420 m, 7���8.v. 1997, Malaise trap, leg. Contreras, Martinez, Cassasola & Trampa (MZUSP). Distribution. This species has previously been recorded from the States of Amazonas, Bahia, Par�� and Santa Catarina, Brazil; in the present study the range is extended to include the States of Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Minas Gerais, S��o Paulo and Rio Grande do Sul, in Brazil and Campeche in Mexico., Published as part of Bellodi, Carolina Ferraz, Fusari, L��via Maria & Roque, Fabio De Oliveira, 2016, New species and records of Oukuriella Epler, 1986 from the Neotropical region (Diptera: Chironomidae), pp. 187-196 in Zootaxa 4078 (1) on page 191, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4078.1.17, http://zenodo.org/record/264326, {"references":["Messias, M. C. & Fittkau, E. J. (1997) Two new species of the Neotropical genus Oukuriella Epler, 1986. (Insecta, Diptera, Chironomidae). Spixiana, 20 (3), 255 - 260."]}

Oukuriella rimamplusa Fusari, Roque & Hamada Oukuriella rimamplusa Fusari, Roque & Hamada, 2013: 22. Material studied. 1 male, BRAZIL, Paran��, Boa Vista da Aparecida, UHE Salto Caxias, 25 �� 32 ��� 35.68 ���S, 53 �� 29 ��� 48.04 ���W, 24.viii. 2005, light trap, leg.: Soares (MZUSP) Distribution. This species has previously been recorded from the States of Mato Grosso do Sul and Par��, Brazil; in the present study the range is extended to include the State of Paran��, Brazil., Published as part of Bellodi, Carolina Ferraz, Fusari, L��via Maria & Roque, Fabio De Oliveira, 2016, New species and records of Oukuriella Epler, 1986 from the Neotropical region (Diptera: Chironomidae), pp. 187-196 in Zootaxa 4078 (1) on page 193, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4078.1.17, http://zenodo.org/record/264326, {"references":["Fusari, L. M., Roque, F. O. & Hamada, N. (2013) Systematics of Oukuriella Epler, 1986, including a revision of the species associated with freshwater sponges. Insect Systematics & Evolution, 44, 1 - 41."]}

Oukuriella angelomachadoi sp. nov. (Figures 1���2) Material studied. Holotype male, BRAZIL, Paran��, Boa Vista da Aparecida, UHE Salto Caxias, 25 �� 32 ��� 35.68 ���S, 53 �� 29 ��� 48.04 ���W, 24.viii. 2005, light trap, leg.: Soares (MZUSP). Paratype: 1 male, with the same data as holotype (MZUSP). Etymology. The species is named after Angelo B. M. Machado on the occasion of his 80 th birthday. Diagnosis. Oukuriella angelomachadoi sp. nov. differs from other species of the genus by the following characteristics: male, wings with light dark markings, thorax without scutal tubercle, absence of bands on tergite, posterior margin of tergite IX with rounded lateral projections, concavity width between these projections two times greater than its depth, superior volsella pediform with large digitus, inferior volsella with simple setae. Oukuriella angelomachadoi sp. nov. closely resembles Oukuriella rimamplusa Fusari et al. 2013, from which it can be distinguished by the shape of the superior volsella and markings on wings. Description. Male (n = 1���2). Total length 2.13���3.05 mm. Wing length 1.48���2.11 mm, width 0.48���0.62 mm. Total length/ wing length 1.43���1.44. Wing length/profemur length ratio 1.78���1.85. Color. Thorax light brown. Wings with light dark markings, veins light brown. Legs light brown with dark brown areas. Head (Fig. 1 A). AR 1.06. Apical flagellomere 458 ��m long. Temporals 8. Clypeus with 23���46 setae. Lengths of palpomeres 1���5 (in ��m): 26���41; 30���38; 82; 72; 134. Thorax (Fig. 1 B). Without scutal tubercle. Ac 3���5. Dc 7���8. Pa 1. Scts 3���4. Wing (Fig. 1 D). VR 1.20���1.30. Brachiolum with 3 setae. R with 5���9, R 1 with 3���8, R 4 + 5 with 9���10 setae, remaining veins and cell membranes bare. Legs (Fig. 1 E). Lengths (in ��m) and proportions of leg segments as in Table 1. Tibial spur lengths (in ��m): foreleg 32, middleg 29���43, hindleg 44���68. Abdomen (Fig. 1 C). Tergites II���VII with a large tuft of setae in the anterior median region. Hypopygium (Figs 1 F, 2 A���B). Laterosternite IX with 3���4 setae. Absence of bands on tergite. Posterior margin of tergite IX with lateral rounded projections. Concavity width between these projections two times greater than its depth. Phallapodeme not observable, transverse sternapodeme 46���51 ��m. Superior volsella pediform 77���121 ��m long, with 24 setae near bend of upper arm. Digitus wide, the same width as superior volsella, not reaching the apex of the superior volsella, without microtrichia. Inferior volsella 125���140 ��m long with 3���6 basal setae, 7���8 apical setae. Gonocoxite 128���131 ��m long. Gonostylus long 126���146 ��m long. HR 0.89���1.01. HV 1.69���2.08. Female and immatures. Unknown. Distribution. This species is recorded only in the type locality in the State of Paran��, Brazil., Published as part of Bellodi, Carolina Ferraz, Fusari, L��via Maria & Roque, Fabio De Oliveira, 2016, New species and records of Oukuriella Epler, 1986 from the Neotropical region (Diptera: Chironomidae), pp. 187-196 in Zootaxa 4078 (1) on pages 188-190, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4078.1.17, http://zenodo.org/record/264326, {"references":["Fusari, L. M., Roque, F. O. & Hamada, N. (2013) Systematics of Oukuriella Epler, 1986, including a revision of the species associated with freshwater sponges. Insect Systematics & Evolution, 44, 1 - 41."]}

Licenciamento ambiental no Brasil é um procedimento com vários níveis e etapas, concebido como ferramenta preventiva aos potenciais danos ambientais causados pela implantação de empreendimentos. Embora este procedimento seja obrigatório desde meados da década de 1980, ainda é limitado no que diz respeito ao uso de informações biológicas para a avaliação e o monitoramento de ambientes aquáticos. Neste processo, o órgão licenciador (federal, estadual ou municipal) define as variáveis a serem medidas, tendo como referência o tipo e a magnitude do empreendimento e as características específicas do local proposto para sua instalação. Respostas biológicas devem ser usadas para medir os impactos sobre ecossistemas aquáticos e os macroinvertebrados constituem um grupo que apresenta vantagens como bioindicadores, sendo os mais utilizados para este fim. Em 2011, o Grupo de Trabalho Intersetorial em Biomonitoramento foi criado para discutir o uso de macroinvertebrados em programas de monitoramento. Este trabalho apresenta as reflexões e propostas deste grupo e fornece subsídios para a inclusão destes organismos nos termos de referência a serem aplicados nos processos de licenciamento ambiental no Brasil.

Em novembro de 2015, uma grande barragem de rejeitos de mineração no Brasil, pertencente à empresa Samarco rompeu, gerando uma onda expressiva de lama tóxica que se espalhou por todo Rio Doce abaixo matando 19 pessoas, afetando a biodiversidade ao longo de vários quilômetros do rio, bem como áreas ripárias e costa do oceano Atlântico. Além das perdas desastrosas de vidas humanas e perdas socio-econômicas, estimamos perdas de serviços ambientais regionais em torno de R$1,694 bilhões por ano. Embora nossa estimativa seja conservativa, é seisvezes maior do que as multas impostas à Samarco pelo IBAMA. Para reduzir essas discrepâncias entre perdas estimadas e multas aplicadas, defendemos uma política em prol de “caução ambiental” que considere o risco potencial e os serviços ambientais que poderiam ser afetados em casos de irresponsabilidades nas atividades em áreas de mineração. Cauções e seguros ambientais são instrumentos políticos comumente utilizados em muitos países, mas não há políticas claras a este respeito no Brasil. Cauções ambientais são possivelmente mais efetivos em assegurar a reparação ambiental do que multas pósdesastres, as quais geralmente são inadequadas e não pagas. Estimamos também que pelo menos 126 represas de contenção podem se romper nos próximos anos. Esses eventos podem possivelmente ter consequências ambientais e sociais graves, evidenciando a necessidade de estratégias de gestão de desastres para grandes escalas de operações de mineração.

Key to the males of Xenochironomus [The species X. lacertus, X. flaviventris and X. longicrus were not included in the key because there are no diagnostic characters in their original descriptions.] 1. Setae of anal tergite distributed in one area................................................................. 2 - Setae of anal tergite distributed in two areas................................................................. 6 2. Inferior volsella with plumose setae....................................................................... 3 - Inferior volsella with simple setae........................................................................ 5 3. Sternite VI with large dark setae.......................................................................... 4 - Sternite VI without large dark setae........................................... Xenochironomus xenolabis (Kieffer) 4. Sternite VI with 14 setae. Superior volsella with microtrichia only in the inner region.................................................................................................. Xenochironomus trochanteratus (Thompson) - Sternite VI with 4 setae. Superior volsella completely covered by microtrichia............ Xenochironomus tuberosus Wang 5. Superior volsella exposed (visible)............................................ Xenochironomus amazonensis sp. n. - Superior volsella unexposed (located inside tergite IX)........................ Xenochironomus ugandae (Goetghebuer) 6. Setae in the latero-posterior region of tergite IX present............................... Xenochironomus alaidae sp. n. - Setae in the latero-posterior region of tergite IX absent........................................................ 7 7. Anal point long; apex of the anal point surpassing or just reaching the inferior volsella...... Xenochironomus mendesi sp. n. - Anal point short; apex of the anal point not surpassing or reaching the inferior volsella............................... 8 8. Inferior volsella wide; superior volsella long and curved ventrally.................... Xenochironomus ethiopensis sp. n. - Inferior volsella narrow; superior volsella short and straight.................................................... 9 9. Superior volsella fingerlike; inferior volsella with 2–3 setae at the apex............... Xenochironomus trisetosus (Kieffer) - Superior volsella pediform; inferior volsella with> 3 setae at the apex........................................... 10 10. Gonocoxite with setae as long as the gonostylus; gonostyus rounded........................ Xenochironomus grini sp. n. - Gonocoxite with setae shorter than the gonostylus; gonostylus narrow apically................................... 11 11. Apex of the inferior volsella rounded............................................................................................. Xenochironomus ceciliae Roque et Trivinho-Strixino, Xenochironomus canterburyensis (Freeman) - Apex of the inferior volsella spatulate............................................. Xenochironomus martini sp. n.

Xenochironomus tuberosus Wang, 2000 Xenochironomus tuberosus Wang 2000: 224. Material examined. Holotype: CHINA, Hainan Province: Ledong County: Jianfengling Nature Conservation (18.44 ��N 109.10 ��E). [15.iv.]1988, 1 male, leg.: X. Wang (BDN n�� 04703). Diagnosis. Xenochironomus tuberosus can be separated from other species in the genus by the following characteristics: male, frontal tubercles present; sternite VI with four large dark setae; anterior band in tergite IX without microtrichia; superior volsella short and wide; inferior volsella narrow with setae only on the dorsal portion and externally directed; setae of the inferior volsella and setae of the inner gonostylus plumose. Description. Male (n = 1) Color. Brownish. Thorax with anterior region, scutum and pronotum dark brown. Femur and tibia dark brown other segments light brown. Total length 4.12 mm. Wing length 1.66 mm, width 0.40 mm. Total length/wing length 2.50. Wing length/ profemur length ratio 2.24. Head. AR 2.9. Apical flagellomere 730 ��m long. Temporals 19���20. Clypeus with 18 setae. Frontal tubercles present. Palpomere lengths 1���5 (in ��m): 32, 50, 125, 142, 182. Thorax. Ac not observable; Dc 5; Pa 4; Scts 6. Wing. VR 1.03. Brachiolum with 2 setae. R with 15 setae, R 1 with 14 setae, R 4 + 5 with 16 setae, remaining veins bare. Squama with 7 setae. Legs. Length (��m) and proportions of leg segments as in Table 5. Abdomen. Sternite VI with 4 long and strong setae. Hypopygium (Fig. 5 A���B). Laterosternite IX with 3 setae. Anal tergite with 6 setae in the median region. Anal point bent ventrally, 37 ��m long, 25 ��m wide at the base, 10 ��m wide at the apex. Phallapodeme 72 ��m long; transverse sternapodeme 34 ��m long. Superior volsella 35 ��m long, 22 ��m wide at the base. Inferior volsella 99 ��m long, 12 ��m wide at the base and 17 ��m wide at the apex. Gonocoxite 159 ��m long. Gonostylus 174 ��m long. HR 0.91. HV 2.36. Female and immatures: unknown. Comments. In original description (Wang 2000) was recorded long and strong setae on tergite VI. However, in new analysis we observed four long and strong setae on sternite VI., Published as part of Fusari, L��via Maria, Roque, Fabio De Oliveira & Hamada, Neusa, 2013, Review of Xenochironomus Kieffer, 1921 (Diptera: Chironomidae) with description of six new species, pp. 101-126 in Zootaxa 3646 (2) on pages 109-110, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3646.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/219502

Xenochironomus nigricaudus Hashimoto, 1981 Xenochironomus nigricaudus Hashimoto 1981: 15 in Hashimoto et al. 1981. Comment. The type material is lost. The name is recognized as doubtful (nomen dubium)., Published as part of Fusari, L��via Maria, Roque, Fabio De Oliveira & Hamada, Neusa, 2013, Review of Xenochironomus Kieffer, 1921 (Diptera: Chironomidae) with description of six new species, pp. 101-126 in Zootaxa 3646 (2) on page 107, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3646.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/219502

Xenochironomus longicrus (Kieffer, 1911) Chironomus longicrus Kieffer 1911: 145. Xenochironomus longicrus (Kieffer, 1911); Chaudhuri and Guha 1987: 29. Original material: INDIA, [Himachal Pradesh state], Simla [Hills]: Matiana, at an altitude of 2700 m (N. Annandale). Size 3.5 mm. Comment. Type material could not be examined. Original description is insufficient and lacks illustrations., Published as part of Fusari, L��via Maria, Roque, Fabio De Oliveira & Hamada, Neusa, 2013, Review of Xenochironomus Kieffer, 1921 (Diptera: Chironomidae) with description of six new species, pp. 101-126 in Zootaxa 3646 (2) on pages 106-107, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3646.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/219502

Fusari, Lívia Maria, Roque, Fabio De Oliveira, Hamada, Neusa (2013): Review of Xenochironomus Kieffer, 1921 (Diptera: Chironomidae) with description of six new species. Zootaxa 3646 (2): 101-126, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3646.2.1

Key to the pupae of Xenochironomus 1. Tergites II–V with bands in the median region with black shagreen.................. Xenochironomus xenolabis (Kieffer) - Tergites II–V with anterior bands of brown shagreen.......................................................... 2 2. Sternites I and II with posterior bands of clear spines.......................................................... 3 - Sternites I and II without spines.................................................... Xenochironomus grini sp. n. 3. Pedes spurii A present in segment IV...................................................................... 4 - Pedes spurii A absent in segment IV.................................... Xenochironomus canterburyensis (Freeman) 4. Prealar tubercle present........................................ Xenochironomus ceciliae Roque et Trivinho-Strixino - Prealar tubercle absent........................................................ Xenochironomus mendesi sp. n. Key to the fourth-instar larvae of Xenochironomus 1. Labral sclerite 1 divided into two plates........................................ Xenochironomus xenolabis (Kieffer) - Labral sclerite 1 undivided.............................................................................. 2 2. Mentum with even number of teeth....................................................................... 3 - Mentum with odd number of teeth........................................................................ 4 3. Mentum with 12 teeth............................................................ Xenochironomus grini sp. n. - Mentum with 16 teeth......................................................... Xenochironomus mendesi sp. n. 4. Median tooth of the mentum sutured.................................. Xenochironomus canterburyensis (Freeman) * - Median tooth of the mentum simple............................. Xenochironomus ceciliae Roque et Trivinho-Strixino

Xenochironomus ceciliae Roque et Trivinho-Strixino, 2005 Xenochironomus ceciliae Roque and Trivinho-Strixino 2005: 232 Material examined. Holotype: BRAZIL, S��o Paulo/Mato Grosso do Sul state, Paran�� River, 20 �� 45 ���S 51 �� 40 ���W, 09.vii. 2002. 1 male, leg.: Roque, F. O. Paratypes: 4 males, 5 females, 5 pupal exuviae and 5 larvae, same data of holotype. Diagnosis. Xenochironomus ceciliae can be separated from other species in the genus by the following characteristics: male, apex of anal point not surpassing apex of inferior volsella; setae on the median portion of the anal tergite divided into two areas; inferior volsella with several setae and superior volsella pediform; apex of inferior volsella rounded. Pupa, sternites I and II with posterior bands of clear spines; pedes spurii A present on segment IV and prealar tubercle present. Larva, labral sclerite 1 undivided; mentum with odd number of teeth and median tooth of mentum simple. Comments. Larvae of X. ceciliae were collected in the Paran�� River, S��o Paulo associated with Oncosclera navicella (Carter, 1881) and Corvospongilla seckti (Bonetto et Ezcurra de Drago, 1966)., Published as part of Fusari, L��via Maria, Roque, Fabio De Oliveira & Hamada, Neusa, 2013, Review of Xenochironomus Kieffer, 1921 (Diptera: Chironomidae) with description of six new species, pp. 101-126 in Zootaxa 3646 (2) on page 106, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3646.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/219502

Xenochironomus canterburyensis (Freeman, 1959) Chironomus (Dicrotendipes) canterburyensis Freeman 1959: 425; Forsyth 1971: 128. Xenochironomus canterburyensis (Freeman, 1959); Forsyth and McCallum 1978 a: 331, 1978b: 795, Forsyth 1979: 467. Material examined. NEW ZEALAND, Ngapuna, Lake Rotorua, North Island, NZ- 17.1, 5���14. xii.1973, 1 male, leg.: Jon Martin, D. J. Forsyth (UMGD). Lake Wakatipu, 4 km Queenstown, South Island, NZ- 61.1, 21.i. 1978, in spider web, 1 male, leg.: Jon Martin (UMGD). Ngapuna, Lake Rotorua, North Island, NZ- 17.1, 5���14. xii.1973, 1 female, leg.: Jon Martin, D. J. Forsyth (UMGD). Te Anau, Lake Te Anau, South Island, NZ- 46.1, 6. i.1974, 1 female, leg: Jon Martin (UMGD). Ngapuna, Lake Rotorua, North Island, NZ- 17.1, 5���14. xii.1973, 1 pupa, leg.: Jon Martin, D. J. Forsyth (UMGD). Ngapuna, Lake Rotorua, North Island, NZ- 17.1, 5���14. xii.1973, 1 larva, leg.: Jon Martin, D. J. Forsyth (UMGD). Diagnosis. Xenochironomus canterburyensis can be separated from other species in the genus by the following characteristics: male, apex of anal point not surpassing of apex of inferior volsella; median setae of anal tergite divided into two areas; several setae of the inferior volsella and superior volsella pediform. Pupa, Tergite II without bands or groups of black shagreen, sternites I and II with posterior bands of clear spines and pedes spurii A absent in segment IV. Larva, with labral sclerite 1 undivided; mentum with median tooth sutured; number of teeth on the mentum may be either odd or even and teeth may have different shapes depending on the instar. Description. Male (n = 1���2) Color. Light brown. Thorax with scutum, scutellum and pronotum brown. Legs light brown, with apex of tarsomere 1 and tarsomere 2���5 dark brown. Total length 6.23���7.56 mm. Wing length 3.19���3.88 mm, width 0.85���0.92 mm. Total length/wing length 1.95. Wing length/profemur length ratio 2.41���2.74. Head. AR 3.40���3.43. Apical flagellomere 1109���1311 ��m long Temporals 9. Clypeus with 13 setae. Palpomere lengths 1���5 (in ��m): 58���60; 56���72; 281; 229���242; 311���363. Thorax. Ac approximately 19; Dc 11���14; Pa 5���7; Scts 10. Wing. VR 1.04���1.08. Brachiolum with 2 setae. R with 31 setae, R 1 with 23 setae and R 4 + 5 with 29 setae, remaining veins bare. Squama with 10 setae. Legs. Length (��m) and proportions of leg segments as in Table 1. Hypopygium. (Fig. 1 A���C) Laterosternite IX with 5 setae. Anal tergite with 40���45 setae divided into two areas. Anal point 44���69 ��m long; 54���74 ��m wide at the base. Phallapodeme 138���162 ��m long; transverse sternapodeme 121���160 ��m long. Superior volsella 94���125 ��m long, 21���32 ��m wide at the base. Inferior volsella 151���202 ��m long, 27���33 ��m wide at the base and 33���46 ��m wide at the apex. Gonocoxite 242���277 ��m long. Gonostylus 249���334 ��m long. HR 0.83���0.97. HV 2.26���2.50. Female (n = 1���2) Similar to male, except as follows: Total length 6.17���7.35 mm. Wing length 3.88���4.64 mm, width 1.22���1.50 mm. Total length/wing length 1.59. Wing length/profemur length ratio 2.72���2.93. Head: AR 0.38���0.45. Flagellomere lengths 1���5 (��m): 149���157; 114���129; 119���129; 121���125; 193���243. Clypeus with 22 setae. Palpomere lengths 1���5 (��m): 80���84; 70���80; 260���286; 249���261; 369���407. Thorax. Ac 15; Dc 18; Pa 9���10; Scts 22���24. Wing. VR 1.14���1.15. Brachiolum with 3 setae. R with 29���33 setae, R 1 with 33���38 setae, R 4 + 5 with 45���46 setae; remaining veins bare. Squama with 24 setae. Legs. Length (��m) and proportions as in Table 2. Genitalia. Seminal capsule ovoid, 106���124 ��m long and 84���97 ��m wide. Spermathecal duct straight. Notum 221 ��m. Gonocoxapodeme VIII 111���249 ��m. Gonapophysis VIII divided into two lobes; ventrolateral lobe strongly slender and long, extends to the edge of the dorsomesal lobe. Gonocoxite IX without setae. Coxoesternapodeme relatively straight. Postgenital plate relatively well developed, triangular, 23 ��m long. Cerci large, 149���185 ��m long and 176 ��m wide. Pupa (n = 1) Total length 7 mm. Exuviae light brown. Cephalothorax. In poor state of conservation. Abdomen. (Fig. 2 A) Tergite I bare, TII���VII with shagreen in median region. Tergite II with anterior and posterior, transverse bands of strong dark shagreen. Tergite III with anterior band and transverse shagreen. Anterior tergites IV���VI with two bands of dark spines medially interrupted. Sternites I and II with spines. Tergite II with continuous row of hooks 417���488 ��m long. Pedes spurii B absent on segment II. Pedes spurii A absent on segment IV. Paratergites V and VI with small thin spines on the posterior region. Segment I with one LS, II���V with two LS, VI���VII with four lateral taeniae, VIII with five lateral taeniae. Anal lobe with small spines on the middle region, with complete fringe and more than 50 setae on each side. Fourth instar larva (n = 1) Head. Width 0.57 mm, length 0.70 mm. IC 0.81. Labral sclerite 1 undivided; labral sclerite 2 with rostrum anterior. Pecten epipharyngis and premandible unobserved. Antenna 126 ��m long, with 5 segments (Fig. 2 B); basal segment 74 ��m long; AR 1.42; ring organ near the base of antenna, blade shorter than flagellum, 43 ��m long. Accessory blade short. Mandible 185 ��m long, with apex dark and three inner teeth, seta subdentalis long (Fig. 2 C). Mentum 150 ��m wide, with broad sutured median tooth and 10 dark lateral teeth (Fig. 2 D); ventromental plates 137 ��m wide, middle separated by half the width of the median tooth. Setae submenti long (53 ��m). Abdomen. In poor state of conservation. Comments. The larvae of X. canterburyensis are associated with Mollusca Hyridella menziesi (Gray, 1843)., Published as part of Fusari, L��via Maria, Roque, Fabio De Oliveira & Hamada, Neusa, 2013, Review of Xenochironomus Kieffer, 1921 (Diptera: Chironomidae) with description of six new species, pp. 101-126 in Zootaxa 3646 (2) on pages 103-106, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3646.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/219502

Xenochironomus Kieffer Xenochironomus Kieffer, 1921: 273; Townes 1945: 91 (in part); Saether 1977: 171, fig. 83 A; Pinder and Reiss 1983: 347, fig. 10.80; Pinder and Reiss 1986: 359, fig. 10.84; Cranston et al. 1989: 423, fig. 10.73. Chironomus (Chironomus), gr. B: Edwards 1929 a: 385. Tendipes (Xenochironomus): Kruseman 1933: 177; Goetghebuer in Goetghebuer and Lenz 1937���1960: 32. Chironomus (Xenochironomus): Freeman 1957: 380. Type species: Chironomus xenolabis Kieffer in Thienemann and Kieffer, 1916 by subsequent designation by Goetghebuer in Goetghebuer and Lenz (1937���1960: 32). List of species of the genus. Holarctic Region: Xenochironomus xenolabis (Kieffer, 1916); Eastern Region, X. flaviventris (Kieffer, 1921), X. longicrus (Kieffer, 1921), X. trochanteratus (Thomson, 1969), X. nigricaudus Hashimoto, 1981, X. lacertus Dutta et Chaudhuri, 1995 and X. tuberosus Wang, 2000; Afrotropical Region: X. trisetosus (Kieffer, 1922), X. ugandae (Goetghebuer, 1936) and X. ethiopensis sp. n.; Australian Region: X. canterburyensis (Freeman, 1959); Neotropical Region: X. xenolabis (Kieffer, 1916), X. ceciliae Roque et Trivinho- Strixino, 2005, X. alaidae sp. n., X. amazonensis sp. n., X. grini sp. n., X. martini sp. n., and X. mendesi sp. n. Generic diagnosis: Saether (1977), Pinder and Reiss (1983, 1986), Cranston et al. (1989), Wang (2000), Roque and Trivinho-Strixino (2005)., Published as part of Fusari, L��via Maria, Roque, Fabio De Oliveira & Hamada, Neusa, 2013, Review of Xenochironomus Kieffer, 1921 (Diptera: Chironomidae) with description of six new species, pp. 101-126 in Zootaxa 3646 (2) on pages 102-103, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3646.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/219502

Key to the males of Xenochironomus [The species X. lacertus, X. flaviventris and X. longicrus were not included in the key because there are no diagnostic characters in their original descriptions.] 1. Setae of anal tergite distributed in one area................................................................. 2 - Setae of anal tergite distributed in two areas................................................................. 6 2. Inferior volsella with plumose setae....................................................................... 3 - Inferior volsella with simple setae........................................................................ 5 3. Sternite VI with large dark setae.......................................................................... 4 - Sternite VI without large dark setae........................................... Xenochironomus xenolabis (Kieffer) 4. Sternite VI with 14 setae. Superior volsella with microtrichia only in the inner region.................................................................................................. Xenochironomus trochanteratus (Thompson) - Sternite VI with 4 setae. Superior volsella completely covered by microtrichia............ Xenochironomus tuberosus Wang 5. Superior volsella exposed (visible)............................................ Xenochironomus amazonensis sp. n. - Superior volsella unexposed (located inside tergite IX)........................ Xenochironomus ugandae (Goetghebuer) 6. Setae in the latero-posterior region of tergite IX present............................... Xenochironomus alaidae sp. n. - Setae in the latero-posterior region of tergite IX absent........................................................ 7 7. Anal point long; apex of the anal point surpassing or just reaching the inferior volsella...... Xenochironomus mendesi sp. n. - Anal point short; apex of the anal point not surpassing or reaching the inferior volsella............................... 8 8. Inferior volsella wide; superior volsella long and curved ventrally.................... Xenochironomus ethiopensis sp. n. - Inferior volsella narrow; superior volsella short and straight.................................................... 9 9. Superior volsella fingerlike; inferior volsella with 2���3 setae at the apex............... Xenochironomus trisetosus (Kieffer) - Superior volsella pediform; inferior volsella with> 3 setae at the apex........................................... 10 10. Gonocoxite with setae as long as the gonostylus; gonostyus rounded........................ Xenochironomus grini sp. n. - Gonocoxite with setae shorter than the gonostylus; gonostylus narrow apically................................... 11 11. Apex of the inferior volsella rounded............................................................................................. Xenochironomus ceciliae Roque et Trivinho-Strixino, Xenochironomus canterburyensis (Freeman) - Apex of the inferior volsella spatulate............................................. Xenochironomus martini sp. n., Published as part of Fusari, L��via Maria, Roque, Fabio De Oliveira & Hamada, Neusa, 2013, Review of Xenochironomus Kieffer, 1921 (Diptera: Chironomidae) with description of six new species, pp. 101-126 in Zootaxa 3646 (2) on page 123, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3646.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/219502

Xenochironomus ugandae (Goetghebuer, 1936) Chironomus (Xenochironomus) ugandae Goetghebuer 1936: 468. Xenochironomus ugandae (Goetghebuer, 1936); Freeman and Cranston 1980: 199. Original material not located. Material examined. [BELGIAN] CONGO, [PRESENT DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO], Albertville, [Lake] Tangan[y]ika, 13. viii.1953, 1 male, leg.: Verbeke J., KEA 501 o (BMNH). SUDAN, Adok, 26. xi.1952, 2 males, leg.: Verbeke J. (BMNH), pinned material, only genitalia mounted on slides. Diagnosis. The male of X. ugandae can be separated from other species of the genus by the following characteristics: superior volsella short and rounded underneath tergite IX, inferior volsella robust with many long curved setae and gonostylus extending between the median and distal regions. Description. Male (n = 1���3, only hypopygium mounted on slides) Color. Thorax with pronotal region dark brown. Abdomen brownish. Femur and t��bia brownish, apices of tarsomere 1���5 dark brown. Hypopygium. (Fig. 6 A���B) Anal tergite with 16���18 setae in one area. Anal point 97���153 ��m long and 81���122 ��m wide at the base. Phallapodeme 156���193 ��m long; transverse sternapodeme 166���196 ��m long. Superior volsella 56���91 ��m long, 28���59 ��m wide at the base and 28���34 ��m wide at the apex. Inferior volsella 75���91 (2) ��m long, 62���90 ��m wide at the base and 41���56 ��m wide at the apex. Gonocoxite 181���187 ��m long. Gonostylus 194��� 231 ��m long. HR 0.81���0.94. Female and immatures: unknown., Published as part of Fusari, L��via Maria, Roque, Fabio De Oliveira & Hamada, Neusa, 2013, Review of Xenochironomus Kieffer, 1921 (Diptera: Chironomidae) with description of six new species, pp. 101-126 in Zootaxa 3646 (2) on page 111, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3646.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/219502

Xenochironomus xenolabis (Kieffer, 1916) Chironomus xenolabis Kieffer in Thienemann and Kieffer 1916: 526. Xenochironomus xenolabis (Kieffer, 1916): Townes 1945: 92; Pinder and Reiss 1983: 348, fig. 10.80; Pinder and Reiss 1986: 360, fig. 10.84; Cranston et al. 1989: 423, fig. 10.73; Spies and Reiss 1996: 74. Chironomus rousseaui Gotghebuer 1921: 148. Tendipes (Xenochironomus) xenolabis (Kieffer): Kruseman 1933: 178���179. Chironomus (Xenochironomus) xenolabis (Kieffer): Johannsen 1938: 46. Xenochironomus (X.) xenolabis (Kieffer): Saether 1977: 171, fig. 83 A. Material examined. BRAZIL, S��o Paulo state, S��o Carlos, Parque Ecol��gico de S��o Carlos, 21 �� 59 ���S 47 �� 52 ���W, vi.2006, 4 males, leg.: Fusari, L. M. S��o Paulo state, S��o Carlos, UFSCar, Fazzari Stream, vii.2007, 3 males, leg.: Fusari, L. M. S��o Paulo state, S��o Carlos, UFSCar, Fazzari Stream, vii.2007, 1 female with pupal exuviae, 2 females, leg.: Fusari, L. M. CANADA, Ottawa, Ont. Ottawa River. 21.vii. 1980. 1male, coll. and leg.: F. Reiss (ZSM). Ontario, Saint Lawrence National Islands, Gordon River, 7. vii.1976, 1 male, leg.: Roussel M. E. (ZSM). ITALY, Pallanza, Lago Maggiore, 3.viii. 1965. 2 males, coll. and leg.: Reiss F. (ZSM). Lago de Garda, 23.viii. 1966. 1 male, coll. and leg.: F. Reiss. Only the genitalia mounted. (ZSM). PANAMA: Barro Colorado Island, Nemesis, 2. iii.1986, 1 male, coll.: F. Reiss. leg.: Malicky, H. (ZSM). Diagnosis. Xenochironomus xenolabis can be separated from other species in the genus by the following characters: male, apex of the anal point not surpassing the apex of the inferior volsella, median setae of the anal tergite distributed in one area, superior volsella distint and inferior volsella with plumose setae; pupa, tergites II���V with two areas of black shagreen on the median region; larva, labral sclerite 1 divided into 2 plates and mentum with an odd number of teeth. Comments. The larvae of X. xenolabis recorded from southeastern Brazil were collected in the freshwater sponge Radiospongilla amazonensis Volkmer-Ribeiro et Maciel, 1983. Some larvae were kept alive with the sponge in aerated tanks to obtain pupae and adults. Paired adults were kept alive in individual bottles to allow the association of pupal exuviae and adult emergence. Xenochironomus alaidae sp. n. Type material. Holotype: BRAZIL, Rio Grande do Sul state, Bossoroca, Barra do Angico, Piratinim River, 28 �� 32 ���06.2���S 54 �� 57 ��� 29.9 ���W, 28.xii. 2007, adult male, leg.: Pes, A. M. O. Etymology. In honor of Dr. Alaide Fonseca Gessner for her contribution to knowledge of benthic macroinvertebrate biodiversity and for encouragement during this study. Diagnosis. Xenochironomus alaidae can be distinguished from other species in the genus by the following characteristics: male, apex of anal point surpassing or as long as the inferior volsella and presence of setae on latero-posterior tergite IX. Description. Male (n = 1) Color. Light brown. Thorax with scutum brown. Apices of tarsomere 2���5 dark brown. Total length 4.54 mm. Wing length 2.40 mm, width 0.74 mm. Total length/wing length 1.88. Wing length/ profemur length ratio 5.22. Head. AR 1.64. Apical flagellomere 550 ��m long. Temporals 11. Clypeus with 13 setae. Palpomere lengths 1��� 2 (in ��m): 43; 43. Thorax. Ac 13; Dc 15; Pa 7; Scts 11. Wing. VR 1.08. Brachiolum 2 setae. R with 29 setae, R 1 with 28 setae and R 4 + 5 with 37 setae; remaining veins bare. Squama with 15 setae. Legs. Lengths (��m) and proportions of leg segments as in Table 6. Hypopygium (Fig. 7 A���C). Laterosternite IX with 6 setae. Anal tergite with 14 setae divided into two lobes. Anal point 54 ��m long, 33 ��m wide at the base. Phallapodeme 98 ��m long; transverse sternapodeme 106 ��m long. Superior volsella 89 ��m long, 21 ��m wide at the base. Inferior volsella 92 ��m long, 29 ��m wide at the base and 18 ��m wide at the apex. Gonocoxite 208 ��m long. Gonostylus 137 ��m long. HR 1.52. HV 3.30. Female and immatures: unknown. Comments. The adults of X. alaidae sp. n. were collected in light traps located over an area of the river with a large concentration of the sponges Oncosclera jewelli (Volkmer, 1963) and Oncosclera sp. Xenochironomus amazonensis sp. n. Type material. Holotype: BRAZIL, Amazonas state, near the mouth of the Cuieiras River, 4.ii. 1962, light trap, 1 male, leg.: Fittkau, E. J. (ZSM). Paratypes: 1 male, same data as holotype. Amazonas state, Parintins, light trap, 1 male, leg.: Sioli-Sattler (ZSM). Amazonas state, Rio Negro, light trap, 1 male, only genitalia mounted (ZSM). Etymology. The specific name refers to the locality where the holotype was collected. Diagnosis. Xenochironomus amazonensis can be separated from other species in the genus by the following characteristics: male, tergite IX with small setae; apex of the anal point surpassing the margin of the inferior volsella; inferior volsella broad, with short curved setae and gonostylus extending from the median to the distal region. Description. Male (n = 1���3) Color. Thorax and abdomen brown. Femur and tibia brown, apex of tarsomeres 1���5 dark brown. Total length 1.7���1.9 mm. Wing length 0.5 mm. Wing length/profemur length ratio 1.9 ���2.0. Head. AR 3.0��� 3.6. Apical flagellomere 780���790 ��m long. Temporals 10���11. Clypeus with 11���20 setae. Palpomere lengths 1���5 (in ��m): 35 ���50, 31���35, 57��� 142, 125 ��� 132, 120 ��� 177. Thorax. Ac 7���12; Dc 9���10; Pa 4���5; Scts 4���5. Wing. VR 1.1���1.2. Brachiolum with 2 setae. R with 15 setae, setae of veins R 1 and R 4 + 5 unmeasured, remaining veins bare. Squama with 6���8 setae. Legs. Length (��m) and proportions of leg segments as in Table 7. Abdomen. In poor state of conservation. Hypopygium. (Fig. 8 A���B). Laterosternite IX with 3 setae. Anal tergite with 13 setae in median region. Anal point 50���72 ��m long; 37���52 ��m wide at the base, 25���42 ��m wide at the apex. Phallapodeme 75 ��m long; transverse sternapodeme 42���50 ��m long. Superior volsella 22���27 ��m long, 27���30 ��m wide at the base. Inferior volsella 87���142 ��m long, 35���47 ��m wide at the base and 22���30 ��m wide at the apex. Gonocoxite 132���167 ��m long. Gonostylus 162���195 ��m long. HR 0.82���0.87. Female and immatures: unknown. Xenochironomus ethiopensis sp. n. Type material. Holotype: ETHIOPIA, Bahar Daram, Tana-See, 26. i.1977, 1 male, leg.: Reichholf, J. (ZSM). Etymology. The specific name refers to the country where the holotype was collected. Diagnosis. Xenochironomus ethiopensis can be separated from other species in the genus by the following characteristics: male, apex of the anal point not surpassing the inferior volsella; superior volsella long, large, with the apex bent dorsally; inferior volsella long, large, robust, with few thin setae and slender gonostylus. Description. Male (n = 1) Color. Thorax with pronotum brown. Abdomen brown. Femur, tibia and tarsomere 1���5 brown. Total length 4.88 mm. Wing length 2.5 mm, width 0.72 mm. Total length/wing length 1.9. Wing length/ profemur length ratio 2.3. Head. AR 3.0. Apical flagellomere 920 ��m long. Temporals 9. Clypeus with 17 setae. Palpomere lengths 1���5 (in ��m): 27, 37, 210, 165, 290. Thorax. Ac 14; Dc 6; Scts 7. Wing. VR 1.1. Brachiolum with 2 setae. R with 16 setae, R 1 with 8 setae, R 4 + 5 with 11 setae, remaining veins bare. Squama with 8 setae. Legs. Length (��m) and proportions of leg segments as in Table 8. Hypopygium. (Fig. 9 A���B). Laterosternite IX with 2 setae. Anal tergite with 25 setae divided into two lobes. Anal point, 72 ��m long and 21 ��m wide at the base. Phallapodeme and transverse sternapodeme, not observable. Superior volsella 52 ��m long, 55 ��m wide at the base. Inferior volsella 155 ��m long, 47 ��m wide at the base and 60 ��m wide at the apex. Gonocoxite 160 ��m long. Gonostylus 252 ��m long. HR 0.63. HV 1.93. Female and immatures: unknown. Xenochironomus grini sp. n. Type material. Holotype: BRAZIL, Par�� state, Rur��polis,Tambor River, Grin Waterfall, (04��05��� 35 ���S 55 ��00��� 29 ���W) 28. x.2007, 1 male with pupal exuviae, leg.: Fusari, L. M., Hamada N. Paratypes: Amazonas, Presidente Figueiredo, BR 174, Km 121 (01�� 55 ���S 60 ��03���W), 04. v.2006, 1 male, leg.: Roque, F. O., Pes, A. M. O. 1 pupa with larval exuviae, 3 fourth-instar larvae, same data as holotype. Etymology. In honor of the owner of the farm, Sr. Grin, where the Grin Waterfall is located and where the holotype was collected. Diagnosis. Xenochironomus grini can be separated from other species in the genus by the following characteristics: male, apex of the anal point not surpassing the apex of the inferior volsella; setae on the median portion of the anal tergite divided into two areas; gonocoxite with setae as long as the gonostylus; gonostylus short and rounded; inferior volsella with short setae. Pupa, tergites II, IV���VII with anterior bands of black shagreen; sternites I and II without spines and prealar tubercle present. Larva, mentum with 12 teeth. Description. Male (n = 1���2) Color. Pale brown, with anterior thorax, scutum and pronotum dark brown. Legs uniformly light brown. Total length 3.8���4.7 mm. Wing length 1.9���2.2 mm, width 0.5���0.6 mm. Total length/wing length 1.9���2.2. Wing length/profemur length ratio 2.1���2.2. Head. AR 3.43���3.47. Apical flagellomere 840���920 ��m long. Temporals 11���21. Clypeus with 12���13 setae. Palpomere lengths 1���5 (in ��m): 18���35; 30; 95���103; 110���115; 135���153. Thorax. Ac 6; Dc 12; Pa 4���5; Scts 1. Wing. VR 1.12���1.17. Brachiolum with 2���3 setae. R with 15���21 setae, R 1 with 8 setae and R 4 + 5 with 7 setae, remaining veins bare. Squama with 4���8 setae. Legs. Length (��m) and proportions of leg segments as in Table 9. Hypopygium. (Fig. 10 A���B). Laterosternite IX with 3 setae. Anal tergite with 23 setae divided into two lobes. Anal point 43���55 ��m long; 35���48 ��m wide at the base, 38 ��m wide at the apex. Phallapodeme 85���90 ��m long; transverse sternapodeme 70���78 ��m long. Superior volsella 58���73 ��m long, 13���15 ��m wide at the base. Inferior volsella 103 ��m long, 20���25 ��m wide at the base and 18���23 ��m wide at the apex. Gonocoxite 150���165 ��m long. Gonostylus 103���138 ��m long. HR 1.20���1.46. HV 3.45���3.69. Pupa (n = 1���2) Total length 4.60���5.35 mm. Exuviae light brown. Cephalothorax (Fig. 11 B). Frontal apotome with cephalic tubercles low, rounded and rough. Frontal setae 64��� 92 ��m long. Two antepronotal setae, 1 lateral, 108���143 ��m long and 1 median, 54 ��m long. Thoracic horn plumose. Basal ring elliptical, 35���44 ��m in diameter. Median suture and dorsal region with granulations. Two precorneal and four dorsocentral setae, Dc 1 55 ��m long, Dc 2 63 ��m long, Dc 3 60 ��m long, Dc 4 72 ��m long, with distances Dc 1 ���Dc 2, Dc 2 ���Dc 3, Dc 3 ���Dc 4 (��m): 45���67; 195���209; 21���53. Prealar tubercle absent. Abdomen (Fig. 11 A). Tergite I bare. Tergites II���VIII with shagreen on the middle region. Tergite II with anterior, posterior and transverse bands of dark shagreen. Tergite III with posterior transverse bands of shagreen. Anterior region of tergites IV���VI with two groups of black spines surrounding the median region. Tergites VII and VIII with shagreen on median region. Sternites I and II without spines. Tergite II with continuous row of hooks 488 ��� 417 ��m long. Pedes spurii B weakly developed in segment II. Pedes spurii A present in segment IV. Posterior margin of segments V and VI with small thin spines. Segment I with 1 LS, II���V with 2 LS, VI���VII with 4 lateral taeniae, VIII with 5 lateral taeniae Anal lobe with small spines on middle region with complete fringe and over 50 setae on each side. Fourth instar larva (n = 1���4) Head. Width 0.29���0.38 mm, length 0.39���0.44 mm. IC 0.76���0.87. Labral sclerite 1 undivided; labral sclerite 2 with rostrum anterior. Pecten epipharyngis trifid with denticles distal. Premandible not observed. Antenna 117���129 ��m long, with 5 segments (Fig. 11 C); basal segment 61���70 ��m long; AR 1.09���1.17, ring organ near the base of antenna, blade shorter than flagellum, 54���58 ��m long. Accessory blade short. Mandible 85���137 ��m long, with dark apex and three inner teeth; dorsal tooth absent; seta subdentalis long (Fig. 11 D). Mentum 84���90 ��m wide, with 12 dark teeth (Fig. 11 E); ventromental plates 91���105 ��m wide; median plates separated by no more than the width of the median teeth. Setae submenti 66 ��m long. Abdomen reddish, 4.94���5.26 mm long. Anal tubules 149���203 ��m long, without constriction. Procercus with 10���12 long anal setae. Female: unknown. Comments. Larvae of X. grini sp. n. were collected in Oncosclera navicella (Carter, 1881). Xenochironomus martini sp. n. Type material. Holotype: BRAZIL, Rio Grande do Sul state, Bossoroca, Barra do Angico, Piratinim River, (28 �� 32 ���06.2���S 54 �� 57 ��� 29.9 ���W), 28. xii.2007, 1 male, leg.: Pes, A. M. O. Etymology. In honor of Dr. Jon Martin for his contribution to cytogenetic and molecular studies of Chironomidae and for providing specimens and information during this study. Diagnosis. Xenochironomus martini can be distinguished from other species in the genus by the following characteristics: male, median setae on anal tergite divided into two areas; inferior volsella with several setae; superior volsella pediform and apex of inferior volsella spatulate. Description. Male (n = 1) Color. Light brown. Thorax with brown scutum. Tarsomere 2���5 dark brown. Total length 3.74 mm. Wing length 1.75 mm, width 0.50 mm. Total length/wing length 2.14. Wing length/ profemur length ratio 2.24. Head. AR 1.46. Apical flagellomere 572 ��m long. Clypeal and temporal setae not observed. Palpomere lengths 1���4 (in ��m): 28; 44; 136; 109. Thorax. Ac 23; Dc 10; Pa 5; Scts 10. Wing. VR 1.14. Brachiolum 2 setae. R with 9 setae, R 1 with 9 setae and R 4 + 5 with 7 setae; remaining veins bare. Squama with 4 setae. Legs. Length (��m) and proportions of leg segments as in Table 10. Hypopygium (Fig. 12 A���D). Laterosternite IX with 5���6 setae. Anal tergite with 30 setae divided into two lobes. Anal point 48 ��m long; 25 ��m wide at the base. Phallapodeme 95 ��m long, transverse sternapodeme 62 m long. Superior volsella 75 ��m long, 11 ��m wide at the base. Inferior volsella 107 ��m long, 20 ��m wide at the base and 13 ��m wide at the apex. Gonocoxite 175 ��m long. Gonostylus 162 ��m long. HR 1.08. HV 3.54. Female and immatures: unknown. Comments: The adults of X. martini sp. n. were collected in light traps located over an area of the river with a large concentration of the sponges Oncosclera jewelli (Volkmer, 1963) and Oncosclera sp. Additional sampling in this area should be carried out to obtain immature specimens. In analyzing specimens from Australia it was observed that the adults of morphotype Xenochironomus ���australian��� (cited in Cranston 2000 a) are similar to X. martini sp. n., but these specimens were not included in the type material because it would be necessary to examine the immature stages of both the new species and the morphotype from Australia, since some closely related species are similar in the adult stage but can be differentiated in the immature stages. Xenochironomus mendesi sp. n. Tzpe material. Holotype: BRAZIL, Rio Grande do Sul state, Jaquirana, Passo da Ilha, Tainhas River, (29 ��05��� 11 ���S 50 �� 21 ��� 52 ���W), xi.2007, 1 male, leg.: Hamada, N. Paratypes: Goi��s state, Alto Para��so, Couros River, S��o Bento Farm, (14 ��09��� 36 ���S 47 �� 35 ��� 37 ���W), 01���04. v.2007, 1 male with pupal and larval exuviae, 1 pupa with larval exuviae and 5 fourth-instar larvae, leg.: Fusari, L. M., Hamada. N. Etymology. In honor of Dr. Humberto Fonseca Mendes for his assistance and encouragement during this study. Diagnosis. Xenochironomus mendesi sp. n. can be separated from other species in the genus by the following characteristics: male, apex of the anal point surpassing or as long as the inferior volsella and setae of anal tergite divided into two areas. Pupa: sternites I and II with posterior bands of clear spines; pedes spurii A present in segment IV and prealar tubercle absent. Larva: labral sclerite 1 undivided; mentum with even number of teeth (16 teeth). Description. Male (n = 1���2) Color. Light brown. Thorax with scutum, scutellum and pronotum brown. Legs light brown, with apices of tarsomere 1 and tarsomere 2���5 dark brown. Total length 5.67���5.73 mm. Wing length 2.60 ���3.00 mm, width 0.72���0.85 mm. Total length/wing length 1.90��� 2.20. Wing length/profemur length ratio 2.70���3.05. Head. AR 2.30���2.99. Apical flagellomere 880���950 ��m long. Temporals 9. Clypeus with 13 setae. Palpomere lengths 1���5 (in ��m): 47; 63; 200; 160; 214. Thorax. Ac approximately 19; Dc 11���14; Pa 5���7; Scts 10. Wing. VR 1.04. Brachiolum 2 setae. R with 31 setae, R 1 with 23 setae and R 4 + 5 with 29 setae; remaining veins bare. Squama with 10 setae. Legs. Length (��m) and proportions of leg segments as in Table 11. Hypopygium. (Fig. 13 A���C). Laterosternite IX with 4���6 setae. Anal tergite with 22���29 setae, divided into two lobes. Anal point 53���73 ��m long and 72���90 ��m wide at the base. Phallapodeme 89���107 ��m long; transverse sternapodeme 80���100 ��m long. Superior volsella 80���89 ��m long, 12���13 ��m wide at the base. Inferior volsella 136���139 ��m long, 25���36 ��m wide at the base and, Published as part of Fusari, L��via Maria, Roque, Fabio De Oliveira & Hamada, Neusa, 2013, Review of Xenochironomus Kieffer, 1921 (Diptera: Chironomidae) with description of six new species, pp. 101-126 in Zootaxa 3646 (2) on pages 112-123, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3646.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/219502

Xenochironomus trisetosus (Kieffer, 1922) Cladopelma trisetosus Kieffer 1922: 54. Xenochironomus trisetosus (Kieffer, 1922); Freeman 1957: 381. Original material: not located. Material examined: SUDAN, Melut, 2 males, leg. Freeman (BMNH), pinned material, only genitalia mounted on slides. ETHIOPIA, Tana-See, Lichtfang, 26. i.1977, 1 male, leg.: Reichholf (ZSM). Diagnosis. Xenochironomus trisetosus can be separated from other species in the genus by the following characteristics: male, superior volsella digitiform-shaped; inferior volsella very narrow with few microtrichia; two to three long curved setae on the apex; gonostylus extending medially to distally. Description. Male (n = 1���3) Color. Thorax with pronotal region dark brown. Abdomen brownish. Femur, tibia and tarsomere 1���5 brownish. Head. AR 2.5. Apical flagellomere 760 ��m long. Clypeus with 12 setae. Lengths of palpomere 1���5 (in ��m): 42, 44, 164, 170, 248. Thorax. Ac 14; Dc 10; Pa not observed; Scts 6. Wing. VR 1.15. Brachiolum with 2 setae. R with 29 setae, R 1 with 22, R 4 + 5 with 24, remaining veins bare. Squama with 9 setae. Legs. Length (��m) and proportions of leg segments as in Table 3. Abdomen. In poor state of conservation. Hypopygium. (Fig. 3 A���B) Laterosternite IX with 5 setae. Anal tergite with 21���24 setae divided into 2 areas. Anal point 50���118 ��m long; 50���115 ��m wide at the base. Phallapodeme 72���178 ��m long; transverse sternapodeme 34���100 ��m long. Superior volsella 30���121 ��m long, 28 ��m wide at the base and 10���28 ��m wide at the apex. Inferior volsella 114���243 ��m long, 21���37 ��m wide at the base and 10���18 ��m wide at the apex. Gonocoxite 184��� 284 ��m long. Gonostylus 193���224 ��m long. HR 0.80���1.50. Female and immatures: unknown., Published as part of Fusari, L��via Maria, Roque, Fabio De Oliveira & Hamada, Neusa, 2013, Review of Xenochironomus Kieffer, 1921 (Diptera: Chironomidae) with description of six new species, pp. 101-126 in Zootaxa 3646 (2) on page 107, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3646.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/219502

Key to the pupae of Xenochironomus 1. Tergites II���V with bands in the median region with black shagreen.................. Xenochironomus xenolabis (Kieffer) - Tergites II���V with anterior bands of brown shagreen.......................................................... 2 2. Sternites I and II with posterior bands of clear spines.......................................................... 3 - Sternites I and II without spines.................................................... Xenochironomus grini sp. n. 3. Pedes spurii A present in segment IV...................................................................... 4 - Pedes spurii A absent in segment IV.................................... Xenochironomus canterburyensis (Freeman) 4. Prealar tubercle present........................................ Xenochironomus ceciliae Roque et Trivinho-Strixino - Prealar tubercle absent........................................................ Xenochironomus mendesi sp. n. Key to the fourth-instar larvae of Xenochironomus 1. Labral sclerite 1 divided into two plates........................................ Xenochironomus xenolabis (Kieffer) - Labral sclerite 1 undivided.............................................................................. 2 2. Mentum with even number of teeth....................................................................... 3 - Mentum with odd number of teeth........................................................................ 4 3. Mentum with 12 teeth............................................................ Xenochironomus grini sp. n. - Mentum with 16 teeth......................................................... Xenochironomus mendesi sp. n. 4. Median tooth of the mentum sutured.................................. Xenochironomus canterburyensis (Freeman) * - Median tooth of the mentum simple............................. Xenochironomus ceciliae Roque et Trivinho-Strixino, Published as part of Fusari, L��via Maria, Roque, Fabio De Oliveira & Hamada, Neusa, 2013, Review of Xenochironomus Kieffer, 1921 (Diptera: Chironomidae) with description of six new species, pp. 101-126 in Zootaxa 3646 (2) on pages 123-124, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3646.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/219502

Xenochironomus trochanteratus (Thompson, 1869) Chironomus trochanteratus Thompson 1869: 445. Chironomus (Xenochironomus) trochanteratus (Thompson, 1869); Edwards 1929 b: 7. Material examined. Holotype: PHILIPPINES, Manilla, 1 male (SMNH). Diagnosis. Xenochironomus trochanteratus can be separated from other species in the genus by the following characteristics: male, frontal tubercles present, sternite VI with 14 large dark setae; superior volsella short and large, with posterior region membranous; inferior volsella narrow with setae only on the dorsal region and externally directed; setae of inferior volsella and setae of the inner gonostylus plumose. Description. Male (n = 1) Color. Brownish. Femur and tibia dark brown and other segments light brown. Wing length 2.06 mm, width 0.70 mm. Head. In poor state of conservation. Flagellomeres and palpomeres lost. Temporals 16���19. Clypeus with 19 setae. Thorax. In poor state of conservation; could not be observed. Wing. VR 1.08. Brachiolum with 2 setae. R with 20 setae, R 1 with 18 setae, R 4 + 5 with 14 setae, remaining veins bare. Squama with 10 setae. Legs. Length (��m) and proportions of leg segments as in Table 4. Abdomen. In poor state of conservation. Sternite VI with 14 long strong setae. Hypopygium (Fig. 4 A���C). Laterosternite IX with 3 setae. Anal tergite with 11 setae in median region. Anal point 80 ��m long (bent ventrally); 47 ��m wide at the base, 22 ��m wide at the apex. Phallapodeme 133 ��m long; transverse sternapodeme 81 ��m long. Superior volsella 40 ��m long, 24 ��m wide at the base. Inferior volsella 158 ��m long, 18 ��m wide at the base and 25 ��m wide at the apex. Gonocoxite 209 ��m long. Gonostylus 198 ��m long. HR 1.05. Female and immatures: unknown. Comments. Although the specimen examined is not well preserved and mounted which does not allow the visualization of some structures (e.g. head, thorax, abdomen), X. trochanteratus can be recognized as belonging to the genus by having anal point large with T-shaped in cross-section, strongly curved ventrally; short superior volsella and with short setae; anal tergite with long setae; gonostylus with few long setae on disto-median region., Published as part of Fusari, L��via Maria, Roque, Fabio De Oliveira & Hamada, Neusa, 2013, Review of Xenochironomus Kieffer, 1921 (Diptera: Chironomidae) with description of six new species, pp. 101-126 in Zootaxa 3646 (2) on pages 107-109, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3646.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/219502

Xenochironomus flaviventris (Kieffer, 1911) Chironomus flaviventris Kieffer 1911: 139 Xenochironomus flaviventris (Kieffer, 1911); Chaudhuri and Guha 1987: 29. Original material: INDIA, [Coast of] Orissa [state]: Puri i. 1908. Size 8.5 mm. Comment. Type material could not be examined. Original description is insufficient and lacks illustrations., Published as part of Fusari, L��via Maria, Roque, Fabio De Oliveira & Hamada, Neusa, 2013, Review of Xenochironomus Kieffer, 1921 (Diptera: Chironomidae) with description of six new species, pp. 101-126 in Zootaxa 3646 (2) on page 106, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3646.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/219502

Xenochironomus lacertus Dutta et Chaudhuri, 1995 Xenochironomus lacertus Dutta and Chaudhuri 1995: 29. Original material: Holotype male (Type n�� 216, B.U.Ent), INDIA, [West] Bengal [state], Coochbehar, 7.iii. 1986, leg.: T. K. Dutta. Paratypes: Madrihat, 24. iii.1988, 4 males, leg. T. K. Dutta; Kumargram, 24. iii.1988, 3 males, leg.: T. K. Dutta. Type material unavailable. Diagnosis based on original description and illustrations. X. lacertus can be separated from other species in the genus by the following characteristics: male with superior volsella broad and large with a ventral digitiform projection; inferior volsella curved ventrodorsaly, Published as part of Fusari, L��via Maria, Roque, Fabio De Oliveira & Hamada, Neusa, 2013, Review of Xenochironomus Kieffer, 1921 (Diptera: Chironomidae) with description of six new species, pp. 101-126 in Zootaxa 3646 (2) on page 106, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3646.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/219502

In this study we have attempted to answer whether there is correspondence between aquatic macroinvertebrate communities and the typological classification of white and clean-water streams in western Amazonia lowlands. We worked within two distinct hydrographic basins: Moa River catchment (clear-water streams) and Azul River catchment (white-water streams) in Serra do Divisor National Park, Acre State, Brazil, sampling 10 streams in each basin. A total of 2,952 individuals were collected, distributed among 134 taxa. Our results show that macroinvertebrate communities, at genus as well as family level, are in concordance to a priori classifications that distinguish between white and clear water streams. The main implication of our results for biomonitoring is that biotic variation between white and clear streams can be partitioned regionally, which would improve the bioassessment accuracy of the Amazonian streams. Neste trabalho, nós investigamos se há correspondência entre comunidade de macroinvertebrados e classificação de igarapés em águas claras e brancas no oeste da Amazônia. Nós trabalhos em duas bacias hidrográficas, Rio Moa (águas claras) e Rio Azul (águas brancas) no Parque Nacional da Serra do Divisor, Acre, Brasil, amostrando 10 igarapés em cada bacia. Coletamos 2952 indivíduos, distribuídos em 134 taxa. Nossos resultados mostram que a comunidade de macroinvertebrados, identificada com baixa e alta resolução taxonômica, responde claramente a classificação tipológica de igarapés em águas claras e brancas.A principal implicação dos nossos resultados no âmbito de biomonitoramento é que a partição da variação biótica entre igarapés de águas claras e brancas pode melhorar a racionalidade e implantação de sistemas de avaliação ambiental na Amazônia.

Occurrence of chironomid larvae living inside fallen-fruits in Atlantic Forest streams, Brazil - The Chironomidae larvae explore a wide variety of habitats and kinds of food. In this study we reported the use of fallen-fruits by chironomid larvae in low order streams in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. We found chironomid larvae mining fruit tissue of 12 tree species. Seven morphospecies of Endotribelos were identified, including the species E. albatum and E. grodhaus found for the first time in Brazil. Our results suggest that larvae of Endotribelos are the commonest insect group living inside fallen-fruits in streams. Larvas de Chironomidae exploram uma grande variedade de habitats e tipos de alimentos. Neste estudo, nós documentamos a ocorrência de larvas vivendo dentro de frutos caídos em córregos de baixa ordem na Mata Atlântica, Brasil. Nós encontramos larvas minando o tecido de frutos de 12 espécies de árvores. Sete morfoespécies de Endotribelos foram identificadas, incluindo as espécies E. albatum and E. grodhaus, encontradas pela primeira vez no Brasil. Os resultados indicam que larvas de Endotribelos constituem o grupo de insetos mais comum em frutos caídos em córregos da Mata Atlântica.

Podonomus pepinellii sp. n. Type material. Holotype: male imago with associated pupal skin (slide­mounted in Euparal). Brazil, Minas Gerais, Camanducaia, first­order stream (22°53'S, 46°02'W) at 1853 m elevation, 23.v.2004, leg. M. Pepinelli and N. Hamada; deposited in the collection of the Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil (MZUSP). Adult male (n = 1) (Figs. 1–7) Body length 3.36 mm; wing 1.64 mm long, 0.48 mm wide. Head brown; thorax yellowish brown, with mesonotum and episternum dark brown; wings grayish; legs and abdominal tergites brownish. Head. Temporal setae 16, clypeals 4. Antenna with 14 flagellomeres (Fig. 1), Fm14 52 µm, Fm13 165 µm, Fm1–12 697 µm long; AR = 0.31; apical flagellomeres as in Fig. 2. Palp as in Fig. 3; palpomere lengths 2–5: 32 µm, 116 µm, 84 µm, 80 µm. Thorax. Antepronotals 6; acrostichals about 40, biserial; dorsocentral (Dc), humeral (H), prescutellar (Pr), and prealar (Pa) setation as in Fig. 4; scutellars 6; postnotals absent. Wing (Fig. 5). Membrane without setae, with microtrichia. VR 0.92. Brachiolum with 5 setae, R with 27, squama with 5. Costa extended 120 µm beyond apex of R 4+5. Leg lengths and proportions in Table 1. Spur (Fig. 6) lengths: PI 50; PII 38, 42; PIII 40, 86 µm. Comb of hind tibia with 11 spiniform setae. Hypopygium (Fig. 7). Gonocoxite length 150 µm, gonostylus 62 µm; HV 2.4. Gonostylus simple, not differentiated into lobes; megaseta of apical lobe 20 µm long; P, x and y setae present, but not conspicuous. Genitalic apodemes as in Fig. 7; phallapodemes in longitudinal, mesal position, with distal portions protruded outside the hypopygium. Pupa (n = 1) (Figs. 8–11) Exuviae pale, mesonotum with median­lateral and posterior brownish spots. Total length 3.6 mm. Frontal apotome and prefrons as in Fig. 8. Thoracic horn as in Fig. 9. Plastron plate of thoracic horn large, rounded, triangular, 240 µm long by 208 µm greatest width, with closely set and densely arranged pores. External membrane of thoracic horn with elongate, sharply pointed polygonal mesh. Respiratory atrium opening to plastron through 4 aeropyles; 3 short precorneals. Thoracic setation as in Fig. 10; distance from Dc1–3 to Dc4 about 220 µm. Posterior angles of abdominal segments III–VIII protracted into large transverse processes ending in sharp, straight points. Abdominal chaetotaxy as in Fig. 11 (sternites I and II are incomplete). Abdominal segments VIII and IX with 6 and 5 macrosetae, respectively; anal spur reduced. Etymology. Named in honour of Mateus Pepinelli, our friend, who has contributed much to our studies of the Chironomidae and who collected the holotype.

The distribuition of Chironomidae adults was studies using malaise traps at five different sites in Jaraguá State Park ( São Paulo, Brasil): A – riparian forest, B - forest in low land near a reservoir, C – forest near an open area located far from a stream in the low lands, D – forest patch surrounded by grasslands in the highest area of the park, and E – open area surrounded by forest. This study indicates differences in richness and abundance of Chironomidae adults in relation to the different land uses. A distribuição dos adultos de Chironomidae foi estudada utilizando armadilhas Malaise em cinco diferentes pontos no parque Estadual do Jaraguá : A – mata riparia. B – mata na área do sopé do Parque próxima a uma lagoa. C - mata próxima a área abertas e distante de um córrego em baixa altitude . D – estreita faixa de mata circundada por campos na área mais alta do parque e. E – área aberta circundada por mata. Este estudo aponta para diferente na riqueza e abundancia dos adultos de Chironomidae nos diferentes usos do solo.